Elementary row operations:

1. Interchanging i th and j th rows of a matrix notation R ij

2. Multiplying the j th row by a non-zero scalar λ Notation Ri ( λ )
3. Addition to the elements of i th row. The correspouding elements of j th row multiplied by a
scalar λ , Notation R ij ( λ ). Similarly we define elementary column operations C ij, Ci( λ ), C ij( λ ¿ .

Example: [ 1 2 3
2 1 1 ]
R2(3)≈ [
6 3 3 → ]
1 2 3 R' 1=R 2∗(−1 ) + R 1 −5 −1 0
6 3 3 [ ] [−56
R 12 3 3
−1 0 ]
Also other examples are below

[R’i=Ri + λ Rj] = Rij( λ )

[R’i= Rj R’j=Ri] = Rij
[R’i= λ Ri] = Ri( λ )
Column operation same as row operation:

[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
1 0 0
1 2 3 1 0 0 1 0 0
Examples: 5 6 4 C 21 (−2 ) 5 −4 −11 C 2 (−1 ) 5 4 11 C 32
2 3 1
¿
2 −1 −5
¿
2 1 5
−11
4 ( )2 5 4
1
0
9
→
4

Matrix in echelon form:

[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
( ) ( )
Example: 5 6 4 R 21 −5 0 −4 −11 R 23 0 −1 −5 R 32 −4 0 −1 −5 [this is
¿
2 3 1 0 −1 −5 → 0 −4 −11 →
0 0 9
echelon form]

[ ]
1 2 0 5 0
Another Matrix: 0 2 1 3 1number of zero by row and also counted form the left side. And the
0 0 0 1 3
number of zero is increasing from row to row. So, we can call it also echelon form.

[ ]
1 2 0 5 0
0 2 1 3 1
Also, another example: 0 0 0 1 3 the number of zero is increasing until all the elements in a row
0 0 0 0 4
0 0 0 0 4
are zero. So, we can call this also another echelon form of a matrix. In this echelon form we can see the
number of non-zero row is 3 and number of zero row is 2. So, the rank of this matrix is 3.

How to identify the rank of a matrix or Determine the rank of a matrix:

First, we have to convert the matrix into the echelon form. After converting the echelon form, the
number of non-zero row is the rank of that matrix.

[ ]
1 1 1
Example: 1 1 1 first we have to convert this matrix into echelon form.
1 1 1

So, the solution is given below,

[ ] [ ]
1 1 1 1 1 1 0
= 1 1 1 R 21 (−1 ) 0 0 0 3the number of zero is increasing. this is the echelon form of that
¿
1 1 1 0 0 0 3
matrix. The number of non-zero row is 1 and number of zero row is 2. We know that the number of non-
zero row is the rank of a matrix. So, the rank of this matrix is 1.

[ ]
0 2 1 3
1 1 −1 −2
Problem: Reduce the matrix to echelon form and determine its rank.
1 2 0 1
−1 1 2 6

[ ][ ] [ ]
0 2 1 3 1 1 −1 −2 1 1 −1 −2
1 1 −1 −2 0 2 1 3 0 2 1 3
Solution: R 12 R31 (−1 )
1 2 0 1 → 1 2 0 1 ¿ 0 1 1 3
−1 1 2 6 −1 1 2 6 0 2 1 4

[ ] [ ] [ ]
1 1 −1 −2 1 1 −1 −2 1 1 −1 −2
0 1 1 3 0 1 1 3 0 1 1 3
R 23 R 32 (−2 ) R 43 (−1 ) now this is echelon
→ 0 2 1 3 ¿ 0 0 −1 −3 → 0 0 −1 −3
0 2 1 4 0 0 −1 −2 0 0 0 1
form.

In this echelon form, There is no non-zero row. We can see all 4 rows have at least one non-zero
element. So, we can tell the rank of thin matrix is 4. (Ans)

Class 2
Elementary matrix
The matrices obtained from the identity matrix by using elementary row or column operation are called
elementary matrices.

[ ]
1 0 0 0
Example: Eij = 0 1 0 0 ith row
0 0 0 1 jth row
0 0 1 0
 [ ][ ] [ ]
1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 E 32 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
another example I = Ei( λ )= ith row
0 0 1 0 → 0 1 0 0 0 0 λ 0
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1

ith column

# Eij( λ ) is the matrix obtained from I by applying from Rij( λ )

# E’ij( λ ) is the matrix obtained from I by applying from Cij( λ )

Multiplying any matrix to the left side by an elementary matrix is equivalent to the application of the
correspouding elementary row operation.

[ ]
a 11 a12 a 13 a14
Example: A= a 21 a 22 a 23 a 23 it is a 3*4 matrix.
a 31 a 32 a 33 a34

[ ][ ][ ]
0 0 1 a 11 a 12 a 13 a14 a 31 a 32 a 33 a34
E13 A= 0 1 0 a 21 a 22 a 23 a 23 = a 21 a 22 a 23 a 24
1 0 0 a 31 a 32 a 33 a34 a 11 a12 a 13 a14

So we can write that, matrix A R→13 E13* A

So we can write that, matrix A Ri ( λ ) Ei( λ )A

→

Similarly we can write matrix A Rij ( λ ) Eij( λ ) A

→

Now for the column, matrix A Cij

→
AEij

Matrix A Ci ( λ ) AEi( λ )
→

Matrix A Cij ( λ ) AE’ij( λ )

→

#defination: A matrix of the form Ir, [ Ir [ ][ ]

0 ] , Ir , Ir 0 is called matrix of normal form.
0 o 0

[ ]
1 0 0

[ ] [ ][ ][ ]
1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0
Example: 0 1 0 , [I3 0]= 0 1 0 0 0 ,
0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
I3
0
= 0
0
] 0
0
1,
0
[
I2 0
o 0
= 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0
 [ ]
0 1 2 −2
# Problem: reduce the matrix A= 4 0 2 6 to the normal form.
2 1 3 1

[ ] [ ] [ ]
0 1 2 −2 1 0 2 −2 1 0 2 −2
Solution: We have A= 4 0 2 6 C 21 0 4 2 6 R 31 (−1 ) 0 4 2 6
2 1 3 1 → 1 2 3 1 →
0 2 1 3

[ ] ( )[ ] [ ] ( )[ ]
1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
1 1
( )
C 31 −2 0 4 2 6 C 2 ( )
0 2 2 2 C 32 −1 0 2 0 0 R 2 0 1 0 0
¿ 2 ¿ 2
0 2 1 3 ¿ 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 → 0 1 0 0

[ ][ ]
1 0 0 0
I2 0
R 32 (−1 ) 0 1 0 0 =
→ o 0
0 0 0 0

Which is the normal form of A.

#Row reduced echelon form or Canonical from:

A matrix of echelon form is said to be row reduced form if every first non-zero element of non-zero rows
is 1 and all other elements in the columns containing the 1 st non-zero element are zero.

[ ]
1 0 0 0
Example: 0 1 0 0
0 0 1 2

Every first non-zero in the row is 1. So, we can call it row reduced echelon form. And every first non-zero
elements are 1 that’s why we can called it Canonical form.

[ ] [ ]
Isn’t zero
1 0 2 1 1 0 0 −5
R 12 (−2 ) 0 0 1 3 Isn’t zero
Another example: 0 0 1 3
→
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1

This is also echelon form of another matrix. But it is not a row reduced echelon form. Cause all the
elements in the columns who containing 1 isn’t zero.

[ ]
1 0 0 0
= R 13 ( 5 ) 0 0 1 0 Now every element in columns who containing 1 is zero. Now we can tell this is
¿
0 0 0 1
a row reduced echelon form and also Canonical form.

Very very important

Problem: Find the non- singular matrices P and Q such that PAQ is the normal form. Where A=

[ ]
3 2 −1 5 [If we do the row operation, then
5 1 4 −2 we have to do the same row
1 −4 11 −19 operation the left side identity
matrix and
Solution: we have A=I3AI4

[ ][ ] [ ]
1 0 0 0
3 2 −1 5 1 0 0
0 1 0 0
= 5 1 4 −2 = 0 1 0 *A*
0 0 1 0
1 −4 11 −19 0 0 1
0 0 0 1

[ ][ ][ ]
1 0 0 0
1 −4 11 −19 0 0 1
0 1 0 0
Or, 5 1 4 −2 = 0 1 0 *A* [R13]
0 0 1 0
3 2 −1 5 1 0 0
0 0 0 1

[ ][ ][ ]
1 0 0 0
1 −4 11 −19 0 0 1
0 1 0 0
Or, 0 21 −51 93 = 0 1 −5 *A* [R21(-5) and R31(-3) ]
0 0 1 0
0 14 −34 62 1 0 −3
0 0 0 1

[ ][ ][ ]
1 4 −11 19
1 0 0 0 0 0 1
0 1 0 0
Or, 0 21 −51 93 = 0 1 −5 *A* [ C21(4) , C31(-11) and C41(19) ]
0 0 1 0
0 14 −34 62 1 0 −3
0 0 0 1

[ ]
4 11 19
1
7 17 31
1

[ ][ ]
1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
7 1 −1 1
Or, 0 3 3 3 = 0 1 −5 *A* [ C2( ), C3( ) and C4( ) ]
−1 7 17 31
0 2 2 2 1 0 −3 0 0 0
17
1
0 0 0
31

][ ]
4 11 19
1

[
7 17 31
0 0 1
1

[ ]
1 0 0 0 0 1 −5 0 0 0
7 1 1
Or, 0 1 1 1 = 3 3 *A* [ R2( ) and R3( ) ]
−1 3 2
0 1 1 1 1 −3 0 0 0
0 17
2 2
1
0 0 0
31