Republic of the Philippines

Division of Davao City

TOYOZU TECHNICAL SCHOOL FOUNDATION INC.
#25 Dacudao Avenue Agdao, Davao City

GENERAL
MATHEMATICS
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
(Grade 11 - First Quarter)
WEEK 3
(September 7, 2020 – September 11, 2020)

MODULE 3
S.Y. 2020 - 2021
General Mathematics
Lesson 5: Rational Functions

Content Standard
The learner demonstrates understanding of key concepts of functions.

Learning Competency
The learner should able to accurately formulate and solve real-life problem involving
rational functions.

Specific Learning Outcomes

At the end of this lesson, the learners will be able to:
1. Determine the: (a) intercepts, (b) zeroes and (c) asymptotes of rational functions
2. Graph rational functions
3. Solve problems involving rational functions, equations and inequalities

ABSTRACTION

Intercepts

The intercepts of the graph of rational function are the points of intersection of its
graph and an axis.
The y-intercept of the graph of a rational function r(x), if it exists, occurs at r(0),
provided that r(x) is define at x = 0.
The x-intercept of the graph of a rational function r(x), if it exists, occurs at the
zeroes of the numerator that are not zeroes of the denominators.

Example 1: Find the x- and y-intercept, if they exist of the following rational functions.

a. r(x) = (x + 1)(x – 3)(x + 2) b. R(x) = x2 + 3x – 4

(x – 1)(x + 3) x 2 – 16
Solution
a. The y-intercept of the graph of r(x) is
r(x) = (x + 1)(x – 3)(x + 2)
(x – 1)(x + 3)
r(0) = (0 + 1)(0 – 3)(0 + 2)
(0 – 1)(0 + 3)
= (1)(–3)(2)
(–1)(3)
=2
The x-intercepts are the solution of (x + 1)(x – 3)(x + 2) = 0
(x + 1)(x – 3)(x + 2) = 0
x+1=0 or x–3=0 or x+2=0
x = -1 x=3 x = -2
 Neither of these three values is a solution of (x - 1)(x + 3) = 0 . Thus, x = 1, x = -3 and
x = -2 are x-intercepts of the graph of r(x).

b. The y-intercept of the graph of R(x) is

R(x) = x2 + 3x - 4
x2 – 16
R(0) = 02 + 3(0) - 4
02 – 16
=-4
-16
= 1
4
The x-intercepts are the solutions of x2 + 3x – 4 = 0.
x2 + 3x – 4 = 0
(x + 4)(x – 1) = 0
x+4=0 or x–1=0
x = -4 x=1
The zeroes of x – 16 = 0 are x = 4 and x = -4. Since x =1 is not a zero of the
2

denominator, it is the only x-intercept of R(x).

Asymptotes

The zeroes of rational function r(x) = p(x)/q(x) can determined by solving p(x) = 0. In
other words, whatever values that make the numerator p(x) equal to zero are the zeroes of
r(x).
The behavior of the graph of a rational function near the asymptotes is explained
arithmetically:
i. If a number n is too big, then 1/n is to small and closer to 0.
(Think: 1 / big number = small number)
ii. If a number n is too small, then 1/n is too big and far from 0.
(Think: 1 / small number = big number)

Example 2: Find the zeroes of each rational function.

a. g(x) = 3x b. G(x) = 4x2 – 9

x2 + 6 x–3

Solution

a. For g(x) = 3x 3x = 0 and x = 0. Thus, the zero of g(x) = 0.

X2 + 6
b. For G(x) = 4x2 – 9, 4x2 – 9 = 0 implies that (2x – 3)(2x + 3) = 0 and x = 3/2 or
x-3
x = -3/2. Thus, zeroes of G(x) are x = 3/2 or x = -3/2.

Example 3: Determine the vertical asymptotes of each rational function.

 a. r(x) = (x + 1)(x – 3)(x + 4) b. h(x) = (x – 1)(x – 3)(x – 2)
(x – 1)(x + 2) (x + 1)(x – 2) 2
Solution

a. The zeroes of the numerator are -1, 3 and -4. The zeroes of the denominator are
1 and -2. The vertical asymptotes for r(x) are x = 1 and x = -2. These values are
zeroes of the denominator but not of the numerator.
b. The zeroes of the numerator are 1, 3 and 2. The zeroes of the denominator are -1
and 2 (multiplicity 2). They vertical asymptotes for h(x) is x = -1.

Example 4: Determine the horizontal asymptotes of each rational function.

a. r(x) = x b. h(x) = 7 – 3x
9x – 1
2
2x + 1
Solution

a. The degree of the numerator x is less than the degree of the denominator 9x 2 – 1.
Therefore, the horizontal asymptote is y = 0.
b. The degree of the numerator 7 – 3x and that of the denominator 2x + 1 are equal.
Therefore, the horizontal asymptote y is equal to the ration of the leading
coefficient of the numerator -3 to the leading coefficient of the denominator 2. That
is y = -3/2.

Example 5: A theater can accommodate at most 450 people per show. The theater
managers uses the formula C = 2 (h + 150,000) to determine the cost C (in US Dollar) of
operating the theater with h people. How many people must watch a show to keep the cost
down to $1,600?

Solution

To find the value of h that will bring the cost down to $1,600, solve the inequalitiy.
2 |h + 150,000| < 1,600
h
h + 150,000 < 800
h
h + 150,000 - 800 < 0
h
h + 150,000 – 800h < 0
2

h
Since h > 0, the inequality is reduced to h 2 + 150,000 – 800h < 0. Solving the
quadratic inequality gives a value between 300 and 500. Therefore, to bring keep the cost
down to $1,600, 300 to 500 people must watch the show.

ACTIVITY 5.0
Direction: Analyze each rational function algebraically. Determine:

i. x- and y-intercepts ii. zeroes iii. asymptotes

1. f(x) = 1 2. f(x) = -1 3. g(x) = -2 4. g(x) = -3

x–3 x+4 2x + 3 2–x

5. h(x) = 2x 6. h(x) = x -1 7. k(x) = 2 – x 8. k(x) = 3x + 2

3x + 2 x x+3 x–3

9. p(x) = 1 10. p(x) = x

x(x – 1)2 2
2x + 5x - 3

General Mathematics
Lesson 6: One-to-One Function

Content Standard
The learner demonstrates understanding of key concepts of inverse functions,
exponential functions and logarithmic functions.

Learning Competency
The learner should able to apply the concepts of inverse functions, exponential
functions and logarithmic functions to formulate and solve real-life problems with precision
and accuracy.

Specific Learning Outcomes

At the end of this lesson, the learners will be able to:
1. Represent real-life situation using one-to-one functions; and
2. Determine the inverse of one-to-one function

ABSTRACTION

One-To-One Function

In the previous functions are described as mapping of its domain to its range. Recall
that a relation is one-to-one if and only if each element of its domain corresponds to a
unique element in its range and each element of its range corresponds to a unique element
in its domain.
In other words, when a function has additional property that no two unique elements
of the domain have the same image in the range, the function is called to be one-to-one
function.
The arrow diagrams below show an example and non-example of one-to-one
function:
Domain Range Domain Range

X1 Y1 X1 Y1
X2 Y2 X2 Y2
X3 Y3 X3 Y3

One-to-one Function Not One-to-one Function

Horizontal Line Test

A function f is one-to-one if and only if no horizontal line drawn through the graph of f
intersects it more than once.

Example 1: State whether each relation whose graph is given is one-to-one function or not.
 a. b

c d

Solution

a. A horizontal line that passes through the graph of the given function V(x) may
intersect the graph at two points. Hence, the function represented by the graph is
not one-to-one function.
b. When a horizontal line is to pass through the graph of H(x), it will pass through all
its points. Thus, the relation is not a one-to-one function.
c. The graph of C(x) and any horizontal line will intersect at only one point.
Therefore, it is a one-to-one function.
d. The line L(x) and any horizontal line will intersect at only one point. Hence, L(x) is
a one-to-one function.

Inverse of One-to-one Function

The importance of one-to-one functions is due to the fact that these are the only
functions that have an inverse, as defined below.
Let f be a one-to-one function with domain A and range B. Then the inverse of f,
denoted by f–1, is a function with domain B and ranges A defined by if and only if for any y
in B.
A function has an inverse if and only if it is one-to-one. If a function f is not one-
to-one, properly defining an inverse function f–1 will be problematic. For example, suppose
that f(1) = 5 and f(3) = 5. If f–1 exists, then f–1(5) has to be both 1 and 3, and this prevents
f–1 from being a valid f function. This is the reason why the inverse is only defined for one-
to-one functions.

Example 2: Find the inverse of each.

a. f(x) = 2x + 1 b. f(x) = x – 2
2x + 3
Solution

To find the inverse of the given relation, first, replace f(x) with y. then, interchange x
and y, and solve for y in terms of x. finally, replace y with f -1(x), the notation f-1(x) for the
inverse of f.
a. f(x) = y = 2x + 1 b. f(x) = y = x – 2
 x = 2y + 1 2x + 3
x-1 = 2y x = y–2
x–1 = 2y 2y + 3
2 2 x(2y + 3) =y–2
x–1 =y 2xy + 3x =y–2
2 2xy - y = -3x – 2
f-1(x) =x–1 y(2x – 1) = -3x – 2
2 y = -3x – 2
2x – 1
f-1(x) = -3x – 2
2x – 1

ACTIVITY 6.0

A. Direction: State whether each function whose graph is given is one-to-one function or not.

1. 2.

3. 4

5. 6.

7. 8.
 9. 10.

B. Direction: Find the inverse of each relation.

1. f(x) = x – 5 2. f(x) = 3 3. f(x) = 3 – 4x

4. f(x) = x2 + 1 5. f(x) = 2x – 7 6. f(x) = x – 2

7. f(x) = x3 – 1 8. f(x) = 3x + 6 9. f(x) = 2x + 4

10. f(x) = 3x – 1