DESIGN AND PRODUCTION

PROCESS
 MODULE 1

Multimedia and Design

Production
 Module 1-A

Multimedia Design
Multimedia Lifecycle
Applications of Multimedia
Intended Learning Outcome
• To be knowledgeable on multimedia design and
process production

• To determine the multimedia lifecycle

• To identify the different applications of Multimedia

Multimedia Design
The Concept of Multimedia
• Multimedia is used in different ways for several
purposes by individuals, businesses, government,
schools, filmmakers, musicians and more.

• Some of the areas we see the application of

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multimedia include but not limited to the 7971601/6770993_orig.png?273

entertainment industry, the print media, radio &

broadcast industry, science, teaching and learning,
advertisement, public speaking.
The Concept of multimedia
• Multimedia is made up of two words:
• Multi: This means many, various, more
than one, etc.
• Media: Is the plural for Medium. Medium is
singular and refers to intermediary or
means of conveying or transmitting
information or communicating to people
and world.
• However, media in information technology
or computer science refers to specific
elements which are used as intermediaries. http://otso.h.media.illinois.edu/wp-
content/uploads/2013/12/multimedia.jpg
The Concept of multimedia
For example:
• The press, newspaper, radio and TV broadcasting industry refer to
MEDIA as MASS MEDIA
• Things like cables, network, satellite and radio in communications
are referred to as TRANSMISSION MEDIA
• In computer science storage devices such as CD, DVD, HD,
SDCARD and USB are referred to as STORAGE MEDIA
• Human Computer Interaction (HCI) also refer to Text, picture, sound,
video, graphics and animation as INTERACTION MEDIA
The Concept of multimedia
• The word MULTIMEDIA is broadly used in many context differently.

For example:
– Multimedia computer
– Multimedia network
– Multimedia radio or TV broadcast
– Multimedia classroom
– Multimedia technology
– Multimedia ppt. presentation
https://www.autoxloo.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Multimedia1.jpg
– Multimedia transmission
Defining Multimedia
• Multimedia is the creation of content
which combines different elements such
as image, text, audio, video, graphics and
animation.
• It is a means of communicating using
multiple forms of elements to present
information.
• It is use of computer to present
https://moonsalim.files.wordpress.com/2014/05/element.png
information or content which constitute a
mix of text, audio, graphics, animation
and video in a single content.
Elements of Multimedia

• Text – ASCII/Unicode, HTML

etc
• Audio – Sound, music,
speech etc
• Image – photo or pictures
• Video – Moving images:
movie
• Graphics and Animation
https://image.slidesharecdn.com/multimedia-170124071019/95/multimedia-use-
in-education-9-638.jpg?cb=1485241826
Why do we use multimedia?

• Multiple media is used to enrich our communication or

presentation

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Multimedia in ICT
• Multimedia can be created and presented digitally or analogue
• But in terms of computer science multimedia is created digitally and
presented digital format.
• Computer multimedia content are discrete that is they are presented
in bits which ONEs or ZEROs (1s or 0s).
Multimedia in ICT
Multimedia in terms of ICT have the following attributes:
• Digitized: They are created and presented in a digital format
• Distributed: The content is transmitted remotely, offline, online or
real-time over a network
• Interactive: The user has the opportunity to control or manipulate
the digital multimedia content
• Integrated: The various elements in a digital multimedia are
uniformly treated as one and presented as one content, however
they can be manipulated independently.
Multimedia in ICT
• Digital multimedia is the
combination of text, graphics (still
or animated), sound, and video to
create content which is delivered
by a computer system or device.
http://educationcareerarticles.com/wp-
content/uploads/2013/07/digital-media-communications.jpg

• It is a technique of putting together text, image, audio, video,

graphic and animation in a format the they can be represented,
processed, stored, transmitted, produced and presented digitally.
Multimedia in ICT
• Multimedia is broadly divided into
Linear
• Content is presented without the user having the chance to
control the presentation. Eg. Cinema
Non Linear
• Give the user the opportunity to interact with the content as it
is presented. Eg. Computer game, recorded production on
CD etc.

Both live and recorded multimedia production can offer some kind of
interactivity.
Multimedia in ICT
Medium of delivering digital multimedia content:
– Web based
• Mostly delivered through website using the internet. This is
normally referred to as web based multimedia. Eg. YouTube
content.
– CD
• Multimedia content are recorded and stored on storage
devices such CD and others. This can be played on
television or home theatre, personal computer, phone etc.

Multimedia presentation online are digital and they can be downloaded or

streamed. Streaming can be done live or on-demand.
Multimedia Life Cycle
Multimedia Life Cycle
The four main stage in multimedia life cycle:

– Multimedia Authoring, Capturing

– Multimedia Representation, and processing
– Multimedia Retrieval
– Multimedia Delivery
Applications of Multimedia
Applications of Multimedia

Residential Services
–Video-On-Demand
–Video phone
–Video conferencing
–Shopping

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Applications of Multimedia

Science and Technology

–Virtual environment
–Scientific visualization prototyping

https://thedigitalrenewal.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/doctor-using-
virtual-reality-glasses-in-his-research-work-1024x684.jpeg
Applications of Multimedia

Business Services
–Corporate education
–E-business

http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-
4S42RPjH7xw/UTlqOEHcpTI/AAAAAAAAAA8/4Of67h1vlZI/s1600/Online+meeting.jpg
Applications of Multimedia
Entertainment
–Games
–Interactive TV

https://tse3.mm.bing.net/th?id=OIP.aXgrSn59qPMu
oVDdMQ83cgHaFM&pid=Api&P=0&w=253&h=178

Web Applications
–Website design and development

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-multimedia/images/photo_staion.jpg
Applications of Multimedia
Creative Industries
–Fine arts, entertainment,
commercial art, journalism etc
use multimedia for various
purposes

Entertainment and Arts

–Multimedia tools are used to
create special effects in movies https://i.pinimg.com/736x/36/c5/c2/36c5c259d2966dabbd8420210304a3e8--product-design-and-
development-studio-design.jpg
and animations. Also in games
 Applications of Multimedia
Education
–Multimedia is used to create
computer-based training courses
(CBT)
–Multimedia is used to create
online courses
https://image.slidesharecdn.com/multimediaapproachtoteachingvillanueva-170505051253/95/multimedia-approach-to-
teaching-villanueva-1-638.jpg?cb=1493961341

–Multimedia is used to create eLearning and mobile Learning system

–Multimedia is used to develop school management and learning
management systems
ARTICLES AND REFERENCES
• Almarabeh, H. & Amer, E. (2015). The Effectiveness of Multimedia Learning Tools in
Education. Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/290429349
• Annan, N.K. (n.d.) Introduction to Multimedia
• Collington, M (2016). Animation in Context: A Practical Guide to Theory and Making.
Fairchild Books. USA
• Costello, V (2017) Multimedia Foundations: Core Concepts for Digital Design / New York :
Routledge
• Frederiksen, D. (2012). The Online Vide Guide: Everything You Need to Know to Start
Promoting Your Business with Video. Emeryville, CA
• Godfrey, R. (n.d.) New Wine in Old Bottles: Multimedia Design Methodology.
• Hodges, P. etal. (2017). Four Criteria for Design Theories. She Ji. Retrieved from:
https://www.journals.elsevier.com/she-ji-the-journal-of-design-economics-and-innovation
• Irving, D.K (2016). Film Theory: An Introduction through the Senses
ARTICLES AND REFERENCES
• Lidwell, W. (2013) Universal Principles of Design. 125 Ways to Enhance Usability, Influence
Perception, Increase Appeal, Make Better Design Decisions, and Teach through Design.
RockPort Publishers, Massachusetts.
• Liu, M, Jones, C. & Hemstreet, S. Interactive Multimedia Design and Production Process.
Research on Computing in Education, 088886504, Spring98, Vol. 30, Issue 3
• Mou, T. (January, 2015). Creative Story Design Method in Animation Production Pipeline.
Retrieved from : https://www.researchgate.net/publication/296089619
• Pollard, N. (n.d.).How to Pitch a project. Retrieved from:
http://njoubert.com/assets/thirdparty/pollard-howtopitchaproject.pdf
• Shiratuddin, N, & Supian, J.J. (2008). Multimedia Development Methodologies Matrix,
Knowledge Management International Conference, KMICE, Malaysia. 10-12 June 2008.
• Wales, L. (2017). The Complete Guide to Film and Digital Production: The People and The
Process. Talor and Francis
• Wallace, C. (5-Jun). The 4-Step Process of Multimedia Production. Retrieved from:
https://visual.ly/community/Infographics/business/4-step-process-multimedia-production
DESIGN AND PRODUCTION
PROCESS
 MODULE 1

Multimedia and Design

Production
 Module 1-B

Multimedia Production
Project Design
Multimedia Production Team
Intended Learning Outcome

• To understand multimedia production

• To determine multimedia production team

Multimedia Production
https://thumbnails-visually.netdna-ssl.com/the-4step-process-of-multimedia-production_51c939482df6b_w1500.jpg
Multimedia Production
The 4-Step Process

Pre-production Production Prepress Production Printing and

• Concept Design Technical production of the Media capture Distribution
• Bidding presentation's components Edit Final System configuration
• Platform licensing a. Audio/Video/Film Compression/decompression System portabilized
• Media Interaction b. Sound track/Effects Programming
• Casting c. Illustration System configuration
d. Written copy
e. Animation
Project Design
Project Design
Project Design is an early phase of the project where a project’s key features,
structure, criteria for success, and major deliverables are planned out.

The point is to develop one or more designs which can be used to achieve the
desired project goals. Stakeholders can then choose the best design to use
for the actual execution of the project.

However, it’s one stage that’s often rushed or overlooked. For your project to
be successful, you must first understand the steps involved in project design,
as well as how to document them.
Project Design
Creating a project design can help you avoid pitfalls down the road and also set a
reasonable budget from the outset. To create a truly effective and reasonable
project design it’s imperative to include multiple team members and stakeholders
during the planning phase.
Project Design
Project design is one of the earliest stages in the life of a project (exactly
when it occurs varies by organization). During project design, an outline of
the project is created, including:

– The organization(s) responsible for completing it

– A description of the project
– Goals, outcomes, and objectives, and when they will be completed
– Major deliverables, products, and/or features
– Success criteria, and/or monitoring and evaluation guidelines
– Budget estimates
Effective Project Design
1. Define Project Goal
• First and foremost, you should meet with your team and key stakeholders to
define the ultimate goal or outcome of your project.
• This might be the product that is going to be developed, the service that will be
provided, or the problem your project will solve.
• Consider the needs and expectations of all stakeholders and/or beneficiaries
when determining your goals, and get their approval early on.
• Make sure your team members weigh in on the accuracy and feasibility of the
goals you define, as well. Remember, the more of this you can figure out ahead
of time, the easier your project will be to manage later.
Effective Project Design
2. Determine Outcomes, Objectives, and/or Deliverables
• After the primary goals have been established, break each down into smaller,
more manageable pieces.
• In other industries, such as project management and software development,
the smaller pieces may be deliverables, such as a marketing plan, or a prototype
of the software.
• During the design phase, some organizations break down outcomes, objectives,
and/or deliverables even further into the tasks and activities required to
complete them.
• Others save the task/activity breakdown for a later phase of the project life
cycle, such as during project scheduling. It’s up to your organization to decide
what works best.
Effective Project Design
Whatever your process, it’s helpful to use the SMART acronym when identifying
outcomes, objectives, and/or deliverables. Make sure they are:

• Specific: Be as clear and direct as possible so that later, you can plan the tasks that
will be performed to achieve them. Provide specific guidance on which resources are
involved and their roles.
• Measurable: Outcomes, objectives, and/or deliverables must be quantifiable. This
way, you’ll be able to measure results and track progress.
• Achievable: Make sure goals can realistically be achieved given the resources,
budget, and time frame available.
• Relevant: All outcomes, objectives, and/or deliverables should logically result in
achieving project goals and producing intended results.
• Time-Bound: Provide a timeline for when they will be achieved/completed.
Effective Project Design
3. Identify Risks, Constraints, and Assumptions
• Now that you’ve determined what you want your project to achieve, identify
anything that could stand in the way of its success.
• Document any risks and constraints on budget, time, or resources that could
affect your team’s ability to reach goals, milestones, and outcomes. Then try to
resolve as many of these problems as you can. This will help prevent delays
once the project is underway.
• It’s also good practice to document any assumptions made during the project
design phase. These will come in handy when you create a Statement of Work
(SOW) and/or project schedule, and will also help you estimate costs more
accurately.
Effective Project Design
4. Prepare a Visual Aid
• Once you’ve determined your goals, outcomes, and risks, you can prepare a
visual aid to represent part or all of the project. Visualizations are particularly
common in the creative, construction, nonprofit, and software development
verticals.
• However, using visualizations can be useful when managing any type of project
since they provide team members and stakeholders an easily understandable
snapshot of the project’s goals, outcomes, deliverables, products, services,
and/or functionality.
Effective Project Design
Visual aids may include:
• Sketches or drawings • Photos
• Plans, schematics, or • Prototypes
rough blueprints • Mind maps
• Flow charts • Whiteboard drawings
• Site trees
• Gantt charts The type of visual aid you choose may depend
• Screenshots or screen
on your industry. In project management, Gantt
charts, mind maps, and whiteboard drawings are
designs
often used to visualize early-stage project
designs.
Effective Project Design
5. Ballpark Your Budget

• It’s important to know the budget right from the start. Even if you don’t have a
complete picture of the costs and incomes your project will generate, create a
budget in as much detail as you can.
• The clearer you can be about your budget during the project design phase, the
less likely you are to experience unexpected cost overruns later.
• Estimating your budget will also help you determine the feasibility of the
project.
• If the cost is more than your client, customer, funding source, or partnering
entity can spare, the project can’t realistically be undertaken.
Effective Project Design
6. Determine Approval and Monitoring Processes

• Now that you have a picture of the project’s goals, risks, and budget, decide how
success will be determined.
• List the criteria you’ll use to judge whether deliverables, outcomes, and the final
product have been achieved. You should also determine what processes must be
followed in order for the project and its elements to be approved, and who is
responsible for approval.
• For projects that are quite technical or complex, you may also want to add a stage for
“proof of concept.” This allows the preliminary design of a product or service to be
tested for viability before the project advances to the next phase.
• Performing this stage can save a lot of time and money if the test isn’t successful. If
your proof of concept is feasible, this can reassure clients, stakeholders, and/or funding
sources they have made a good investment.
Effective Project Design
7. Use Proper Project Design Documents

• You must also use the proper documentation to capture all this information. In
project management, the output of the design phase may be as simple as a
Gantt chart, flow chart, work chart, or hierarchy chart that is carried into the
project planning phase.
• However, many projects do not have a formal design phase. Instead, there is an
initiation phase, in which a detailed project plan, project charter, or project
initiation document (PID) is created. The approach you take will depend on your
organization.
Effective Project Design
Creative projects, such as those in the advertising and marketing industries, also
use a slightly different document for the project design phase: creative briefs.
These documents more closely resemble a project plan or SOW, and serve to
identify goals and outcomes, deliverables, team members, budget, scope, and
schedule. Briefs may also include industry-specific sections, such as information
about the target audience for a campaign.
Multimedia Production Team
Multimedia Production Team
• High-quality interactive multimedia applications are the product of the
efforts of a production team.
• Some people might argue that anybody can do a multimedia
presentation.
• Several software applications are available that enable the average
computer user to develop simple and effective presentations.
• But the production of fine-quality high end interactive multimedia
applications is usually the work of a team of specialist.
Multimedia Production Team
Multimedia Production Team
• The Production Manager
• Content Specialist
• Instructional Designer
• Script Writer
• Text Editor
• Multimedia Architect / Program Authoring Specialist
• Computer Graphic Artist
• Audio and Video Specialist
• Computer Programmer
• Web Master
Multimedia Production Team
The Production Manager
Responsibility:
• to define, coordinate, and facilitate the
production of the multimedia project.

Some of the task performed by the

Production Manager are:
• Defining the scope of the project
• Negotiating with the client
• Securing financial resources, equipment
and facilities
• Coordinating the development team
Multimedia Production Team
The Production Manager
• Basic principles of multimedia authoring
• Good negotiation skills
• Skillful proposal writing
• In depth knowledge of legal matters
concerning the production of media
• Good communication skills
• Budgeting management skills
• Experience in human resources
management
• Educational background of Business
Management and Media Production
Multimedia Production Team
The Content Specialist
Responsibility:
• Performing all necessary research concerning the content of the
proposed application.
• Defines the specific information, data, graphic or facts to be
presented through the multimedia application.

Skills:
• Library and Internet research experience, good writing skills and skills
in summarizing complex and extensive information.
Multimedia Production Team
Instructional Designer
Responsibility:
• Presents the information provided by the content specialist using the
best available educational strategies and practices.
• He should develop the strategies to assess the learning of the users.

Skills:
• Knowledge of the basic principles of multimedia authoring and have a
good educational background.
Multimedia Production Team
Script Writer
Responsibility:
• to visualize the content of the multimedia application..

Skills:
• In-depth knowledge of multimedia authoring and should have a good
educational background.
• Excellent writing skills and capable of constructing a storyboards.
• Graphic and written communication skills.
Multimedia Production Team
Text Editor
Responsibility:
• The contents in a multimedia production needs to flow in a logical
fashion and the text must be structurally and grammatically correct.
• Text and narration will be integrated as part of the application.
• Documentation of the application also important.
• All these need to be revised by a text editor.

Skills:
• Should be well in multimedia authoring and should have good
educational background.
• Should posses excellent writing skill and should be able to structure
the ideas in a meaningful way.
Multimedia Production Team
Multimedia Architect
Responsibility:
• Integrating all the multimedia building blocks like graphics, text,
audio, music, video, photo and animation.

Skills:
• Expert in multimedia authoring
• Good educational background
• Excellent graphic and written communication skills
• Good communicator
• Computer programming experience
Multimedia Production Team
Computer Graphic Artist
Responsibility:
• Responsible for the graphic elements of the program and the
manipulation and editing of pictures, 3D objects, logo,
animation, renderings.
Skills:
• Multimedia authoring
• Educational background in graphic arts, communication and
media production
• Excellent graphic communication skills
• Experience in 3D graphics production
• Experience in animation
Multimedia Production Team
Audio Specialist
Responsibility:
• Recording and edition narration.
• Selecting, recording and editing the sound effects and music.

Skills:
• Good in multimedia authoring
• Education background in audio and media production.
Multimedia Production Team
Video Specialist
Responsibility:
• Responsible for video capturing, editing and digitizing.
• Also responsible for taking pictures, scanning pictures and
slides, and editing.

Skills:
• Good in multimedia authoring
• Education background in video and media production.
Multimedia Production Team
Computer Programmer
Responsibility:
• Programming of code lines or scripts in the authoring language.

Skills:
• Expert in multimedia authoring, programming language like
C++, JAVA and authoring scripts like Lingo and Action Script.
Multimedia Production Team
Web Master
Responsibility:
• Creating and maintaining an Internet Web page.
• Capable of converting a multimedia application into a web page
or creating a web page with multimedia elements.

Skills:
• Good in multimedia authoring and web production tools.
Multimedia Production Team
Subject Matter Expert/ Consultant
–The production content is designed by the subject matter expert
ARTICLES AND REFERENCES
• Almarabeh, H. & Amer, E. (2015). The Effectiveness of Multimedia Learning Tools in
Education. Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/290429349
• Annan, N.K. (n.d.) Introduction to Multimedia
• Collington, M (2016). Animation in Context: A Practical Guide to Theory and Making.
Fairchild Books. USA
• Costello, V (2017) Multimedia Foundations: Core Concepts for Digital Design / New York :
Routledge
• Frederiksen, D. (2012). The Online Vide Guide: Everything You Need to Know to Start
Promoting Your Business with Video. Emeryville, CA
• Godfrey, R. (n.d.) New Wine in Old Bottles: Multimedia Design Methodology.
• Hodges, P. etal. (2017). Four Criteria for Design Theories. She Ji. Retrieved from:
https://www.journals.elsevier.com/she-ji-the-journal-of-design-economics-and-innovation
• Irving, D.K (2016). Film Theory: An Introduction through the Senses
ARTICLES AND REFERENCES
• Lidwell, W. (2013) Universal Principles of Design. 125 Ways to Enhance Usability, Influence
Perception, Increase Appeal, Make Better Design Decisions, and Teach through Design.
RockPort Publishers, Massachusetts.
• Liu, M, Jones, C. & Hemstreet, S. Interactive Multimedia Design and Production Process.
Research on Computing in Education, 088886504, Spring98, Vol. 30, Issue 3
• Mou, T. (January, 2015). Creative Story Design Method in Animation Production Pipeline.
Retrieved from : https://www.researchgate.net/publication/296089619
• Pollard, N. (n.d.).How to Pitch a project. Retrieved from:
http://njoubert.com/assets/thirdparty/pollard-howtopitchaproject.pdf
• Shiratuddin, N, & Supian, J.J. (2008). Multimedia Development Methodologies Matrix,
Knowledge Management International Conference, KMICE, Malaysia. 10-12 June 2008.
• Wales, L. (2017). The Complete Guide to Film and Digital Production: The People and The
Process. Talor and Francis
• Wallace, C. (5-Jun). The 4-Step Process of Multimedia Production. Retrieved from:
https://visual.ly/community/Infographics/business/4-step-process-multimedia-production