♫Music♫ in my Head

Copyright ® 2014 L-X-R Publishing

 ♫ Take a gander at a Keyboard or a Piano, See how there are groupings of 2 black keys and
groupings of 3 black keys, now look at any group of 2 black keys, the white key to the left of the first
black key is always "C", and in a group of 3, it is always "F". The distance between one key to the next
is called a "Semitone" or "Half" step. Two half steps equal a "Whole Tone" or "Whole" step. Raising
a half step is called (#) Sharpening the note, and thus lowering a half step is called (b) flattening the
note. There are 12 half steps in one "Octave", and there are only 7 notes in a "Major” or “Minor”
Scale. Now to make a “Major” Scale" pick a note, ANY NOTE!, for right now, to keep it simple, I
will use the C Major Scale and start on the C key as my “Root”, however it will work with any note.
Because music and math are so closely related, the “Formula's” are expressed in the following way...

R = Root Note Ws = Whole Step hs =half Step

{R}+Ws+Ws+hs+Ws+Ws+Ws+hs = {C d e F G a B* C}
{Uppercase = Major} {Lowercase = minor} {* = Diminished}
That means, to play a “Scale”, starting on the note you picked, called the “Root”, we will call that note
the “1”, now move up a whole step from there, that’s the “2”, from there, move up a whole step again,
that's the “3” then move up a half step, that's the “4” now move a whole step again ,that's the “5” move
a whole step again , that's “6” another whole step, that's “7”, and finally up a half step and we arrive at
the “8” or the “1” again, just an octave up. Here is the formula to a Minor Scale, I am using A Minor
as an example because it is the "Relative Minor" of C Major.
* Hint * - Playing all white keys from C to C is “C Major” and from A to A is “A Minor”!

{R}+Ws+hs+Ws+Ws+hs+Ws+Ws = {a B* C d e F G a}
Same as before, pick any root note, then move up a whole step, then a half step, then whole step, then
another whole step, followed by a half step, then a whole step, and one final whole step to land back on
the "Root" [Home]. Every Major scale has a "Relative" minor scale associated with it, and every
Minor scale has a "Relative" major associated with it, to find the relative minor of any major scale,
identify the 6th note of any major scale, by counting (3 half steps below the root), and for the minor,
identify the 3rd note (3 half steps above root) of any minor scale. Always remember, in a Major scale
the "7th" is always a half step below the root, and in a Minor scale the "7th" is always a whole step
below the root.

“You know nothing, Jon Snow”

*TIP* - Pick any key on the board, call it "1" or root, counting from 1 to 8, a Major scale is all
whole steps except between steps 3 and 4, then steps, 7 and 8, a Minor scale is all whole steps except
between steps 2 and 3 and steps 5 and 6.

*Remember this Sequence : 1 3642751

➢ Okay so let's talk about Chord Shapes , i.e. (R + 4hs + 3hs), so take “ANY” note, +
4hs + 3hs and you have a “Major Chord Shape”, now with that shape in mind and to make it easier,
lets look at the C Major Chord, by holding down C + E + G, this makes the 1st Chord of this
particular key, “C-Major” it will apply to any key, depending on which key you choose to press first,
 Okay, lower the first note of that chord by a half step, and you are now playing the 3rd Chord of this
key, which is E minor, Now return to original position except raise the last note by a whole step, that is
the 6th Chord, A Minor, from that position raise the middle note by a half step and you got the 4th
Chord, F Major, from there, raise the first note a whole step and you get the 2nd Chord, D Minor, now
raise the last note a whole step to get the 7th Chord, B Diminished, now raise the middle note by a
whole step to get the 5th Chord, G Major, now raise the first note by a whole step and the last note by a
half step and you have the 1st Chord, C Major and you are back home. Now, for the Minor Chord
Shapes (R + 3hs + 4hs) I am going to use the key of A minor to make it simple, but it applies to any
minor shape, now lower the first note of that shape by a whole step and you will get the 3rd chord of
this minor key, which is the C Major Chord, return to original position except raise the last note by a ½
step and you have the 6th of this minor key, which is F Major, now raise the middle note by a whole
step to get the 4th, D Minor, now raise the first note a whole step to get the 2nd, B Dim., now raise the
last note a whole step to get the 7th, G Major, now raise middle note a 1\2 step to get the 5th Chord, E
Minor, finally, raise the first note a half step and the last note a whole step to get back to the 1st Chord,
A minor "root" chord of this particular minor key.

* TiP * When holding a Major shape (R + 4hs + 3hs), lowering the middle note a 1\2 step makes it a
minor shape (R + 3hs + 4hs) First note = Root.

Ex. If.. {C + E + G = C-Maj.} then.. {C + Eb + G = C-minor}

*Hint* When holding a Major shape (R + 4hs + 3hs) a quick way to know the relative minor key
is to raise the last note by a (Ws), that gives you the Relative Minor (last note = R) of the Major chord
you were holding. When holding a Minor shape (R + 3hs + 4hs) a quick way to know the relative
Major key is to lower the first note by a (Ws), it gives you the Relative Major (mid. note = R) of the
minor chord you were holding! Also, to find Dim. Chord, if Major, = ½ step below root of key, if
Minor, then (Ws) above root of key.

Now Lets make some chords

“ I am gROOT! “

Major Key Chords Minor Key Chords

1st – Major 1st - minor
2nd – minor 2nd – Dim
3rd – minor 3rd - Major
4th – Major 4th - minor
5th – Major 5th – minor
6th – minor 6th – Major
7th – Dim 7th – Major
 Chord Formulary
*R = whatever fucking key u want to press first!
hs =half Step
J R + 4hs + 3hs = Major Chord *Raise last note ½ step = Aug. J
L R + 3hs + 4hs = Minor Chord *Lower last note ½ step = Dim. L
R + 7hs + 5hs = Power Chord
R + 4hs + 2hs = Major Flat 5 Chord
R + 3hs + 3hs = Dim Chord or minor flat 5
R + 3hs + 6hs = Diminished Inversion
Last note = Root
R + 6hs + 3hs = Diminished Inversion
Middle note = Root
R + 3hs + 3hs + 3hs = Diminished 7th Chord
(Raise 4th note ½ step = half dim.7th) - (Lower 4th note ½ step = {M7 inver.} 4th note = Root)
R + 3hs + 3hs + 4hs = Half Diminished 7th
* Raise 3rd note ½ step = minor 7th
R + 4hs + 4hs = Augmented Chord
R + 2hs + 5hs = Sus2 Chord
R + 5hs + 2hs = Sus4 Chord
R + 5hs + 5hs = Sus4 Chord Inversion
Middle note = Root
R + 5hs + 4hs = Major Inversion
Middle note = Root of inversion
R + 4hs + 5hs = Minor Inversion
Last note = Root of inversion
R + 5hs + 3hs = AugSus4 or Minor Inversion
Middle note = Root of inversion
R + 3hs + 5hs = Major Inversion
Last note = Root note of inversion
R + 4hs + 3hs + 4hs = Major 7th Chord * Lower 2nd note ½ step = minor-Major 7
R +4hs + 3hs + 3hs = Dominant 7 Chord *Raise 3rd note ½ step = Aug7 Chord
R + 4hs + 4hs + 2hs = Augmented 7 th Chord *Raise 4th note ½ step = Aug Major 7th Chord
R + 4hs + 3hs + 2hs = Major 6th Chord
R + 3hs + 4hs + 4hs = minor-Major7 Chord
R + 3hs + 4hs + 3hs = Minor 7th Chord * Raise 4th note ½ step = min-Maj7
R + 3hs + 4hs + 2hs = Minor 6th Chord
R + 4hs + 3hs + 3hs + 4hs = Dominant 9 Chord
R + 4hs + 3hs + 4hs + 3hs = Major 9th Chord
R + 3hs + 4hs + 3hs + 4hs = Minor 9th Chord
R + 4hs + 3hs + 3hs + 4hs + 3hs = Dominant 11 Chord
R + 4hs + 3hs + 4hs + 3hs + 3hs = Major 11th Chord
R + 3hs + 4hs + 3hs +4hs + 3hs = Minor 11th Chord
R + 4hs + 3hs + 3hs + 4hs + 7hs = Dominant 13 Chord
R + 4hs + 3hs + 4hs + 3hs + 7hs = Major 13th Chord
R + 3hs + 4hs + 3hs + 4hs + 7hs = Minor 13th Chord
 Scale Formulary
R+Ws+Ws+hs+Ws+Ws+Ws+hs = Major or Ionian 1st Mode
R+Ws+hs+Ws+Ws+Ws+Ws+hs = Melodic Minor
R+hs+Ws+hs+Ws+Ws+Ws+Ws = Super Locrian {7th Mode MM}
R+Ws+hs+Ws+Ws+hs+3hs+hs = Harmonic Minor
R+hs+3hs+hs+Ws+hs+Ws+Ws = Phrygian Dominant {5th Mode HM}
R+Ws+hs+Ws+Ws+hs+Ws+Ws = Natural Minor or Aeolian 6th Mode
R+Ws+Ws+3hs+Ws+3hs = Major Pentatonic
R+3hs+Ws+Ws+3hs+Ws = Minor Pentatonic
R+3hs+Ws+hs+hs+3hs+Ws = Blues Scale
R+Ws+hs+Ws+Ws+Ws+hs+Ws = Dorian 2nd Mode
R+hs+Ws+Ws+Ws+hs+Ws+Ws = Phrygian 3rd Mode
R+Ws+Ws+Ws+hs+Ws+Ws+hs = Lydian 4th Mode
R+Ws+Ws+hs+Ws+Ws+hs+Ws = Mixolydian 5th Mode
R+hs+Ws+Ws+hs+Ws+Ws+Ws = Locrian 7th Mode
R+hs+3hs+Ws+Ws+Ws+hs+hs = Enigmatic Scale
R+hs+3hs+hs+Ws+hs+3hs+hs = Arabic Scale
R+Ws+Ws+Ws+Ws+Ws+Ws = Whole Tone Scale
R+Ws+hs+Ws+hs+Ws+hs+Ws+hs = Diminished Scale A
R+hs+Ws+hs+Ws+hs+Ws+hs+Ws = Diminished Scale B
R+hs+4hs+Ws+3hs+Ws = Japanese Scale
R+Ws+Ws+hs+Ws+hs+hs+Ws+hs = Major Bebop Scale
R+Ws+Ws+hs+Ws+Ws+hs+hs+hs = Dominant Bebop Scale
R+hs+Ws+Ws+Ws+Ws+Ws+hs = Neopolitan Scale
R+hs+Ws+Ws+Ws+hs+3hs+hs = Neopolitan Minor
R+Ws+hs+3hs+hs+hs+3hs+hs = Hungarian Minor

*TIP* When trying to guess the Key of your favorite song, try to identify one chord/note from the
tune, now if its a major chord, remember there are only 3 major chords for any given key, also
remember, there's only 3 minor chords and one diminished chord, so that means there are only 3
possible major keys or 3 possible minor keys it could be in, for instance, a C Major Chord can only be
played in the keys of C Major, F Major and G Major, just like an A Minor Chord can only be played in
A Minor, D Minor and E Minor, Starting from any key, count up 5 steps, it will be the 5th of the that
note, i.e. C is the 5th note of F Major, so then up 2 more steps from there and it will be the 4th of that
note, i.e. C is the 4th of G Major, also you now know the only other two keys it can be in other than
itself. Another way is to hum along with the song , when you find the tone that you can hum to any part
of the song and it works, find it on your keyboard and its 99.8% probable you have found the correct
root note of the key!

" WoW Such Melody, So Harmony, Much Theory, Many Musics.

 32 Chords, One Hand, never move the “1”.
I will use “C” as my Root, but this works with any note.
C Major = C + 4hs + 3hs
C minor = C + 3hs + 4hs
C sus2 = C + 2hs + 5hs
C sus4 = C + 5hs + 2hs
C Aug. = C + 4hs +4hs
C Maj. Flat 5 = C + 4hs + 2hs
C Dim. = C + 3hs + 3hs
C ??? = C + 2hs + 4hs
C Dim7 = C + 3hs + 3hs + 3hs
C ½ Dim. 7th = C + 3hs + 3hs + 4hs
C minor 7th = C + 3hs + 4hs + 3hs
C Dominant 7 = C + 4hs + 3hs + 3hs
C Major 6th = C + 4hs + 3hs + 2hs
C Minor/M6th = C + 3hs + 4hs + 2hs
C sus4 M6 = C + 5hs + 2hs + 2hs
C Aug7 Chord = C + 4hs + 4hs + 2hs
C Aug Major 7th = C + 4hs + 4hs + 3hs
C Major 7th = C + 4hs + 3hs + 4hs
C minor-Major7th = C + 3hs + 4hs + 4hs
F Major = C + 5hs + 4hs
F Dominant 7 = C + 3hs + 2hs + 4hs
F Major 7th = C + 4hs + 1hs + 4hs
F minor = C + 5hs + 3hs
F sus2 = C + 5hs + 2hs
F sus4 = C + 5hs + 5hs
A minor = C + 4hs + 5hs
A Dim. = C + 3hs + 6hs
G# Major = C + 3hs + 5hs
G# Dominant 7 = C + 3hs + 3hs + 2hs
F# Dim. = C + 6hs + 3hs
F# Major Flat 5 = C + 6hs + 4hs
C Power Chord = C + 7hs + 5hs

TIP * When holding a Major or minor shape, the last note is 7hs (perfect fifth) away from the
root, thus 5hs (perfect fourth) to the octave.
Intervals from Root
0hs = Perfect Unison
1hs = Minor Second
2hs = Major Second
3hs = Minor Third
4hs = Major third
5hs = Perfect Fourth
6hs = Aug. 4th or Dim. 5th or Tritone “Devil's Interval”
7hs = Perfect Fifth
8hs = Minor Sixth
9hs = Major Sixth
10hs = Minor Seventh
11hs = Major Seventh
12hs = Perfect Octave
13hs = Minor Ninth
14hs = Major Ninth
15hs = Minor Tenth
16hs = Major Tenth
17hs = Perfect Eleventh
18hs = Augmented Eleventh
19hs = Perfect Twelfth
20hs = Minor Thirteenth
21hs = Major Thirteenth
22hs = Minor Fourteenth
23hs = Major Fourteenth
24hs = Double Octave

Circle of Fifths
C Major / A Minor = (0#)
G Major / E Minor = (1#) - F#
D Major / B Minor = (2#) -F# - C#
A Major / F# Minor = (3#) - F# - C# - G#
E Major / C# Minor = (4#) - F# - C# - G# - D#
B Major / G# Minor = (5#) - F# - C# - G# - D# - A#
F# Major / D# Minor = (6#) - F# - C# - G# - D# - A# - E#

Circle of Fourths
F Major / D Minor = (1b) - Bb
Bb Major / G Minor = (2b) - Bb - Eb
Eb Major / C Minor = (3b) - Bb - Eb - Ab
Ab Major / F Minor = (4b) – Bb – Eb – Ab – Db
Db Major / Bb Minor = (5b) – Bb – Eb – Ab – Db – Gb
Gb Major / Eb Minor = (6b) – Bb – Eb – Ab – Db - Gb – Cb
 MELODY
Parallel Scale = Same Root, different step sequence. ie. - Parallel of C Major = C Minor and vice versa.
A neighboring tone is a note next to another. A passing tone is a note that connects two others. A pedal point is a note that is constantly

returned to. A chordal skip is more familiarly known as an arpeggio. It is when you play each note of a chord separately.

We can divide melody into four groups

Parallel motion - is when two voices move in the same direction, and stay the same interval apart.

Similar motion - is when two voices move in the same direction, and the interval between them changes.

Contrary motion - is when voices move in opposite directions. They can move by the same interval (“strict contrary
motion”) or by varying intervals.

Oblique motion - is when one voice stays the same pitch, and the other changes.

HOW TO HARMONIZE A MELODY

The most straightforward way to harmonize a melody is to play the same melody a certain interval above your
original melody. Most commonly, this is done in thirds.

If we want to harmonize it with thirds, we just find the notes a third above each note in that melody, the quality (major or
minor) of the third depends on the note you’re building on.

SECONDARY DOMINANTS
A secondary dominant is a dominant chord that resolves to a chord other than the (root) chord. Like how G7 resolves to
C Major or Minor, but how also, A7 resolves to D Minor or Major. They are good for modulation.

Chord Mixture
Simple Mixture
Replace a chord from the key you're in, with a chord from a parallel scale or mode.
Secondary Mixture
Alter the quality(change major to minor or vice versa) of a chord, in the key you’re in.
Double Mixture
Replace a chord in the key you’re in with a chord from a parallel scale, and then alter the quality of that borrowed chord.

* TIP * The most effective resolution of a dominant seventh chord, is to a Major(R+4hs+3hs) or

Minor(R+3hs+4hs) whose root is a fifth below(7hs), however, it can also resolve to a minor shape, a major
second(2hs) above the root, and a major shape, a minor second(1hs) above the root, also the first inversion of
the major shape(R+5hs+4hs), a major second(2hs) below the root.