Room 403,

2131 University Avenue,

Berkeley 4, California,
May 6, 1948.

Dr. Samuel J. Flowerman,

American Jewish Committee,
386 - 4th Avenue,
New York, N.Y.

Dear Dr. Flowermanj

On the day Dr. Horkheimer left for Europe we heard from.

him through Dr. Adorno that plans for the publication of our book
were well advanced and that we should send at once a list of all
the chapters in the book, with notations of when they were sent
or were to be sent to New York. I trust that you have received
this list from. Dr. Adorno. We have since learned from Dr. Adorno
that Dr. Horkheimer had been talking with Mr. Purth and had gained
from, him the impression that if we were able to send the whole
manuscript by June 1, the publication of the book could be
arranged for this fall. As you will have noted from the list
sent you by Adorno, we have agreed to send in everything by June
1st, and I see no reason why we should not be able to meet this
deadline.

Since this deadline is close at hand end we are in the

act of putting the very final touches on the manuscript, it seems
to me that we ought to be in touch with the publisher himself.
We should like to know not only precisely what the publisher re-
quires, as far as the matter of time is concerned but also what he
requires as to the way in which the final draft ought to be typed
and arranged. If Mr. Furth is in charge of getting the book
published, would it not be good if we were put in direct touch
with him? What I am trying to say is that we feel a little bit
out of touch and that at this stage of the game we ought to be
carrying on communications with "our publisher,"

As I think you know, we are keeping here the first copy

of each chapter. These will be sent in when the whole book has
been assembled. Tfe have been saving these first copies in order
to incorporate in them the slight corrections that appear necessary
when the book is viewed as a whole. Please be assured that we do
not expect that these first copies will differ from those you already
have except with respect to a few footnotes, changes in numbers and titles of
chapters, changes in words in the text, insertions of chapter numbers
where cross references occur, and the like.
 Since hearing from Dr. Horkheimer, our morale has been
high. You will see from the above.that it will be even higher
when we have been put in direct contact with our publisher.

Sincerely yours,

I /

SIS :AV
 ^

0 0 Is I E H T S

I. V/orlc to be Gomx)leted by May, 1946 - Summary.

1. Statistical analyses of questionnaire data.
2. irofile analyses of variations within the major antiSemitic syndrome.
3. Case studies illustrative of high and low profiles.
4. Analyses of Eorschach and Thematic Apperception Test material.
5. A preliminary typology of antisemites.
6. A scoring manual for "protective" questionnaire items, and some initial results.
7. Further qualitative analysis of questionnaire and clinical material.
8. Tentative suggestions for counter-measures.

II. Program for Continued [Research.

A, Further Analysis and Evaluation of Existing Material.
1. Further clinical studies of the antiSemitic syndrome and its major
variations.
2. A stud7/ of fascism and American culture.
3. The roles of psychological and sociological determiners.
4. What are the major socio-psychological forces working against
antisemitism in this country?
5. !J3he relations of fascism and criminality.
6. A study of antisemitism in relation to conservatism and pseudo-
conservatism.
7. Studies of antisemitism in relation to relic.ious ideas and doctrines.
8. A study of antisemitism in relation to "philosophies".
9. A study of antisemitism in relation to special American values f-uch
as success, security, upward social mobility, middle class identity,
rugged individualism and the like.
10. A study of weakness in the rational ego in relation to the present-
day trend toward the automatization of life.
11. Empirical derivation of item-clusters representing underlying
factors in the antiSemitic syndrome.
12. Empirical determination of the major cluster-profiles representing
the principal patterns of tint is emit ism.
B, Hew Besearch x-'rojects.
1. !The 'mestionnaire.
(a) Improvement of the quantitative scales to enlarge existing
clusters and to introduce new item-clusters*
(b) Statistical and clinical corroboration of new questionnaire items.
(c) Further statistical analysis of the relationships between the
questionnaire scales (antis emitism, general ethnocentrism,
political and economic conservatism, and antisemitic personality
trends) and group memberships (religious, political, socio-
economic, occupational).
(d) Further statistical analysis of the relationships between the
questionnaire scales and free-answer projective items — including
new types of projective questions.
(e) Intensive studies of "key groups" in whom certain patterns of
antisemitism seem prominent.
(f) Special studies of dertain factors related to antisemitism.
 ii.

II. B,
2. Interviews.
(a) Preparation of a written Interview Manual.
(b) Preparation of a schema for analysing interview protocols.
(c) Statistical comparison of highs anci. lows on a number of single
variables in the interview protocols.
(&) More detailed investigation of specific differences in the
pattern of racial stereotypes in relation to specific
differences in personality patterns (including etiological
determinants).
(e) Variations in interview technique with selected cases.
3. Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
(a) Variations in TAT technique.
(b) A special small-sample analysis of TAT material on one or
more selected "key" groups.
4. Experiments on Counter-measures to Oombat Antisemitism on a
Mass Scale.
(a) Factual (objective, rational) refutation of charges against
Jews.
(b) Appeal to the self-interest of the subject.
(c) General discussion of the nature of certain ego-defenses
involved in antisemitism.
(d) Moralistic intimidation of antisemites directed toward
suppression of antisemitic attitudes.
(e) General discussion of the antisemitic syndrome.
(f) Discussion of certain aspects of a typical case exemplifying
antisemitism.
(g) Other possibilities.
 Foreword

In order to describe our program for continued research, it is necessary

to indicate -what will be the status of our work when the period of the present

grant comes to an end. The first part of the present document, therefore,

is a summary statement of what we can expect to have ready by May, 1946.

Since so large a part of our time thus far lias been devoted to the gathering

of data, it will be impossible before this date to carry beyond certain

limits the interpretation and writing-up of the rich and voluminous material

that will be available. A part of our program for continued research,

therefore, is the further analysis and evaluation of existing material. We

have listed and described briefly a number of studies vriaich seem to us

particularly important; most of them are rather specific in character and

might properly talse the form of separate monographs. The bulls of our

program, however, is concerned with essentially new projects, though their

continuity with what has gone before will be apparent.

 1.

I, WORK TO 3E OOMSIBTSD BY HAY, 1946

1. Statistical analyses of, questionnaire data.,

(a) Analyses already completed strongly suggest the existence of an anti-

semitic personality sjaidrame, that is, a constellation of inter-correlated

and dynamically related factors which, in turn, are closely associated

•with antisemitism. This will be checited with a relatively large number of

cases: 2,000 questionnaires will have been collected in Berkeley, over 500

in Los Angeles.

(b) From the analysis of data from these same 2,000 questionnaires we will

have obtained numerous correlates of antisemitism in each of the following

major areas of ideology and group membership: religion, politics, socio-

economic status, and vocation.

2, Profile analyses of, variations within the, major antisemitic syndrome»

On an a priori basis (justified, however, by considerable experience with

questionnaires and interviews) items from the questionnaires have been

grouped into clusters, each cluster standing as a measure of a variable in

the major antisemitic syndrome. Theoretical descriptions of these clusters

(See enclosed memorandum)
have already been prepared./ Experience has shown that few "highs" stand
uniformly high on all of these variables, and. few "lows" stand uniformly low

on all of them but rather that patterns occur. Accordingly, for every

subject who has been or will be interviewed, a profile will be drawn, indi-

cating the pattern of high, middle or low cluster scores existing in his

case. Experience thus far seems to show that the number of distinct pat-

terns which occur is limited, and it will be our purpose to show which ones

are the more common and which ones are relatively unique. If, as seems to
 2.

be the case, there are different patterns, or "types", of antisemitism, this

has immediate implications for the study of determinants and the formulation

of effective counter-measures.

3, Case studies illustrative of high and low profiles. Since it would be

impossible and pointless to present case studies of all the individuals

who have been interviewed, some basis for selection is necessary. It is

our intention to select for thoroughgoing clinical study and presentation,

cases which fairly represent the several most distinctive high and low

profiles, and at the same time are sufficiently heterogeneous with respect

to relevant social factors. The object of these studies would be to bring

out in as much detail as possible the determinants of these patterns in

the social situation, the group memberships and, above all, in the personality

and history of the individual. A further major object of these case studies

would be to make vivid and lifelike what the profile only sketches in out-

line. This is an aspect of our quest for the really crucial determinants

of highness and lowness, something that is necessary for the evolvement of

effective counter-measures.

4. .Analyses of. Borschach and thematic. Apperception 'Jest, material, fhe

quantitative analysis of the restilts from these two tests especially will

yield statistical comparisons of high and low subjects in terms of numerous

variables which have meaning within the general theoretical framework of

the study. 5his will add to our understanding of the antisemitic syndrome.

Qualitative analyses of the productions of individuals will also be ready —

ready for integration with &ase studies and for use in developing hypotheses

for further work with projection testa.

5
» h. preliminary typology of antiSemites. This has been wortoad out on the

basis of empirical, though non-statistical, analysis of our clinical material.

Lite the theoretical descriptions of our clusters, this typology helps to

form the background for the projected (see below) statistical derivation of

clusters.

6. A_ scoring manual for_ "prelective" questionnaire itemsi8 and some initial

results. 'This manual defines the categories into •which fall the responses

to the "open" questions included in the questionnaire. It thus provides a

basis for quantifying spontaneous material. Since the theoretical basis for

these categories is the same as that of our scales, we are given a further

means for validating the scales. Moreover, the variables which have emerged

from this consideration of spontaneous material will prove useful in our

future work of constructing and evaluating new scale items. Finally, since

the variables derived from this "protective" material are of the same order

as those used in the above profile analyses and as those which we expect

to emerge from the projected statistical derivation of clusters, this

material -will form an integral part of our entire clinical-quantitative

program.

7. Further qualitative analysis of questionnaire and clinical material.

Ihere are various documents pertaining to the theoretical and qualitative

analysis of our material. !Ehe final integration of these documents probably

will not be achieved until somewhat later than May.

8. tentative suggestions for counter-measures. All of these results will be

interpreted from the point of view of their implications as to what counter-

measures would be most effective. Shis would involve both criticisms of

existing measures and the proposal of new ones. We will be particularly

concerned to indicate what types of counter-measures would be most appro-

priate for the different patterns of antisemitism.

 4.

II. PB0GBA1I FOB COHTIMJED BESE&RCH.

A« SVrther Analysis and Evaluation of Bxisting Material.

1. Further olinical studies of, the antisemitic syndrome and_ its major

variations. Our material can be farther exploited to yield a deeper

and fuller understanding of our problem. Many of our case studies are

sufficiently thoroughgoing, and have been performed upon sufficiently

varied subjects — varied with respect to mental health and social

adjustment as well as social background and group memberships — so that

they can be used to throw light upon the relations of antisomitism to

such clinical phenomena as as neurosis, homosexuality and paranoia, and

the anal character syndrome. She most intensive type of clinical study

is that performed within the course of psychoanalytic therapy. One

member of our staff has had an acknowledged fascist in analysis for some

time, and a similar case is readily available to us. We would like to

•

include these cases within our study, and thus explore the question of

how the mass of our data might be related to data obtained in the analytic
(
situation.

2. A study of. fascism and, American culture. Here the question might be

put as follows: American culture being what it is, does it take a special

character structure to become fascist or does it, rather, take a special

character structure to withstand fascism? Does the fact that conformism

seems to be a major characteristic of our highs, particularly of high

women, and that various forms of neuroticism and rebelism are found commonly

among our lows, mean that the patterns conformed to are essentially fascist

in character, or does it mean rather that the kind of conformism here

 5.

involved is in reality over-conformism and, hence, a special type of

personality maladjustment? ¥• shall have to consider the whole problem

of "adjustment" versus "neuroticism"; and it seems to us likely that

reformulation of these tsrms according to rather fundamental social-

psychological categories •will be called for.

3, fhe roles of psychological and sociological determiners. A special

study •would be required to set forth our conclusions concerning the

relations of psychological and sociological factors in the determination

of antisemitism. Early in our study it was found necessary, in order to

formulate our results adequately, to build concepts, e.g., power,

authority, which would transcend the traditional distinction between

psychology and sociology. 1Uhis would amount to a step toward the

— one which would sacrifice none of the depth of either

formulation of an adequate social psychology/and this, to our way of discipline-

thinking, is the framework within which antisemitism can best be under-

stood,
4
» "%tt. are the, major socio-pBycholof.;ical forces, working against anti-

semitism in this country? These forces, we believe are found reflected

in the case studies of our low subjects and-, hence, receive some atten-

tion in the above-mentioned studies of profiles. However, much more

should be cione in the way of clarifying the social and personality

factors which operate to prevent the growth, or expression of antisemitism

in the individual, fhis study should tell us more about how to culti-

vate and how to appeal to these forces.

5. :1?he relations of, fascism and criminality. *J?his study would involve
 w

further analysis of the questionnaires and interviews collected at San

Quentin Prison, Y/ewere faced here with complex methodological problems,

but we believe that after these have been solved, our data will show that

fascism and criminality have an essential affinity, a point which has

immediate practical implications.

6« A. study of antisemitism in relation to conservatism and pseudo-

conservatism* The distinction between conservatism and pseudo-conserva-

tism has been maintained throughout our studies, and it finds its ex-

pression both in. the statistical analyses and in the clinical studies.

However, a more intensive analysis centering around these ideological

patterns should lead to a more definitive distinction and reveal what

it is in genuine conservatism but not in pseudo-conservatism which

acts as a brake upon antisemitic expressions.

7
• Studies of antisemitism in relation to. religious ideas and doctrines.

Numerous variables in the area of religion will, of course, have been

correlated statistically with antisemitism, and interview material bear-

ing on religion will have been brought into the clinical pictures, but

a study which employed all of our interview material would go much farther

toward a clarification of the complex relationships between antisemitism

and various patterns of religious ideology. We shall attempt to explain

why it is that fascist organizations in America so often have a religious,

especially a pseudo-revivalist aspect, and which religious motives are

effective in an opposite direction.

8« 4. study of antisemitism in relation to. "philosophies". Is not anti-

semitism, as a political and social phenomenon, an aspect of a broader

 7.

philosophical outlook? For example, what is the role of the sort of

extreme absolutism which substitutes some kind of arbitrary and dogmatic

and rationally conversely,
"truth" for empirically/derived truth? And/what is the role of that
extreme relativism which does not admit the possibility of objective

truth and, hence, leads to doubt of all values, including those which

inspire the fight against intolerance?

9. Studies of ant is emit ism in relation to_ special American values such as_

success, security, upward social mobility, middle class identity, rugged

individualism and the like* We shall be concerned here not only with the

relations of these ideas, taken at their face value, to antisemitism, but,

more particularly, with the role of various perversions of these and

similar ideas. It is our notion that many of the traditional ideas and

values of 19th Century liberalism have undergone such changes in meaning

that they are actually used in the present economic phase to serve anti-

liberal purposes. Our data promises to document this point of view.

10. A_ study of weakness in the rational ego i_n relation to the present day

trend toward the automatization of life* Our results show that antisemitism

is rather closely related to"ego weakness," that is, weakness in the function

of self-awareness and self-determination. Should this ego weakness be

regarded primarily as a clinical matter or should it be regarded as an

expression of something that is going on throughout the world today as a

natural outgrowth of recent social changes?

11. Empirical derivation of item-clusters representing underlying factors

in the antisenitic syndrome. Having perfected reliable scales to measure

antisemitism, general ethnocentrism, political and economic conservatism,

and the antisemitic personality syndrome* and having made effective use

°^ a priori profile analysis, we have recently directed our attention to

a new problem: We want to investigate empirically the underlying variables

measured by the different items which comprise these scales, especially

the personality ov "F" scale. This we expect to do by means of a thorough

correlational analysis, to discover groups of items (clusters) which go

together statistically and at the s.ame time malce sense theoretically.

(Kotei A request has been made of the Social Science Research Council for

a $1000 grant-in-aid specifically for the purpose of completing this

statistical cluster analysis. Xlhen this request was made on January 15,

1945, it was obvious that this project could not be completed in time to

serve us in organizing our material for the May 1st deadline; hence, it

did not seem appropriate that the project should be supported with our

regular funds. If the grant in question is made, then the statistical

work can begin on April 1st, the questionnaire data on which it is to

be performed having already been collected from 900 students. 1'hese ques-

tionnaires are not included among those mentioned on page 1.,

12• Empirical determination of the major cluster-profiles representing

the principal patterns qf_ ant is emit jam* When the item-clusters have been

derived, each individual's mean-scores on the several clusters can be

graphed, thus exhibiting at a glance the patterning of his cluster-scores.

Analysis of these graphs is expected to disclose basic profiles representing

fundamental patterns of antisemitic personalities.

 9.

B. Hew Research Projects Planned.

As in the past, our procedure will be to explore new hypotheses •with

more qualitative clinical techniques and to reduce our findings as much as

possible to quantitative terms. Specifically, we expect to extend our

investigations of antisemitism in the following projects:

1. The Questionnaire.

(a) Improvement of the quantitative scales to_ enlarge existing clusters

and to introduce new item-clusters. With empirically derived clusters

at hand -we can deliberately plan the expansion of the questionnaire in a

manner not heretofore possible. Previously, new items were sought in

terms of whether they would differentiate highs from lows and thus con-

tribute to a total scale. 77e can now seek to incorporate new items

either with a view to the expansion of a specific cluster already con-

tained in the questionnaire, or with a view to creating new kinds of clus-

ters. 0?he principal source of new items will be the rich body of clinical

material which we have collected (chiefly interview and TAf protocols).

This material — analysis of which is referred to under I, 7 above — has,

of course, extended our understanding of antisemitism far beyond the present

content of the questionnaire.

(b) Statistical and clinical corroboration of new questionnaire items.

Hew questionnaire items will continue to be tested as to their power to

distinguish between high and low subjects. "Poor" items can thus either

be improved as to phrasing or eliminated and replaced by superior alterna-

tive items. Moreover, new groups of items can be checked empirically as

to whether they form statistical, as well as clinically meaningful, clusters;

 10.

and individual items can be checked as to their statistical belongingness

•with existing item-clusters. Validation of questionnaire material will

continue to be Baa.gh.tl in clinical follow-ups.

Out of the questionnaire expansion (B, 1, (a)) and the statistical

corroboration of this expansion will come a more definitive set of item-

clusters represent inf.; underlying factors in, the antisemitio syndrome.

This will in turn make possible a more definitive analysis of_ the iaa,jor

cluster-profiles, representing the principal patterns of antisemitism.

(°) further statistical analysis of the relationships between the

questionnaire scales (antisemitism, general ethnocentrism, political and

economic conservatism, and antisemitic personality trends) and group

memberships (religious, political, socio-economic, occupational). Groups

which have talsen the questionnaire so far (H = more than 2000) include

college students, Merchant Marine officers, men's service cluba (Botary,

Kiwanis, Lions) in California and Oregon, women's organizations (£arent-

Teacher, League of Women Voters, clubs) theological schools, worldLng

class groups (production and white collar groups), working class residents

in a government housing project, professional groups, prison inmates,

veterans' groups, and others. Continued investigation of scale means and

correlations for new kinds of groups will permit broader generalization and

validation of our present findings. It should also provide the basis for

new insights into the complex relationships between personality, ideology and

group memberships.

(d) Further statistical analysis of the relationships between the

questionnaire scales and free-answer protective items — includlnc; new_ types

of protective questions. The new kinds of protective questions will include

items referring specifically to Jews (and other minority-group members).

 11.

For example, an action by one person, toward another in a given situation is

described in one or two sentences, and the subject is asked to guess the

most likely motivation of the first person, or the response of the second

person. Either or both persons could be referred to as Jews or given

obviously Jewish names. Such questions can be presented as a test of the

subject's ability to judge people. Other tests might include the Bosenzweig

Frustration 'Dest, completion of sentences, similes, etc. The above-mentioned

manual for scoring "protective" questionnaire items would be used in the

analysis of this material.

te) Intensive studies of "lay groups" in whom certain patterns of anti-

semitism seem prominent. This would be done by applying special expanded

subscales to selected groups. For example, a closer investigation of

"pseudo-toughness" (if this should be shown to form a statistical cluster)

might be made with such a group as an American legion post. Moreover, we

of
believe we have a chance to gain access to one or more/the well-known
fascist-type California cults.

(*) Special studies of certain factors related t_o_ ant is emit ism. Ifow

that adequate measures of antisemitism and related social attitudes are

available, the way ia prepared for studies which attempt to relate prejudice

to a variety of other factors which, on theoretical grounds, would seem to

be significant; masculinity-femininity, optimism-pessimism, rigidity

and perseverativeness, suggestibility, type of reaction to stress, etc.

Studies of this kind could be carried forward in cooperation with graduate

students in the Department of Psychology at the University of California.

Numerous advantages would accrue if these studies were carried through with

the same group of subjects — subjects concerning whom thoroughgoing

clinical data was at hand, ready to be related to the results of new testa
and experiments. ¥e, therefore, plan to secure through the local student

employment office 50 high and low subjects, each of whom would be available

for, let us say, 12 hours of testing, experimentation and interviewing,

2. Interviews.

(a) Preparation of a written Interview Manualf incorporating both the

interview schedule, and discussion of its use. This would allow for large-

scale duplication of our detailed case studies at other places.

(b) Preparation of a_ schema for analysing interview protocols. i'his

requires considerable breaking of new ground in clinical psychology, in

view of the very indirect character of the underlying questions to which

answers are sought in our interviews and the highly qualitative and fluid

nature of the material* V/e propose to develop a schema which will be

suitable both for statistical comparison of highs and lows on single

variables and for use in exemplifying basic patterns of antlsemitism aa

measured by the questionnaire. Much work will be required to develop a

set of variables which are clearly defined, clinically meaningful, and

sufficiently general to be scored on the basis of the fluid material in-

volved.

(c) Statistical comparison of highs and lows on §_ number of_ single

variables in the interview protocols. Here would belong such variables as

stereotypy, self-criticism, insight, manipulativeness, etc. — variables

which are not adequately covered bj the questionnaire but which seem

susceptible to quantification.

(d) More detailed investigation of specific differences in the pattern

of racial stereotypes in relation to specific differences in personality

 13.

patterns (includinr; etiolo;-:;ical determinants 1 . Our studies thus far seem

to indicate that the typical high -woman has a different stereotype of the

Jew than does the typical high man. Further study should make possible a

conclusive statement on this point. More than this, a variety of imagery-

patterns concerning the Jew can be obtained from our questionnaire and

interview material. We should like to describe these in detail, estimate

their relative commonness, and correlate them with differences in personality

pattern. Counter measures will have to be adapted to the different imagery

patterns in terms of the underlying personality structures*

le) Variations in. interview technique with selected cases. Eelatively

undirected interviews will be employed to explore possible new areas which

be
might/spontaneously introduced by interviewees in a freer situation. In
addition, some of the present areas studied will be investigated more

intensively by means of more detailed inquiry on selected topics in certain

cases .•

3
« Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

(a) Variations in TAT technique. These will include the use of new

pictures, designed to elicit material in areas as yet insufficiently covered*

and modifications in the procedure of administration, particularly an

expanded inquiry designed to elicit more free associations which will

supplement the stories proper.

(b) A special small-sample analysis of TAT material on one or more

selected ".key" groups. We have in mind particularly the San '-.uentin group,

for which the Prison Psychiatric Department has Idndly made available to us

some of the data collected by its staff, including TAT protocols.

 • 14.

4. Experiments on Counter-measures to Combat Ant is emit ism on_ a_ Mas s Scale.

flie general plan is to subject each of a series of comparable experi-

mental groups to a different type of counter-measure, and to measure their

relative effectiveness by administering the questionnaire before and after.

To conceal the purpose of the experiment from the subjects, the two ques-

tionnaire sessions will probably have to be separated by an interval of

some weeks, -with the therapy session sometime in between. This procedure

would also allow time for momentary changes in attitudes to dissolve;

differences found would then be more significant because presumably more

persistent. A control group would be given the two questionnaires but

would have no therapy session. The two questionnaires would probably be

partly identical, partly equivalent forms (with individual items matched

at least as to means and discriminatory powers, and as much as possible

to specific underlying cluster-content). As an extra check, each group

might be divided in half, with one half talcing one of the two forms in

the first questionnaire session and the other half taking the other form

first; each half would take the opposite form in the second questionnaire

session.
i'he major types of counter-measures contemplated at present include

the following:
(a) Factual (objective, rational) refutation of charges against Jews.

(Primarily to prove empirically the ineffectiveness of this approach.)

(b) Appeal to the self-interest of the subject, e.g., show that anti-

semitism means fascism and fascism necessarily means war, as witness the

German catastrophe.
 15.

(c) General discussion of the nature of certain ego-defenses involved

in antisemitism, especially projection, illustrated by concrete examples;

(1) With, examples taken from antisemitism; (2) without reference to anti-

semitism.

(d) Moralistic intimidation of antisemites directed toward suppression,

of antisemitio attitudes: combining appeals to such Christian-democratic

values as kindness, tolerance, equality; labeling antisemitism (correctly)

as fascistic; and creating the impression that antisemitism is most charac-

teristic of the unintelligent, the criminal, the abnormal, and the morally

low elements of the population (for which proposition our research offera

considerable support).

(®) General discussion of the antisemitic syndrome, with possibly some

discussion of etiology, and with discussion of the superior psychological

satisfactions Inherent in strengthening "lor; trends" in the personality

(i.e. what the individual can gain in terms of personal satisfaction by

becoming less antisemitic, so to say, on the "F-scale" of our questionnaire).

In such a discussion, several aspects are of crucial importance and these

require a solid basis in research; what are the basic characteristics of

the antisemitic syndrome? which of these trends are too deep to be success-

fully modified, and which trends are significantly modifiable? what are

the conditions under which therapeutic interpretations of these trends can

be accepted, particularly in a large-group setting?

(f) Discussion of certain aspects of a typical case, exemplifying anti-

semitism, with relatively little explicit generalization and a minimum of

interpretations — i.e., as much as possible letting the material speak for

 16,

itself, and thus minimizing the ego-threat involved.

(g) Other possibilities to bo considered would include appealing to the

complex that nobody wants to be a sucker, exposing the inherent contra-

dictions of antIsemitism, and taking an authoritarian attitude toward the

subject.