NUMBER SYSTEMS

Abacus
find topalasg device.
hundreds and o bm]
in unit,tens,
Btads ae

’ Four
Number
"Deciwal Nuber
" Binany Numbur
Number duysbm
Detal Numbr ysim
Hexadzcinal Nuwiber dystm
* Becimal Number dyl
Vuet cowmendy sd vwnbu dytim
7, 8, 9
dywlols : D, !, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,tylem
1adix o/ deimal nD. is iD.
Base (ot)
o dymbels msed inthat
Bre Numbn dytam =No.
:
Nott
b¡:(5426.9),o (Numbn) pse Bose

x(D
ID 4 4xlD+2x ID + &X ID +
= 5X
2 9
Numbs 5

2
Pesticn 3

2
ID 1D
ID

5x10 5DD D
3s 5 hue)
Nale cigt
 west
[MS]/MIB
MOST SIGNIFICANI DIG1 is caled as
RigBit mirt diit
BIt
having lat wight
DIGIt [L4D]/SB
KE AST SIGNIEICANT BIT

54 26 1
MSD
SD

Binary Nnber dystom

Bau ch binany Names dystimi:22

3

MB 4

Numbu
Pbitien 2 -I -2 -3
23 2 22 23

Vaue bit 3(Ihere): lx23

8 0. ith nighing
West bit is caled as MSB

west bit is Called

 *Drlal Nanb Sylm
tes g Syonbrle . 0,!,2, 3, 4,5,4,1
Base Ölal Nuvtber dygte
5432. 44
Nunbrr 5 3 4

Position 3 2 1 -2

g'

digt 3(5 hur) : 5x8

3

Valar
aystim
-(3560).o
* Hexadtcimal Number
23, 5,4,l,8,9,
4 A, 6,,D,E,E
Uses le lymbts : e,
-’ Base: l4

Numbr D 4
- 2
Postion 2

nightng 3y 2
Vae A(3hee)
-(68),
 to Anothr

() Convsien em any Nuwber ytom to derima

)Binany to duimal
2) Dctal' to decimal
3) Hexadeiimal to deimal
othtr Nubu
() (onrwsin hom drimal to awuy
) drmá to binnt
s) deima to Dotal
) deimal to Htxadeimal.
to Dotal
1) Couvesin tiew
itany
binay to Hexaduimal
) (onvusim em
1) (onvesiv owm Dctal to binay
io) Couvesion hem Hexadeimal t6 biuay
Dotal to Hexadecima
) Conversim tenm Hexade cim al to Detal

9(onvvsinn em any numkn dtm to deúmal

stips : the
the

Nbr aysw each

tach digit by thu
(üi) Ad4 ll te
 Binny to deinal

43 2 -|-2 -3

Ox24 1x2 + Ox2+ Dx2 + x3

T6 t g+ 0+ 2 + 0+ o40.25 + b.125

26.315
( olD. oI), : (2c.345),
()
(1o1 -Di) : (?),
2
,2
+ x2 2

- 4 + D+ lt0+ 0.25
= 5-25

.: (to1-or): (s:25),
2

: lx2+ Dx2't lx24 ix2°t lx2+ Ox2+lx-3

0.l25
8+0+ 2+ |+ 0.5 +0+

I-625

o): (i8. 6:5),

2
21 Dital to deimal
(0
() (235. () : ?),,

2x8 + 3x8'+ 5 x8 + ¬x8 #x*2

|28+ 24 +5 + 075 + D. ID4 4

(154. 859+), D

() (iD2.41),- (?),,
32 iO

= lx3>+ Oxg'+ x8' 2x8°+ x

4 xg
= 52+Dt 4+ 2+ .5 + 0- bI5E2 5

5¬2. 515625 )

a Hoxadecimal to derimal
co(FAL D) (? )
+ 6xIL + 2xe4DxiL'
3
Fx6.
I5 xIL + (0 xIB4 LxI6'+ 2xIL' + 13xls'
48 3D4D+4LD t 1S 34+ 32 +13

102558|)
 Covnsion Bcimal
y
steps:
divsion)
0 Lntier part Convutipn (du cusire
inttqtr art (Gin number) hy hau
’ Divide the
tquired Munber (R)
qurtint (6) and Remaind1r
Slor
decimal numbr
(onsidn Quotient s ni)

~rt .
Qnd reprnt te divisien unil quolint bt eomes
in the Verse DYder (Rad Up)
’ emaindus
list te
@Fracional part Conveion (ducesive Muliplication )
’ Muliply dhe
t fuactional part (qina nunadr) with
base umber
store tht
ntgr pot (amy)
- Considar facñenal
until factonal is D(or) untl

gt quind mumter plas.

’ist CavTies to don (Ruad down)

fadind pont
 Brcimal to binony
(0 (12. 25), te binayY
doluticn
Inttgn pant: onvviem z intqn pot by duccasin
diision mothod
12
6-D
9 3-D

Read p
Fraional pot: (owesim of taclienal pont by Bucsiw
wltiplicalien nethed.
0125 xX) 0.25

D25 X2 =
Read desn
1-0

(o-05), (- oo) 2

(I2. l25). = ( lD0. 0p)

 ()(49-675) m (?),
ørtutien
Intrg part 2)49
224 -)
12 -D
2
6-D
2
3 -D

Fractional pend: ts25

0-625
O.625X 2 : |" 25 1

25X 2 = D.5
(0-625), (o- lo) 2

0.5X2

.. (49-625).: ( 1D001.I01),

) 5 cimal to Otal
) (45-62),p (?),
Arlutien : ntrgs pant
q-3 (),: (1s)
 Fracimal pant
4 .94

5.44 5
Read doOn

(p.b2).4 45),
.

(#5-62),(13.4153),
() (659. 825), (?).
delatin : Sntegen pant
3458
882-2
Io-2
(is),- (i222))
81-2

Fracionad part
D825 X 8=

4
6.4

(o825), :(0 b4e

658- 825 (1222 -. (4L)
 Brcimal to Ht xoderima

(0 (45-4) - (?).
Avluapn Intrgo pont

D- 4
(15),:(48)
frationad pant
D-62 XI6 4.42

D.75 Xl6 =
( -c

(o.6:), (0.qec) ecma Hexa

decimal
(75:02), (48.9Ec),
: A
B

13
) (41-5),, (?).
aelutin: Integn pont i|97)
IL|60-l| ’B
3-12 ’C (41) (D
(3CB)
Fyaciona t
O0x(6
(o-5), (o. 3),
(47-5) (3C6.g0)
 to bital Convension

stips:
) Nake group it 3 kit from LsSB inleyg pot
Ztres at end
md MSB
poat, Hy addling
) Rite equivalent Detal Numbu for each goup
3 bits

) (QriDl:1o), (),

point 5
3 3

5 . 3 4

(olDIO|Hol. DlDD) (255-34)

 digt odad
inny tqnúvalant Wit stips:
each bt 3
binany oDctal
to ton Convin 4
E). A
(DB . =
E A B
2
=(46-c)
C
(? y(onDID-
nc) 2
ghop tach fnumbrs
or hexadmal tqyinkat Khit )
bile] 4in gouping by
move point), dcinmal poin(t fom Lt [Stat
rint the gtou anay adding by
pont,
for MSB
and pantinteger aMake )
Einony Sips:
Convnsin Hexaderimal
 DDI DI

- (S*3),: (oo1DICC. HCH)

5
5 3
DI DOD DID

=IDItOlicO - DIDDD DID)

514-302)

3 5 A B
DO1 DioD OIDI 1010

(0o11 DIo0 O101. I0I0iot)

 () ((ABF. Ic),, (?),),
doluiin
A B F
-
= (ollolDIDlolI DI DDlI|| 0Dplil DDlODI)

YConvusicn fem otal to hexadcimal

(onvut Ddal to binay 4)
Hexadecimal CGrop %
(b) Conveit biny to (Add Zros qu¥cd)

tw (134.6) ?)
3

binay 000D
Hesakucioo O|D| |/D0
Hiaadecima
5 C

(5C.D),

|0 0()001 000
(3)
(4) (4)
(F)
A21. 35) 44),
 hexadeinal to Octal

a) fistly tent heuadkimal to binany

b) tonvet
Octal (Group 3)
(0 (345. AB), C?):)
3 5 A B
DID Dlo) lDID

mtuqu pat
15 05 .5 2 6

(B45-AB),: (1505.52),
(i)
(Fe),,: (?)
E 1
DOD|

(1 4 )
 (onplumunt Ginany Nunmbre

the and 2t towylmunt opralen

aritkmetic
proces .
1s fomglknant numbu
tonplkmnt inoy
the Humbs that Tesults vohn ne
and o't to Dnes

() DIO | | D
it towpl1mt
2% Complment nds

adding t 1

1
o1o01) 2B (osplenant
enl
mint
 dubtraticn
Bincny 2'5 lomplwent method
And 2%
Subtract A-B

t onplmunt mthed Complnent mtcd

(O Couvut qiven wandbu to t0 Convet qiven umbu to
Qre in othe
kuwabu bituw)
)Taae 1 (omplwunt d B ) Take 2t tomplaant B
ui) Aodd both ) Add both

() 3! thu is .Resut ) s there is (any . Rault is

to the Tewt tve iuard
)4 there is wo cany. Result is c
-ve.Take 2's compint of
Resut is -Ve. Take ís touglmunt and plae -Ve
t Tult and plae vei. A
- lDO
dubtract

|00
) Add both
() Add buth A : ||O
B: lo O
(Priive)

to Tuut
tunyLps tand
2
t
Resutt s Positive
Prublews (B)

mthod.
áowtion A

(IDDI.IDI) (.10) 2

0000 DID

() Add brth
A + s B

IDOI. 10 |

() No Result s-Ve

lake I't townplumut of Result (1o01. n) and plac

2

-Ve

- 0l0-00D0)
dukiact (1OL- H) kom (I1|11- D) wing
2 2

2 tmplemut matkad.
drlutin A

(m. o) - (mo1-n) 2

8 i , lIlDl-| : DD0ID. DDD

Add A + lemp oy B
+ DDDID DDI

(0) Reut is tve, dis cad Gmy

AfsNu (oDDD].1D)
2

3| t m=

ing ds coupluunt wülled

petenmine ) M-n bb) n- m

n =01000 IDi
 Fint takt 2t tomplment n n

Add mm to Jt lomplmunt v n

(DIDobo DOI
cany

(Ioo loDo)
Bh-m)
First take 2s complemnt m
ODIDI DDI

Add nto 't templnant m

Result No Cay
-Ve

|O000D0
Answe (- 100l00o1)
 BooLt AN AGEBRA
Buplenn wallawalucal lbg
laws otd
Ceulaliy law m addiiu and Muliplicatn
Akocintive law additinn amd Multiplcatien
Rutibutie law fr uiplicatien ovea addtn and
Aadiien oven
() AND
@) OR
(ui) NOT
’
blocks ircuits
Basic Gatis : AND, DR, NDT
Logic Gals i AND, OR, NOT, kOR, Ex NDR
)

tnivosal Gats : NAND, NOR

NOT Gat
-’ Kwewn fnvetn

Tuth tobu
A ACinput)
Ylouput)
Y: A
R] AND

-’ Mininmum tw
inpua Truth Table
Bovleam éypresinn
A A B
Y: A-B

Datput is 1 ohM all ani,

tlsc output is D
OR
a gat
OR pnaien i, legie additin
-’ inimwe
inpua
Boolean Expsion Trutt table
B
y= A+B
C

tput is D, whun al input anr'o

ele

-’’ XOR stands tor Excusive OR

omganus tun values and if thy are diffeaunt,
> this gat
Dwlput wiU' be 1.
1
-’ XOR is TepIunted by Truth tabe
A B
A

Y AB+ AB
5) NDRXNOR gale
XDR

is 1 nohen brth nputs

(o, o) br (0,)
-’ XNDR is TepTUnd by

Boroleam Exprsin Truth tabl

Y= AOB A B

Y = AB + AB
Y. AB+ AB

J Buttu/ Non invnn,

Trutth table
A
A

NAND
-’ AND gate ith alput iunvotud
’
output
br il mitha is hign .
Booluam Expiuion Truth table
y A" B A B

1
 8] NOR ga
An DR
with oalpul Dvoaled
gat with
ohen A and
and B
B au

Truth table
BorltanExpsn
A Y AtB A Y-A+B
B

Borteam Aabre
Name AND orm DR orm
D+ A A
|·A A

D.A0
) Nu kaw A+A A
A-A- A
Law
) lumçetut A A=0
4) Snvese lanw
A+B B+A
9) (otative law A-B = ß.A
A- (B.c) (A+B)+C- A+ (B+c)
4) A80ciotive law (a-B).c-
A+AB= A
") tbsoplion lar A-(A+B): A
B) (A+c) A (B+c) AB +tAC
) subibtive law I A+BC- (A
A+ AB : AtB
9) fstibubve law A( B): AB
A+ B A +B = AB
Law A.B =