EDEXCEL O-LEVELS

Pure Mathematics
Formula and
Revision Guide

T
Subahani Noor A Mohammed E
 Algebra
 (𝑎 + 𝑏)2 = 𝑎2 + 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏2  (𝑎 + 𝑏)3 = 𝑎3 + 3𝑎2 𝑏 + 3𝑎𝑏2 + 𝑏3
 (𝑎 − 𝑏)2 = 𝑎2 − 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏2  (𝑎 − 𝑏)3 = 𝑎3 − 3𝑎2 𝑏 + 3𝑎𝑏2 + 𝑏3
 𝑎 2 − 𝑏 2 = (𝑎 − 𝑏 ) (𝑎 + 𝑏 )  (𝑎3 + 𝑏3 ) = (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎2 − 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏2 )
 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)2 − 2𝑎𝑏  (𝑎3 − 𝑏3 ) = (𝑎 − 𝑏)(𝑎2 + 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏2 )

Remainder Theorem
Remainder theorem, Factor theorem
If f(x) is divided by (x –a), If f(a) = 0 [remainder = 0]
then, remainder = f(a) then, (x – a) is a factor
If f(x) is divided by (x +a), If f(-a) = 0 [remainder = 0]
then, remainder = f(-a) then, (x +a) is a factor

Surd and Indices

Surd:

𝑎
√𝑎𝑏 = √𝑎 × √𝑏 √ = √𝑎 ÷ √𝑏
𝑏
1 1 𝑎 − √𝑏 𝑎 − √𝑏
1 1 √𝑎 √𝑎 = × = 2
= × = 𝑎 + √𝑏 𝑎 + √𝑏 𝑎 − √𝑏 𝑎 −𝑏
√𝑎 √𝑎 √𝑎 𝑎

Indices:

𝑚 𝑛 𝑚+𝑛 𝑏 −𝑛 𝑎𝑛
𝑎 ×𝑎 = 𝑎 =
𝑎−𝑛 𝑏𝑛
1
𝑎𝑚 ÷ 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚−𝑛 𝑎−𝑛 = 𝑛
𝑎
(𝑎𝑚 )𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚𝑛 0
𝑎 =1
𝑎 𝑛 𝑎𝑛 1
( ) = 𝑛 𝑛
√𝑎 = 𝑎 𝑛
𝑏 𝑏
 Sine rule
sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵 sin 𝐶
= =
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
= =
sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵 sin 𝐶

 Cosine rule
𝑏2 +𝑐 2 −𝑎2
cos 𝐴 =
2𝑏𝑐
2 2 2
𝑎 = 𝑏 + 𝑐 − 2𝑏𝑐 cos 𝐴

Logarithm

log10 𝑥 log 𝑥 lg x

log
log 𝑒 𝑥 ln x

log 𝑎 𝑦 = 𝑥 means 𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑦 log 𝑎 𝑎 = 1

log 𝑎 𝑚 − log 𝑎 𝑛 = log 𝑎 (𝑚 ÷ 𝑛) log 𝑎 𝑚 + log 𝑎 𝑛 = log 𝑎 (𝑚 × 𝑛)
1
log 𝑎 𝑚𝑛 = 𝑛 log 𝑎 𝑚 log 𝑎𝑛 𝑚 = log 𝑎 𝑚
𝑛
1
log 𝑎 1 = 0, log 10 = 1 log 𝑎 𝑚 =
log 𝑚 𝑎
 Sequence (A.P and G.P)

a = 1st term, n = no. of terms,

d = common difference r = common ratio
l = last term

Arithmetic Sequence (AP) Geometric Sequence

𝑇2 𝑇𝑎
𝑑 = 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 , 𝑇𝑎 − 𝑇𝑎−1 𝑟= ,
𝑇1 𝑇𝑎−1
nth term, 𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑 nth term, 𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎𝑟 𝑛−1

Sum of the first n terms, Sum of the first n terms,

𝑛 𝑎(1−𝑟 𝑛 )
𝑆𝑛 = {2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑} (i) 𝑆𝑛 =
1−𝑟
when r < 1
2
𝑛 𝑎(𝑟 𝑛 −1)
𝑆𝑛 = [𝑎 + 𝑙] (ii) 𝑆𝑛 = when r > 1
2 𝑟−1

𝑎
For converging series, Sum to infinity, 𝑆 = , where -1< r < 1
1−𝑟

Quadratic Equation

General form, 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 a≠0

−𝑏±√𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑐
 Roots , 𝑥 =
2𝑎
−𝑏+√𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑐 −𝑏−√𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑐
roots , 𝑥 = or 𝑥=
2𝑎 2𝑎
2
 𝑏 − 4𝑎𝑐 is called the determinant

 If 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 > 0 Roots are real and distinct/different

 If 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 = 0 Roots are real and equal/coincident
 If 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 < 0 Roots are not real/complex/imaginary
 Perfect square form of a quadratic equation is → 𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥 + 𝑏)2 + 𝑐

If a > 0, minimum value y = c

[it occurs when (𝑥 + 𝑏)2 = 0

If a < 0, maximum value y = c

[and it occurs when (𝑥 + 𝑏)2 = 0 ]

 Suppose 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 has two roots α and β .

−𝑏
o sum of the roots, α + β =
𝑎
𝑐
o product of the roots, α β =
𝑎

 New quadratic equation is

𝑥 2 − (𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑠)𝑥 + (𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑠) = 0

 Formulae
 𝛼 2 + 𝛽2 = (𝛼 + 𝛽)2 − 2𝛼𝛽
 (𝛼 − 𝛽)2 = (𝛼 + 𝛽)2 − 4𝛼𝛽
 𝛼 3 + 𝛽3 = (𝛼 + 𝛽)(𝛼 2 − 𝛼𝛽 + 𝛽2 )
 𝛼 3 − 𝛽3 = (𝛼 − 𝛽)(𝛼 2 + 𝛼𝛽 + 𝛽2 )
 Binomial Theorem

 (𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑛 = 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑛𝐶1 𝑥 𝑛−1 𝑦1 + 𝑛𝐶2 𝑥 𝑛−2 𝑦 2 + 𝑛𝐶3 𝑥 𝑛−3 𝑦 3 + ⋯ + 𝑛𝐶𝑟 𝑥 𝑛−𝑟 𝑦 𝑟

where 𝑟 ≤ 𝑛
 General term, 𝑇𝑟+1 = 𝑛𝐶𝑟 𝑥 𝑛−𝑟 𝑦 𝑟 , when ‘n’ is positive integer
𝑛𝐶 𝑛 𝑛!
𝑟 = ( 𝑟 ) = 𝑟!(𝑛−𝑟)!

𝑛 𝑛(𝑛−1) 𝑛(𝑛−1)(𝑛−2)
 (1 + 𝑎𝑥)𝑛 = 1 + (𝑎𝑥)1 + (𝑎𝑥)2 + (𝑎𝑥)3 + ⋯
1 1. 2 1. 2. 3
1 1
This expansion is valid for −1 < 𝑎𝑥 < 1 𝑜𝑟 − <𝑥<
𝑎 𝑎
𝑇𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒−𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
 Percentage error = × 100
𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

Circle theorem

180° = 𝜋 𝑐 , 360° = 2𝜋 𝑐

 Arc length, AB = 𝑟𝜃 𝑐 [𝜃 is in radian mode]

1
 Sector area AOB = 𝑟 2 𝜃 𝑐
2
 Perimeter of the sector AOB = 2𝑟 + 𝑟𝜃 𝑐
1 1
 Minor segment area [shaded region] = 𝑟 2 𝜃 − . 𝑟. 𝑟. sin 𝜃
2 2
1
= 𝑟 2 (𝜃 − sin 𝜃)
2
 Co-ordinate geometry

 On x-axis, y = 0 and on y-axis, x = 0

 If x =a , it is parallel to Y-axis
If y =b , it is parallel to X-axis

 Distance AB = √(𝑥1 − 𝑥2 )2 + (𝑦1 − 𝑦2 )2

𝑥1 +𝑥2 𝑦1 +𝑦2
 Mid-point of AB = ( , )
2 2
𝑦2 −𝑦1 𝑦1 −𝑦2
 Gradient of line AB, m = or
𝑥2 −𝑥1 𝑥1 −𝑥2

 For two parallel lines, 𝑚1 = 𝑚2

 For two perpendicular lines, 𝑚1 × 𝑚2 = −1

 For equation of a straight line,
𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐 [general form of straight line]
where, c is the y-intercept
and m is the gradient of the line

If c = 0 , then y = mx

If m > 0 If m < 0

 Equation of the line passing through a point 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) and gradient m is given

𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚 (𝑥 − 𝑥1 )

 Equation of a straight line passing through (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ), and (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ), is

𝑦 − 𝑦1 𝑥 − 𝑥1
=
𝑦1 − 𝑦2 𝑥1 − 𝑥2

 Equation of a straight line

𝑥 𝑦
+ = 1 where, a is the x-intercept
𝑎 𝑏
b is the y-intercept
 Suppose C (𝑥, 𝑦) dicides AB line into the ratio 𝑚1 : 𝑚2 [AC : CB]
𝑚1 𝑥2 +𝑚2 𝑥1 𝑚1 𝑦2 +𝑚2 𝑦1
∴𝑥= , 𝑦=
𝑚1 +𝑚2 𝑚1 +𝑚2

 Area of ABCD
1 𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥4 𝑥1
= |𝑦 𝑦 𝑦 𝑦 𝑦 |
2 1 2 3 4 1
1
= [(𝑥1 𝑦2 + 𝑥2 𝑦3 + 𝑥3 𝑦4 + 𝑥4 𝑦1 ) − (𝑦1 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 𝑥3 + 𝑦3 𝑥4 + 𝑦4 𝑥1 )]
2
Trigonometry
 Trigonometry rules

 sin(90 − 𝜃) = cos 𝜃
 sin(180 − 𝜃) = sin 𝜃
 sin(180 + 𝜃) = − sin 𝜃
 sin(360 − 𝜃) = − sin 𝜃
 cos(90 − 𝜃) = sin 𝜃
 sin(−𝐴) = − sin 𝐴
 cos(180 − 𝜃 ) = − cos 𝜃
 cos(−𝐴) = cos 𝐴
 cos(180 + 𝜃) = − cos 𝜃
 tan(−𝐴) = − tan 𝐴
 cos(360 − 𝜃 ) = cos 𝜃
 tan(90 − 𝜃) = cos 𝜃
 tan(180 − 𝜃 ) = − tan 𝜃
 tan(180 + 𝜃 ) = tan 𝜃
 tan(360 − 𝜃 ) = − tan 𝜃

 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 = 1
1
o 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 = 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃  sec 𝜃 =
cos 𝜃
o 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 = 1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃  𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃 =
1
sin 𝜃
sin 𝜃
 tan 𝜃 =
cos 𝜃
cos 𝜃
 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 = 1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃  cot 𝜃 =
sin 𝜃
o 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 − 1 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃
o 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 = 1

 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 = 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝜃
o 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 − 1 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝜃
o 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 − 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝜃 = 1
 Trigonometry rules

 sin(𝐴 + 𝐵) = sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 + cos 𝐴 sin 𝐵

 sin(𝐴 − 𝐵) = sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 − cos 𝐴 sin 𝐵
 cos(𝐴 + 𝐵) = cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 − sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵
 cos(𝐴 − 𝐵) = cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 + sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵
tan 𝐴+tan 𝐵
 tan(𝐴 + 𝐵) =
1−tan 𝐴 .tan 𝐵
tan 𝐴−tan 𝐵
 tan(𝐴 − 𝐵) =
1+tan 𝐴 .tan 𝐵

 sin 2𝐴 = 2 sin 𝐴 cos 𝐴

 cos 2𝐴 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴
= 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴 − 1
= 1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴
2 tan 𝐴
 tan 2𝐴 =
1−𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝐴

 𝑎 sin 𝜃 + 𝑏 cos 𝜃 = 𝑅 sin(𝜃 + 𝛼) where R = √𝑎2 + 𝑏2

𝑏
tan 𝛼 =
𝑎
 𝑎 sin 𝜃 − 𝑏 cos 𝜃 = 𝑅 sin(𝜃 − 𝛼)
 𝑎 cos 𝜃 + 𝑏 sin 𝜃 = 𝑅 cos(𝜃 − 𝛼)
 𝑎 cos 𝜃 − 𝑏 sin 𝜃 = 𝑅 cos(𝜃 + 𝛼)

𝑋+𝑌 𝑋−𝑌
 sin 𝑋 + sin 𝑌 = 2 sin ( ) cos ( )
2 2
𝑋+𝑌 𝑋−𝑌
 sin 𝑋 − sin 𝑌 = 2 cos ( ) sin ( )
2 2
𝑋+𝑌 𝑋−𝑌
 cos 𝑋 + cos 𝑌 = 2 cos ( ) cos ( )
2 2
𝑋+𝑌 𝑋−𝑌
 cos 𝑋 − cos 𝑌 = −2 sin ( ) sin ( )
2 2
Sketch
for 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 360

1. 𝑦 = sin 𝜃, [−1 ≤ sin 𝜃 ≤ 1]

2. 𝑦 = cos 𝜃, [−1 ≤ cos 𝜃 ≤ 1]
3. 𝑦 = tan 𝜃, [−1 ≤ tan 𝜃 ≤ 1]

1 2 3
for Table

𝜃 0˚ 45˚ 90˚ 135˚ 180˚ 225˚ 270˚ 315˚ 360˚

sin 𝜃 0 √2 1 √2 0 √2 -1 √2 0
− −
2 2 2 2
cos 𝜃 1 √2 0 √2 -1 √2 0 √2 1
− −
2 2 2 2
tan 𝜃 0 1 ∞ -1 0 1 ∞ -1 0

𝜃 0° 30° 45° 60° 90°°

0 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
6 4 3 2
sin 𝜃 0 1 1 √3 1
2 √2 2
cos 𝜃 1 √3 1 1 0
2 √2 2
tan 𝜃 0 1 1 √3 ∞
√3
 Differentiation

𝑑𝑦 𝑑
 If 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑛 , = (𝑥 𝑛 ) = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑
 If 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 𝑛 , =𝑎 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1 [a is any constant]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑
 If 𝑦 = 𝑘, = (𝑘 ) = 0 [k is Any constant]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑
 If 𝑦 = (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)𝑛 , = (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)𝑛 = 𝑛(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)𝑛−1 . (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

 Multiplication rule /product rule

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
If 𝑦 = 𝑢 . 𝑣 , =𝑢 +𝑣
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

 Division rule
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑢 𝑑𝑦 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 −𝑢𝑑𝑥
If 𝑦 = , =
𝑣 𝑑𝑥 𝑣2

 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) is a continuous curve.

 At the stationary points / turning points, the gradient
of the tangent of the curve
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = 0
𝑑𝑥
 Nature of the stationary points:
𝑑2 𝑦
o If > 0, at x = a, then it is minimum point
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑2𝑦
o If < 0, at x = b, then it is maximum stationary point
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑2𝑦
o If = 0, then the curve has neither maximum nor minimum point . It is
𝑑𝑥 2

called point of inflexion.

 Volume/surface area

Shape Volume Total surface area

Rectangular 𝑙×𝑏×ℎ 2(𝑙𝑏 + 𝑏ℎ + ℎ𝑙)
box/cuboid
cube 𝑙3 6𝑙2
cylinder 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ 2𝜋𝑟 2 + 2𝜋𝑟ℎ
Cone 1 2 𝜇𝑟 2 + 𝜋𝑟𝑙
𝜋𝑟 ℎ
3
sphere 4 3 4𝜋𝑟 2
𝜋𝑟
3
 Rate of change
𝑑𝐴 𝑑𝐴 𝑑𝑟
 = ×
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑉 𝑑𝑉 𝑑𝑟
 = ×
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑟 𝑑ℎ

Approximation

𝑑𝐴
 𝛿𝐴 = × 𝛿𝑟
𝑑𝑟
𝑑𝑉
 𝛿𝑉 = × 𝛿𝑟
𝑑𝑟
𝛿𝑟
 % change in 𝑟 = × 100%
𝑟
𝛿𝐴
 % change in 𝐴 = × 100%
𝐴

Kinematics

𝑠 → 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑡 → 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑑𝑠
 Velocity, 𝑣 =
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑣
 Acceleration, 𝑎 =
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑠
 When a particle comes to rest, then 𝑣 = =0
𝑠𝑡
𝑑𝑣
 At the maximum speed/ minimum, 𝑎 = =0
𝑑𝑡
 Distance moved in 3rd second = 𝑆3 − 𝑆2
 Asymptote
 It is the straight line where the curve never meets it.

𝑎𝑥+𝑏
 suppose, 𝑦 = is a curve
𝑐𝑥+𝑑
- Equation of the asymptote parallel to y-axis is , 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑 = 0
𝑎
- Equation of the asymptote parallel to x-axis is, 𝑦 =
𝑐

 for sketching the curve,

at X-axis, putting y = 0
at Y-axis, putting x = 0
 Differentiation of trigonometric identities

𝑑
 sin 𝑥 = cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑
𝑑  𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛 𝑥 = 𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛−1 𝑥 . cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
 cos 𝑥 = − sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑
𝑑 2
 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛 𝑥 = 𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛−1 𝑥 . (−sin 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
 tan 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑
𝑑  𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑛 𝑥 = 𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑛−1 . (𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥)
 sin(𝑎𝑥 ) = 𝑎 cos 𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
 cos(𝑎𝑥) = −𝑎 sin 𝑎𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
 tan(𝑎𝑥 ) = 𝑎 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑎𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
 sin(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) = 𝑎 cos(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
 cos(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) = −𝑎 sin(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)
𝑑𝑥

[ Exponential Function]
Differentiation
𝑑 𝑦 = 𝑒𝑥, 𝑦 = ln 𝑥
𝑋) 𝑥
 (𝑒 = 𝑒
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
 (𝑎𝑒 𝑎𝑥 ) = 𝑎𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑒𝑥
𝑑𝑥 ln 𝑥
𝑑
 (𝑒 𝑎𝑥+𝑏 ) = 𝑎𝑒 𝑎𝑥+𝑏
𝑑𝑥
1 1
𝑑 1
 (ln 𝑥) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑 1
 ln(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) = ×𝑎
𝑑𝑥 (𝑎𝑥+𝑏)
 Integration

𝑥 𝑛+1
 ∫ 𝑥 𝑛 . 𝑑𝑥 = +𝑐
𝑛+1
𝑥 𝑛+1
 ∫ 𝑎𝑥 𝑛 . 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎 ( )+𝑐
𝑛+1
(𝑎𝑥+𝑏)𝑛+1
 ∫(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)𝑛 . 𝑑𝑥 = +𝑐
(𝑛+1)×𝑎

 ∫ sin 𝑥 . 𝑑𝑥 = − cos 𝑥 + 𝑐
 ∫ cos 𝑥 . 𝑑𝑥 = sin 𝑥 + 𝑐
 ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 . 𝑑𝑥 = tan 𝑥 + 𝑐
 ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 . 𝑑𝑥 = − cot 𝑥 + 𝑐
1
 ∫ sin(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏). 𝑑𝑥 = − cos(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) + 𝑐
𝑎
1
 ∫ cos (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏). 𝑑𝑥 = sin (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) + 𝑐
𝑎
1
 ∫ sec 2 (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏). 𝑑𝑥 = tan (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) + 𝑐
𝑎
 Area under the graph about x-axis
𝑏 𝑏
= ∫𝑎 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑓 (𝑏) − 𝑓(𝑎)

 Area between the two curves

𝑏 𝑏
= ∫𝑎 [𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 − 𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟] 𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝑎 [𝑓1 (𝑥) − 𝑓2 (𝑥)] 𝑑𝑥

 Volume of a solid revolution of a curve about x-axis.

𝑏
= ∫𝑎 𝜋𝑦 2 . 𝑑𝑥

 Volume of a solid revolution of a curve about y-axis.

𝑏
= ∫𝑎 𝜋𝑥 2 . 𝑑𝑥
 Vector
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐴 = 𝑎 ,
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝑂 = −𝑎

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
 𝑂𝐵 𝐴𝑂 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵
=𝑎+𝑏 [Triangular law of vector addition]

 Parallelogram law of vector addition

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐶 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐴 + 𝐴𝐶
= ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐴 + 𝑂𝐵
=𝑎+𝑏

 If AC = m
AB : BC = 2 : 3
2 2
∴ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 = 𝑜𝑓 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐶 = 𝑚
5 5
3 3
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐵𝐶 = 𝑜𝑓 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐶 = 𝑚
5 5
𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝐵
If = = 𝑘, then A, B and C are collinear.
𝐵𝐶 𝐴𝐶
 If the vector a and b are parallel ,
𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜 − 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑎
=𝑘
𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜 − 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑏
 If a and b are two non-parallel vectors then,
ℎ𝑎 + 𝑚𝑏 = 𝑝𝑎 + 𝑝𝑏
∴ ℎ = 𝑝 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑚 = 𝑝

 Position vector of P is ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

𝑂𝑃
𝑥
∴ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝑃 = (𝑦)
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝑃 = 𝑥𝑖 + 𝑦𝑗
i and j are the unit vectors in the direction onto X and Y axis

 Magnitude/ modulus of ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2

𝑂𝑃 = |𝑂𝑃
 Unit vector in the direction onto OP is
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝑃
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ =
𝑂𝑃
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ |
|𝑂𝑃
𝑚 𝑝
 If 𝑎 = ( ) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 = (𝑞 ) are two parallel vectors
𝑛
𝑚 𝑝
∴ =
𝑛 𝑞
 Ratio of the two triangles while not similar [when their base is same]
∆𝐴𝑂𝐵 𝑂𝐵 ∆𝐴𝑂𝐶 𝑂𝐶
= 𝑜𝑟 =
∆𝐴𝑂𝐶 𝑂𝐶 ∆𝐴𝐶𝐵 𝐶𝐵
[ratio of their areas is equal to ratio of their common base]
Further Pure Mathematics content

1: Logarithmic functions and indices 11

2: The quadratic function 12
3: Identities and inequalities 13
4: Graphs 14
5: Series 14
6: The binomial series 14
7: Scalar and vector quantities 15
8: Rectangular Cartesian coordinates 16
9: Calculus 17
10: Trigonometry 18
1 Logarithmic functions and indices

What students need to learn Notes

x
A The functions a and logb x (where b is a A knowledge of the shape of the graphs
x
natural number greater than one) of a and logb x is expected, but not a
formal expression for the gradient.
B Use and properties of indices and To include:
logarithms, including change of base

log a xy = log a x log a y+,

x
log a = log a x log a y−,
y
log a x k = k log a x,
log a a = 1
log a 1 = 0
The solution of equations of the form

a x = b.
Students may use the change of base
formulae:

log b x
log a x =
log b a
1
log a b =
log b a
C Simple manipulation of surds Students should understand what surds
represent and their use for exact
answers.
Manipulation will be very simple.
For example:

5 3+2 3 =7 3
48 = 4 3
D Rationalising the denominator 1 1
10 × = 2 5 or
5 2− 3
2 The quadratic function

What students need to learn Notes

A The manipulation of quadratic expressions Students should be able to factorise
quadratic expressions and complete the
square.
B The roots of a quadratic equation Students should be able to use the
discriminant to identify whether the
roots are equal real, unequal real or not
real.
C Simple examples involving functions of the Students are expected to understand
roots of a quadratic equation and use:
ax2 + bx + c = 0
− b± b2 − 4ac
has roots α, β =
2a
and forming an equation with given
roots, which are expressed in terms of
α and β :
−b c
α+β = and αβ =
a a
3 Identities and inequalities

What students need to learn Notes

A Simple algebraic division Division by (x + a), (x – a), (ax + b) or
(ax – b) will be required.
B The factor and remainder theorems Students should know that if f(x) = 0
when x = a, then (x – a) is a factor of
f(x).
Students may be required to factorise
cubic expressions such as:
x3 + 3x2 – 4 and 6x3 + 11x2 – x – 6, when
a factor has been provided.
Students should be familiar with the
terms ‘quotient’ and ‘remainder’ and be
able to determine the remainder when
the polynomial f(x) is divided by (ax + b)
or (ax – b).
C Solutions of equations, extended to include The solution of a cubic equation
the simultaneous solution of one linear and containing at least one rational root may
one quadratic equation in two variables be set.
D Simple inequalities, linear and quadratic For example ax + b > cx + d ,
px + qx + r < sx 2 + tx + u
2

E The graphical representation of linear The emphasis will be on simple

inequalities in two variables questions designed to test fundamental
principles.
Simple problems on linear programming
may be set.
4 Graphs

What students need to learn Notes

A Graphs of polynomials and rational The concept of asymptotes parallel to
functions with linear denominators the coordinate axes is expected.
B The solution of equations and Non-graphical iterative methods are not
transcendental functions by graphical required.
methods

5 Series

What students need to learn Notes

A Use of the ∑ notation The ∑ notation may be employed
wherever its use seems desirable.
B Arithmetic and geometric series Knowledge of the general term of an
arithmetic series is required.
Use of the sum to n terms of an
arithmetic series is required.
Knowledge of the general term of a
geometric series is required.
Use of the sum to n terms of a finite
geometric series is required.
Use of the sum to infinity of a
convergent geometric series, including
the use of r < 1 is required.
Proofs of the above are not required.

6 The binomial series

What students need to learn Notes

A Use of the binomial series (1 + x)n Use of the series when:
(i) n is a positive integer
(ii) n is rational and x < 1
The validity condition for (ii) is
expected.
7 Scalar and vector quantities

What students need to learn Notes

A The addition and subtraction of coplanar Knowledge of the fact that if
vectors and the multiplication of a vector by α1a + β1b = α 2a + β 2b,
a scalar
where a and b are non-parallel vectors,
then α1 = α 2 and β1 β 2 , is expected.
=
B Components and resolved parts of a vector Use of the vectors i and j will be
expected.
C Magnitude of a vector
  
D Position vector AB = OB− OA = −b a
E Unit vector
F Use of vectors to establish simple properties The ‘simple properties’ will, in general,
of geometrical figures involve collinearity, parallel lines and
concurrency.
Position vector of a point dividing the
line AB in the ratio m : n is expected.
8 Rectangular Cartesian coordinates

What students need to learn Notes

A The distance between two points The distance d between two points
( x1 , y1 ) and ( x2 , y2 ) is given by
d 2 = ( x1 − x2 ) 2 + ( y1 − y2 ) 2
B The point dividing a line in a given ratio The coordinates of the point dividing the
line joining ( x1 , y1 ) and ( x2 , y2 ) in the
ratio m : n are given by

 nx1 + mx2 ny1 + my2 

 , 
 m+n m+n 
C Gradient of a straight line joining two points
D The straight line and its equation The y = mx + c and y − y1 = m( x −x1 )
forms of the equation of a straight line
are expected to be known.
The interpretation of ax + by = c as a
straight line is expected to be known.
E The condition for two lines to be parallel or
to be perpendicular
9 Calculus

What students need to learn Notes

A Differentiation and integration of sums of No formal proofs of the results for axn,
multiples of powers of x (excluding sin ax, cos ax and eax will be required.
1 sin ax, cos ax, e ax
integration of ),
x
B Differentiation of a product, quotient and
simple cases of a function of a function
C Applications to simple linear kinematics and Understanding how displacement,
to determination of areas and volumes velocity and acceleration are related
using calculus.
The volumes will be obtained only by
revolution about the coordinate axes.
D Stationary points and turning points
E Maxima and minima Maxima and minima problems may be
set in the context of a practical problem.
Justification of maxima and minima will
be expected.
F The equations of tangents and normals to f(x) may be any function which the
the curve y = f(x) students are expected to be able to
differentiate.
G Application of calculus to rates of change The emphasis will be on simple
and connected rates of change examples to test principles.
dy
A knowledge of dy ≈ dx
dx
for small dx is expected.
10 Trigonometry

What students need to learn Notes

A Radian measure, including use for arc The formulae:
length and area of sector
1 2
s = rθ and A = rθ
2
for a circle are expected to be known.
B The three basic trigonometric ratios of To include the exact values for sine,
angles of any magnitude (in degrees or cosine and tangent of 30°, 45°, 60° (and
radians) and their graphs the radian equivalents), and the use of
these to find the trigonometric ratios of
related values such as 120°, 300°
C Applications to simple problems in two or
three dimensions (including angles between
a line and a plane and between two planes)
D Use of the sine and cosine formulae General proofs of the sine and cosine
formulae will not be required.
The cosine formula will be given but
other formulae are expected to be
known. The area of a triangle in the
form:
1
ab sin C is expected to be known.
2
E The identity cos2 θ + sin 2 θ = 1 cos2 θ + sin 2 θ = 1 is expected to be
known.

sin θ This will be provided on the formula

F Use of the identity tan θ = sheet.
cos θ
G The use of the basic addition formulae of Formal proofs of sin(A + B), cos(A + B)
trigonometry formulae will not be required.
Questions using the formulae for
sin(A + B), cos(A + B), tan(A + B) may be
set; the formulae will be on the formula
sheet, for example:
sin(A + B) = sinAcosB + cosAsinB

Long questions, explicitly involving

excessive manipulation, will not be set.
What students need to learn Notes
H Solution of simple trigonometric equations Students should be able to solve
for a given interval equations such as:
π 3
sin( x − ) = for 0 < x < 2 π ,
2 4
1
cos(3 x + 30°) = for 90 −< x°< 90° ,
2
tan 2 x = 1 for 90 < x < 270
° °,

6cos2 x° + sin x° − 5 = 0 for 0  x < 360,

 π 1
sin 2  x +  = for − π  x < π
 6 2
3 Assessment information

Assessment requirements
Paper number Level Assessment information Number of marks
allocated in the
paper
Paper 1 Higher Assessed through a 2-hour 100
examination set and marked
by Pearson.
The paper is weighted at
50% of the qualification,
targeted at grades 9–4 with 3
allowed.
Paper 2 Higher Assessed through a 2-hour 100
examination set and marked
by Pearson.
The paper is weighted at 50%
of the qualification, targeted
at grades 9–4 with 3 allowed.