Part A (10x2=20Marks) 1) List any two software's used in digital architecture. Answer Rhino, Google sketch up, computer programming software's like C, C++, plug-in like grasshopper, &t (Any two - 2 Marks) 2) List any two influences of media on Perception of Space. Answer Architectural space has a very interesting relationship with digital media, and digital media affects architectural space in some very unique ways. The first, and most obvious way, is that architectural space is often created and modeled using digital media, Digital media production environments provide same look and feel to create truly Unique “places”. Digital media acts as a grand “connector”. It eliminates boundaries. Information can be exchanged irrespective of the locations. Architects must keep digital media in mind not only while designing the Project, but also for its impact on the project after it gets built. Digitai media acts as a barrier eliminator, connecting people with people, people with environments, and environments with environments. And all of this is possible because of the way information gets shared (2 Marks) 3) List any four aspects of digital architecture. Answer Liquidity: Digital works are fluidic, free flowing spaces, forms. Immateriality: No material application, image is the reality. Interactivity: Physical interaction between user and architecture. Non-linear forms: Output is not directly proportional to input. Blobs: lsomorphic poly surfaces (2 Marks) 4) Brief the qualities of new Space in Digital Architecture Answer ‘The digital medium is active and dynamic, The quality of space we experience in a digital world has its own logic and is different from the way we navigate in a natural world. In a digital medium the space is non continuous and interactive. We can move in this space come closer, move away to and from different parts and elements. The actions we take in a digital em ment draw interconnections between the database associated with the environment and our navigation. The digital space is structured around representations of real ion of concepts of a architecture but acquires a new meaning as an information space. An adapt: space and place is necessary to reflect the specific nature of a digital space. 7 7 (2 Marks)al abstractions in the digital formal and fanetic ae tc the reasons for increasing form 7 for increasing formal and functional abstractions | - 2 May architecture Cybersp hitecture is largely a visual statement. Cyber here me Sore conjoine the 6 freiapace is a domain characterized by the use of electroni eee a > oe modify, and exchange data via networked systems and of spaces. S COMpyy 8S and 4 ssocian, nan bein, electromagnet Mary 7) What is Hyper Surface? Answer con urface is a generalization of the concept of hyper plane. Suppose an envelop wrested Mes duncnsions;thenany sub manifold of M of a1 dimension is hyper surface, In architecture there are 2 forms. First being "fragmented form” and the second, “pixel architectu, Fragmented form refers to the deconstruction of the architectural object, the architectural obj, deformed, projected, and wildly manipulated through electronic pixels. Where these two forms interis and a condition results is “hyper surface," Hyper surface is a threshold whereby the density of differen, in an interface becomes vital, self-configuring and auto poetic. (2 Mark 8) Brief about Liquid Architecture. Answer Liquid Architecture — is more than kinetic architecture, robotic architecture, and architecture of fixe Parts and variable links — that breathes, pulses, leaps as one form and lands another — form contingent on the interests of the beholder. It is architecture of fluctuating relations between abstra elements. @ Marks 9) Name any two works of Marcos Novak. Answer Any to works of Marcos Novak (any two works of Marcos Novak - 2 Marks 10) Name any two architects who work on the theory of fractal geometry. Answer Fractals: Ron Eglash - Research fractals in African architecture. Xavier Vilalta designed a shopping mall in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia and Melaku Center in Barcelona, (Any two architects - 2 Marks316 8OMarks tal technology on architectural design [he mvaston of digital technol ' ' 1 and examine its effects on the human mind nd body. The use of st Jesignmg process adds a new dimension to the architectural product, which enable a ideas that are not fully expressed However, the challeng nates us to hold on to our hua ty and not allow the technology to distance the architect from ning his/her orpinal role, which « the construction of Earth and and constructive. However, the me om in result of the desi king human existence on it safe rehitectural design greatly affects the express the design and transfer it from the Process snice such means are whi pation of the designer to the visual world When the architect uses the computer in the process of design and repress creating a coupled cognitive system, w! The elements of the syst n, he connects to it cre the man and the machine exchange ideas and information affect one another that each changes by the change of the other. Thus, any omputer or the designer leads to a change in the outcome of the design. The first interference of computers in architecture was via the digital designing programs, especially CAD, which was set as an alternative for the task of the two dimensional drawing, such as diagrams and sections. This enables the architect to produce and copy diagrams faster and more efficiently. Furthermore, the development of such programs has enabled building digital models that are able to somewhat compensate for the need to make manual models using materials. Despite the fact that it remains part and parcel of the designing process, the time and money spent while creating the model and the period taken to create the model and the high price it costs make it difficult for the designer to create a new model while modifying it, unlike the digital models which could be modified almost and extremely quickly. In the last years, Many new software programs launched for digital models having Building and modelling information, which could be used for building the model and producing the 2D drawings simultaneously. Recently, a camera has been produced provided with a computer enabling it, while directed to the building or the construction, to compare the reality with digital design and to project an image including the parts constructed and those remaining of the design to integrate reality and the virtual reality. Nowadays, most of the architectures use programs not only to develop ideas but also to draw and represent them. These programs can coordinate between several data and different types of information with which the program is provided to form streamlined and regular shapes without defining specific functions of them. This allows creating organic and dynamic in a precise and organized way, which helps in transferring these ideas from the architect’s imagination to reality. These shapes are generated from information on the environment or any other source of factors which could affect the design through Converting them into formulations and charts, then applying them on the design to change the shape. This Ieads to generating new architectural pattems which have never existed before such as Blog, Folding, Deconstruction, and Digital. Zaha Hadid - expressed her ideas through drawings and works of art. However, software and the possibility of its use in the design process, more realistically through digital solids. This has enabled her designs including schemes, sections, and all of the engineering drawings required for construction, Another example is the Architect Frank Gehry, the famous designer of the Guggenheim Museum in Spain, whose career path has been greatly influenced by the design technology in his career. (Role and influences of digital technology on architectural design - 16 Marks) ¢ that occurs on the mmediately by developing design she has been able to represent her designs to transform her paintings into architecturaly theories of media influenced the percept On OF spay 11) (b) Discuss how the contempor architecture. Answer How the contemporary theories of media influenced the perception of space and architecturg en cts have been using 3D physical models and 2D drawings (plans, sections, Clevay perspectives, and axousmetrc, drawings), Although these. drawing, techniques’ can Fepreseng Ceca orecanec atte apparent that they have some shortcomings in repress Characterize thvee-dimenstonality of spaces: and for this reason, users sometimes cannot oe architect's design absolute Digital an aon ply fi oo and are oeere or ‘elation, modalities toward space and are altering our sense of time (time as past an present, but also time Noy By the developments of computer technologies. techniques an See # design (CAD), ‘nvironments (VE) and virial reality (WR) have entered to the professi architect computerized technologies have cinimed to most above: mentioned” shertsonines er limitations conventional representation techniques. Di Computer based media and complex electronic systems. 5, Sereen Based Digital Media: Digital based plans, sections, elevations and perspectives on a monitor, digital visualization equipment. Graphical presentations, photo -realistic, hyper-realistic presentations & animations. b. Virtual Reality (VR): It completely meets the definition of the simulation, With the advent of digital technologies, notion of space in architecture, Sensory and existential characteristics, has been developing in new directions. In that sense, virty environments can provide disjunction from traditional, Cartesian logic of thinking abo, deren ation of space in architecture. New digital design tools, along with new digital displ, devices, from smart phones and tablets to head mounted devices, provide new territory for creatiy, interactive worlds based on fusion of digital and virtual world. Virtual and augmented reality challenges the concept ‘lation, defining, Feeive which traditionally relied , fonment. Making places that serve diverse for architects, landscape architects and urban planners for centuries, According to Canter, place-making can be defined as a conscious . S, is al d “digital places” in virtual environments ; deprived of identity based on genius loci, but they are linked wich user activities and their connectio, Moreover, analyses of human activities within web environments and their relation with real physic spaces can provide invaluable formation about condition of public spaces and places with abstr lentities (non-places) in the digital age. (16 Mari 12) (a) Examine the issues of authorship addressed by the architect during the generative des Process. Answer The emergence of evolutionary digital design methods. relying on the creative generation of novel fotas trasformed the design process altogether and consequently the role of the architect, These methods are more than the means to aid and enhance the design process or to perfect the representation of finite architectural projects. The architectural design philosophy is gradually transcending to a hybrid of art engineering, computer programming and biology. Within ths framework, the emergence of designs relies ‘on the achitect- machine interaction and the authorship that each ofthe two shares The issue of authorship has been an area of intense scrutiny over the last forty years. Contemporary practices of architecture have produced a hybrid of designer-programmer that focuses on how architecture is produced, through self generative system, annulling the architect as author. Alberti ~ identified architect a semi-divine trying to articulate a divine sense of beauty - meaningful; authorial relation between architect and building — he claims Designing with CAD ~ the design, designer, program Arcitet ether as a usr of various computational techniques or asthe designer-programimer of genetic ‘ool is maintaining the authorship as long as his creative ideas order the machine and itis ot the iteligile principles of hardware's and software's that advice his ideas. (16 Marks) Or 12) (b) Compare the digital and non digital proces of architectural design with respec to aesthetis and function with relevant case examples. Answer Difference between Digital process of Architectural Desi Architectural Design Digital Process in Design -3D Modelling Exploration of. Computable Functions, Toni Kotnik %e ign and Non Digital process of yp (Explanation -6 Marks) Digital and non digital process of architectural design with respect to aesthetics and function ‘The aesthetics of modern architecture should relate to its origins and goals - the environment, function, Sustainability and its users - One criteria is the presence of daylight and the use of is potential - The Contemporary digital tools that support the design process allow to controlling the use of difficult and capricious materials, such as daylight. They also combine daylighting aspects with other criteria of Sustainability, such asthe natural ventilation ofthe building or the use of renewable energy Computer programs can efficiently support the use of daylight in architecture. At later stages of the design process the specialized software is usually required forthe detailed analysis of lighting based on ‘he required lighting factors and other quantitative criteria. The starting point for the analysis and evaluative assessment of lighting is the realistic simulation of processes and phenomena associated with the spread of light in space. It uses the methods of vinual representation of light and its sources and thephysical properties of existing materials. Digital graphical representation based on the j1p) Dynamic Range) image technology (the image of the range of luminance comparable to the bys lit seen by a person) enables the visual assessment of the effects of lighting, The contemporary y"® software aims to ensure cooperation between every construction sector. The BIM (Building Informer? Modeling) software combines all the information about the investment in one digital 3D.moge pavticularly applies to daylighting issues, because solar heating results in the growth of ventilation i. Thus, daylighting equires very thoughtful design solutions, especialy in hot climates. The possibiiy®™ the comprehensive evaluation and centification of the building is also the reason for joining togethee the tools related to the criteria of sustainable development, The use of detailed analyses based on digi methods at every stage of design, digital design and multidirectional optimization of architectural fon, based on precise virtual 3D models, as well as digital fabricated physical models and one-to-one seq Constitute the basis for making design decisions, Case examples Zayed National Museum, Foster & Partners The speed and productivity are improved by the use of automated design and representation systems. F instance, when you're working on paper and a customer wants to change a drawing, you have to draw igtin, However, In a CAD based sysiemi, jou inake tiie change immediately and print out a ng, drawing in minutes, or you can transmit it via e-mail or Internet all over the world instantly. Thus, CAD based design systems, architects have more time for real design process. One of the biggest contributions of computers to the design process is soft prototyping -the process , creating a 3D-computer model of a design that can be subjected to computer-based testing. Sp prototypes (Virtual prototypes) are almost faster and cheaper to built than real physical prototypes and a often better at their main activity than a real ones; that is because 3D physical prototypes usually y processes and materials very different from those ultimately used for the production version of t product, soit can be impossible to evaluate the performance of materials, or details. ‘A computerized tender can be sent with the appropriate specification and technical details. On receipt; an order, all of the documentation relating to manufacture, testing, dispatching and invoicing will & available, Digital media of CAD systems gives architects opportunities of collaboration with the other profession: Both of architects and engineers, or different design groups can study on the same drawing or sain project at the same time, (10 Marks, 13) (a) Choose any one contemporary architect and analyze how they used diagrams in their design process. Answer Any one contemporary architect and analyze how they used diagrams in their design process (16 Marks) Or 13) (b) Examine Answer function aad value of dit yams in the contemporary design process. The function and value of diagrams in the contemporary design process - Primary utility (or function) of the diagram is as an abstract means of thinking about organization, which, in the context of architecture, applies to both programme and its distribution in space. Another important function of the diagram in architecture is its ability to organize a variety of different types of information within a single graphic configuration. It functions as an instrument of visualization which mediates between the ‘disordered complexity of the information society’ and the demands of the architectural project Contemporary diagrammatic practices have developed critical designs and theories that engage with these criticisms. New theories and methods related to diagrams have been sourced from outside of architecture leading to methodologies based on multiple disciplines and medias. This new generation of diagrammaticsmplified by the Dutch practices of OMA (ed by Rem Koolhaas), UN Studio, and exe practice Foreign Office Architects (FOA). These practices fea ops British syverving di conventional princ! ture prominently in grams in architecture, and as noted previously, they are all practices which les of urban design, blurring the boundaries between buildings and pV AOR enge the © pace : (16 Marks re fractals? (4 Marks) at a : 14) (2) () PM he application of fractals in architecture. (12 Marks) GE splai Answer a Fractals - & fractal is @ mathematical set that has a fractal dimension that usually exceeds its topological ension and may fall between the integers. Fractals are typically self-similar patterns, where self. ar means they are "the same from neat as from fac’. Fractals may be exactly the same at every scale sim’ illustrated in Figure 1, they may be nearly the same at different scales > irthe most generalized termns, a fractal demonstrates a limit. Fractals model complex physical processes and dynamical systems. The underlying Principle of fractals is that a simple process that goes through infinitely many iterations becomes a very complex sears Fractals attempt to model the complex process by searching for the simple process undemeath, 7 (4 Mart Fractals in Indian Architecture (4 Marks) Traditionally, fractals form an integral part of Indian temples Fractallike spires (shikharas) or a tower surrounded by smaller towers, surrounded by still smaller towers, and so on, for eight or more levels tach part of the facade is designed to look Fractals in Contemporary Architecture Since its discovery in the mid-1970s, fractal geometry, whether architects realized it or not, began to gradually to supplant Buclidian geometry as the guiding principle of contemporary architecture. With the tum of the century, Modern Architecture has become a historical style and Fractal Architecture has firmly taken root. ean jature reproduction of the whole. (12 Marks) Or 14) (b) How is shape grammars developed? Explain with necessary illustrations, Answer el le ee es a, a shape grammar. ¢ to be defined and changed recursively to conform to given spatial relationships Spatial relations can be achieved usin Shape ruleU i (Ea ay Sarr} che ae Pessina resus Design process ~ derivations are @ sequence of designs where each design is generated of the p revious design by applying a rule. ec HP Ok >Re fF u (i a u (Process of Developing shape gramma -8 Marks, Illustrations - 8 Marty) 15) (a) Describe the design process of Reiser +Umemotto with suitable examples and relevant sketches, \ Answer jJeave Reiser and Nanako Umemoto have practiced in New York City are Reiser +Umemotio Built projects at a wide range of scale ~ from furniture design to residential and commercial structures, Design ideology ~ flexible strategies and techniques that seek t Examples 0-14 Tower ~ Business bay in Dubai (Design process of Ri 10 open structures 1+ +Umemotto with Examples ~ 10 Marks, Sketches ~ 6 Marks) Or 15) (by Describe the design process of Greg Lyan with suitable examples and relevant sketches. Answer Ideology and philosophy of Architect Greg Lynn Greg Lynn — born in Ohio ~ 1964 ~ Miamt university internationally Technwjuce spline, NURBS surface, animation, metaballs, blebs, Nowers, strands and latices Notions. type and instances, ideal type notion, multi type of performance envelope i type of performance envelope, topology, and multiplicities, iter mediates: topology, time and parameters. decide on computational structure, relate structure to the e — animate and study affiliated with numerous academic institutions Concepts foree, curvature, mi re via computer model - the ec Study of archi Design process: analyze brief for major spaces frame major conditions on structure {ances of the animation. Motion ~ movement and action. site. Determine forees on structure, Ke interactions, freeze and develop one or more inst Animate form Tivo recent models for the modeling of movement in architecture ~ the first method involves ~ procession and the second involve superimposition. Projects — Presbyterian Church of New York, H2 house for the OMV Austrian mineral candifl bay, wales UK INNOVATIONS ~ used computer as form generator, experimental use of techt CADCAM interfaced ~ links design and manufacturing (Explanation - 8 Marks, illustrations ~8 Marks) oil company inology and software,