Assignment # 2

Name : Iqra Sarwar

Roll no : 056
Couse title :
Nanomaterial
Department : MS
CHEMISTRY
Semester : 2nd

TOPIC : Submitted to: Dr.

Aftab Ahmed
WORKING AND TYPES
Date :
OF BIOSENSORS.
 Working of biosensor

Figure 1 Stucture of biosensors

A biosensor typically consists of a bio-receptor (enzyme/antibody/cell/nucleic acid/aptamer),

transducer component (semi-conducting material/nanomaterial), and electronic system which
includes a signal amplifier, processor & display. Transducers and electronics can be combined,
e.g., in CMOS-based microsensor systems. The recognition component, often called a
bioreceptor, uses biomolecules from organisms or receptors modeled after biological systems to
interact with the analyte of interest. This interaction is measured by the biotransducer which
outputs a measurable signal proportional to the presence of the target analyte in the sample. The
general aim of the design of a biosensor is to enable quick, convenient testing at the point of
concern or care where the sample was procured

Bioreceptors:

In a biosensor, the bioreceptor is designed to interact with the specific analyte of interest to
produce an effect measurable by the transducer. High selectivity for the analyte among a matrix
of other chemical or biological components is a key requirement of the bioreceptor. While the
type of biomolecule used can vary widely, biosensors can be classified according to common
types of bioreceptor interactions involving: antibody/antigen, enzymes/ligands, nucleic
acids/DNA, cellular structures/cells, or biomimetic material.

Biotransducer

Classification of biosensors based on type of biotransducer

Biosensors can be classified by their biotransducer type. The most common types of

biotransducers used in biosensors are:

 electrochemical biosensors
 optical biosensors
 electronic biosensors
 piezoelectric biosensors
 gravimetric biosensors
 pyroelectric biosensors
 magnetic biosensors

Types of Biosensors
The different types of biosensors are classified based on the sensor device as well as the
biological material that is discussed below.

Electrochemical Biosensor

Generally, the electrochemical biosensor is based on the reaction of enzymatic catalysis that
consumes or generates electrons. Such types of enzymes are named Redox Enzymes. The
substrate of this biosensor generally includes three electrodes such as a counter, reference, and
working type.

The object analyte is engaged in the response that happens on the surface of an active electrode,
and this reaction may source also electron transfer across the dual-layer potential. The current
can be calculated at a set potential.

Electrochemical biosensors are classified into four types

 Amperometric Biosensors
 Potentiometric Biosensors
 Impedimetric Biosensors
 Voltammetric Biosensors
Amperometric Biosensor

An amperometric biosensor is a self-contained incorporated device based on the amount of the

current ensuing from the oxidation offering exact quantitative analytical information.Generally,
these Biosensors have reaction times, energetic ranges & sensitivities comparable to the
Potentiometric-biosensors. The simple amperometric biosensor infrequent usage includes the
“Clark oxygen” electrode.

The rule of this biosensor is based on the amount of the flow of current between the Counter
Electrode and the working which is encouraged by a redox response at the operational electrode.
Choosing analyte centers is essential for a wide selection of uses, comprising high-throughput
medicine screening, quality control, problem finding and handling, and biological checking.

Potentiometric Biosensor

This type of biosensor provides a logarithmic reply by means of a high energetic range. These
biosensors are frequently complete by monitor producing the electrode prototypes lying on a
synthetic substrate, covered by a performing polymer with some enzyme is connected.
They comprise two electrodes that are enormously responsive and strong. They allow the
recognition of analytes on stages before only attainable by HPLC, LC/MS & without exact
model preparation.

All types of biosensors generally occupy the least sample preparation because the biological
detecting component is extremely choosy used for the analyte troubled. By the changes of
physical and electrochemical the signal will be generated by in the layer of conducting polymer
due to modifying happening at the outside of the biosensor.These changes might be credited to
ionic force, hydration, pH, and redox responses, the latter as the label of enzyme rotating above a
substrate. In FETs, the gate terminal has been changed with an antibody or enzyme, which can
also sense very-low attention from different analytes because the required analyte toward the
gate terminal makes a modify in the drain to source current.

The main types of potentiometric biosensors are ISE or Ion-Selective Electrodes based on the

membrane, ISFET (Ion-Selective Field Effect Transistors), Solid state devices, Screen-Printed
Electrodes & modified electrodes through chemically like metal oxides otherwise
electrodeposited polymers like sensitive layers.
Impedimetric Biosensor

The EIS (Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy) is a responsive indicator for a broad range of
physical as well as chemical properties. A rising trend towards the expansion of Impedimetric
biosensors is being presently observed. The techniques of Impedimetric have been executed to
differentiate the invention of the biosensors as well as to examine the catalyzed responses of
enzymes lectins, nucleic acids, receptors, whole cells, and antibodies.

Voltammetric Biosensor

This communication is the base of a new voltammetric biosensor to notice acrylamide. This
biosensor was built with a carbon glue electrode customized with Hb (hemoglobin), which
includes four prostatic groups of the hem (Fe). This type of electrode shows a reversible
oxidation or reduction procedure of Hb (Fe).

Physical Biosensor

physical biosensors are the most fundamental as well as broadly used sensors. The main ideas
behind this categorization also happen from inspecting the human minds. As the general working
method behind the intelligence of hearing, sight, touch is to react on the exterior physical stimuli,
therefore any detecting device that offers a reaction to the physical possessions of the medium
was named as a physical biosensor.

The physical biosensors are classified into two types namely piezoelectric biosensors and
thermometric biosensors.

Piezoelectric Biosensors

These sensors are a collection of analytical devices which work on a law of “affinity interaction
recording”. The platform of a piezoelectric is a sensor element that works on the law of
oscillations transform due to a collection jump on the surface of a piezoelectric crystal. The
declared detection parts are normally united by using nanoparticles.

Thermometric Biosensor

There are various types of biological reactions which are connected with the invention of heat,
and this makes the base of thermometric biosensors.
Thermometric-biosensor is used to measure or estimate serum cholesterol. As cholesterol
obtains oxidized through the enzyme cholesterol oxidize, then the heat will be produced which
can be calculated. Similarly, assessments of glucose, urea, uric acid, and penicillin G can be done
with these biosensors.
Optical Biosensor

The Optical biosensor is a device that uses an optical measurement principle. They use fiber
optics as well as optoelectronic transducers. The term optrode represents a compression of the
two terms optical & electrode. These sensors mainly involve antibodies and enzymes like the
transducing elements.

Optical biosensors permit a secure non-electrical inaccessible sensing of equipment. An extra

benefit is that these frequently do not need reference sensors, because the comparative signal can
be produced by using a similar light source to the sampling sensor. The optical biosensors are
classified into two type’s namely direct optical detection biosensors and labeled optical detection
biosensors.

Wearable Biosensors

The wearable biosensor is a digital device, used to wear on the human body in different wearable
systems like smartwatches, smart shirts, tattoos which allows the levels of blood glucose, BP, the
rate of heartbeat, etc

Nowadays, we can notice that these sensors are carrying out a signal of improvement to the
world. Their better use and ease can give an original level of experience into a patient’s real-time
fitness status. This data accessibility will let superior clinical choices and will affect enhanced
health results and extra capable use of health systems.

For human beings, these sensors may assist in premature recognition of health actions and
prevention of hospitalization. The possibility of these sensors to reduce hospital stays and
readmissions will definitely attract positive awareness in the upcoming future. As well,
investigate information says that WBS will definitely carry cost-effective wearable health
equipment to the world.

Enzyme Biosensor

This sensor is one kind of analytical device, used to merge an enzyme using a transducer to
generate a signal that is proportional to the concentration of the target analyte. Further, this
signal can be amplified, stored, processed for later analysis.

DNA Biosensor

The development of DNA biosensors can be done based on identification techniques of nucleic
acid for analysis of simple, rapid & economical testing of genetic & infectious diseases. Also, the
exact DNA series detection is important in several areas like food analysis, clinical,
environmental, etc. For better detection techniques, SAM & SELEX technologies are used for
developing better recognition techniques for DNA Biosensors.
As compared to normal hybridization, these sensors, as well as gene chips, have many benefits
because of their enormous potential for attaining specific data in a simpler, cheaper & faster
manner. Further, these sensors have been increased but, the fundamental investigation is still
required to enhance the sensor technologies, detecting plans, instrumentations for analytical &
procedures.

Immunosensors

Immuno sensors were recognized on the truth that antibodies include high affinity to their
particular antigens like the antibodies particularly combine to toxins or pathogens or interact
through host immune system’s components. These types of biosensors are based on affinity
ligand solid-state devices where the reaction of immunochemical can be connected to a
transducer.

Refrences:

Introduction to biosensors - PMC (nih.gov)

Biosensor - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

"Sensors: A Comprehensive Survey Chemical and Biochemical Sensors: 003" by Wolfgang

Göpel and T A Jones ...

."Biosensors Based on Aptamers and Enzymes (Advances in Biochemical

Engineering/Biotechnology)" by Man Bock Gu and Hak-Sung Kim ...

."Electrochemical (Bio)Sensors for Detection of the Endocrine Disruptors" by Rather Jahangir ...

."Integrated CMOS-Based Biochemical Sensor Microsystems" by Lei Yao