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Answers

Transformations of Simple Polynomial Functions

1. a. Reflected in the y-axis, stretched horizontally about the y-axis by a factor of 1

, translated left 1 unit and down 2 units
3

b. Reflected in the x-axis, stretched vertically about the x-axis by a factor of 1

5
, translated right 4 units and up 1 unit.

2. a. IV

b. I

c. II

d. III

3. a. i. y = x
3
; reflected in the x-axis, stretched vertically about the x-axis by a factor of 2, translated left 3 units

ii. y = x
4
; stretched vertically about the x-axis by a factor of 1

2
, translated down 5 units

iii. y = x
3
; stretched horizontally about the y-axis by a factor of 2, translated right 2 units

iv. y = x
4
; reflected in the x-axis, stretched horizontally about the y-axis by a factor of 1

2
, translated up 7 units

b. i. Domain: {x ∣ x ∈ R}

Range: {y ∣ y ∈ R}

ii. Domain: {x ∣ x ∈ R}

Range: {y ∣ y ≥ −5, y ∈ R}

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iii. Domain: {x ∣ x ∈ R}

Range: {y ∣ y ∈ R}

iv. Domain: {x ∣ x ∈ R}

Range: {y ∣ y ≤ 7, y ∈ R}

4. a. (x, y) → (x, 3y + 2), y = 3x

3
+ 2

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3
b. (x, y) → (4x − 2, y), y = (
1

4
(x + 2))

3
c. (x, y) → (−x + 3,
1

2
y), y =
1

2
(−(x − 3))

3
d.
1
(x, y) → ( x, −y + 2), y = −(4x) + 2
4

3
5. a. y = −6(x − 2) + 4

4
b. y = −3(x − 4) + 2

6. a.
3
f (x) = 2x − 5

b. f (x) = −
8

81
(x − 2)
4
− 3

c.
4
f (x) = (x + 5) + 2

7. a. y = −3(x + 2)
3
− 3

b. y = −
1

2
(x − 4)
4
+ 5

8. a. (x, y) → (x + 2, y + 4)

b. (x, y) → (x,
5

2
y − 7)

c.
5
(x, y) → (x − , 2y − 1)
2

d. (x, y) → (−
1

2
x +
5

2
, −y + 8)

9. a. (x + 2, y + 1)

b. (x, 5y)

c. (2(x − 2), −y)

d. (x − 3, −2(y − 4))

10. a. One

b. Zero

c. One

d. Zero

11. a. y = −5x(x + 6)(x + 1) − 5

b. Vertical stretch about the x-axis by factor of 1

; horizontal translation 1 unit left
6

12. f (x) = x
3
+ 10, g(x) = −
2

27
(x − 5)
3
− 21

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Characteristics of Polynomial Functions

1. a. i. End behaviour: As x ,
→ ∞ y → −∞ ; as x ,
→ −∞ y → ∞

ii. Maximum 2 turning points, minimum 0 turning points

iii. Maximum 3 zeros, minimum 1 zero

b. i. End behaviour: y → ∞ as x → ±∞

ii. Maximum 3 turning points, minimum 1 turning point

iii. Maximum 4 zeros, minimum 0 zeros

c. i. End behaviour: As x ,
→ ∞ y → ∞ ; as x ,
→ −∞ y → −∞

ii. Maximum 4 turning points, minimum 0 turning points

iii. Maximum 5 zeros, minimum 1 zero

2. a. Minimum degree of four, leading coefficient negative

b. Minimum degree of three, leading coefficient positive

c. Minimum degree of six, leading coefficient positive

d. Minimum degree of five, leading coefficient negative

3. a. False

b. True

c. True

d. True

e. False

f. False

4. a. IV

b. II

c. VI

d. III

e. I

f. V

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5. 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4 distinct zeros.

No zeros:

One zero:

Two zeros:

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Three zeros:

Four zeros:

6. Answers may vary.

a.

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b.

c.

d.

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e.

f.

7. Answers may vary.

a.

End behaviour: y → ∞ as x → ±∞

x -intercepts: −4, −1, 1, 3

y -intercept: 12

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b.

y = −x(2x − 3)(x + 3)

End behaviour: y → −∞ as x ,
→ ∞ y → ∞ as x → −∞

-intercepts: −3, 0,
3
x
2

y -intercept: 0

8. Answers may vary.

a.

b.

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Graphs of Polynomial Functions in Factored Form

1. a. V

b. VI

c. III

d. I

e. VII

2. a. Answers may vary.

b. Answers may vary.

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c. Answers may vary.

d. Answers may vary.

e. Answers may vary.

3. a. f (x) : degree 3
g(x) : degree 5

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b. f (x) : x -intercepts at −5, 0, 2

, y-intercept at 0
3

g(x) : x -intercepts at 0, 2 , y-intercept at 0

c. f (x) : x → −∞, y → ∞; x → ∞, y → −∞

g(x) : x → −∞, y → −∞; x → ∞, y → ∞

d. f (x) :

g(x) :

4. a. Answers may vary.

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b. Answers may vary.

c. Answers may vary.

d. Answers may vary.

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e. Answers may vary.

5. a. Answers vary. y 2
= x(x − 1) , y = x (x − 1)
2

b. Answers vary. y 2 2
= (x + 1) (x − 1) , y = x(x − 1)
3

c. Answers vary. y 3 2
= −(x − 1) (x + 1) , y = (x − 1)(x + 1)
4

6. Answers may vary.

a.

b.

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c.

7. a. x-intercepts at −4, 0, 2 ; changes sign at x = 0, 2

b. x-intercepts at −3, 4 ; changes sign at x = −3

c. x-intercepts at −4, 1 ; does not change sign; y ≤ 0 for all x ∈ R

8. a. Positive on x ∈ (−4, −1) ∪ (2, ∞) ; negative on x ∈ (−∞, −4) ∪ (−1, 2)

b. Positive on x ∈ (0, 4) ; negative on x ∈ (−∞, −3) ∪ (−3, 0) ∪ (4, ∞)

c. Positive on x ∈ (−∞, 0) ∪ (0, 3) ; negative on x ∈ (3, ∞)

9. a. From the graph,

Increasing for x ∈ (−∞, −1) ∪ (3, ∞) ; decreasing for x ∈ (−1, 3)

b. i. −16 < c < 0

ii. c = 0 or c = −16

iii. c < −16 or c > 0

iv. no values for c

10. a. f (x) = k(x + 3)(x − 1) (x − 4)

2 2

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b. Two such functions are (note that k < 0 ):

2 2
f (x) = −(x + 3)(x − 1) (x − 4)

2 2
g(x) = −2(x + 3)(x − 1) (x − 4)

11. Answers may vary, but are of the form y 3

= kx (x + 3)(x − 4)
2
for k < 0, k ∈ R .

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Equations of Polynomial Functions in Factored Form

1. a. V

b. II

c. VIII

d. VI

e. III

f. IV

g. I

h. VII

2. a. y = k(x + 3)(2x + 1)(3x − 5), k ≠ 0, k ∈ R

b. 2
y = k(x − 1)(x + 2) (x − 5) , k ≠ 0, k ∈ R
3

c. y = kx(3x − 2) , k ≠ 0, k ∈ R
3

d. y = k(x + 4)(x − 1) , k < 0, k ∈ R

2

e. y = k(x
2
− 5)(x
2
+ 2x − 1), k ≠ 0, k ∈ R

3. a. y = kx(x + 6)(x − 4), k > 0, k ∈ R

b. 2
y = k(x + 7) (x − 6), k < 0, k ∈ R

c. 3
y = kx (x − 4), k < 0, k ∈ R

d. 2
y = k(x + 3) (x − 4) , k < 0, k ∈ R
2

e. y = k(x + 3)(x − 3) , k > 0, k ∈ R

3

f. y = k(x + 4)(x + 2)(x + 1)(x − 4)(x − 3) , k < 0, k ∈ R

2

4. y = −
1
(2x + 1)(x − 5)(x − 2)
2

5. y =
1
(x + 1)(x − 4)(x − 6)
2

6. a. y = k(x
2
+ 6x + 4)

b. y = kx(x
2
− 2x − 11)

c. y = k(x + 2)(x − 1)(x

2
+ 9)

d. y = k(x
2
− 6x + 7)(x
2
+ 8x + 19)

– –
7. Using zeros 4 ± √2, −3 ± √6 and y-intercept (0, −21) , y = −
1 2
(x − 8x + 14)(x
2
+ 6x + 3)
2

8. a. Positive: {x ∣ x ≠ −2, 2, x ∈ R}

Negative: No values of x for which f (x) is negative.

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b. Increasing: {x ∣ x ∈ (−2, 0) ∪ (2, ∞), x ∈ R}

Decreasing: {x ∣ x ∈ (−∞, −2) ∪ (0, 2), x ∈ R}

9. a. y =
1

10
(x + 1)(3x − 2)(x − 3)

b.
3
(0, )
5

c. y = −
1

10
(x + 1)(3x − 2)(x − 3)

d. y = −
1

10
(x − 1)(3x + 2)(x + 3)

10. y = −
1

8
(x − 3)(x − 1)(x − 7) . The zeros of the new function are 1, 3, and 7.

11. a.
17

b. 0

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Finite Differences of Polynomial Functions

1. a. i. Quadratic

ii. a = −3

b. i. Cubic

ii. a = 3

c. i. Quartic

ii. a = 2

2. a. The 5th difference is constant.

b. −480

3. Answers may vary.

4. y = −
10 2
x (x + 5)
3

5. y =
1
(x −
1
) (x + 3)
3

2 2

6. a. 3
Δ y = 12, y = 2x
3
− 3x
2
+ 12x − 4

b. 3
Δ y = −18, y = −3x
3
+ 24x − 5

c. 3
Δ y = −6, y = −x
3
+ 3x
2
+ 2

7. a. p(t) = t
3 2
− 27t + 3t + 8538

b. 8030

c. p = 24536

d. Not realistic; p → ∞ as t → ∞

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3 2
2x + 3x + x
8. f (4) = 30,  f (5) = 55,  f (6) = 91,  f (x) =
1 3
x +
1 2
x +
1
x or
3 2 6
6

n(n + 1)
9. f (n) =
1
n
2
+
1
n + 1 (or  = 1 + )
2 2
2

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Even and Odd Polynomial Functions

1. a. i. Odd degree

ii. Odd

b. i. Odd degree

ii. Neither

c. i. Odd degree

ii. Odd

d. i. Even degree

ii. Even

e. i. Even degree

ii. Even

f. i. Odd degree

ii. Neither

g. i. Even degree

ii. Neither

h. i. Odd degree

ii. Odd

i. i. Even degree

ii. Even

j. i. Odd degree

ii. Neither

2. a. Even

b. Neither

c. Odd

3. a. True

b. False

c. False

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d. True

e. False

f. True

4. a. Answers may vary.

b. See solutions.

c. Odd

5. Answers may vary.

a.

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b. and

6. a. Answers may vary. One such equation is y 2

= (x − 2) (x + 2)
2
; note that
2
f (−x) = (−x − 2) (−x + 2)
2 2
= (x + 2) (x − 2)
2
= f (x) .

b. Answers may vary. One such equation is y = x(x − 2)(x + 2) .

7. a. i. Not odd

ii. Odd

iii. Odd

iv. Odd

v. Not odd

vi. Odd

b. i. Not even

ii. Even

iii. Even

iv. Even

v. Even

vi. Even

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© 2018 University of Waterloo.

Except where noted, all rights reserved.

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