11 V May 2023

https://doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.51390
 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.538
Volume 11 Issue V May 2023- Available at www.ijraset.com

A Survey Paper on Traffic Prediction Using

Machine Learning
Aditya Srivastava1, Aryan2, Milan Khurana3
1, 2, 3
Department of Computer Engineering, Sinhgad Institute of Technology and Sciences, Narhe, Pune, Mahararshtra, India

Abstract: Traffic flow prediction is an essential tool for traffic management, which can assist traffic operators in making informed
decisions for traffic control and management. Accurate traffic flow prediction can also help commuters to plan their journeys
efficiently and reduce travel time. The use of Support Vector Regression algorithm for traffic flow prediction has shown promising
results in various studies, and it can be used to predict traffic flow at different time intervals, such as hourly, daily, weekly, or even
yearly. Additionally, the application of machine learning and artificial intelligence techniques can further enhance the accuracy
of traffic flow prediction, which can lead to more effective traffic management strategies.
Keywords: Support Vector Machine, Traffic Prediction.

I. INTRODUCTION
The demand for efficient and intelligent transportation systems has increased with the growing population and urbanization. An
intelligent transportation system applies innovative and advanced techniques to provide intelligent services to different modes of
transport, making the transportation system more effective. These techniques provide traffic information to users in advance,
improving the coordination and safety of the transport network. Accurate prediction of traffic flow is crucial for making decisions
such as route guidance, mode of transport, and travel time. Congestion management, incident detection, and individual dynamic
route guidance all require accurate prediction of traffic flow on the given road network.
Support Vector Machines (SVM) is a type of supervised learning algorithm that is widely used for classification and regression
problems. It is grounded in statistical learning theory and can be used to define a function that predicts features of future data.
Traffic flow prediction is a non-linear problem that can be addressed using support vector regression (SVR). However, it requires
mapping the traffic flow prediction problem from a low-dimensional space to a high-dimensional feature space. Traffic flow is a
time-varying quantity and exhibits non-linear and randomcharacteristics.
In conclusion, an intelligent transportation system that can accurately predict traffic flow is essential for efficient and safe transport
networks. SVM and SVR are effective tools for traffic flow prediction, which can aid in congestion management, incident detection,
and individual dynamic route guidance. These techniques are grounded in statistical learning theory and require mapping from low-
dimensional spaces to high-dimensional feature spaces to address non-linear and time-varying traffic flow characteristics.

II. LITERATURE SURVEY

In [1], the proposed method for traffic flow prediction is intended to provide increased accuracy for more precise traffic movement
forecasting. The author notes the potential for further enhancements as deep learning technology continues to advance. The study
focuses on improving current traffic control systems and aims to benefit traffic management in smart cities. The model can be
applied to improve traffic flow and enhance traffic control in real-world scenarios.
In [2], Accurate traffic flow data is important for improving travel decision-making, reducing congestion, and lowering carbon
emissions. Intelligent transit systems (ITSs) provide better accuracy for traffic flow prediction and are essential for the success of
advanced traffic and public transportation systems. Real-time and historical data from various sensor sources are used for traffic
flow dependency, but the large dataset dimension has made most existing traffic flow prediction systems and models somewhat
inadequate. Transportation management is becoming more data-driven due to the increasing use of traditional sensors and
new technologies.
In the paper [3], in order to predict road traffic in smart transportation systems, a classification model called m-KNN (Modified k
Nearest Neighbour algorithm) was utilized, along with Principle Component Analysis (PCA) for feature extraction. To improve the
accuracy of the m-KNN method, a preprocessing technique was applied to the training data, resulting in significant performance
improvements. Accurately predicting road traffic is a crucial aspect of modern transportation systems, and this proposed method has
proven to be a valuable tool in achieving this goal.

©IJRASET: All Rights are Reserved | SJ Impact Factor 7.538 | ISRA Journal Impact Factor 7.894 | 44
 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.538
Volume 11 Issue V May 2023- Available at www.ijraset.com

In this[4] paper, by using various various computational techniques to improve the performance and precision of our predictions.
Specifically, we employed a Support Vector Machine approach to distinguish between classification and regression tasks, with the
ultimate aim of forecasting the values of our target variables.
In [5], the EAM (Efficient Automation Model) presented in this study demonstrates the benefits of automating the training and
generalization of deep learning algorithms to achieve reliable and high-performing traffic prediction models. The numerical results
indicate that the EAM has yielded promising results in terms of prediction accuracy and resource allocation.
In [6], the EAM (Efficient Automation Model) presented in this study demonstrates the benefits of automating the training and
generalization of deep learning algorithms to achieve reliable and high-performing traffic prediction models. The numerical results
indicate that the EAM has yielded promising results in terms of prediction accuracy and resource allocation.
In [7], The SVM model offers strong learning capabilities and the ability to generalize well, especially when dealing with small
sample problems. However, PSO may struggle with local optimal solutions, though the addition of a mutation operation can address
this issue. The PSOM model has few parameters, a simple program, and a fast convergence rate. In this study, a traffic fatalities
prediction model based on PSOM-SVM was developed, which optimized SVM parameters. The results showed that the PSOM-
SVM model outperformed the neural network and BPNN methods in terms of prediction accuracy, as it avoided the problem of
overlearning and offered excellent generalization capabilities. While this model's application is limited to parameters like highway
mileage, vehicle number, population size, and traffic fatalities, it is possible to supplement additional parameters in future studies to
consider additional unknown factors. Ultimately, the PSOM-SVM model has the potential to reduce traffic accident casualties to
some extent.
In [8], Ensuring a safe traffic environment and avoiding traffic congestion and accidents requires accurate prediction of traffic
patterns. The Random Forest model is well-suited for this task, as it does not require initial weighting of properties and has a simple
calculation process with low computational requirements. The model is also easy to implement, with fewer parameters and
compatibility across a wide range of platforms. As a fast and effective data mining model, it has proven to be a valuable tool in
predicting and preventing traffic congestion and improving overall traffic safety.
In [9], LSTM Networks are a powerful tool for traffic prediction, particularly in capturing long-term dependencies within traffic
flow data sequences. As a deep learning approach, LSTMs are able to uncover latent feature representations that are not
immediately apparent in the traffic flow data.
This paper[10] outlines a method for predicting short-term traffic flow in a transportation network, even when traffic data is not
available. To achieve this, traffic flows were estimated in all links of the network using available information, and this information
was used to make predictions for the entire network. By utilizing this approach, it is possible to better manage traffic flow and
minimize congestion, even in situations where data may be limited or incomplete.

III. LITERATURE REVIEW

S.no Paper Title Author Year Algorithm/ Methodologies Disadvantages/limitations
used
1. “Predicting Traffic for Sai Akshita 2022 In this paper, different machine Decision trees can be
Intelligent Transport Kanaparthy, Raveena algorithms are employed for difficult to interpret and
System Using Machine Reddy Vemula, Sai achieving higherefficiency and explain, particularly as the
Learning Algorithms.” Niyathi Padakant accurate results.To identify complexity of the model
classification and regression, increases. This can make it
Decision Tree Algorithm (DT)is challenging to communicate
used. Based on the parameters the results ofthe model to
supplied, it'sa graphical depiction stakeholders, which is
of all possible solutions to a essential in trafficprediction
problem/decision. for effective
decision-making.

©IJRASET: All Rights are Reserved | SJ Impact Factor 7.538 | ISRA Journal Impact Factor 7.894 | 45
 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.538
Volume 11 Issue V May 2023- Available at www.ijraset.com

2. “Prediction of HDD Narendran, Monishraj, 2022 In traffic prediction, ensemble Ensemble learning in traffic
Failures by Ensemble Dr. Sathya Srivinas learning can be applied in several prediction can have some
Learning ways. For example, different disadvantages, such as
” models can be trained on increased computational
different subsets ofdata, and their complexity due to the needto
predictions canbe combined to train multiple models.
produce an overall prediction. Additionally, ensemble
methods may be more
challenging to interpret than
individual models, making it
more difficult tounderstand
how the
predictions were made.
3. “Traffic Data prediction in P.Pavithra 2021 System employed m-KNN The main difficulty
Intelligent Transportation , R.Vadivel (Modified k Nearest Neighbour encountered in dealing with
System using m-KNN algorithm) as a classification problems of text mining is
algorithmand model and PCA caused by the vagueness of
Principle Component (Principle Component Analysis) natural
Analysis” is used for Feature Extraction. language.
Road traffic prediction is a
critical component in
modern smart transportation
systems.

4. “Traffic Prediction for Gaurav Meena, 2020 To identify classification and Decision trees are prone to
Intelligent Transportation Deepanjali Sharma, regression we have used a overfitting on traffic data.
System using Machine Mehul Mahrishi Decision Tree Algorithm They lack robustness and
Learning. ” (DT).The goal of this method isto may not provide accurate
predict the value of the target predictions on new, unseen
variables. Decision tree learning traffic patterns.
represents a function that takes as
input a vector of attributes value
and return a ”Decision ” asingle
output value.

5. “Machine Learning Daniel Szostakand 2019 Dynamic Optical Networks DONs may not be scalable
Methods for Traffic Krzysztof Walkowiak (DONs) are being increasingly enough to handle large- scale
Prediction used in traffic prediction due to traffic prediction problems,
in Dynamic Optical their ability to provide high as they rely on complex
Networks with Service bandwidth and low-latency optical components and may
Chains.” communication. They enable require significant
efficient and reliable data computational resources.
transfer, which is essential for
traffic prediction systems to work
effectively.

©IJRASET: All Rights are Reserved | SJ Impact Factor 7.538 | ISRA Journal Impact Factor 7.894 | 46
 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.538
Volume 11 Issue V May 2023- Available at www.ijraset.com

6. “Deep Learning-Based Sebastian Troia, 2018 Used a particular type of RNN, While RNNs are effective
Traffic Prediction Rodolfo Alvizu, the Gated Recurrent Units at capturing short-term
for Network Youduo Zhou, Guido (GRU), able to achievegreat patterns, theymay struggle
Maier, Achille accuracy. Then, we used the with longer-term
Pattavina predictions to dynamically and dependencies
proactively allocate the in traffic data.
resources of an optical
network.
7. “Traffic fatalities Xiaoning Gu , Ting 2017 The hybrid PSO algorithm can Swarm optimization
prediction using support Li, Yonghui Wang, be used to optimize the weights techniques, including
vector machine with Liu Zhang, Yitian and parameters of a machine hybrid particle swarm
hybridparticle swarm Wang and JinbaoYao learning model, such as a optimization, can have
optimization neural network orregression limitations in traffic
Optimization model, to minimize the error in fatalities prediction
the predictions. By combining including potential
multiple optimization computational expenseand
techniques, the hybrid PSO difficulty handlingmissing
algorithm can leverage the or incomplete data.
strengths of each technique and
produce more accurate
predictions.

8. “Traffic flow prediction Hongxin Shao, 2016 LSTM model was applied on Limited ability to capture
with LongShort-Term Boon-Hee Soong the data collected by Caltrans long-term dependencies:
Memory Networks Performance Measurement While LSTMs are effective
(LSTMs).” System (PeMS). at capturing short-term
PeMS offers historical patterns, they may struggle
database of traffic flow with longer-term
information.. dependencies
in traffic data.
9. “Traffic Prediction of Yunxiang Liu1 2015 In this paper, the random Forest Random Forests can be
Road Traffic Congestion , Hao Wu package in R is selected to difficult to interpret,
Based on Random Forest construct the traffic congestion making it challenging to
” model based on understand which features
RF algorithm. are most important in
predicting traffic patterns.

10. “Traffic Flow Afshin Abadi, Tooraj 2015 Use of Deep Recurrent Neural The computation of this
Prediction for Road Rajabioun,and Petros Networks (DRNN). DRNN neural network is slow,
Transportation A. Ioannou was chosen because of its training the model can be
Networks With Limited remarkable performance in difficult task, also it faces
Traffic Data many applications including issues like exploding or
HDDs failure prediction. Gradient vanishing.

©IJRASET: All Rights are Reserved | SJ Impact Factor 7.538 | ISRA Journal Impact Factor 7.894 | 47
 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.538
Volume 11 Issue V May 2023- Available at www.ijraset.com

IV. CONCLUSIONS
Traffic flow prediction is an essential component of Intelligent Transportation Systems, serving as a foundation for advanced traffic
information systems, advanced traffic control systems, and traveler route guidance systems. This study presents a traffic flow
prediction model using support vector machine. The experiment's results demonstrate that the support vector machine-based model
shows significant improvement in performance measures, providing satisfactory results. These findings indicate that the model is
useful for predicting traffic flow in real-time, even for unknown data. Hence, the proposed modelcan be applied to real-world scenarios
to enhance traffic management and improve the accuracy of trafficflow prediction.

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