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SPATIAL RISK ANALYSIS OF DIARRHEA IN DAGUPAN CITY

A Thesis Proposal
Presented to the Faculty for Department of Natural Sciences
Collage of Arts and Sciences
Lyceum Northwestern University
Dagupan City

In Partial Fulfilment
Of the Requirements for the Degree
Bachelor of Science in Biology

By
Darji Shreyansh .D
Gauswami Saloni
Patel Ayushi
Jivani Mahi
Sakaria Shreena

2023

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ABSTRACT

This abstract provides a concise overview of a risk analysis study conducted to assess
the factors contributing to diarrhea cases in Dagupan City. Understanding the specific
risk factors associated with diarrhea is crucial for developing effective preventive
measures and interventions.

The study employed a comprehensive approach, incorporating both quantitative and

qualitative methods to identify and analyse the risk factors. Data on reported diarrhea
cases, demographic characteristics, sanitation practices, water quality, food handling
practices, and hygiene behaviours were collected from various sources. Statistical
analysis techniques, such as regression analysis and correlation studies, were employed
to identify significant associations between risk factors and diarrhea occurrence.
Preliminary findings indicate that inadequate access to clean water sources, poor
sanitation infrastructure, improper food handling practices, and suboptimal hygiene
behaviours were prominent contributors to diarrhea cases in Dagupan City. Additionally,
certain demographic characteristics, such as age and socioeconomic status, were found
to be associated with increased vulnerability to diarrheal diseases.

The study's outcomes will serve as a basis for formulating evidence-based interventions
to reduce diarrhea incidence in Dagupan City. The results will provide valuable insights
for local health authorities, policymakers, and stakeholders to implement targeted
interventions addressing the identified risk factors. By addressing these factors through
targeted public health initiatives, it is expected that the burden of diarrhea in Dagupan
City can be effectively mitigated, leading to improved health outcomes and enhanced
quality of life for the residents.

Keywords: Risk analysis, diarrhea, Dagupan City, public health, risk factors, sanitation,
water quality, food handling, hygiene behaviours, interventions.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page
No.

TITLE PAGE ……………………………………………….. 01

ABSTRACT ………………………………………………. 02

TABLE OF CONTENT ….…………………………………………….. 03

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION _______________________________ 04

Rationale and Background of the Study ……………………………………… 04

Review of Related Literature …………………………………………………... 05
Conceptual Framework …………………………………………………………. 06
Research Paradigm ……………………………………………………………… 06
Statement of the Problem ………………………………………………………. 07
Significance of the study ………………………………………………………… 07
scope and delimitation of the study…………………………………………….. 08
definition of terms………………………………………………………………… 09
CHAPTER II: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ____________________ 10
Research Design ………………………………………………………………… 10
Source of Data …………………………………………………………………… 10
Data Collection …………………….. …………………………………………... 11
Tools for Data Analysis ………………………………………………………….. 12
Analysis Data ……………………………………………………………… 12

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Chapter I

INTRODUCTION

Rationale and Background of the Study

‘Diarrhea is loose, watery stools (bowel movements).Someone has

diarrhea if He/She has loose stools three or more times in one day. Acute

diarrhea is diarrhea that lasts a short time according to Behailu Melese, etal,

2019.

Diarrheal diseases are a significant issue for global health. Worldwide, of

the nearly 5.3 million deaths of children aged less than 5 years in 2018, 8% were

attributed to diarrhea, arising from a combination of factors, including poverty,

malnutrition, poor sanitation and hygiene, unsafe drinking water, and poor

healthcare systems. In recent years, the mortality associated with diarrhea

among children living in developed countries has shown a trend of rapid decline.

Although Vietnam has a rapidly developing economy, diarrheal disease

remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality among children aged less

than 5 years according to KamranSadiq,et al,-2022.

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REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Few of the articles are using the cross-section survey methods.One article

takes the data from household and age of subject is between 0 to 97. In the

literature review we see that sum study collected the data from agriculture

activists.In all of the articles is not considered the data who died during the

research, in this article they consider the living places of the people like their

house, material was used for build the house they also considered the area of

space of hose.

According to Hanako Iwashita 2022 et al.. The study conducted the

results from different regions of the countries like North-West, North-Central,

North-east, south-west, South-East and south-south.The research from

Philippines doing this type of study which is region in Manila like Manila-capital,

north, south, west Manila,Also they are covering 16 cities and one municipality

and the total area was covered is quite surprising 619.57 KM 2.The one article is

conduct from edge of the desert, also it’s sees the poor water management and

improper drainage have caused waterlogging and salinisation of the agriculture

lands reducing the agricultural productivity it's very unhealthy for people’s

health.The one study shows that medical practitioner and influenced by the

family members and in the wider community often reflecting deep rooted religious

and culture beliefs and other thing it’s shows that is only the mothers but also a

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wider group of people within the community including traditional medical

practitioners religious leaders and elders.

Article of Universities of Gondar they get data from mothers on their

education because more educated mothers maintain the care of children and

maintain more hygiene.One article use the climate data like Tropical climate with

relatively high temperature and rainfall, dry season after collecting the data they

calculate the cause of Diarrhea in the particular season.

Sum of the articles are showing that half of mortality and hospitalised

severe cases were under 5 years old.The other one study see the children who

do not hand wash their hands which is considered as poor hand wash this is the

major result of infection by Diarrhea.

Conceptual Framework

Dagupan is the city which has the rainy season in the Philippines like

other Philippines.In Dagupan there are so many lakes and ponds.The Dagupan

city has the population which is affected by Diarrhea. In this research we ask the

question to the people of Dagupan City: how do they maintain the hygiene in the

cooking area? Etc.. like this question and make the questioner fill this

questionnaire and collect the data and analyse the risk factor of Diarrhea in the

city.

Research Paradigm

Researchers are going to do research on various factors and different

variables which are responsible for the cause of Diarrhea. The Factors like

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population, occurrences, age, sex, temperature, economic profile, family

members, cooking area (outdoor/indoor) etc…. After figuring out the factors that

cause Diarrhea researchers are going to do a survey using questionnaires to

collect the data on factors which are not available online. The outcome of this

research is correlation based risk analysis of Diarrhea.

Statement of the Problem

This study aims to analyse the spatial risk of diarrhea in dagupan city.

1. What is the incidences of diarrheal cases per Barangay

2. What is the economic profile per barangay

3. What are the environmental factors influence diarrheal incidence

4. What is the spatial risk distribution of diarrhea in Dagupan city

Significance of the study

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This research is conducted in expectation that understanding the risk

factors associated with diarrhea in Dagupan city can help public health

authorities develop targeted interventions to prevent and control the disease. The

study's findings can serve as a foundation for further research and longitudinal

studies on diarrhea in Dagupan City. It can provide a baseline understanding of

the risk factors and patterns of disease transmission, which can be built upon in

future studies. Continual monitoring and research on diarrhea can lead to

ongoing improvements in prevention and control strategies, by understanding the

key risk factors, such as contaminated water sources, poor sanitation,

inadequate hygiene practices, or specific foodborne pathogens, interventions can

be designed to address these factors directly. The beneficial are the local people,

health care personnel and also the local authorities.

Scope and delimitation of the study

The scope of the study includes identifying and assessing the factors

contributing to the occurrence and spread of diarrhea within the city. This

analysis aims to evaluate various elements, such as environmental conditions,

water quality, sanitation practices, hygiene behaviors, and socioeconomic factors

that may influence the diarrhea cases.

The delimitation of the risk analysis involves focusing specifically on the

factors within Dagupan City that are directly associated with diarrhea. It may

exclude factors that are not directly related to the city or those that have minimal

impact on the occurrence of diarrhea cases.

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Definition of terms

Diarrhea is defined as passage of unusually loose or watery stools

approx three times in 24 hours, following WHO criteria. It’s common

and usually not serious. Usually, diarrhea happens because of a virus

that gets into your gut. Some people call it "intestinal flu" or "stomach

flu."

Diarrheal may be further defined

– acute if <2weeks

– persistent if 2–4weeks,

– chronic if >4weeks

Any recurrence of diarrhea within 14 days was considered part of the prior

diarrheal episode, whereas an episode of diarrhea after a diarrhea-free gap of 14

or more days was taken to represent a new episode.

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CHAPTER II

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Design

A correlation study design will be used to collect data on the risk factors

associated with diarrhea among the population of Dagupan City. This design

allows for the collection of data at a single point in time, which is suitable for

studying a disease or condition in a particular population. Risk factors such as

demographic characteristics, environmental factors, and hygiene practices will be

analysed to determine which have a significant correlation with diarrhea

incidence.

Source Of Data

The Department of Health (DOH) is the primary agency responsible for

promoting public health in the Philippines. They provide updates on many

diseases in the country, including diarrhea, through their official website

There is a lot of published literature on diarrhea that is useful for data

collection since it contains information on how researchers gather information

from the local population. For climate data like temperature, researchers are

using an online database for further study.

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Data Collection

The researcher will obtain records of reported cases of diarrhea over a

specific period from the top 4 populated barangay in Dagupan city. Population

size, age distribution, gender distribution, and socioeconomic indicators. This

information can help identify vulnerable populations and potential risk factors.

Gather data on environmental factors that may contribute to the spread of

diarrhea, such as access to clean water, sanitation facilities, waste management

practices, and presence of open sewage. This data can be obtained from local

government agencies responsible for water and sanitation infrastructure, as well

as environmental protection agencies. Collecting climate data, including

temperature, rainfall, humidity, and other relevant meteorological factors.

Changes in weather patterns and extreme weather events can impact the

transmission of diarrheal diseases. Analyse data from health facilities, such as

hospitals and clinics, to identify patterns related to diarrhea, such as seasonal

variations, age groups affected, and the severity of cases. Also researchers will

obtain health behaviour and hygiene practices through surveys or interviews to

gather data on the knowledge, practices related to hygiene, sanitation, and water

management among the population. This data may also provide insights into

healthcare-seeking behaviour and treatment outcomes. The data are further

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used in spatial analysis techniques to identify spatial patterns and potential risk

factors associated with diarrhea.

Tools For Data Analysis

When conducting a spatial risk analysis of diarrhea in Dagupan City, there are

several tools and techniques available for data analysis, including descriptive

statistics, measures of central tendencies, and spatial autocorrelation. Here are

some commonly used tools:

Descriptive Statistics: Descriptive statistics summarise and describe the

main characteristics of a dataset. They can provide insights into the distribution,

central tendency, and variation of the variables of interest.

Measures of Central Tendency: Measures of central tendency help identify

the typical or average value of a variable within a dataset. The most commonly

used measures are the mean. The mean represents the arithmetic average of

the values, the median represents the middle value when the data is sorted, and

the mode represents the most frequently occurring value.

Spatial Autocorrelation: Spatial autocorrelation measures the degree of

similarity or dissimilarity between spatial observations based on their geographic

proximity. It helps identify spatial patterns, clustering, or dispersion of the

variables being analysed.

AnalysisData

The association between risk factors and diarrhea will be assessed using

logistic regression analysis. Data will be analysed using appropriate statistical

methods to determine the faecal contamination.

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