STATES OF MATTER

Physical States of Matter

Solid Liquid Gas

Movement of particles
Vibrate at a fixed position Move randomly and slowly Move randomly and rapidly at
all directions

Kinetic energy
Low High on average High speed

Rate of diffusion
Low Average High

Sublimation/
Freezing Solid Deposition

Melting Sublimation

Evaporation/ boiling
Liquid Gas
Condensation
Melting
 Solid is heated, the particles obtain energy and vibrate at a faster rate.
 The vibration keeps increasing as the temperature increase until it reaches
the melting point.
 At the melting point, the particles obtain enough energy to overcome the
attractive forces between the particles.
 Therefore, the matter in solid state changes to a liquid.
 During melting, the temperature remains constant. This is because the heat
energy is used to break the bond.

Vaporisation
 Occurs in two conditions: either evaporation or boiling.
 Evaporation occurs only on the surface of the liquid and at a slower rate. 
 Boiling occurs to the whole liquid and happens very fast. 
 Both will cause the attractive forces between particles to break and change
the state from liquid to gas.

Freezing
 Temperature drops and the heat energy is released.
 As the heat is released, the kinetic energy decreases, the movement of
particles are slower and the particles are pulled closer by the strong forces
between particles.
 Therefore, the physical state of the matter will change from liquid to solid.
 The temperature stays at the freezing point because the heat is released
constantly.

Condensation
 A process by which a gas or vapour changes to liquid state at a certain
temperature.
 When the temperature drops, the gas loses its kinetic energy, and therefore it
will change the physical state of matter to the liquid.
 Condensation occurs at or below the boiling point of the substance.
 Sublimation
 A process of conversion of a substance from the solid to the vapour state
without its becoming liquid, or, the vapour state to the solid state, where, the
liquid state is bypassed.

Heating and Cooling Curve

Heating curve

At A:
 Particles are in solid state at any temperature below its melting point.
 The particles are very closely packed together in an orderly manner.
 The forces between the particles are very strong. The particles can only
vibrate at a fixed position.

From A to B:
 As the particles are heated, the heat energy is converted to kinetic energy.
  Kinetic energy increases and the particles vibrate faster about their fixed
positions and the temperature increases.

At B:
 Particles are still in solid state.
 Particles have received enough energy to overcome the forces of attraction
between them.
 Some of the particles that gain enough energy begin to move freely.
 Particles starts to melt and changes into a liquid.

From B to C:
 Particles are exist in both solid and liquid states.
 The temperature remains constant because the heat that supplied to the
particles are used to overcome the forces of attraction that hold the particles
together.
 The constant temperature is called the melting point.
 The heat energy that absorbed to overcome the intermolecular forces is
named as the latent heat of fusion.
Is also known as the enthalpy of
fusion. It is the amount of energy
At C: that must be supplied to a solid
substance (typically in the form of
 All the particles have completely melted. heat) in order to trigger a change
 Solid particles have turned into liquid. in its physical state and convert it
into a liquid

From C to D:
 Particles are in liquid state.
 As the liquid particles are heated, the particles gain more heat energy and the
temperature continues to increase.
 The particles move faster and faster because their kinetic energy is
increasing.

At D:
 The particles still exists in liquid state.
 The particles have received enough energy to overcome the forces of
attraction between the particles in the liquid.
 Some of the particles start to move freely and liquid particles begin to change
into gas.
From D to E:
 The particles exists in both liquid and gaseous states.
 The temperature remains unchanged.
 This is because the heat energy absorbed is used to overcome the
intermolecular forces between the particles of the liquid rather than increase
the temperature of the liquid.
 This constant temperature is the boiling point.

At E:

 All the particles have turn into gas.

From E to F:
 The gas particles continue to absorb more energy and move faster.
 The temperature increases as heating continues.
Cooling curve

At P:
 The substance exists in gaseous state.
 The particles have very high energy and are moving randomly.
 The intermolecular forces between the particles are very weak
and can be ignored.

From P to Q:
 The substance is in gaseous state.
 The particles lose kinetic energy during cooling, the particles
getting closer to each other and the temperature drops.

At Q:
 The substance still exists as a gas.
 As the molecules are close enough, stronger forces of attraction
result in forming of intermolecular bonds.
 The gas begins to condense and become liquid.
From Q to R:
 The process of condensation going on.
 Stronger bonds form as gas changes into liquid.
 The substance exists in both gaseous and liquid states.
 The temperature remains unchanged.
 This is because the energy produced during the formation of
bonds is equal to the heat energy released to the surroundings
during cooling.
 This constant temperature is the boiling point.
 The heat energy that releases during this condensation process
is called the latent heat of vaporization.
The input energy required
to change the state from
At R: liquid to vapor at constant
temperature
 The substance exists only in liquid state as all the gas particles
have condensed into liquid.

From R to S:
 The substance exists as a liquid.
 As the temperature falls, the naphthalene molecules lose heat
energy. Their movement shows down and they move closer to
each other.

At S:
 The substance still in liquid state.
 The particles have very little energy and begin to move closer
towards one another as it starts to freeze into solid.

From S to T:
 The liquid is changing into solid form.
 Molecules rearrange to form the molecular arrangement of a
solid.
 The substance exists as both liquid and solid.
 The temperature remains constant until all the liquid changes to
solid.
  This is because the energy released is the same as the energy
lost to the surroundings during cooling.
 This constant temperature is the freezing point.
 The heat energy that releases during this freezing process is
called the latent heat of fusion.

At T:
 All the liquid freezes into solid. The particles are now closely
packed in an orderly manner.

From T to U:
 Once all the liquid has become solid, the temperature falls once
again until it reaches room temperature. The substance is in the
solid state here.

At U:
 The substance reaches room temperature and remain at this
temperature as long as the room temperature remain the same.