N OT FOR SALE

SECTION 2.6 LIMITS AT INFINITY; HORIZONTAL ASYMPTOTES ¤ 115

68. (a) lim I ({) = 0 and lim I ({) = 0, so lim I ({) = 0, which is I (0), and hence I is continuous at { = d if d = 0. For
{<0+ {<0 {<0

d A 0, lim I ({) = lim { = d = I (d). For d ? 0, lim I ({) = lim (3{) = 3d = I (d). Thus, I is continuous at
{<d {<d {<d {<d

{ = d; that is, continuous everywhere.

 
 
(b) Assume that i is continuous on the interval L. Then for d M L, lim |i ({)| =  lim i ({) = |i (d)| by Theorem 8. (If d is
{<d {<d

an endpoint of L, use the appropriate one-sided limit.) So |i | is continuous on L.

+
1 if { D 0
(c) No, the converse is false. For example, the function i({) = is not continuous at { = 0, but |i({)| = 1 is
31 if { ? 0
continuous on R.

69. De¿ne x(w) to be the monk’s distance from the monastery, as a function of time w (in hours), on the ¿rst day, and de¿ne g(w)
to be his distance from the monastery, as a function of time, on the second day. Let G be the distance from the monastery to
the top of the mountain. From the given information we know that x(0) = 0, x(12) = G, g(0) = G and g(12) = 0. Now
consider the function x 3 g, which is clearly continuous. We calculate that (x 3 g)(0) = 3G and (x 3 g)(12) = G.
So by the Intermediate Value Theorem, there must be some time w0 between 0 and 12 such that (x 3 g)(w0 ) = 0 C
x(w0 ) = g(w0 ). So at time w0 after 7:00 AM, the monk will be at the same place on both days.

2.6 Limits at Infinity; Horizontal Asymptotes

1. (a) As { becomes large, the values of i ({) approach 5.

(b) As { becomes large negative, the values of i ({) approach 3.

2. (a) The graph of a function can intersect a The graph of a function can intersect a horizontal asymptote.
vertical asymptote in the sense that it can It can even intersect its horizontal asymptote an in¿nite
meet but not cross it. number of times.

(b) The graph of a function can have 0, 1, or 2 horizontal asymptotes. Representative examples are shown.

No horizontal asymptote One horizontal asymptote Two horizontal asymptotes

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 N OT FOR SALE
116 ¤ CHAPTER 2 LIMITS AND DERIVATIVES

3. (a) lim i ({) = 32 (b) lim i ({) = 2 (c) lim i ({) = "
{<" {<3" {<1

(d) lim i ({) = 3" (e) Vertical: { = 1, { = 3; horizontal: | = 32, | = 2

{<3

4. (a) lim j({) = 2 (b) lim j({) = 31 (c) lim j({) = 3"
{<" {<3" {<0

(d) lim j({) = 3" (e) lim j({) = " (f ) Vertical: { = 0, { = 2;

{<2 {<2+
horizontal: | = 31, | = 2

5. lim i ({) = 3", 6. lim i ({) = ", lim i ({) = ", 7. lim i ({) = 3", lim i ({) = ",
{<0 {<2 {<32+ {<2 {<"

lim i({) = 5, lim i ({) = 3", lim i({) = 0, lim i ({) = 0, lim i ({) = ",
{<3" {<32 {<3" {<3" {<0+

lim i ({) = 35 lim i ({) = 0, i (0) = 0 lim i ({) = 3"

{<" {<" {<0

8. lim i ({) = 3, 9. i (0) = 3, lim i ({) = 4, 10. lim i ({) = 3", lim i ({) = 2,
{<" {<0 {<3 {<"

lim i ({) = ", lim i ({) = 2, i (0) = 0, i is even

{<2 {<0+

lim i ({) = 3", lim i({) = 3", lim i({) = 3",

{<2+ {<3" {<4

i is odd
lim i ({) = ", lim i({) = 3
{<4+ {<"

11. If i ({) = {2@2{ , then a calculator gives i(0) = 0, i (1) = 0=5, i(2) = 1, i (3) = 1=125, i (4) = 1, i (5) = 0=78125,
i (6) = 0=5625, i (7) = 0=3828125, i (8) = 0=25, i (9) = 0=158203125, i(10) = 0=09765625, i (20) E 0=00038147,
i (50) E 2=2204 × 10312 , i (100) E 7=8886 × 10327 .
 
It appears that lim {2@2{ = 0.
{<"

12. (a) From a graph of i({) = (1 3 2@{){ in a window of [0> 10,000] by [0> 0=2], we estimate that lim i ({) = 0=14
{<"

(to two decimal places.)

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 N OT FOR SALE
SECTION 2.6 LIMITS AT INFINITY; HORIZONTAL ASYMPTOTES ¤ 117

(b) From the table, we estimate that lim i ({) = 0=1353 (to four decimal places.)
{<"
{ i ({)
10,000 0=135308
100,000 0=135333
1,000,000 0=135335

3{2 3 { + 4 (3{2 3 { + 4)@{2 [divide both the numerator and denominator by {2

13. lim = lim
{<" 2{2 + 5{ 3 8 {<" (2{2 + 5{ 3 8)@{2 (the highest power of { that appears in the denominator)]

lim (3 3 1@{ + 4@{2 )

{<"
= [Limit Law 5]
lim (2 + 5@{ 3 8@{2 )
{<"

lim 3 3 lim (1@{) + lim (4@{2 )

{<" {<" {<"
= [Limit Laws 1 and 2]
lim 2 + lim (5@{) 3 lim (8@{2 )
{<" {<" {<"

3 3 lim (1@{) + 4 lim (1@{2 )

{<" {<"
= [Limit Laws 7 and 3]
2 + 5 lim (1@{) 3 8 lim (1@{2 )
{<" {<"

3 3 0 + 4(0)
= [Theorem 5 of Section 2.5]
2 + 5(0) 3 8(0)

3
=
2
u u
12{3 3 5{ + 2 12{3 3 5{ + 2
14. lim = lim [Limit Law 11]
{<" 1 + 4{2 + 3{3 {<" 1 + 4{2 + 3{3

v
12 3 5@{2 + 2@{3
= lim [divide by {3 ]
{<" 1@{3 + 4@{ + 3

y
x lim (12 3 5@{2 + 2@{3 )
x {<"
=w [Limit Law 5]
lim (1@{3 + 4@{ + 3)
{<"

y
x lim 12 3 lim (5@{2 ) + lim (2@{3 )
x {<" {<" {<"
=w [Limit Laws 1 and 2]
lim (1@{3 ) + lim (4@{) + lim 3
{<" {<" {<"

y
x 12 3 5 lim (1@{2 ) + 2 lim (1@{3 )
x {<" {<"
=w [Limit Laws 7 and 3]
lim (1@{3 ) + 4 lim (1@{) + 3
{<" {<"

v
12 3 5(0) + 2(0)
= [Theorem 5 of Section 2.5]
0 + 4(0) + 3
u
12 I
= = 4=2
3

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 N OT FOR SALE
118 ¤ CHAPTER 2 LIMITS AND DERIVATIVES

3{ 3 2 (3{ 3 2)@{ 3 3 2@{ lim 3 3 2 lim 1@{ 3 3 2(0) 3

{<" {<"
15. lim = lim = lim = = =
{<" 2{ + 1 {<" (2{ + 1)@{ {<" 2 + 1@{ lim 2 + lim 1@{ 2+0 2
{<" {<"

1 3 {2 (1 3 {2 )@{3 1@{3 3 1@{

16. lim = lim = lim
{<" {3 3 { + 1 {<" ({3 3 { + 1)@{3 {<" 1 3 1@{2 + 1@{3

lim 1@{3 3 lim 1@{ 030

{<" {<"
= = =0
lim 1 3 lim 1@{2 + lim 1@{3 130+0
{<" {<" {<"

lim 1@{ 3 2 lim 1@{2

{32 ({ 3 2)@{2 1@{ 3 2@{2 {<3" {<3" 0 3 2(0)
17. lim = lim = lim = = =0
{<3" {2 + 1 {<3" ({2 + 1)@{2 {<3" 1 + 1@{2 lim 1 + lim 1@{2 1+0
{<3" {<3"

4{3 + 6{2 3 2 (4{3 + 6{2 3 2)@{3 4 + 6@{ 3 2@{3 4+030

18. lim 3
= lim 3 3
= lim = =2
{<3" 2{ 3 4{ + 5 {<3" (2{ 3 4{ + 5)@{ {<3" 2 3 4@{2 + 5@{3 230+0

I I
w + w2 ( w + w2 )@w2 1@w3@2 + 1 0+1
19. lim 2
= lim 2 2
= lim = = 31
w<" 2w 3 w w<" (2w 3 w )@w w<" 2@w 3 1 031

I  I
w3w w w 3 w w @w3@2 1@w1@2 3 1 031 1
20. lim = lim = lim = =3
w<" 2w3@2 + 3w 3 5 w<" (2w3@2 + 3w 3 5) @w3@2 w<" 2 + 3@w1@2 3 5@w3@2 2+030 2

(2{2 + 1)2 (2{2 + 1)2 @{4 [(2{2 + 1)@{2 ]2

21. lim 2 2
= lim 2 2 4
= lim
{<" ({ 3 1) ({ + {) {<" [({ 3 1) ({ + {)]@{ {<" [({ 3 2{ + 1)@{2 ][({2 + {)@{2 ]
2

(2 + 1@{2 )2 (2 + 0)2
= lim 2
= =4
{<" (1 3 2@{ + 1@{ )(1 + 1@{) (1 3 0 + 0)(1 + 0)

{2 {2 @{2 1 I
22. lim I = lim I = lim s [since {2 = {4 for { A 0]
{<" 4
{ +1 {<" {4 + 1@{2 {<" ({4 + 1)@{4
1 1
= lim s = I =1
{<" 1 + 1@{4 1+0

I s
I lim (9{6 3 {)@{6
9{6 3 { 9{6 3 { @{3 {<"
I
23. lim = lim = [since {3 = {6 for { A 0]
{<" {3 + 1 {<" ({3 + 1)@{3 lim (1 + 1@{3 )
{<"
s t
lim 9 3 1@{5 lim 9 3 lim (1@{5 ) I
{<" {<" {<"
= = = 930 =3
lim 1 + lim (1@{3 ) 1+0
{<" {<"

s
I I lim 3 (9{6 3 {)@{6
9{6 3 { 9{6 3 { @{3 {<3" I
24. lim = lim = [since {3 = 3 {6 for { ? 0]
{<3" {3 + 1 {<3" ({3 + 1)@{3 lim (1 + 1@{3 )
{<3"
s t
lim 3 9 3 1@{5 3 lim 9 3 lim (1@{5 ) I
{<3" {<3" {<3"
= = = 3 9 3 0 = 33
lim 1 + lim (1@{3 ) 1+0
{<3" {<3"

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 N OT FOR SALE
SECTION 2.6 LIMITS AT INFINITY; HORIZONTAL ASYMPTOTES ¤ 119
I I  I 2
I  9{2 + { 3 3{ 9{2 + { + 3{ 9{2 + { 3 (3{)2
25. lim 9{2 + { 3 3{ = lim I = lim I
{<" {<" 9{2 + { + 3{ {<" 9{2 + { + 3{
 2 
9{ + { 3 9{2 { 1@{
= lim I = lim I ·
{<" 9{2 + { + 3{ {<" 9{2 + { + 3{ 1@{
{@{ 1 1 1 1
= lim s = lim s = I = =
{<" 9{2 @{2 + {@{2 + 3{@{ {<" 9 + 1@{ + 3 9+3 3+3 6

 I 
 I   I  { 3 {2 + 2{ {2 3 ({2 + 2{)
26. lim { + {2 + 2{ = lim { + {2 + 2{ I = lim I
{<3" {<3" { 3 {2 + 2{ {<3" { 3 {2 + 2{
32{ 32 32
= limI = lim s = s = 31
{<3" 2
{ 3 { + 2{ {<3" 1 + 1 + 2@{ 1 + 1 + 2 (0)
I
Note: In dividing numerator and denominator by {, we used the fact that for { ? 0, { = 3 {2 .
I I  I I 
I I  {2 + d{ 3 {2 + e{ {2 + d{ + {2 + e{
27. lim {2 + d{ 3 {2 + e{ = lim I I
{<" {<" {2 + d{ + {2 + e{
({2 + d{) 3 ({2 + e{) [(d 3 e){]@{
= lim I I = lim I I  I
{<" {2 + d{ + {2 + e{ {<" { + d{ + {2 + e{ @ {2
2

d3e d3e d3e

= lim s s = I I =
{<" 1 + d@{ + 1 + e@{ 1 + 0 + 1 + 0 2

I I I I
28. For { A 0, {2 + 1 A {2 = {. So as { < ", we have {2 + 1 < ", that is, lim {2 + 1 = ".
{<"

 
{4 3 3{2 + { ({4 3 3{2 + {)@{3 divide by the highest power { 3 3@{ + 1@{2
29. lim = lim = lim ="
{<" {3 3 { + 2 {<" ({3 3 { + 2)@{3 of { in the denominator {<" 1 3 1@{2 + 2@{3

since the numerator increases without bound and the denominator approaches 1 as { < ".

30. lim (h3{ + 2 cos 3{) does not exist. lim h3{ = 0, but lim (2 cos 3{) does not exist because the values of 2 cos 3{
{<" {<" {<"

oscillate between the values of 32 and 2 in¿nitely often, so the given limit does not exist.

31. lim ({4 + {5 ) = lim {5 ( {1 + 1) [factor out the largest power of {] = 3" because {5 < 3" and 1@{ + 1 < 1
{<3" {<3"

as { < 3".
 4 
Or: lim { + {5 = lim {4 (1 + {) = 3".
{<3" {<3"

 
1 + {6 (1 + {6 )@{4 divide by the highest power 1@{4 + {2
32. lim = lim = lim ="
{<3" {4 + 1 {<3" ({4 + 1)@{4 of { in the denominator {<3" 1 + 1@{4

since the numerator increases without bound and the denominator approaches 1 as { < 3".

33. Let w = h{ . As { < ", w < ". lim arctan(h{ ) = lim arctan w = 
2
by (3).
{<" w<"

h3{ 3 h33{ 1 3 h36{ 130

34. Divide numerator and denominator by h3{ : lim = lim = =1
{<" h3{ + h33{ {<" 1 + h36{ 1+0

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 N OT FOR SALE
120 ¤ CHAPTER 2 LIMITS AND DERIVATIVES

1 3 h{ (1 3 h{ )@h{ 1@h{ 3 1 031 1

35. lim = lim = lim = =3
{<" 1 + 2h{ {<" (1 + 2h{ )@h{ {<" 1@h{ + 2 0+2 2

sin2 { 1 1
36. Since 0 $ sin2 { $ 1, we have 0 $ $ 2 . We know that lim 0 = 0 and lim 2 = 0, so by the Squeeze
{2 + 1 { +1 {<" {<" { + 1

sin2 {
Theorem, lim = 0.
{<" {2 + 1

37. Since 31 $ cos { $ 1 and h32{ A 0, we have 3h32{ $ h32{ cos { $ h32{ . We know that lim (3h32{ ) = 0 and
{<"
 
lim h32{ = 0, so by the Squeeze Theorem, lim (h32{ cos {) = 0.
{<" {<"

38. Let w = ln {. As { < 0+ , w < 3". lim tan31 (ln {) = lim tan31 w = 3 2 by (4).
{<0+ w<3"

39. (a) (b)

{ i({)
310,000 30=4999625
3100,000 30=4999962
31,000,000 30=4999996

I From the table, we estimate the limit to be 30=5.

From the graph of i ({) = {2 + { + 1 + {, we
estimate the value of lim i ({) to be 30=5.
{<3"

I 2   2 
I
2
 I
2
 { +{+13{ { + { + 1 3 {2
(c) lim { + { + 1 + { = lim { +{+1+{ I = lim I
{<3" {<3" {2 + { + 1 3 { {<3" {2 + { + 1 3 {
({ + 1)(1@{) 1 + (1@{)
= lim I  = lim s
{<3" 2
{ + { + 1 3 { (1@{) {<3" 3 1 + (1@{) + (1@{2 ) 3 1
1+0 1
= I =3
3 1+0+031 2
I
Note that for { ? 0, we have {2 = |{| = 3{, so when we divide the radical by {, with { ? 0, we get
1I 2 1 I 2 s
{ + { + 1 = 3I { + { + 1 = 3 1 + (1@{) + (1@{2 ).
{ {2

40. (a) (b)

{ i({)
10,000 1=44339
100,000 1=44338
1,000,000 1=44338

From the table, we estimate (to four decimal

From the graph of
places) the limit to be 1=4434.
I I
i ({) = 3{2 + 8{ + 6 3 3{2 + 3{ + 1, we estimate
(to one decimal place) the value of lim i ({) to be 1=4.
{<"

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 N OT FOR SALE
SECTION 2.6 LIMITS AT INFINITY; HORIZONTAL ASYMPTOTES ¤ 121
I I I I 
3{2 + 8{ + 6 3 3{2 + 3{ + 1 3{2 + 8{ + 6 + 3{2 + 3{ + 1
(c) lim i ({) = lim I I
{<" {<" 3{2 + 8{ + 6 + 3{2 + 3{ + 1
 2   
3{ + 8{ + 6 3 3{2 + 3{ + 1 (5{ + 5)(1@{)
= lim I I = lim I I 
{<" 3{2 + 8{ + 6 + 3{2 + 3{ + 1 {<" 3{2 + 8{ + 6 + 3{2 + 3{ + 1 (1@{)
I
5 + 5@{ 5 5 5 3
= lim s s = I I = I = E 1=443376
{<" 3 + 8@{ + 6@{2 + 3 + 3@{ + 1@{2 3+ 3 2 3 6
 
2{ + 1 1 1 1
2+ lim 2 + lim 2 + lim
2{ + 1 { { = {<"  { {
41. lim = lim = lim  = {<" {<"
{<" { 3 2 {<" { 3 2 {<" 2 2 2
13 lim 1 3 lim 1 3 lim
{ { {<" { {<" {<" {
2+0
= = 2, so | = 2 is a horizontal asymptote.
130

The denominator { 3 2 is zero when { = 2 and the numerator is not zero, so we

2{ + 1
investigate | = i ({) = as { approaches 2. lim i ({) = 3" because as
{32 {<2

{ < 23 the numerator is positive and the denominator approaches 0 through

negative values. Similarly, lim i ({) = ". Thus, { = 2 is a vertical asymptote.
{<2+

The graph con¿rms our work.

 
{2 + 1 1 1
1+ 2 lim 1 +
{2 + 1 {2 { {<" {2
42. lim = lim = lim =  
2
{<" 2{ 3 3{ 3 2 2
{<" 2{ 3 3{ 3 2 {<" 3 2 3 2
23 3 2 lim 2 3 3 2
{2 { { {<" { {
1
lim 1 + lim 1+0 1
=
{<" {<" {2 = = , so | = 1
is a horizontal asymptote.
3 2 23030 2 2
lim 2 3 lim 3 lim 2
{<" {<" { {<" {

{2 + 1 {2 + 1
| = i ({) = = , so lim i ({) = "
2{2 3 3{ 3 2 (2{ + 1)({ 3 2) {<(31@2)

because as { < (31@2)3 the numerator is positive while the denominator

approaches 0 through positive values. Similarly, lim i({) = 3",
{<(31@2)+

lim i ({) = 3", and lim i({) = ". Thus, { = 3 12 and { = 2 are vertical
{<2 {<2+

asymptotes. The graph con¿rms our work.

 
2{2 + { 3 1 1 1 1 1
2+ 3 2 lim 2 + 3
2{2 + { 3 1 {2 { { = {<"  { {2
43. lim = lim = lim 
2
{<" { + { 3 2 2
{<" { + { 3 2 {<" 1 2 1 2
1+ 3 2 lim 1 + 3
{2 { { {<" { {2
1 1
lim 2 + lim 3 lim 2 2+030
{<" {<" { {<" {
= = = 2, so | = 2 is a horizontal asymptote.
1 1 1 + 0 3 2(0)
lim 1 + lim 3 2 lim 2
{<" {<" { {<" {

[continued]

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 N OT FOR SALE
122 ¤ CHAPTER 2 LIMITS AND DERIVATIVES

2{2 + { 3 1 (2{ 3 1)({ + 1)

| = i ({) = = , so lim i({) = ",
{2 + { 3 2 ({ + 2)({ 3 1) {<32

lim i ({) = 3", lim i ({) = 3", and lim i ({) = ". Thus, { = 32
{<32+ {<1 {<1+

and { = 1 are vertical asymptotes. The graph con¿rms our work.

 
1 + {4 1 1 1
+1 lim + 1 lim 4 + lim 1
1 + {4 4 4 {<" {4
{
= lim 2 { 4 = lim { {<" {<"
44. lim 2 =   =
{<" { 3 {4 {<" { 3 { {<" 1 1 1
31 lim 31 lim 3 lim 1
{4 {2 {<" {2 {<" {2 {<"

0+1
= = 31, so | = 31 is a horizontal asymptote.
031

1 + {4 1 + {4 1 + {4
| = i ({) = = = . The denominator is
{2 3 {4 {2 (1 3 {2 ) {2 (1 + {)(1 3 {)

zero when { = 0, 31, and 1, but the numerator is nonzero, so { = 0, { = 31, and

{ = 1 are vertical asymptotes. Notice that as { < 0, the numerator and

denominator are both positive, so lim i ({) = ". The graph con¿rms our work.
{<0

{3 3 { {({2 3 1) {({ + 1)({ 3 1) {({ + 1)

45. | = i ({) = 2
= = = = j({) for { 6= 1.
{ 3 6{ + 5 ({ 3 1)({ 3 5) ({ 3 1)({ 3 5) {35

The graph of j is the same as the graph of i with the exception of a hole in the
{2 + { 30
graph of i at { = 1. By long division, j({) = ={+6+ .
{35 {35
As { < ±", j({) < ±", so there is no horizontal asymptote. The denominator
of j is zero when { = 5. lim j({) = 3" and lim j({) = ", so { = 5 is a
{<5 {<5+

vertical asymptote. The graph con¿rms our work.

2h{ 2h{ 1@h{ 2 2

46. lim {
= lim {
· {
= lim {
= = 2, so | = 2 is a horizontal asymptote.
{<" h 35 {<" h 3 5 1@h {<" 1 3 (5@h ) 130
2h{ 2(0)
lim = = 0, so | = 0 is a horizontal asymptote. The denominator is zero (and the numerator isn’t)
{<3" h{ 3 5 035
when h 3 5 = 0 i h{ = 5 i { = ln 5.
{

2h{
lim = " since the numerator approaches 10 and the denominator
{<(ln 5)+ h{ 35

approaches 0 through positive values as { < (ln 5)+ . Similarly,

2h{
lim = 3". Thus, { = ln 5 is a vertical asymptote. The graph
{<(ln 5) h{ 3 5

con¿rms our work.

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 N OT FOR SALE
SECTION 2.6 LIMITS AT INFINITY; HORIZONTAL ASYMPTOTES ¤ 123

47. From the graph, it appears | = 1 is a horizontal asymptote.

3{3 + 500{2
3 2
3{ + 500{ {3 3 + (500@{)
lim 3 2
= lim 3 2 = lim
{<" { + 500{ + 100{ + 2000 {<" { + 500{ + 100{ + 2000 {<" 1 + (500@{) + (100@{2 ) + (2000@{3 )

{3
3+0
= = 3, so | = 3 is a horizontal asymptote.
1+0+0+0

The discrepancy can be explained by the choice of the viewing window. Try

[3100,000> 100,000] by [31> 4] to get a graph that lends credibility to our

calculation that | = 3 is a horizontal asymptote.

48. (a)

From the graph, it appears at ¿rst that there is only one horizontal asymptote, at | E 0> and a vertical asymptote at
{ E 1=7. However, if we graph the function with a wider and shorter viewing rectangle, we see that in fact there seem to be
two horizontal asymptotes: one at | E 0=5 and one at | E 30=5. So we estimate that
I I
2{2 + 1 2{2 + 1
lim E 0=5 E 30=5 and lim
{<" 3{ 3 5 {<3" 3{ 3 5

I
2{2 + 1
(b) i (1000) E 0=4722 and i(10,000) E 0=4715, so we estimate that lim E 0=47.
{<" 3{ 3 5
I
2{2 + 1
i (31000) E 30=4706 and i(310,000) E 30=4713, so we estimate that lim E 30=47.
{<3" 3{ 3 5

I s I
2{2 + 1 2 + 1@{2 I 2
(c) lim = lim 2
[since { = { for { A 0] = E 0=471404.
{<" 3{ 3 5 {<" 3 3 5@{ 3
I
For { ? 0, we have {2 = |{| = 3{, so when we divide the numerator by {, with { ? 0, we
1I 2 1 I 2 s
get 2{ + 1 = 3 I 2{ + 1 = 3 2 + 1@{2 . Therefore,
{ {2

I s I
2{2 + 1 3 2 + 1@{2 2
lim = lim =3 E 30=471404.
{<3" 3{ 3 5 {<3" 3 3 5@{ 3

49. Let’s look for a rational function.

(1) lim i({) = 0 i degree of numerator ? degree of denominator

{<±"

(2) lim i ({) = 3" i there is a factor of {2 in the denominator (not just {, since that would produce a sign
{<0

change at { = 0), and the function is negative near { = 0.

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 N OT FOR SALE
124 ¤ CHAPTER 2 LIMITS AND DERIVATIVES

(3) lim i ({) = " and lim i({) = 3" i vertical asymptote at { = 3; there is a factor of ({ 3 3) in the
{<3 {<3+

denominator.

(4) i (2) = 0 i 2 is an {-intercept; there is at least one factor of ({ 3 2) in the numerator.

Combining all of this information and putting in a negative sign to give us the desired left- and right-hand limits gives us
23{
i ({) = as one possibility.
{2 ({ 3 3)

50. Since the function has vertical asymptotes { = 1 and { = 3, the denominator of the rational function we are looking for must

have factors ({ 3 1) and ({ 3 3). Because the horizontal asymptote is | = 1, the degree of the numerator must equal the

{2
degree of the denominator, and the ratio of the leading coef¿cients must be 1. One possibility is i ({) = .
({ 3 1)({ 3 3)

51. (a) We must ¿rst ¿nd the function i . Since i has a vertical asymptote { = 4 and {-intercept { = 1, { 3 4 is a factor of the

denominator and { 3 1 is a factor of the numerator. There is a removable discontinuity at { = 31, so { 3 (31) = { + 1 is
d({ 3 1)({ + 1)
a factor of both the numerator and denominator. Thus, i now looks like this: i ({) = , where d is still to
({ 3 4)({ + 1)
d({ 3 1)({ + 1) d({ 3 1) d(31 3 1) 2 2
be determined. Then lim i ({) = lim = lim = = d, so d = 2, and
{<31 {<31 ({ 3 4)({ + 1) {<31 { 3 4 (31 3 4) 5 5
5({ 3 1)({ + 1)
d = 5. Thus i ({) = is a ratio of quadratic functions satisfying all the given conditions and
({ 3 4)({ + 1)
5(31)(1) 5
i (0) = = .
(34)(1) 4

{2 3 1 ({2 @{2 ) 3 (1@{2 ) 130

(b) lim i ({) = 5 lim = 5 lim =5 = 5(1) = 5
{<" {<" {2 3 3{ 3 4 {<" ({ @{2 ) 3 (3{@{2 ) 3 (4@{2 )
2 13030

52. | = i ({) = 2{3 3 {4 = {3 (2 3 {). The |-intercept is i(0) = 0. The

{-intercepts are 0 and 2. There are sign changes at 0 and 2 (odd exponents on {

and 2 3 {). As { < ", i ({) < 3" because {3 < " and 2 3 { < 3". As

{ < 3", i ({) < 3" because {3 < 3" and 2 3 { < ". Note that the graph

of i near { = 0 Àattens out (looks like | = {3 ).

53. | = i ({) = {4 3 {6 = {4 (1 3 {2 ) = {4 (1 + {)(1 3 {). The |-intercept is

i (0) = 0. The {-intercepts are 0, 31, and 1 [found by solving i ({) = 0 for {].

Since {4 A 0 for { 6= 0, i doesn’t change sign at { = 0. The function does change

sign at { = 31 and { = 1. As { < ±", i ({) = {4 (1 3 {2 ) approaches 3"

because {4 < " and (1 3 {2 ) < 3".

°
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 N OT FOR SALE
SECTION 2.6 LIMITS AT INFINITY; HORIZONTAL ASYMPTOTES ¤ 125

54. | = i ({) = {3 ({ + 2)2 ({ 3 1). The |-intercept is i (0) = 0. The {-intercepts

are 0, 32, and 1. There are sign changes at 0 and 1 (odd exponents on { and
{ 3 1). There is no sign change at 32. Also, i ({) < " as { < " because all
three factors are large. And i ({) < " as { < 3" because {3 < 3",
({ + 2)2 < ", and ({ 3 1) < 3". Note that the graph of i at { = 0 Àattens out
(looks like | = 3{3 ).

55. | = i ({) = (3 3 {)(1 + {)2 (1 3 {)4 . The |-intercept is i (0) = 3(1)2 (1)4 = 3.
The {-intercepts are 3, 31, and 1. There is a sign change at 3, but not at 31 and 1.
When { is large positive, 3 3 { is negative and the other factors are positive, so
lim i ({) = 3". When { is large negative, 3 3 { is positive, so
{<"

lim i({) = ".

{<3"

56. | = i ({) = {2 ({2 3 1)2 ({ + 2) = {2 ({ + 1)2 ({ 3 1)2 ({ + 2). The

|-intercept is i (0) = 0. The {-intercepts are 0, 31, 1> and 32. There is a sign
change at 32, but not at 0, 31, and 1. When { is large positive, all the factors are
positive, so lim i ({) = ". When { is large negative, only { + 2 is negative, so
{<"

lim i({) = 3".

{<3"

1 sin { 1
57. (a) Since 31 $ sin { $ 1 for all {> 3$ $ for { A 0. As { < ", 31@{ < 0 and 1@{ < 0, so by the Squeeze
{ { {
sin {
Theorem, (sin {)@{ < 0. Thus, lim = 0.
{<" {

(b) From part (a), the horizontal asymptote is | = 0. The function

| = (sin {)@{ crosses the horizontal asymptote whenever sin { = 0;

that is, at { = q for every integer q. Thus, the graph crosses the
asymptote an in¿nite number of times.

58. (a) In both viewing rectangles,

lim S ({) = lim T({) = " and
{<" {<"

lim S ({) = lim T({) = 3".

{<3" {<3"

In the larger viewing rectangle, S and T

become less distinguishable.
 
S ({) 3{5 3 5{3 + 2{ 5 1 2 1
(b) lim = lim = lim 1 3 · 2 + · 4 = 1 3 53 (0) + 23 (0) = 1 i
{<" T({) {<" 3{5 {<" 3 { 3 {
S and T have the same end behavior.

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 N OT FOR SALE
126 ¤ CHAPTER 2 LIMITS AND DERIVATIVES

59. (a) Divide the numerator and the denominator by the highest power of { in T({).
(a) If deg S ? deg T, then the numerator < 0 but the denominator doesn’t. So lim [S ({)@T({)] = 0.
{<"

(b) If deg S A deg T, then the numerator < ±" but the denominator doesn’t, so lim [S ({)@T({)] = ±"
{<"

(depending on the ratio of the leading coef¿cients of S and T).

60.

(i) q = 0 (ii) q A 0 (q odd) (iii) q A 0 (q even) (iv) q ? 0 (q odd) (v) q ? 0 (q even)

From these sketches we see that
;
; A 1 if q = 0
1 if q = 0 A
A
A
? A
?
q
0 if q A 0
(a) lim { = 0 if q A 0 (b) lim {q =
{<0+ A
= {<0 A
A 3" if q ? 0, q odd
" if q ? 0 A
A
=
" if q ? 0, q even
;
; A 1 if q = 0
1 if q = 0 A
A
A
? A
?3"
q
if q A 0, q odd
(c) lim { = " if q A 0 (d) lim {q =
{<" A
= {<3" A
A " if q A 0, q even
0 if q ? 0 A
A
=
0 if q ? 0
I I
5 { 1@ { 5 5
61. lim I · I = lim s = I = 5 and
{<" { 3 1 1@ { {<" 1 3 (1@{) 1 30
I
10h{ 3 21 1@h{ 10 3 (21@h{ ) 10 3 0 10h{ 3 21 5 {
lim · = lim = = 5. Since ? i ({) ? I ,
{<" 2h{ 1@h{ {<" 2 2 2h{ {31
we have lim i({) = 5 by the Squeeze Theorem.
{<"

62. (a) After w minutes, 25w liters of brine with 30 g of salt per liter has been pumped into the tank, so it contains

(5000 + 25w) liters of water and 25w · 30 = 750w grams of salt. Therefore, the salt concentration at time w will be
750w 30w g
F(w) = = .
5000 + 25w 200 + w L

30w 30w@w 30
(b) lim F(w) = lim = lim = = 30. So the salt concentration approaches that of the brine
w<" w<" 200 + w w<" 200@w + w@w 0+1

being pumped into the tank.

 

63. (a) lim y(w) = lim y W 1 3 h3jw@y = y W (1 3 0) = y W
w<" w<"

(b) We graph y(w) = 1 3 h39=8w and y(w) = 0=99y W , or in this case,

y(w) = 0=99. Using an intersect feature or zooming in on the point of

intersection, we ¿nd that w E 0=47 s.

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 N OT FOR SALE
SECTION 2.6 LIMITS AT INFINITY; HORIZONTAL ASYMPTOTES ¤ 127

64. (a) | = h3{@10 and | = 0=1 intersect at {1 E 23=03.

If { A {1 , then h3{@10 ? 0=1.

(b) h3{@10 ? 0=1 i 3{@10 ? ln 0=1 i

1
{ A 310 ln 10
= 310 ln 1031 = 10 ln 10 E 23=03

3{2 + 1
65. Let j({) = and i ({) = |j({) 3 1=5|. Note that
2{2 + { + 1
3
lim j({) = 2
and lim i({) = 0. We are interested in ¿nding the
{<" {<"

{-value at which i ({) ? 0=05. From the graph, we ¿nd that { E 14=804,

so we choose Q = 15 (or any larger number).

I  I
 4{2 + 1  4{2 + 1

66. For % = 0=5, we must ¿nd Q such that whenever { D Q, we have  
3 2 ? 0=5 C 1=5 ? ? 2=5.
{+1 {+1

We graph the three parts of this inequality on the same screen, and ¿nd that it holds whenever { A 2=82. So we choose Q = 3
I
4{2 + 1
(or any larger number). For % = 0=1, we must have 1=9 ? ? 2=1, and the graphs show that this holds whenever
{+1
{ A 18=9. So we choose Q = 19 (or any larger number).

I 
 4{2 + 1 
67. For % = 0=5, we need to ¿nd Q such that  3 (32) ? 0=5 C
{+1
I
4{2 + 1
32=5 ? ? 31=5 whenever { $ Q. We graph the three parts of this
{+1
inequality on the same screen, and see that the inequality holds for { $ 36= So we
choose Q = 36 (or any smaller number).
I
4{2 + 1
For % = 0=1, we need 32=1 ? ? 31=9 whenever { $ Q= From the
{+1
graph, it seems that this inequality holds for { $ 322. So we choose Q = 322
(or any smaller number).

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 N OT FOR SALE
128 ¤ CHAPTER 2 LIMITS AND DERIVATIVES

2{ + 1
68. We need Q such that I A 100 whenever { D Q= From the graph, we
{+1
see that this inequality holds for { D 2500. So we choose Q = 2500 (or any
larger number).

69. (a) 1@{2 ? 0=0001 C {2 A 1@0=0001 = 10 000 C { A 100 ({ A 0)

I I
(b) If % A 0 is given, then 1@{2 ? % C {2 A 1@% C { A 1@ %. Let Q = 1@ %.
 
1 1  1 1
Then { A Q i { A I i  2 3 0 = 2 ? %, so lim 2 = 0.
% { { {<" {

I I
70. (a) 1@ { ? 0=0001 C { A 1@0=0001 = 104 C { A 108
I I
(b) If % A 0 is given, then 1@ { ? % C { A 1@% C { A 1@%2 . Let Q = 1@%2 .
 
1  1  1 1

Then { A Q i { A 2 i  I 3 0 = I ? %, so lim I = 0.
% { { {<" {

71. For { ? 0, |1@{ 3 0| = 31@{. If % A 0 is given, then 31@{ ? % C { ? 31@%.

Take Q = 31@%. Then { ? Q i { ? 31@% i |(1@{) 3 0| = 31@{ ? %, so lim (1@{) = 0.
{<3"

I I
72. Given P A 0, we need Q A 0 such that { A Q i {3 A P. Now {3 A P C {A 3
P, so take Q = 3 P. Then
I
{AQ = 3
P i {3 A P, so lim {3 = ".
{<"

73. Given P A 0, we need Q A 0 such that { A Q i h{ A P. Now h{ A P C { A ln P, so take

Q = max(1> ln P). (This ensures that Q A 0.) Then { A Q = max(1> ln P) i h{ A max(h> P) D P,
so lim h{ = ".
{<"

74. De¿nition Let i be a function de¿ned on some interval (3"> d). Then lim i({) = 3" means that for every negative
{<3"

number P there is a corresponding negative number Q such that i ({) ? P whenever { ? Q. Now we use the de¿nition to
 
prove that lim 1 + {3 = 3". Given a negative number P, we need a negative number Q such that { ? Q i
{<3"
I I
1 + { ? P. Now 1 + {3 ? P
3
C {3 ? P 3 1 C { ? 3 P 3 1. Thus, we take Q = 3 P 3 1 and ¿nd that
 
{?Q i 1 + {3 ? P. This proves that lim 1 + {3 = 3".
{<3"

75. Suppose that lim i ({) = O. Then for every % A 0 there is a corresponding positive number Q such that |i ({) 3 O| ? %
{<"

whenever { A Q. If w = 1@{, then { A Q C 0 ? 1@{ ? 1@Q C 0 ? w ? 1@Q. Thus, for every % A 0 there is a
corresponding  A 0 (namely 1@Q) such that |i(1@w) 3 O| ? % whenever 0 ? w ? . This proves that
lim i (1@w) = O = lim i({).
w<0+ {<"

Now suppose that lim i ({) = O. Then for every % A 0 there is a corresponding negative number Q such that
{<3"

|i ({) 3 O| ? % whenever { ? Q. If w = 1@{, then { ? Q C 1@Q ? 1@{ ? 0 C 1@Q ? w ? 0. Thus, for every
% A 0 there is a corresponding  A 0 (namely 31@Q) such that |i (1@w) 3 O| ? % whenever 3 ? w ? 0. This proves that
lim i (1@w) = O = lim i ({).
w<0 {<3"

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