BOYD - TB - 05 FINAL Rev

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TEST BANK

CHAPTER 5: COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT IN INFANCY

Multiple Choice Questions

TB_05_01_Piaget’s View of the First 2 Years_LO 5.1_APA LO 1.1


According to Piaget, ____________________ describe a baby’s simple repetitive actions that are organized around
the baby’s own body.
A) primary circular reactions
B) secondary circular reactions
C) tertiary circular reactions
D) principle circular reactions
Answer: A
Page Ref: 106
Level: 1-Easy
Topic: Piaget’s View of the First 2 Years
Skill: Remember the Facts
LO 5.1: What are the milestones of Piaget’s sensorimotor stage?
APA LO: 1.1

TB_05_02_Piaget’s View of the First 2 Years_LO 5.1_APA LO 1.1


According to Piaget, _____________________ describe repetitive actions oriented around external objects.
A) primary circular reactions
B) secondary circular reactions
C) tertiary circular reactions
D) principle circular reactions
Answer: B
Page Ref: 106
Level: 1-Easy
Topic: Piaget’s View of the First 2 Years
Skill: Remember the Facts
LO 5.1: What are the milestones of Piaget’s sensorimotor stage?
APA LO: 1.1

TB_05_03_Piaget’s View of the First 2 Years_LO 5.1_APA LO 1.1


According to Piaget, ______________________ describe deliberate experimentation with variations of previous
actions that occur in the sensorimotor period.
A) primary circular reactions
B) secondary circular reactions
C) tertiary circular reactions
D) principle circular reactions
Answer: C
Page Ref: 107
Level: 1-Easy
Topic: Piaget’s View of the First 2 Years
Skill: Remember the Facts
LO 5.1: What are the milestones of Piaget’s sensorimotor stage?
APA LO: 1.1

123
Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
TB_05_04_Piaget’s View of the First 2 Years_LO 5.1_APA LO 1.1
What is Piaget’s first stage of cognitive development?
A) Sensory accommodations
B) Preoperations
C) Sensorimotor
D) Concrete operations
Answer: C
Page Ref: 106
Level: 1-Easy
Topic: Piaget’s View of the First 2 Years
Skill: Remember the Facts
LO 5.1: What are the milestones of Piaget’s sensorimotor stage?
APA LO: 1.1

TB_05_05_Piaget’s View of the First 2 Years_LO 5.1_APA LO 1.1


Gregory is a six-month-old baby boy. He is learning about his environment through touching things, putting things
in his mouth, and scooting around on the floor. According to Piaget, Greg is in which stage of cognitive
development?
A) Preambulatory
B) Preoperations
C) Concrete operations
D) Sensorimotor
Answer: D
Page Ref: 106
Level: 2-Medium
Topic: Piaget’s View of the First 2 Years
Skill: Apply What You Know
LO 5.1: What are the milestones of Piaget’s sensorimotor stage?
APA LO: 1.1

TB_05_06_Piaget’s View of the First 2 Years_LO 5.1_APA LO 1.1


Chun Lee sticks anything in his mouth that he can get his hands on. He has also started looking in the general
direction of sounds that he hears. Chun Lee is exhibiting which of the following?
A) Primary circular reactions
B) Secondary circular reactions
C) Coordination of secondary schemes
D) Tertiary circular reactions
Answer: A
Page Ref: 106
Level: 3-Difficult
Topic: Piaget’s View of the First 2 Years
Skill: Apply What You Know
LO 5.1: What are the milestones of Piaget’s sensorimotor stage?
APA LO: 1.1

TB_05_07_Piaget’s View of the First 2 Years_LO 5.1_APA LO 1.1


Glynnis is 14 months old. She is trying out new things, playing with her toys, and manipulating objects in new ways
—experimenting with her environment. Glynnis is in which substage of Piaget’s first cognitive stage?
A) Primary reflexes
B) Primary circular reactions
C) Tertiary circular reactions
D) Mental representation
Answer: C
Page Ref: 107
Level: 3-Difficult
Topic: Piaget’s View of the First 2 Years

124
Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Skill: Apply What You Know
LO 5.1: What are the milestones of Piaget’s sensorimotor stage?
APA LO: 1.1

TB_05_08_Piaget’s View of the First 2 Years_LO 5.1_APA LO 1.1


Which of the following is the best description of tertiary circular reactions?
A) The child uses letters and pictures to represent their internal world.
B) The child engages in purposeful “scientific” exploration, initially through trial-and-error processes.
C) These are the beginnings of accommodation. The child learns that objects have more than one use.
D) The child learns that when an object or person disappears, it continues to exist.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 107
Level: 3-Difficult
Topic: Piaget’s View of the First 2 Years
Skill: Understand the Concepts
LO 5.1: What are the milestones of Piaget’s sensorimotor stage?
APA LO: 1.1

TB_05_09_Piaget’s View of the First 2 Years_LO 5.1_APA LO 1.1


Dominic is eight months old. He sees a toy that he wants to play with, but it is out of reach. He uses the toy in his
hand to drag the out-of-reach toy closer. What is Dominic demonstrating?
A) Reflexive behavior
B) Coordination of secondary schemes
C) Mental representation
D) Means-end behavior
Answer: D
Page Ref: 107
Level: 2-Medium
Topic: Piaget’s View of the First 2 Years
Skill: Apply What You Know
LO 5.1: What are the milestones of Piaget’s sensorimotor stage?
APA LO: 1.1

TB_05_10_Piaget’s View of the First 2 Years_LO 5.1_APA LO 1.1


In which substage of Piaget’s sensorimotor cognitive development will babies look for partially hidden objects?
A) First
B) Second
C) Third
D) Fourth
Answer: C
Page Ref: 108
Level: 2-Medium
Topic: Piaget’s View of the First 2 Years
Skill: Understand the Concepts
LO 5.1: What are the milestones of Piaget’s sensorimotor stage?
APA LO: 1.1

TB_05_11_Piaget’s View of the First 2 Years_LO 5.1_APA LO 1.1


Piaget argued that imitating other people’s facial gestures was a complex skill because it required what?
A) Deferred imitation
B) Mental representation
C) Combining visual and kinesthetic cues
D) Combining cross-modal perceptions with cognitive awareness
Answer: C
Page Ref: 108
Level: 2-Medium

125
Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Topic: Piaget’s View of the First 2 Years
Skill: Understand the Concepts
LO 5.1: What are the milestones of Piaget’s sensorimotor stage?
APA LO: 1.1

TB_05_12_Piaget’s View of the First 2 Years_LO 5.1_APA LO 1.1


By what age does your text suggest that most infants develop the understanding that objects still exist even when
they are out of the infant’s sight?
A) 3 months
B) 4 months
C) 9 months
D) 12 months
Answer: D
Page Ref: 108
Level: 2-Medium
Topic: Piaget’s View of the First 2 Years
Skill: Understand the Concepts
LO 5.1: What are the milestones of Piaget’s sensorimotor stage?
APA LO: 1.1

TB_05_13_Piaget’s View of the First 2 Years_LO 5.1_APA LO 1.1


In which substage did Piaget suggest that children can first imitate the facial expressions of others?
A) Two
B) Three
C) Four
D) Five
Answer: C
Page Ref: 108
Level: 2-Medium
Topic: Piaget’s View of the First 2 Years
Skill: Remember the Facts
LO 5.1: What are the milestones of Piaget’s sensorimotor stage?
APA LO: 1.1

TB_05_14_Piaget’s View of the First 2 Years_LO 5.1_APA LO 1.1


When a child looks for an object in the place where it was last seen and gives up if it is not there, what type of logic
are they demonstrating?
A) The A-not-B error
B) Representational logic
C) The error of object permanence
D) Trial-and-error logic
Answer: A
Page Ref: 108
Level: 2-Medium
Topic: Piaget’s View of the First 2 Years
Skill: Understand the Concepts
LO 5.1: What are the milestones of Piaget’s sensorimotor stage?
APA LO: 1.1

TB_05_15_Challenges to Piaget’s View_LO 5.2_APA LO 1.1


According to your text, which of the following statements is correct concerning challenges to Piaget’s theories?
A) Piaget’s assessments of infants have been largely discredited by modern researchers.
B) Piaget underestimated the cognitive abilities of infants.
C) Piaget overestimated the cognitive abilities of infants.
D) Piaget failed to take ethnicity into account when he studied infants.
Answer: B

126
Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Page Ref: 108
Level: 2-Medium
Topic: Challenges to Piaget’s View
Skill: Remember the Facts
LO 5.2: How have other theorists challenged Piaget’s explanation of infant cognitive development?
APA LO: 1.1

TB_05_16_Piaget’s View of the First 2 Years_LO 5.1_APA LO 1.1


Vernon is a 14-month-old toddler. His family laughs when he waves bye-bye because he seems to be waving at
himself. Piaget would attribute this twist on the bye-bye wave to which of the following ideas?
A) Children learn gestures through object permanence.
B) Deferred imitation is impossible until age two or later.
C) Children simply imitate what they see.
D) Caregiver involvement dictates the level of sensory development.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 108
Level: 3-Difficult
Topic: Piaget’s View of the First 2 Years
Skill: Apply What You Know
LO 5.1: What are the milestones of Piaget’s sensorimotor stage?
APA LO: 1.1

TB_05_17_Challenges to Piaget’s View_LO 5.2_APA LO 1.1


What did research carried out by Herbert, Gross & Hayne in 2006 demonstrate regarding deferred imitation?
A) That the longest that a child under 14 months of age can defer imitation is 3 to 4 hours
B) That a 14-month-old can defer imitation for up to a week
C) That deferred imitation doesn’t happen until at least 18 months of age
D) That 9-month-olds can defer their imitation for as long as 24 hours
Answer: D
Page Ref: 110
Level: 3-Difficult
Topic: Challenges to Piaget’s View
Skill: Understand the Concepts
LO 5.2: How have other theorists challenged Piaget’s explanation of infant cognitive development?
APA LO: 1.1

TB_05_18_Alternative Approaches_LO 5.3_APA LO 1.1


A child’s understanding of the nature of objects, their properties, and how they work defines which of the
following?
A) Object relations
B) Object concept
C) Object permanence
D) Objectification
Answer: B
Page Ref: 110
Level: 1-Easy
Topic: Alternative Approaches
Skill: Remember the Facts
LO 5.3: What does research tell us about infants’ understanding of objects?
APA LO: 1.1

127
Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
TB_05_19_Alternative Approaches_LO 5.3_APA LO 1.1
Which of the following terms is used to describe a strategy in which researchers move an object in a way that the
infant does not expect?
A) Violation-of-object-permanence method
B) Violation-of-expectations method
C) Violation-of-object-concept method
D) Violation-of-experience method
Answer: B
Page Ref: 110
Level: 1-Easy
Topic: Alternative Approaches
Skill: Remember the Facts
LO 5.3: What does research tell us about infants’ understanding of objects?
APA LO: 1.1

TB_05_20_Alternative Approaches_LO 5.3_APA LO 1.1


Which of the following is a correct statement regarding the research of Renee Baillargeon?
A) Strategies for learning are innate.
B) Knowledge about objects is present at birth.
C) Knowledge about learning is not innate.
D) Strategies for learning are learned.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 111
Level: 1-Easy
Topic: Alternative Approaches
Skill: Remember the Facts
LO 5.3: What does research tell us about infants’ understanding of objects?
APA LO: 1.1

TB_05_21_Conditioning and Modeling_LO 5.4_APA LO 1.1


Your text refers to studies involving nursing mothers who were inadvertently smothering their infants a little by
holding them improperly during feeding. The babies’ responses were usually to resist nursing. This study was used
to illustrate which of the following concepts at work in infant learning?
A) Classical conditioning
B) Operant conditioning
C) Deferred imitation
D) Limited reinforcement
Answer: A
Page Ref: 112
Level: 3-Difficult
Topic: Conditioning and Modeling
Skill: Apply What You Know
LO 5.4: What kinds of learning are infants capable of?
APA LO: 1.1

TB_05_22_Schematic Learning_LO 5.5_APA LO 1.1


What is the term that describes the organization of experiences into expectancies?
A) Classical conditioning
B) Operant conditioning
C) Modeling
D) Schematic learning
Answer: D
Page Ref: 112
Level: 3-Difficult
Topic: Schematic Learning
Skill: Apply What You Know

128
Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
LO 5.5: How does categorical understanding change over the first 2 years?
APA LO: 1.1

TB_05_23_Conditioning and Modeling_LO 5.4_APA LO 1.1


Permanent changes in behavior that result from experience are examples of
A) procession.
B) learning.
C) molding.
D) conservation.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 112
Level: 1-Easy
Topic: Conditioning and Modeling
Skill: Remember the Facts
LO 5.4: What kinds of learning are infants capable of?
APA LO: 1.1

TB_05_24_Conditioning and Modeling_LO 5.4_APA LO 1.1


When an infant cries, the caregiver responds by picking up the child, changing a diaper, or feeding. These actions by
the caregiver serve as reinforcements, increasing the likelihood that the child will again communicate certain needs
by crying. This demonstrates that even an infant learns through which type of conditioning?
A) Operant
B) Classical
C) Observational
D) Modeling
Answer: A
Page Ref: 112
Level: 2-Medium
Topic: Conditioning and Modeling
Skill: Apply What You Know
LO 5.4: What kinds of learning are infants capable of?
APA LO: 1.1

TB_05_25_Schematic Learning_LO 5.5_APA LO 1.1


Kayla was given several different brightly colored balls to play with, one after the other. After about ball number
seven, Kayla seemed to lose interest. When she was given a stuffed animal, she showed renewed interest. This
renewed interest is due, in part, to which of the following?
A) Categorizing
B) Schematograms
C) Reinforcement
D) Superordinates
Answer: A
Page Ref: 113
Level: 3-Difficult
Topic: Schematic Learning
Skill: Apply What You Know
LO 5.5: How does categorical understanding change over the first 2 years?
APA LO: 1.1

129
Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
TB_05_26_Schematic Learning_LO 5.5_APA LO 1.1
Repeated exposure to particular experiences results in the development of “known” combinations of activities, or
expectancies. This describes which of the following?
A) Observational processing
B) Schematic learning
C) Operant conditioning
D) Classical conditioning
Answer: B
Page Ref: 112
Level: 2-Medium
Topic: Schematic Learning
Skill: Remember the Facts
LO 5.5: How does categorical understanding change over the first 2 years?
APA LO: 1.1

TB_05_27_Schematic Learning_LO 5.5_APA LO 1.1


In terms of understanding, which of the following is not usually seen until around age five and is linked to language
development?
A) Conservation
B) Complex categories
C) Grouping
D) Hierarchical categorization
Answer: D
Page Ref: 113
Level: 2-Medium
Topic: Schematic Learning
Skill: Understand the Concepts
LO 5.5: How does categorical understanding change over the first 2 years?
APA LO: 1.1

TB_05_28_Memory_LO 5.6_APA LO 1.1


Rovee-Collier demonstrated that forgotten infant memories can be retrieved by using which of the following?
A) Word association
B) Cues
C) Modeling
D) Interpretation of schemes
Answer: B
Page Ref: 113
Level: 2-Medium
Topic: Memory
Skill: Remember the Facts
LO 5.6: How does memory function in the first 2 years?
APA LO: 1.1

TB_05_29_Theoretical Perspectives_LO 5.7_APA LO 1.1


If an infant is babbling and accidentally babbles something that sounds like a real word, the child’s parents show
interest and encouragement. That encouragement reinforces the child’s “accidental word,” leading to further
attempts to form such words. This example demonstrates which of the following views of language development?
A) Naturalist
B) Behaviorist
C) Interactionist
D) Nativist
Answer: B
Page Ref: 114
Level: 2-Medium
Topic: Theoretical Perspectives

130
Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Skill: Understand the Concepts
LO 5.7: What are the behavorist, nativist, and interactionist explanations of language development?
APA LO: 1.1

TB_05_30_Theoretical Perspectives_LO 5.7_APA LO 1.1


Which of the following theorists is credited with the development of the behaviorist perspective of language?
A) Sigmund Freud
B) B. F. Skinner
C) Abraham Maslow
D) Noam Chomsky
Answer: B
Page Ref: 114
Level: 1-Easy
Topic: Theoretical Perspectives
Skill: Remember the Facts
LO 5.7: What are the behavorist, nativist, and interactionist explanations of language development?
APA LO: 1.1

TB_05_31_Theoretical Perspectives_LO 5.7_APA LO 1.1


Tina babbles and her mother responds to her by imitating the sounds Tina makes. This would appear to refute the
belief that
A) early language is the result of reinforcement of correct sounds.
B) early language is an example of stimulus-response theory.
C) language acquisition results from imitation.
D) language is based on fundamental operating principles.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 114
Level: 2-Medium
Topic: Theoretical Perspectives
Skill: Understand the Concepts
LO 5.7: What are the behavorist, nativist, and interactionist explanations of language development?
APA LO: 1.1

TB_05_32_Theoretical Perspectives_LO 5.7_APA LO 1.1


In some languages, nouns and verbs are stressed sounds, and children who speak those languages seem to learn
nouns and verbs first. In other languages, prefixes and suffixes are stressed, and children learn those sounds first.
This idea that children are preprogrammed to focus on “stressed” sounds is a part of which view of language
development?
A) Empiricist
B) Nativist
C) Naturalist
D) Behaviorist
Answer: B
Page Ref: 114
Level: 2-Medium
Topic: Theoretical Perspectives
Skill: Understand the Concepts
LO 5.7: What are the behavorist, nativist, and interactionist explanations of language development?
APA LO: 1.1

131
Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
TB_05_33_Theoretical Perspectives_LO 5.7_APA LO 1.1
Children learn rules of grammar before they learn the exceptions to them. In other words, the errors they make in
language are associated with rules, not random patterns, as behaviorists suggested. This criticism represents the
ideas of whom?
A) Noam Chomsky
B) Alfred Adler
C) Melissa Bowerman
D) Sigmund Freud
Answer: A
Page Ref: 114
Level: 2-Medium
Topic: Theoretical Perspectives
Skill: Remember the Facts
LO 5.7: What are the behavorist, nativist, and interactionist explanations of language development?
APA LO: 1.1

TB_05_34_Theoretical Perspectives_LO 5.7_APA LO 1.1


The abbreviation LAD refers to which of the following?
A) An acquired process of language development
B) A learned language processor
C) An innate language processor
D) A language directional device
Answer: C
Page Ref: 115
Level: 2-Medium
Topic: Theoretical Perspectives
Skill: Remember the Facts
LO 5.7: What are the behavorist, nativist, and interactionist explanations of language development?
APA LO: 1.1

TB_05_35_Theoretical Perspectives_LO 5.7_APA LO 1.1


What terminology would some theorists use to describe the innate language processor that children are born with?
A) Language acquisition device
B) Critical element
C) Innate translator
D) Lingual understanding processor
Answer: A
Page Ref: 115
Level: 1-Easy
Topic: Theoretical Perspectives
Skill: Remember the Facts
LO 5.7: What are the behavorist, nativist, and interactionist explanations of language development?
APA LO: 1.1

TB_05_36_Theoretical Perspectives_LO 5.7_APA LO 1.1


An interactionist would see which of the following as a shortcoming of the nativists’ approach to language
development?
A) They place too much emphasis on the environment.
B) They rely too much on the parent-child interaction.
C) The interactionists and the nativists use the same approach to language development.
D) They pay too little attention to social context.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 115
Level: 2-Medium
Topic: Theoretical Perspectives
Skill: Understand the Concepts

132
Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
LO 5.7: What are the behavorist, nativist, and interactionist explanations of language development?
APA LO: 1.1

TB_05_37_Theoretical Perspectives_LO 5.7_APA LO 1.1


Which perspective asserts that language development is only a part of the process of cognitive development?
A) Cognitive
B) Interactionist
C) Naturalist
D) Nativist
Answer: B
Page Ref: 115
Level: 1-Easy
Topic: Theoretical Perspectives
Skill: Remember the Facts
LO 5.7: What are the behavorist, nativist, and interactionist explanations of language development?
APA LO: 1.1

TB_05_38_Theoretical Perspectives_LO 5.7_APA LO 1.1


What is the basis of interactionist theory?
A) That infants are born with innate restraints with regard to language development, and the infant brain has a set of
general tools that help them to develop language
B) That infants are born with a set of general tools that help them to develop language, and that these tools must be
nurtured
C) That infants are born with biological preparedness with regard to language development, and the infant brain has
a set of general tools that help them to develop language
D) That infants have no inherent language abilities—all of their language skills must be learned
Answer: C
Page Ref: 115
Level: 3-Difficult
Topic: Theoretical Perspectives
Skill: Understand the Concepts
LO 5.7: What are the behavorist, nativist, and interactionist explanations of language development?
APA LO: 1.1

TB_05_39_Theoretical Perspectives_LO 5.7_APA LO 1.1


“When language starts to come in, it does not introduce new meanings to the child. Rather, it is used to express only
those meanings the child has already formulated independently of language.” This statement would most likely be
made by whom?
A) A naturalist
B) An empiricist
C) A nativist
D) An interactionist
Answer: D
Page Ref: 115
Level: 1-Easy
Topic: Theoretical Perspectives
Skill: Understand the Concepts
LO 5.7: What are the behavorist, nativist, and interactionist explanations of language development?
APA LO: 1.1

133
Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
TB_05_40_Theoretical Perspectives_LO 5.7_APA LO 1.1
Among children whose language is significantly delayed, researchers have also noted that imitation and symbolic
play are significantly delayed. This finding supports which view of language development?
A) LAD
B) Interactionist
C) Nativist
D) Naturalist
Answer: B
Page Ref: 115
Level: 2-Medium
Topic: Theoretical Perspectives
Skill: Understand the Concepts
LO 5.7: What are the behavorist, nativist, and interactionist explanations of language development?
APA LO: 1.1

TB_05_41_Theoretical Perspectives_LO 5.7_APA LO 1.1


Children combine several gestures in their pretend play at around the same time that they first show two or three-
word sentences in their speech. This supports which view of language development?
A) LAD
B) Interactionist
C) Nativist
D) Naturalist
Answer: B
Page Ref: 116
Level: 2-Medium
Topic: Theoretical Perspectives
Skill: Understand the Concepts
LO 5.7: What are the behavorist, nativist, and interactionist explanations of language development?
APA LO: 1.1

TB_05_42_Influences on Language Development_LO 5.8_APA LO 1.1


Most of us speak in high-pitched voices when speaking to a young child. Which of the following terms best
describes this type of speaking?
A) Infant-directed speech
B) IDA
C) LAD
D) Language encouragement
Answer: A
Page Ref: 116
Level: 2-Medium
Topic: Influences on Language Development
Skill: Apply What You Know
LO 5.8: What are some environmental influences on language development?
APA LO: 1.1

TB_05_43_Influences on Language Development_LO 5.8_APA LO 1.1


Reece said, “Go bye-bye?” His mother replied, “Yes, we are going to go bye-bye.” Reece’s mother’s response is an
example of which of the following?
A) Babyese
B) Infant speak
C) IDS
D) LAD
Answer: C
Page Ref: 116
Level: 2-Medium
Topic: Influences on Language Development

134
Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Skill: Apply What You Know
LO 5.8: What are some environmental influences on language development?
APA LO: 1.1

TB_05_44_Developmental Science in the Classroom_LO 5.8_APA LO 1.1


Which of the following statements is correct?
A) Interactive language between adult and child is of minimal help in fostering language development.
B) Bedtime stories are good for little more than helping the child fall to sleep.
C) Infants remember a story just as well when it is read to them by a computer as when their mother reads it.
D) Dialogic reading is part of Whitehurst’s strategy.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 117
Level: 2-Medium
Topic: Developmental Science in the Classroom
Skill: Understand the Concepts
LO 5.8: What are some environmental influences on language development?
APA LO: 1.1

TB_05_45_Early Milestones of Language Development_LO 5.9_APA LO 1.1


When a baby makes repetitive vowel sounds, such as the UUU sound, the baby is performing which of the
following?
A) Cooing
B) Babbling
C) Muttering
D) Mumbling
Answer: A
Page Ref: 117
Level: 1-Easy
Topic: Early Milestones of Language Development
Skill: Remember the Facts
LO 5.9: How do infants’ sounds, gestures, and understanding of words change in the early months of life?
APA LO: 1.1

TB_05_46_Early Milestones of Language Development_LO 5.9_APA LO 1.1


Brody is entertaining himself and his mother with his repetitious “dadadada, babababa” as if he just likes the sound
of his own voice. What is Brody doing?
A) Babbling
B) Cooing
C) Muttering
D) Recasting
Answer: A
Page Ref: 117
Level: 3-Difficult
Topic: Early Milestones of Language Development
Skill: Apply What You Know
LO 5.9: How do infants’ sounds, gestures, and understanding of words change in the early months of life?
APA LO: 1.1

TB_05_47_Early Milestones of Language Development_LO 5.9_APA LO 1.1


Babbling with a rising intonation seems to signal
A) the onset of language reception.
B) a desire for a response.
C) anger.
D) boredom.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 118

135
Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Level: 2-Medium
Topic: Early Milestones of Language Development
Skill: Understand the Concepts
LO 5.9: How do infants’ sounds, gestures, and understanding of words change in the early months of life?
APA LO: 1.1

TB_05_48_Early Milestones of Language Development_LO 5.9_APA LO 1.1


By the age of 13 months, research suggests that babies have a receptive language store of about how many words?
A) 20–30
B) 40
C) 45–60
D) 100
Answer: D
Page Ref: 118
Level: 2-Medium
Topic: Early Milestones of Language Development
Skill: Remember the Facts
LO 5.9: How do infants’ sounds, gestures, and understanding of words change in the early months of life?
APA LO: 1.1

TB_05_49_Early Milestones of Language Development_LO 5.9_APA LO 1.1


A child’s understanding of words is known by which of the following?
A) Expressive language
B) Receptive language
C) Biased language
D) Productive language
Answer: B
Page Ref: 118
Level: 1-Easy
Topic: Early Milestones of Language Development
Skill: Remember the Facts
LO 5.9: How do infants’ sounds, gestures, and understanding of words change in the early months of life?
APA LO: 1.1

TB_05_50_Early Milestones of Language Development_LO 5.9_APA LO 1.1


At what age do infants tend to develop a kind of gestural language, using gestures or a combination of gestures and
sounds?
A) 13–14 months
B) 6–7 months
C) 18–19 months
D) 9–10 months
Answer: D
Page Ref: 119
Level: 2-Medium
Topic: Early Milestones of Language Development
Skill: Remember the Facts
LO 5.9: How do infants’ sounds, gestures, and understanding of words change in the early months of life?
APA LO: 1.1

TB_05_51_The First Words_LO 5.10_APA LO 1.1


Which of the following terms describes a child’s ability to produce language accurately?
A) Expressive language
B) Receptive language
C) Repetitive language
D) Holophrasing
Answer: A

136
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Page Ref: 119
Level: 1-Easy
Topic: The First Words
Skill: Remember the Facts
LO 5.10: What are the characteristics of toddlers’ first words?
APA LO: 1.1

TB_05_52_The First Words_LO 5.10_APA LO 1.1


The average two-year-old has a vocabulary of about how many words?
A) 175
B) 230
C) 320
D) 250
Answer: C
Page Ref: 119
Level: 1-Easy
Topic: The First Words
Skill: Remember the Facts
LO 5.10: What are the characteristics of toddlers’ first words?
APA LO: 1.1

TB_05_53_The First Words_LO 5.10_APA LO 1.1


Derek pointed to his mother’s hat and exclaimed, “Mommy!” This is an example of which of the following?
A) Telegraphic speech
B) A holophrase
C) Dual meaning
D) Compound meaning
Answer: B
Page Ref: 119
Level: 2-Medium
Topic: The First Words
Skill: Apply What You Know
LO 5.10: What are the characteristics of toddlers’ first words?
APA LO: 1.1

TB_05_54_The First Words_LO 5.10_APA LO 1.1


According to your text, vocabulary spurts occur around the time that the child has acquired about how many words?
A) 30
B) 25
C) 50
D) 100
Answer: C
Page Ref: 119
Level: 2-Medium
Topic: The First Words
Skill: Understand the Concepts
LO 5.10: What are the characteristics of toddlers’ first words?
APA LO: 1.1

TB_05_55_The First Words_LO 5.10_APA LO 1.1


Naming explosion typically occurs around what age?
A) 8–10 months
B) 12–18 months
C) 11–14 months
D) 16–24 months
Answer: D

137
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Page Ref: 119
Level: 2-Medium
Topic: The First Words
Skill: Remember the Facts
LO 5.10: What are the characteristics of toddlers’ first words?
APA LO: 1.1

TB_05_56_The First Words_LO 5.10_APA LO 1.1


Around what age do we typically see the emergence of holophrases?
A) Two years
B) 12–18 months
C) 6 months
D) 18–20 months
Answer: B
Page Ref: 119
Level: 2-Medium
Topic: The First Words
Skill: Remember the Facts
LO 5.10: What are the characteristics of toddlers’ first words?
APA LO: 1.1

TB_05_57_The First Sentences_LO 5.11_APA LO 1.1


What is the term used by linguists for grammatical markers?
A) Inflections
B) Holophrases
C) Reductions
D) Monophrases
Answer: A
Page Ref: 120
Level: 1-Easy
Topic: The First Sentences
Skill: Remember the Facts
LO 5.11: What kinds of sentences do children produce between 18 and 24 months of age?
APA LO: 1.1

TB_05_58_The First Sentences_LO 5.11_APA LO 1.1


“Mommy sick!” is an example of which type of language?
A) Exclamatory meaning
B) A compound sentence
C) A hologram
D) Telegraphic speech
Answer: D
Page Ref: 120
Level: 2-Medium
Topic: The First Sentences
Skill: Apply What You Know
LO 5.11: What kinds of sentences do children produce between 18 and 24 months of age?
APA LO: 1.1

TB_05_59_Individual Differences in Language Development_LO 5.12_APA LO 1.1


What is one factor that influences the rate at which a child acquires language skills?
A) The child’s gross motor skill abilities
B) The number of people who talk to the child daily
C) The number of languages to which the child has daily exposure
D) The growth rate of the child
Answer: C

138
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Page Ref: 120
Level: 2-Medium
Topic: Individual Differences in Language Development
Skill: Remember the Facts
LO 5.12: What kinds of individual differences are evident in language development?
APA LO: 1.1

TB_05_60_Individual Differences in Language Development_LO 5.12_APA LO 1.1


Rodney is focusing on the individual sounds, rhythm, and intonation of the language his family speaks. How old is
Rodney?
A) 20 weeks
B) 8–9 months
C) 12 months
D) 18 months
Answer: B
Page Ref: 121
Level: 3-Difficult
Topic: Individual Differences in Language Development
Skill: Apply What You Know
LO 5.12: What kinds of individual differences are evident in language development?
APA LO: 1.1

TB_05_61_Individual Differences in Language Development_LO 5.12_APA LO 1.1


Which of the following statements is true regarding children who talk late?
A) Less than half the children who talk late ever catch up with the mainstream.
B) Among late talkers, delays in language development are unrelated to matters of general cognitive development.
C) Late talkers are usually suffering from organic deficits.
D) The children who do not catch up with their peers usually have receptive language deficits.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 120
Level: 2-Medium
Topic: Individual Differences in Language Development
Skill: Understand the Concepts
LO 5.12: What kinds of individual differences are evident in language development?
APA LO: 1.1

TB_05_62_Individual Differences in Language Development_LO 5.12_APA LO 1.1


Morgan does not seem to understand what is said to her or around her nearly as well as her playmates. Based on
your reading, what else might we assume about Morgan’s development?
A) Morgan had poorly developed gross motor skills.
B) Morgan is probably a late talker.
C) Morgan has poorly developed fine motor skills.
D) Morgan will probably not be particularly creative.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 120
Level: 3-Difficult
Topic: Individual Differences in Language Development
Skill: Apply What You Know
LO 5.12: What kinds of individual differences are evident in language development?
APA LO: 1.1

139
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TB_05_63_Individual Differences in Language Development_LO 5.12_APA LO 1.1
Eric has begun to use two-word sentences and has an expressive vocabulary of about 200 words. About how old is
Eric?
A) 18–20 months
B) 12–18 months
C) 8–10 months
D) 12 months
Answer: A
Page Ref: 121
Level: 3-Difficult
Topic: Individual Differences in Language Development
Skill: Apply What You Know
LO 5.12: What kinds of individual differences are evident in language development?
APA LO: 1.1

TB_05_64_Individual Differences in Language Development_LO 5.12_APA LO 1.1


Charelle coos when she is talked to and has just begun to make various consonant and vowel sounds when cooing.
About how old is she?
A) 12 months
B) 2 months
C) 5 months
D) 9 months
Answer: C
Page Ref: 121
Level: 2-Medium
Topic: Individual Differences in Language Development
Skill: Apply What You Know
LO 5.12: What kinds of individual differences are evident in language development?
APA LO: 1.1

TB_05_65_Individual Differences in Language Development_LO 5.12_APA LO 1.1


At approximately what age do children begin to respond with smiles and cooing when talked to?
A) 6–7 months
B) 2–3 months
C) 12 months
D) 8–9 months
Answer: B
Page Ref: 121
Level: 1-Easy
Topic: Individual Differences in Language Development
Skill: Remember the Facts
LO 5.12: What kinds of individual differences are evident in language development?
APA LO: 1.1

TB_05_66_No Easy Answers_LO 5.12_APA LO 1.1


Which of the following statements is true with regard to bilingual children?
A) Bilingual children who are fluent in both languages have only moderate learning difficulties in school.
B) Bilingualism is associated with deficits in metalinguistic ability.
C) For adults, the advantages of being bilingual outweigh any problems experienced in childhood.
D) Compared to monolingual children, bilingual children show no differences in acquiring reading skills.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 121
Level: 2-Medium
Topic: No Easy Answers
Skill: Understand the Concepts

140
Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
LO 5.12: What kinds of individual differences are evident in language development?
APA LO: 1.1

TB_05_67_Language Development across Cultures_LO 5.13_APA LO 1.1


With regard to language development, which statement is correct?
A) Telegraphic speech begins around 18 months.
B) Holophrases appear after telegraphic speech.
C) Babies in Asian cultures babble before they coo.
D) Babies cannot understand language before they can speak it.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 122
Level: 2-Medium
Topic: Language Development across Cultures
Skill: Understand the Concepts
LO 5.13: How does language development vary across cultures?
APA LO: 1.1

TB_05_68_Language Development across Cultures_LO 5.13_APA LO 1.1


Which of the following statements is true when comparing language development in different cultures?
A) Babies in some cultures do not coo before they babble, as they do in most other cultures.
B) In some cultures, the use of holophrases begins at about the age of 18 months.
C) The use of holophrases seems to precede the use of telegraphic speech in every language.
D) In some cultures, babies’ first words do not appear until much later than other cultures.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 122
Level: 2-Medium
Topic: Language Development across Cultures
Skill: Understand the Concepts
LO 5.13: How does language development vary across cultures?
APA LO: 1.1

TB_05_69_Language Development across Cultures_LO 5.13_APA LO 1.1


If I am speaking to you in Japanese and you are not paying attention, what word might I use to get your attention?
A) Ne
B) Yo
C) Te
D) Ye
Answer: B
Page Ref: 122
Level: 2-Medium
Topic: Language Development across Cultures
Skill: Remember the Facts
LO 5.13: How does language development vary across cultures?
APA LO: 1.1

TB_05_70_Measuring Intelligence in Infancy_LO 5.14_APA LO 1.1


What is the most widely used test that attempts to measure the intelligence of infants?
A) Bayley Scales
B) Stanford-Binet IQ test
C) WISC-R
D) WAIS
Answer: A
Page Ref: 122
Level: 1-Easy
Topic: Measuring Intelligence in Infancy
Skill: Remember the Facts

141
Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
LO 5.14: How is intelligence measured in infancy?
APA LO: 1.1

TB_05_71_Measuring Intelligence in Infancy_LO 5.14_APA LO 1.1


Infant intelligence tests primarily gauge intelligence by measuring
A) sensory and motor skills.
B) cognitive and language skills.
C) sensory and language skills.
D) expressive and receptive language skills.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 123
Level: 2-Medium
Topic: Measuring Intelligence in Infancy
Skill: Understand the Concepts
LO 5.14: How is intelligence measured in infancy?
APA LO: 1.1

TB_05_72_Measuring Intelligence in Infancy_LO 5.14_APA LO 1.1


According to your text, what is the drawback of tests that measure development in the first 2 years?
A) They tend to overestimate later rates of impairment in such children.
B) They tend to underestimate later rates of impairment in such children.
C) They do not assess fine motor skills in children.
D) They use language that children under the age of 2 are not capable of understanding.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 122
Level: 2-Medium
Topic: Measuring Intelligence in Infancy
Skill: Understand the Concepts
LO 5.14: How is intelligence measured in infancy?
APA LO: 1.1

TB_05_73_Measuring Intelligence in Infancy_LO 5.14_APA LO 1.1


Which of the following best defines intelligence?
A) The ability to rapidly solve problems
B) The ability to use information and solve problems across a variety of cultures
C) The ability to take in and use information to function within a particular environment
D) The ability to function well within one’s family
Answer: C
Page Ref: 122
Level: 2-Medium
Topic: Measuring Intelligence in Infancy
Skill: Remember the Facts
LO 5.14: How is intelligence measured in infancy?
APA LO: 1.1

TB_05_74_Measuring Intelligence in Infancy_LO 5.14_APA LO 1.1


Which of the following is included in the Bayley III scales of infant intelligence that was not included in earlier
versions?
A) Items that assess cognitive and language development
B) Items that assess motor skills
C) Items that assess sensory skills
D) Items that assess sensorimotor intelligence
Answer: A
Page Ref: 123
Level: 2-Medium
Topic: Measuring Intelligence in Infancy

142
Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Skill: Remember the Facts
LO 5.14: How is intelligence measured in infancy?
APA LO: 1.1

TB_05_75_Measuring Intelligence in Infancy_LO 5.14_APA LO 1.1


Which of the following items would test a child’s cognitive skills?
A) Putting cubes into a cup
B) Building a tower of cubes
C) Uncovering a toy hidden by a cloth
D) Reaching for a dangling ring
Answer: C
Page Ref: 122
Level: 2-Medium
Topic: Measuring Intelligence in Infancy
Skill: Remember the Facts
LO 5.14: How is intelligence measured in infancy?
APA LO: 1.1

143
Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Fill-in-the-Blank Questions

TB_05_76_Piaget’s View of the First 2 Years_LO 5.1_APA LO 1.1


The primary technique of interacting with the world in the first substage of Piaget’s sensorimotor stage is ________.
Answer: reflexes
Page Ref: 107
Level: 2-Medium
Topic: Piaget’s View of the First 2 Years
Skill: Remember the Facts
LO 5.1: What are the milestones of Piaget’s sensorimotor stage?
APA LO: 1.1

TB_05_77_Piaget’s View of the First 2 Years_LO 5.1_APA LO 1.1


Beginning in the ________ substage of Piaget’s cognitive development, babies will look for partially hidden objects.
Answer: third
Page Ref: 107
Level: 2-Medium
Topic: Piaget’s View of the First 2 Years
Skill: Understand the Concepts
LO 5.1: What are the milestones of Piaget’s sensorimotor stage?
APA LO: 1.1

TB_05_78_Piaget’s View of the First 2 Years_LO 5.1_APA LO 1.1


Gregory is a six-month-old baby boy. He is learning about his environment through touching things, putting things
in his mouth, and scooting around on the floor. According to Piaget, Greg is in the ________ stage of cognitive
development.
Answer: sensorimotor
Level: 3-Difficult
Page Ref: 106
Topic: Piaget’s View of the First 2 Years
Skill: Apply What You Know
LO 5.1: What are the milestones of Piaget’s sensorimotor stage?
APA LO: 1.1

TB_05_79_Piaget’s View of the First 2 Years_LO 5.1_APA LO 1.1


According to your text, means-end behavior is ________.
Answer: goal-directed
Page Ref: 106–107
Level: 1-Easy
Topic: Piaget’s View of the First 2 Years
Skill: Understand the Concepts
LO 5.1: What are the milestones of Piaget’s sensorimotor stage?
APA LO: 1.1

TB_05_80_Alternative Approaches_LO 5.3_APA LO 1.1


A child’s understanding of the nature of objects, their properties, and how they work is called ________.
Answer: object concept
Page Ref: 110
Level: 1-Easy
Topic: Alternative Approaches
Skill: Remember the Facts
LO 5.3: What does research tell us about infants’ understanding of objects?
APA LO: 1.1

144
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TB_05_81_Alternative Approaches_LO 5.3_APA LO 1.1
The violation of ________ method is a research strategy in which a child is habituated to a display of objects and
then is shown another display in which the objects move in a way that is different to what the infant is anticipating.
Answer: expectations
Page Ref: 110
Level: 1-Easy
Topic: Alternative Approaches
Skill: Understand the Concepts
LO 5.3: What does research tell us about infants’ understanding of objects?
APA LO: 1.1

TB_05_82_Conditioning and Modeling_LO 5.3_APA LO 1.1


Kayla was given several different, brightly colored balls to play with one after the other. After about ball number
seven, Kayla seemed to lose interest. When she was given a stuffed animal, she showed renewed interest. An
element of schematic learning called ________ is behind Kayla’s renewed interest.
Answer: categorizing
Page Ref: 112
Level: 3-Difficult
Topic: Conditioning and Modeling
Skill: Apply What You Know
LO 5.4: What kinds of learning are infants capable of?
APA LO: 1.1

TB_05_83_Theoretical Perspectives_LO 5.7_APA LO 1.1


In some languages, nouns and verbs are stressed sounds, and children who speak those languages seem to learn
nouns and verbs first. In other languages, prefixes and suffixes are stressed and children learn those sounds first.
This idea that children are preprogrammed to focus on “stressed” sounds is a part of the ________ view of language
development.
Answer: nativist
Page Ref: 114
Level: 3-Difficult
Topic: Theoretical Perspectives
Skill: Understand the Concepts
LO 5.7: What are the behavorist, nativist, and interactionist explanations of language development?
APA LO: 1.1

TB_05_84_Theoretical Perspectives_LO 5.7_APA LO 1.1


The innate language processor that some theorists believe children are born with is called the ________.
Answer: language acquisition device (or LAD)
Page Ref: 115
Level: 1-Easy
Topic: Theoretical Perspectives
Skill: Remember the Facts
LO 5.7: What are the behavorist, nativist, and interactionist explanations of language development?
APA LO: 1.1

TB_05_85_Theoretical Perspectives_LO 5.7_APA LO 1.1


Children combine several gestures in their pretend play at around the same time that they first show two or three-
word sentences in their speech. This supports the ________ view of language development.
Answer: interactionist
Page Ref: 115
Level: 2-Medium
Topic: Theoretical Perspectives
Skill: Understand the Concepts

145
Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
LO 5.7: What are the behavorist, nativist, and interactionist explanations of language development?
APA LO: 1.1

TB_05_86_Early Milestones of Language Development_LO 5.9_APA LO 1.1


When a baby makes repetitive vowel sounds, such as the UUU sound, we call it ________ .
Answer: cooing
Page Ref: 117
Level: 1-Easy
Topic: Early Milestones of Language Development
Skill: Remember the Facts
LO 5.9: How do infants’ sounds, gestures, and understanding of words change in the early months of life?
APA LO: 1.1

TB_05_87_The First Sentences_LO 5.11_APA LO 1.1


According to your text, all grammatical markers are missing from ________, the short simple sentences children
generally begin to use between 18 and 24 months.
Answer: telegraphic speech
Page Ref: 120
Level: 2-Medium
Topic: The First Sentences
Skill: Remember the Facts
LO 5.11: What kinds of sentences do children produce between 18 and 24 months of age?
APA LO: 1.1

TB_05_88_Individual Differences in Language Development_LO 5.12_APA LO 1.1


The ________ with which children acquire language skill varies widely.
Answer: speed
Page Ref: 123
Level: 1-Easy
Topic: Individual Differences in Language Development
Skill: Remember the Facts
LO 5.12: What kinds of individual differences are evident in language development?
APA LO: 1.1

TB_05_89_Language Development across Cultures_LO 5.13_APA LO 1.1


Japanese children use ________ markers that tell something about the feeling or context of a sentence.
Answer: pragmatic
Page Ref: 122
Level: 2-Medium
Topic: Language Development across Cultures
Skill: Remember the Facts
LO 5.13: How does language development vary across cultures?
APA LO: 1.1

TB_05_90_Measuring Intelligence in Infancy_LO 5.14_APA LO 1.1


Tests that measure intelligence in infancy measure primarily ________ and ________ skills.
Answer: sensory, motor
Page Ref: 122
Level: 2-Medium
Topic: Measuring Intelligence in Infancy
Skill: Remember the Facts
LO 5.14: How is intelligence measured in infancy?
APA LO: 1.1

146
Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Short Answer Questions

TB_05_91_Piaget’s View of the First 2 Years_LO 5.1_APA LO 1.1


List, in order, the techniques involved in the substages of sensorimotor development between the ages of 1 and 12
months.
Answer: primary circular reactions; secondary circular reactions; coordination of secondary schemes
Page Ref: 106–107
Level: 3-Difficult
Topic: Piaget’s View of the First 2 Years
Skill: Remember the Facts
LO 5.1: What are the milestones of Piaget’s sensorimotor stage?
APA LO: 1.1

TB_05_92_Piaget’s View of the First 2 Years_LO 5.1_APA LO 1.1


At what age do children develop object permanence? Give an example of how a child might demonstrate this ability.
Answer: By 6–8 months. Any example that shows that a child will look for an object they’ve dropped, or which was
removed from their sight, demonstrates this principle.
Page Ref: 108
Level: 2-Medium
Topic: Piaget’s View of the First 2 Years
Skill: Apply What You Know
LO 5.1: What are the milestones of Piaget’s sensorimotor stage?
APA LO: 1.1

TB_05_93_Alternative Approaches_LO 5.3_APA LO 1.1


How do the beliefs of Spelke differ from Piaget in terms of object permanence?
Answer: Spelke believes that babies are born with built-in assumptions that guide their interactions with objects.
Page Ref: 110
Level: 2-Medium
Topic: Alternative Approaches
Skill: Understand the Concepts
LO 5.3: What does research tell us about infants’ understanding of objects?
APA LO: 1.1

TB_05_94_Memory_LO 5.6_APA LO 1.1


What is the youngest age at which infants can remember specific objects?
Answer: 3 months
Page Ref: 113
Level: 1-Easy
Topic: Memory
Skill: Remember the Facts
LO 5.6: How does memory function in the first 2 years?
APA LO: 1.1

TB_05_95_Theoretical Perspectives_LO 5.7_APA LO 1.1


According to B. F. Skinner, how does babbling develop into language?
Answer: Babbling results in accidentally making sounds that are similar to real words. The parents then reinforce
these sounds.
Page Ref: 114
Level: 3-Difficult
Topic: Theoretical Perspectives
Skill: Understand the Concepts
LO 5.7: What are the behavorist, nativist, and interactionist explanations of language development?
APA LO: 1.1

147
Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
TB_05_96_Theoretical Perspectives_LO 5.7_APA LO 1.1
Who coined the term language acquisition device? What theory did this person adhere to?
Answer: Noam Chomsky; nativist
Page Ref: 114–115
Level: 2-Medium
Topic: Theoretical Perspectives
Skill: Remember the Facts
LO 5.7: What are the behavorist, nativist, and interactionist explanations of language development?
APA LO: 1.1

TB_05_97_ Influences on Language Development _LO 5.8_APA LO 1.1


According to Werker, what purpose does IDS serve?
Answer: It helps infants identify sounds in their mothers’ speech that are specific to their language.
Page Ref: 116
Level: 3-Difficult
Topic: Influences on Language Development
Skill: Understand the Concepts
LO 5.8: What are some environmental influences on language development?
APA LO: 1.1

TB_05_98_Early Milestones of Language Development_LO 5.9_APA LO 1.1


Define babbling.
Answer: repetition of the same consonant/vowel combination over and over
Page Ref: 117
Level: 2-Medium
Topic: Early Milestones of Language Development
Skill: Understand the Concepts
LO 5.9: How do infants’ sounds, gestures, and understanding of words change in the early months of life?
APA LO: 1.1

TB_05_99_Early Milestones of Language Development_LO 5.9_APA LO 1.1


What other activity will typically accompany babbling when a child wants something?
Answer: gesturing
Page Ref: 118
Level: 1-Easy
Topic: Early Milestones of Language Development
Skill: Understand the Concepts
LO 5.9: How do infants’ sounds, gestures, and understanding of words change in the early months of life?
APA LO: 1.1

TB_05_100_The First Words_LO 5.10_APA LO 1.1


What are holophrases? Give an example.
Answer: Holophrases are combinations of gestures and single words that mean more than the word alone. Examples
include any single word combined with a gesture; e.g., “Doggie” while the child points at a toy would indicate that
the toy belongs to the dog.
Page Ref: 119
Level: 3-Difficult
Topic: The First Words
Skill: Apply What You Know
LO 5.10: What are the characteristics of toddlers’ first words?
APA LO: 1.1

148
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TB_05_101_The First Sentences_LO 5.11_APA LO 1.1
What are the characteristics of first sentences?
Answer: short, two or three words, simple—telegraphic speech
Page Ref: 120
Level: 2-Medium
Topic: The First Sentences
Skill: Remember the Facts
LO 5.11: What kinds of sentences do children produce between 18 and 24 months of age?
APA LO: 1.1

TB_05_102_The First Sentences_LO 5.11_APA LO 1.1


Identify a language milestone typical of a 19-month-old child.
Answer: use of two-word sentences; expressive vocabulary of 100 to 200 words
Page Ref: 120
Level: 2-Medium
Topic: The First Sentences
Skill: Apply What You Know
LO 5.11: What kinds of sentences do children produce between 18 and 24 months of age?
APA LO: 1.1

TB_05_103_Language Development across Cultures_LO 5.13_APA LO 1.1


What is the relationship between holophrases, telegraphic speech and word order in different languages?
Answer: Holophrases precede telegraphic speech; however, the specific word order is not consistent across
languages.
Page Ref: 122
Level: 3-Difficult
Topic: Language Development across Cultures
Skill: Remember the Facts
LO 5.13: How does language development vary across cultures?
APA LO: 1.1

TB_05_104_Measuring Intelligence in Infancy_LO 5.14_APA LO 1.1


Which is the best-known and most widely used infant intelligence test?
Answer: Bayley Scales of Infant Development
Page Ref: 122
Level: 2-Medium
Topic: Measuring Intelligence in Infancy
Skill: Remember the Facts
LO 5.14: How is intelligence measured in infancy?
APA LO: 1.1

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Essay Questions

TB_05_105_Piaget’s View of the First 2 Years_LO 5.1_APA LO 1.1


Explain primary circular reactions and give an example.
Answer: Further accommodation of basic schemes; baby rehearses them endlessly; coordination of different senses;
baby does not yet link his body actions to results outside of his body—still basically reflexive behavior. An example
would be reaching for a toy while turning his head toward the sound of a dog barking.
Page Ref: 106
Level: 2-Medium
Topic: Piaget’s View of the First 2 Years
Skill: Understand the Concepts
LO 5.1: What are the milestones of Piaget’s sensorimotor stage?
APA LO: 1.1

TB_05_106_Piaget’s View of the First 2 Years_LO 5.1_APA LO 1.1


What is meant by the A-not-B error? When is this error typically resolved?
Answer: flaw in logic that leads infants to look for an object in the place in which they last saw it; resolved at
substage 6
Page Ref: 108
Level: 2-Medium
Topic: Piaget’s View of the First 2 Years
Skill: Understand the Concepts
LO 5.1: What are the milestones of Piaget’s sensorimotor stage?
APA LO: 1.1

TB_05_107_Challenges to Piaget’s View_LO 5.2_APA LO 1.1


What basic flaw of Piaget’s theory persists in his explanation of deferred imitation? Give three specific examples
that contradict Piaget’s assumptions.
Answer: The basic flaw is his underestimation of children’s abilities. Children as young as 6 weeks can defer
imitation for a few minutes, 9-month-olds can defer for as long as 24 hours, and 14-month-olds can defer for up to
48 hours.
Page Ref: 108–109
Level: 3-Difficult
Topic: Challenges to Piaget’s View
Skill: Understand the Concepts
LO 5.2: How have other theorists challenged Piaget’s explanation of infant cognitive development?
APA LO: 1.1

TB_05_108_Alternative Approaches_LO 5.3_APA LO 1.1


Briefly describe Spelke’s research regarding object concept. What does her research show?
Answer: Research: Habituated 3-month-olds to a series of displays of two objects; moved the objects so that they
were touching each other.
Show: The babies perceived it as a new object; she also used consistent and inconsistent situations to test object
concept.
Page Ref: 110
Level: 3-Difficult
Topic: Alternative Approaches
Skill: Understand the Concepts
LO 5.3: What does research tell us about infants’ understanding of objects?
APA LO: 1.1

150
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TB_05_109_Theoretical Perspectives_LO 5.7_APA LO 1.1
Compare and contrast the interactionist view and the nativist view on infant language development.
Answer: Nativists assume LADs, which contain the basic grammatical structures of all human languages; infants are
able to divide speech into two categories: consonants and vowels. Interactionists believe that experience combines
with already-formulated meanings that the child has developed on their own.
Page Ref: 114–115
Level: 3-Difficult
Topic: Theoretical Perspectives
Skill: Understand the Concepts
LO 5.7: What are the behavorist, nativist, and interactionist explanations of language development?
APA LO: 1.1

TB_05_110_Research Report_LO 5.9_APA LO 1.1


Discuss how gestural language is both similar and different between hearing and non-hearing infants.
Answer: Both hearing and deaf children gesture as they begin to babble; for deaf children it is especially important.
Deaf children “babble” through gesturing; gesturing develops into the basics of sign language at around 12 months
of age.
Page Ref: 118
Level: 3-Difficult
Topic: Research Report
Skill: Understand the Concepts
LO 5.9: How do infants’ sounds, gestures, and understanding of words change in the early months of life?
APA LO: 1.1

TB_05_111_Individual Differences in Language Development_LO 5.12_APA LO 1.1


Explain how language changes for children between 12 months and 20 months.
Answer: By 12 months, expressive language has emerged and children can say single words. By 18 months, children
use holophrases (word-gesture combinations with variations in intonation). By 20 months, children can use two-
word sentences (telegraphic speech) and have an expressive vocabulary of up to 200 words.
Page Ref: 121
Level: 3-Difficult
Topic: Individual Differences in Language Development
Skill: Understand the Concepts
LO 5.12: What kinds of individual differences are evident in language development?
APA LO: 1.1

TB_05_112_No Easy Answers_LO 5.13_APA LO 1.1


Clarify some of the advantages and disadvantages of growing up in a bilingual household.
Answer: Clear advantages in metalinguistic abilities (capacity to think about language); greater ability to focus
attention on language tasks. However, bilingual children reach some language milestones later; possibility of
language memory difficulties in adulthood.
Page Ref: 121
Level: 3-Difficult
Topic: No Easy Answers
Skill: Understand the Concepts
LO 5.13: How does language development vary across cultures?
APA LO: 1.1

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