Public Disclosure Authorized

GOVERNANCE
Public Disclosure Authorized

GOVERNANCE
Public Disclosure Authorized

EQUITABLE GROWTH, FINANCE & INSTITUTIONS INSIGHT

GovTech Maturity Index

2022 Update
Public Disclosure Authorized

Trends in Public Sector

Digital Transformation
December 2022

Supported by the GovTech Global Partnership (GTGP) and the KDI School (Republic of Korea)
GovTech Maturity Index
2022 Update

Trends in Public Sector

Digital Transformation
December 2022

Supported by the GovTech Global Partnership (GTGP) and the KDI School (Republic of Korea)
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GOVTECH MATURITY INDEX 2022 UPDATE: TRENDS IN PUBLIC SECTOR DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION 5
 Table of
Contents

Preface 11

Abbreviations 12

Acknowledgments 13

Executive Summary 15

1. Introduction 19
Approach 20
Timeline 22

2. Methodology 23
How is the 2022 GovTech Maturity Index Update Different? 23
Definition of New Indicators 25
Data Collection 25
Index Construction 28
Data Analysis 30
Validation of Observations 31
Reporting of Results 32
GTMI Data Dashboard 32

3. Findings 33
State of GovTech around the World 33
Regional Outlook 38
Income Level Distribution 40
Borrower Category Distribution 41
Fragile and Conflict-affected Situations 42
Main Findings 43

6 GOVTECH MATURITY INDEX 2022 UPDATE: TRENDS IN PUBLIC SECTOR DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION
 Trends 45
A Closer Look at the GovTech Focus Areas 48
State of Core Government Systems 48
State of Public Service Delivery 50
State of Digital Citizen Engagement 52
State of GovTech Enablers 54

4. Good Practices 57
GovTech Leaders (Group A) 59
Bangladesh 59
Ecuador 60
Egypt 61
Iceland 62
Mauritius 63
Mongolia 64
Oman 65
Tanzania 66
Uganda 67
Uzbekistan 68
Significant Focus on GovTech (Group B) 69
Benin 69
Cambodia 70
Ghana 71
Guatemala 72
Some Focus on GovTech (Group C) 73
Angola 73
Nepal 74

Conclusions and Recommendations 75

Appendixes 77
Appendix A. Explanation of Revised GovTech Indicators 78
Appendix B. The 2022 GovTech Dataset 100
Appendix C. Comparison with UN e-Government Development Index 105
Appendix D. GovTech References 107

Environmental Benefits Statement 109

GOVTECH MATURITY INDEX 2022 UPDATE: TRENDS IN PUBLIC SECTOR DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION 7
 List of
Figures
Figure 1.1: GTMI timeline 22
Figure 3.1: Average GTMI scores, by GTMI groups 37
Figure 3.2: Average GTMI scores, by income levels 37
Figure 3.3: Average GTMI component scores, by GTMI groups, 2022 38
Figure 3.4: State of GovTech in the regions, by GTMI groups, 2022 39
Figure 3.5: Average GTMI component scores in the regions, 2022 39
Figure 3.6: Income level distribution, by GTMI groups, 2022 40
Figure 3.7: Average GTMI component scores by income levels, 2022 40
Figure 3.8: Borrower category distribution by GTMI groups, 2022 41
Figure 3.9: Average GTMI components, by borrower categories, 2022 41
Figure 3.10: FCS category distribution, by GTMI groups, 2022 42
Figure 3.11: Average GTMI components, by FCS categories, 2022 43
Figure 3.12: Diffusion of digital government and GovTech initiatives, 2022 46
Figure 3.13: Diffusion of selected government institutions and systems, 2022 47
Figure B.1: Description of the 2022 GovTech Dataset 100
Figure C.1: Comparison of the GTMI with the UN e-Government Development Index, 2022 106

8 GOVTECH MATURITY INDEX 2022 UPDATE: TRENDS IN PUBLIC SECTOR DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION
List of
Tables
Table 2.1: 2022 GTMI key indicators 26
Table 2.2: Weight categories used for the GTMI group calculations 29
Table 2.3: Definition of GovTech Maturity Index (GTMI) groups 30
Table 2.4: Distribution of GTMI groups, by number of economies and average scores 31
Table 3.1: An overview of GovTech maturity, 2022 35
Table 3.2: Changes in the GTMI groups, 2022 36
Table 3.3: Changes in four GTMI component scores, 2022 37
Table 4.1: Selected good practices, by group, income level, and region, 2022 58
Table A.1: GovTech key indicators and sub-indicators 78
Table B.1: List of 198 economies, by income and region, 2022 101
Table B.2: List of fragile and conflict-affected situations, 2022 104
Table C.1: Comparison of GTMI with UN EGDI, by number of countries and GTMI groups, 2022 105

List of
Maps
Map 3.1: State of GovTech around the world, by GTMI groups, 2022 34
Map 3.2: State of core government systems, by GTMI groups, 2022 49
Map 3.3: State of public service delivery, by GTMI groups, 2022 51
Map 3.4: State of digital citizen engagement, by GTMI groups, 2022 53
Map 3.5: State of GovTech enablers, by GTMI groups, 2022 56

GOVTECH MATURITY INDEX 2022 UPDATE: TRENDS IN PUBLIC SECTOR DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION 9
10 GOVTECH MATURITY INDEX 2022 UPDATE: TRENDS IN PUBLIC SECTOR DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION
Preface
In 2019, the World Bank launched the GovTech enablers. The GTMI is not intended to create a ranking
Global Partnership (GTGP) Initiative to support client or assess a country’s readiness for or performance
countries in efforts to harness the opportunities of of GovTech; rather, it is intended to complement
digital for public sector modernization. While the existing tools and diagnostics by providing a baseline
World Bank has been helping client countries utilize and benchmark for GovTech maturity and identifying
technology for governance for decades, it was evident areas for improvement.
that the lessons learned by leading GovTech countries This 2022 GTMI report presents an updated global
could inform and influence development pathways snapshot of digital government transformation. The
and had great potential to aid the achievement of the GTMI collects this information from 198 economies
twin goals of the World Bank Group: ending extreme worldwide and includes direct participation
poverty and boosting shared prosperity. from many government officials. It is the most
GovTech is a whole-of-government approach to comprehensive measure of digital transformation
public sector modernization that promotes a simple, in the public sector. This iteration captures many
efficient, and transparent government with the citizen changes and initiatives that were launched in the last
at the center of reforms. The GovTech approach two years. The COVID-19 pandemic and subsequent
represents the current frontier of digital government recovery efforts have emphasized the value of digital
transformation. As part of the GovTech Initiative, the for government and development outcomes.
World Bank Group provides financial and technical This is a key moment for GovTech. Governments are
assistance to low- and middle-income countries beginning to recover from the COVID-19 pandemic
worldwide to support the implementation of GovTech while facing bold challenges on fiscal space, peace,
solutions. stability, and climate change. Debt levels are increasing
The GovTech Maturity Index (GTMI) was introduced as while fiscal resources are stretched. GovTech is an
a part of the GTGP Initiative. It measures countries’ investment that can benefit governments and citizens
maturity in digital government transformation in four alike. I believe the GTMI will remain an essential tool
GovTech focus areas: (i) core government systems and for client countries to understand the gaps in their
shared digital platforms, (ii) online service delivery, GovTech approach, and to inform deliberations on
(iii) digital citizen engagement, and (iv) GovTech how to tackle constraints.

Arturo Herrera Gutiérrez

Global Director, Governance Global Practice
The World Bank

GOVTECH MATURITY INDEX 2022 UPDATE: TRENDS IN PUBLIC SECTOR DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION 11
 Abbreviations
AFR Sub-Saharan Africa
AI artificial intelligence
API application programming interface
DCEI Digital Citizen Engagement Index
CGSI Core Government Systems Index
EAP East Asia and Pacific
ECA Europe and Central Asia
EGDI e-Government Development Index
EPI e-Participation Index
GEA government enterprise architecture
GIF government interoperability framework
GSB government service bus
GTC GTMI calculated using weights based on correlation analysis with standardized scores
GTE GTMI calculated using weights based on expert opinion
GTEI GovTech Enablers Index
GTF GTMI calculated using weights based on factor analysis with standardized scores
GTMI GovTech Maturity Index
G2B government to business
G2C government to citizen
G2G government to government
HCI Human Capital Index
HIC high-income country
IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
ICT information and communication technology
IDA International Development Association
ID4D Identification for Development
IoT Internet of Things
IT information technology
LAC Latin America and the Caribbean
LIC low-income country
LMIC lower-middle-income country
MIC middle-income country
MENA Middle East and North Africa
OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
OSI Online Service Index
OSS open-source software
PSDI Public Service Delivery Index
SAR South Asia
TII Telecommunication Infrastructure Index
UMIC upper-middle-income country
UN United Nations
URL universal resource locator

12 GOVTECH MATURITY INDEX 2022 UPDATE: TRENDS IN PUBLIC SECTOR DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION
Acknowledgments
This report was prepared by the GTMI team led by (International Principal Digital Advisor, Digital Cabinet
Cem Dener (Task Team Leader, Lead Governance Office, GDS), Liz Lutgendorff (International Lead Insight
Specialist and Global Lead for GovTech). The team is and Analysis Advisor, GDS), Soheib Nunhuck (Digital
composed of Kimberly Johns (Co-Task Team Leader, Expert, GovTech Specialist, IMF), Gerardo Una (Head of
Senior Public Sector Specialist and Global Lead for the Capacity Development Strategy Support Team, IMF),
GovTech), Hubert Nii-Aponsah (Consultant), Charles Sailendra Narayan Pattanayak (Deputy Division Chief,
Victor Blanco (Senior Public Sector Specialist), Hunt La IMF), and Annys Rogerson (Consultant, Oxford Insights).
Cascia (Senior Procurement Specialist), Gustavo Alonso The team also benefited from the comments provided
Zanabria Gainza (Consultant), Çağla Giray (Consultant), by the WBG experts on revised GTMI indicators,
Till Hartmann (Junior Professional Officer), Youngseok including Stela Mocan (Manager, ITS Technology and
Kim (Senior Governance Specialist), Susie Youngyun Lee Innovation Labs), Vyjayanti Desai (Practice Manager),
(Consultant), Asami Okahashi (Governance Specialist), David Satola (Lead Counsel), Adele Moukheibir Barzelay
Freida Siregar (E.T. Consultant), and João Ricardo (Counsel), Samia Melhem (Lead Digital Development
Vasconcelos (Senior Governance Specialist). Overall Specialist), Rong Chen (Economist), Robert Palacios
guidance for the 2022 GTMI update was provided by (Lead Economist), Oleksiy A. Sluchynskyy (Senior
Tracey Lane (Practice Manager), Donna Andrews (Acting Social Protection Specialist), Harish Natarayan (Lead
Practice Manager) and Arturo Herrera Gutiérrez (Global Financial Sector Specialist), Nilima Chhabilal Ramteke
Director). (Senior Financial Sector Specialist), Dorothee Delort
The 2022 GTMI update process benefited from the ideas (Senior Financial Sector Specialist), Bradley R. Larson
and suggestions of an international group of experts (Research Analyst), Anders Hjorth Agerskov (Senior
including Vincenzo Aquaro (Chief of Digital Government Public Sector Specialist), and Craig Hammer (Senior
Branch, Division for Public Institutions and Digital Gov, Program Manager).
UN DESA), Delfina Soares (Head of UNU-EGOV, UN We highly appreciate the ITS teams’ support for the
University), Barbara Ubaldi (Head of Digital Government development of 2022 GTMI online surveys (Anna Maria
and Data Unit, OECD), Caroline Troein (Lead Researcher, Kojzar, Parisa Nazarijam, Varun V. Doiphode, Shrikant
Global Cybersecurity Index, ITU), Martin Schaaper Bhaskar Shinde, and Kunal H. Patel from ITSDA) and
(Senior ICT Analyst, Digital Development Dashboard, the new GTMI data dashboard (Misun Kim, Violeta
ITU), Margarida Ribeiro (Head of Sector, Digital Strategy Stanimirova Yovcheva, Abdullah Bin Qamar, Hristo
and Transformation, EU DG Informatics-DIGIT), Miguel Aleksandrov Nikodimov, Kaloyan Velichkov, and Manar
Alvarez Rodriguez (Policy Officer, EIF, EU DG Connect), Eliriqsousi from ITSES).
Stefanos Kotoglou (Policy Officer, EU DG Connect), Niels
van der Linden (Vice President, EU Lead at Capgemini The team is also thankful to Lara Saade, Liudmila
Invent, eGovernment Benchmark and DESI), Carlos Uvarova, and Jose Carlos Ferreyra for their support on
Santiso (Head of Division, Digital, Innovative and dissemination activities. Cyrel Crisologo San Gabriel
Open Government, OECD), Enrique Zapata (GovTech provided editorial services.
and Open Government Coordinator, the Development This report was partially financed by the GovTech Global
Bank of Latin America – CAF), Clara Barnett (Deputy Partnership and the KDI School (Republic of Korea) trust
Director, Government Digital Service, UK), Jude Hanan funds.

GOVTECH MATURITY INDEX 2022 UPDATE: TRENDS IN PUBLIC SECTOR DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION 13
14 GOVTECH MATURITY INDEX 2022 UPDATE: TRENDS IN PUBLIC SECTOR DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION
Executive Summary
ES.
As part of the GovTech Global Partnership research agenda, the World Bank has placed a focus on measuring
GovTech maturity around the world. These efforts culminated in the first edition of the GovTech Maturity Index
(GTMI) launched in 2021. The construction of the GTMI is primarily based on the World Bank’s GovTech Dataset,
which is publicly available through the World Bank Data Catalog.
The GTMI is a composite index that uses 48 key indicators (including eight external indicators) to measure critical
aspects of four GovTech focus areas in 198 economies: supporting core government systems, enhancing service
delivery, mainstreaming citizen engagement, and fostering GovTech enablers.

GTMI is not intended to create a ranking or assess a country’s readiness for or performance of GovTech.
It is intended to complement existing tools and diagnostics by providing a baseline for GovTech maturity
and identifying areas for improvement.

The 2021 GTMI Report and underlying dataset provide GTMI methodology was reviewed, and indicators were
opportunities to replicate the study, identify gaps in revised and extended to explore the performance of
digital transformation by comparing the differences existing platforms and cover less-known areas in
among economies and groups of economies, and consultation with development partners and WBG
track changes over time in a transparent way. The experts involved in digital government transformation.
dataset will be updated every two years to reflect An online survey was conducted to provide secure
developments in the GovTech domain. access to relevant country officials to reflect the latest
This 2022 GTMI update report and the accompanying developments, including implementation progress
dataset and new data dashboard present the progress and achievements in their GovTech initiatives. Data
within the last two years, highlight some of the good collection and validation phases took about six
practices, and identify existing gaps for possible months, with direct participation of government
improvements in countries at the technology frontier. officials. This overview report presents a summary of
As with the 2020 edition, economies are grouped, not the approach, how the 2022 GTMI dataset update is
ranked, to illustrate the state of GovTech focus areas different, improvements in the GTMI dataset contents
globally. and visualization tools and GTMI group calculations,
and initial findings and key messages.
For the 2022 GTMI update, the GTMI team followed
a different approach from previous years. First, the

GOVTECH MATURITY INDEX 2022 UPDATE: TRENDS IN PUBLIC SECTOR DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION 15
 Methodology

The methodology for the 2022 GTMI has been updated specific access to relevant government officials for the
but remains consistent with the previous approach, collection of indicator data, together with supporting
which comprised five main steps: (i) definition of links and documents. For this edition, a Central
indicators, (ii) data collection and index construction, Government (CG) GTMI online survey was launched
(iii) data analysis, (iv) validation of observations, and in March 2022, and some 850 officials from 164
(v) results reporting. The current version involves a countries participated in this exercise. Additionally,
broader consultation with development partners and a pilot subnational government (SNG) GTMI online
designated country representatives at various stages, survey was launched with the participation of more
in the interest of transparency and with the goal of than 350 SNG officials from 20 interested countries.
improving the quality of the index. The details of index Both survey platforms were available for data entry
construction and updated parts of the methodology until the end of August 2022. In all, 135 economies
are explained in Chapter 2. submitted their responses through the CG GTMI
The 2022 GTMI survey included 40 updated or online survey. The GTMI data of 63 non-participating
expanded GovTech indicators measuring the maturity economies was collected remotely. Additionally, 122
of four GovTech focus areas. Additionally, eight highly SNG entities from 17 countries submitted their GTMI
relevant external indicators, comprising all three data through the survey tool.
components of the United Nations (UN) e-Government Once data collection and validation processes were
Development Index (EGDI),  the UN e-Participation completed, the GTMI groups were calculated and
Index (EPI),  the ITU’s Global Cybersecurity Index validated with the participating country teams. The
(GCI), and three  indicators from the  Identification validated data was used to update the GovTech
for Development  (ID4D) dataset, were used  in Dataset in October 2022. A new GTMI Data Dashboard
the  calculation of  GTMI. A list of indicators is was launched in November 2022 to provide maps
presented in Table 2.1. and graphs aimed at helping the end-user digest
The 2022 edition is for the most part reliant on the and explore the findings of the GTMI, as well as the
results of an online survey providing secure country- updated GovTech Projects Database. 

16 GOVTECH MATURITY INDEX 2022 UPDATE: TRENDS IN PUBLIC SECTOR DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION
Main Messages

• The global average of the GTMI value has risen, but gaps remain.

The global average of the GTMI value has risen from 0.519 in 2020 to 0.552 (out of 1) in 2022. This
translates to an overall improvement in GovTech maturity across economies. However, despite progress
in online service delivery and underlying shared platforms, the digital divide widens.

• F
ifty-two economies improved to the next level COVID-19 pandemic, more than 150 countries
of maturity, but some have regressed. In 2022, placed greater emphasis on e-services to provide
136 economies out of 198 (69 percent) remain in continued access to necessary services.
their GTMI group compared to 2020, whereas 52 • H
owever, digital citizen engagement remains an
economies (26 percent) moved up one level and area for development globally. Despite anecdotal
10 economies (5 percent) moved down one level. evidence on increased interaction with citizens
• R
egional disparities persist. At the regional level, and improved communication and engagement
economies in Europe and Central Asia (ECA), services and channels, the subindex on citizen
South Asia (SAR), Middle East and North Africa engagement yields the lowest global average
(MENA), and Latin America and the Caribbean score (0.449).
(LAC) generally registered higher scores, while • A
pplying a whole-of-government approach
Africa (AFR), followed by East Asia and Pacific is the objective of the majority of countries.
(EAP), recorded the lowest scores. A total of 140 economies (70 percent) have
• I ncome plays a role. High- and upper-middle committed to a whole-of-government approach
income economies dominate the group of GovTech for transformation, and 85 economies (about
Leaders (Group A), whereas only 16 percent of 43 percent) are institutionalizing the approach.
both lower-middle and low-income economies Dedicated digital government/GovTech institutions
were represented in Group A.  Conversely, about have been established in 154 economies to lead
40 percent of the lowest performing came from the digital transformation agenda.
low-income economies. The correlation of income • A
ttention is needed in fragility, conflict, and
and GovTech maturity implies that earmarking violence (FCV) countries to raise the level of
adequate finances for GovTech activities is GovTech maturity. Eighty-six percent of FCV
essential for public sector digital transformation. countries are in the bottom half in terms of
The results indicate that there is an urgent need GovTech maturity. While this is not surprising, it
to support the digital transformation needs of confirms the need to create specific solutions for
the lower-income and IDA countries to address low-tech environments.
growing digital divide challenges.
The team welcomes readers to explore the GovTech
• T here is measurable improvement on public Dataset and findings presented here and to visit the
service delivery. Within focus areas, the subindex corresponding GTMI Data Dashboard to further their
on public service delivery recorded the highest knowledge.
average score (0.649). Likely a product of the

GOVTECH MATURITY INDEX 2022 UPDATE: TRENDS IN PUBLIC SECTOR DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION 17
18 GOVTECH MATURITY INDEX 2022 UPDATE: TRENDS IN PUBLIC SECTOR DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION
Introduction
Governments have been using technology to
modernize the public sector for decades. The World
Bank Group (WBG) launched the GovTech Initiative
in 2019 to support the latest generation of these
reforms. GovTech is a whole-of-government approach
to public sector modernization that promotes simple,
efficient, and transparent government, with citizens
at the center of reforms.
1.
2021 GTMI Report and underlying dataset provide
opportunities to replicate the study, identify gaps in
digital transformation by comparing the differences
among economies and groups of economies, and
track changes over time in a transparent way.1 The
dataset will be updated every two years to reflect
global progress in the GovTech domain.
The 2021 GTMI report presented the methodology,
As part of the GovTech Global Partnership research constraints in data collection and validation approach,
agenda, the World Bank has placed a focus on and possible refinements in detail. The 2020 GovTech
measuring GovTech maturity around the world. dataset contained data/evidence collected from
This culminated in the first edition of the GovTech government websites using remotely measurable
Maturity Index (GTMI), launched in 2021. The GTMI indicators mostly reflecting de jure practices.2 In
is a composite index that uses 48 key indicators general, it was possible to verify the existence of an
(including 8 external indicators) to measure approved policy or strategy document, an effective
critical aspects of four GovTech focus areas in 198 law, an established institution, or a system or service.
economies: supporting core government systems, However, ascertaining the implementation status
enhancing service delivery, mainstreaming citizen or progress of these platforms over the years was
engagement, and fostering GovTech enablers. The challenging. Hence, the 2020 version of the index did
GTMI also assists practitioners in the design of new not generally consider whether various economies
digital transformation projects. were implementing some practices or using existing
The construction of the GTMI is primarily based on the systems effectively, as there was minimal reporting of
World Bank’s GovTech global dataset, which is publicly results and outcomes on the web. Also, some of the
available through the World Bank Data Catalog. The existing good practices were not visible on the web.

1. The 2022 version of the GTMI is not directly comparable with the 2020 version due to the inclusion of new indicators and the expansion of
sub-indicators to capture performance measures, as explained later in this report.
2. The 2020 GovTech dataset was originally developed using publicly available data and reports on government websites. Collecting data
through survey forms or interactions with government officials was not possible due to the broad spectrum of systems and services
covered, as well as the COVID-19 restrictions. Some of the capabilities related to citizen participation and feedback are only accessible
when a citizen actually signs into the portal, and these embedded features may have been missed while collecting data. Also, the dataset
may not capture the presence of a national citizen participation portal in some of the federal countries, although such platforms may exist
for different ministries and agencies or at the provincial or state level. These constraints are explained further in this GTMI report.

GOVTECH MATURITY INDEX 2022 UPDATE: TRENDS IN PUBLIC SECTOR DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION 19
 For the 2022 GTMI update of the dataset, an online overview report presents a summary of the approach,
survey was conducted to provide secure access how the 2022 GTMI dataset update is different, the
to relevant country officials to reflect the latest improvements in the GTMI dataset contents and
developments, including implementation progress visualization tools and GTMI group calculations, and
and achievements in their GovTech initiatives. The the initial findings and key messages.
same methodology for determining the index in 2021 To complement the 2022 GTMI update, the Digital
was used in the 2022 version to ensure consistency Governance/GovTech Projects Database was also
with the previous approach. Additionally, there was a updated to present the WBG investments related to
review of the methodology and a revision of indicators four GovTech focus areas in client countries through
and sub-indicators to capture several less-known the Data Catalog, as well as the new GTMI Data
areas. This was undertaken via consultations with Dashboard.
development partners and WBG experts involved in
digital government transformation, coupled with the The findings and conclusions of the GTMI and
participation of government officials who were also underlying GovTech dataset are presented on the
directly involved in validating the survey data. This public GTMI website.

Approach

A two-phase approach was followed for the 2022 GTMI update. Key stages of each phase are listed below.

Phase I: Updating the GTMI groups and GovTech Dataset (November 2021–November 2022)

• E
stablish a multi-stakeholder consultation group • U
pdate and expand the GovTech global dataset
to discuss possible improvements in the GTMI based on the survey data, complemented by
methodology and indicators. remotely collected data from government
• P
repare a database of key GovTech contacts websites for those economies not participating in
(government officials) from all countries for the survey exercise.
interactions during the GTMI update. Also, inform • V
alidate the dataset and observations with inputs
all World Bank country offices and regional units from a group of World Bank experts involved in
about the objectives, deliverables, and timeline of the design and implementation of public sector
the GTMI update and request support for reaching digital transformation activities globally.
out to key country officials. • S
hare the updated and extended dataset and
• R
eview existing methodology and identify possible calculated GTMI scores/groups with country
improvements in key indicators, data collection, officials for possible adjustments on collected
index construction and analysis, validation of data and evidence before publication of the
observations, and publishing results. dataset.
• O
btain accreditation from the World Bank Data • F
inalize and publish the 2022 version of the
Privacy Office (DPO) to maintain the GTMI contact GovTech dataset through the WBG Data Catalog.
list and protect the personal data of participating
country officials during the 2022 GTMI update.
• P
repare two online surveys (for central and
subnational government entities) based on
existing and new indicators and interact with
country officials for the collection of GTMI data
and relevant evidence.

20 GOVTECH MATURITY INDEX 2022 UPDATE: TRENDS IN PUBLIC SECTOR DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION
Phase II: Dissemination of findings and key messages (November 2022–June 2023)

• 2
022 GTMI update: Prepare an overview report • C
ountry briefs: Prepare country briefs to share
to explain how the 2022 GTMI and underlying the progress/trends in selected countries using
GovTech Dataset update was different from the a standard template based on the demand, in
2020 GTMI and discuss the process, timeline, consultation with the CMUs and Regional Units.
survey experience, findings (trends/progress in • C
entral and subnational government GovTech
four focus areas), good practice cases (selected briefs: Prepare combined central government
country cases to demonstrate the progress), and (CG) and subnational government (SNG) GTMI
conclusions. briefs for interested countries (e.g., India,
• 2
022 GovTech Projects Database update: Prepare Nigeria), depending on the demand and available
another brief to summarize the status and scope resources.
of 1,449 digital governance/GovTech projects • O
rganize 2022 GTMI update dissemination events
funded by the Bank (all practices) in 147 countries and prepare presentation materials.
since 1995.
• R
egional briefs: Prepare regional GTMI briefs to
share the progress/trends in all regions using
a standard template in consultation with the
Country Management Units (CMUs) and Regional
Units of relevant Global Practices.

GOVTECH MATURITY INDEX 2022 UPDATE: TRENDS IN PUBLIC SECTOR DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION 21
 Timeline

The timeline of the first phase of the 2022 GTMI update This report is structured as follows: Chapter 2 presents
is presented in Figure 1.1. Following the revision of the methodology, data collection, and construction
the GTMI indicators and development of new central of the GTMI, as well as how the 2022 GTMI Update
government (CG) and subnational government (SNG) differs from the 2020 GTMI. Chapter 3 expands the
GTMI online surveys, the data collection stage was findings from the update, looking at the data using
initiated in March 2022. The CG GTMI data was a global lens and a regional outlook, income level
collected through the direct participation of 135 distribution, borrower category, fragile and conflict-
country teams and remotely for 63 non-participating affected situations (FCS) status, and each GovTech
economies. Additionally, 122 subnational focus area. Chapter 4 features good practices from
government entities (states, municipalities) from 17 16 economies to illustrate results on the ground.
countries submitted their SNG GTMI responses. Data Lastly, the appendices contain an explainer on the
collection and validation process was completed in revised GTMI (Appendix A), an overview of the 2022
August 2022. The GTMI groups were calculated in GovTech Dataset (Appendix B), a comparison with UN
September, and the GovTech Dataset was updated in e-Government Development Index (Appendix C), and
October. Finally, a GTMI data visualization portal was other GovTech references (Appendix D).
launched in November 2022 to create a dashboard
with maps and graphs aimed at helping the end-user
digest and explore the findings of the GTMI and the
GovTech Projects Database. 

Figure 1.1:
GTMI Timeline

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Source: World Bank GTMI Team

Note: GTMI = GovTech Maturity Index, SNG= Subnational Government

22 GOVTECH MATURITY INDEX 2022 UPDATE: TRENDS IN PUBLIC SECTOR DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION
Methodology 2.
The 2022 GTMI update closely follows the methodology outlined in the 2021 report.3 The previous approach
comprised five main steps: (i) definition of indicators, (ii) data collection and index construction, (iii) data analysis,
(iv) validation of observations, and (v) results reporting. The current version involves a broader consultation with
development partners and designated country representatives at various stages in the interest of transparency,
as well as to improve the quality of the index. The differences are further explained below.

How is the 2022 GovTech Maturity Index Update Different?

The GTMI team4 followed a different approach for government (SNG) GTMI online survey was launched
the 2022 GTMI update (see Box 1). First, the GTMI garnering participation of some 350 SNG officials
indicators were revised and extended to explore from 20 interested countries. By the end of August,
the performance of existing platforms and cover 135 economies submitted their responses through
less-known areas in consultation with nine relevant the CG GTMI online survey. The GTMI data of 63 non-
organizations5 and 10 WBG groups (DD, ID4D, G2Px, participating economies was collected remotely.
MTI, ITS, DEC, SPJ, EDU, LEGOP, and DGRA) from Additionally, 122 SNG entities from 17 countries
November 2021 to January 2022. For the 2022 submitted their GTMI data through the survey tool.
update, a central government (CG) GTMI online In October 2021, a data validation exercise was
survey was launched in March 2022. About 850 completed, benefiting from the clarifications and
officials from 164 countries participated in the updates of participants before the calculation of GTMI
survey exercise. Additionally, a pilot subnational groups.

3. Cem Dener, Hubert Nii-Aponsah, Love E. Ghunney, and Kimberly D. Johns. 2021. GovTech Maturity Index: The State of Public Sector Digital
Transformation. Washington, DC: World Bank.
4. The GTMI team members are Cem Dener (Task Team Leader), Kimberly D. Johns (Co-TTL), Hubert Nii-Aponsah, Gustavo Alonso
Zanabria Gainza, Asami Okahashi, Çağla Giray, Freida Siregar, Susie Youngyun Lee, Charles Victor Blanco, Hunt La Cascia, João Ricardo
Vasconcelos, Till Hartmann, and Youngseok Kim.
5. Organizations include the United Nations (UN) E-Government Development Index team, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and
Development (OECD), the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) Global Cybersecurity Index team, the European Union (EU), United
Nations University (UNU), the Development Bank of Latin America (CAF), the International Monetary Fund (IMF), Government Digital Service
International (GDSI), and Oxford Insights.

GOVTECH MATURITY INDEX 2022 UPDATE: TRENDS IN PUBLIC SECTOR DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION 23
 The GTMI survey participants and the World Bank with all participants on October 12, 2022, for a final
teams involved in this process were regularly informed review before its public release. Several country
about its progress during data collection and validation teams responded with requests for further updates
stages through a distribution list (while protecting the in some of the sub-indicators without any change in
privacy of the email addresses of participants). The the GTMI groups. The 2022 GTMI update was officially
GTMI team reflected the clarifications and updates launched on November 16, 2022, through a hybrid
provided by relevant government officials in the event with the participation of survey participants and
latest version of the GovTech dataset and completed interested practitioners. Overall, the whole process
the GTMI group calculations in October. The draft was inclusive and transparent.
version of the 2022 GovTech dataset was shared

Box 2.1:
How the 2022 GTMI dataset update differs from the 2020 version

Consultations Inclusion
The GTMI indicators were revised and extended to CG GTMI online survey was launched in March 2022
explore the performance of existing platforms and and more than 850 officials from 164 countries
cover less-known areas in consultation with nine accepted to join this exercise. Additionally, a
relevant organizations and 10 WBG groups involved subnational government (SNG) GTMI online survey
in measuring the progress in digital transformation. was launched in parallel as a pilot implementation
and more than 350 officials from 20 interested
countries participated in this process.

New indicators
Thirty-five out of 40 key GTMI indicators are the
same as before, but there are additional key and Direct participation
sub-indicators to measure less-known aspects A total of 135 economies submitted their
and reporting of performance/utilization. Also, six responses through the online survey tool. The
out of eight external key indicators are the same GTMI data of 63 non-participating economies
as before, but there are two new indicators to was collected remotely. Additionally, 122
measure other important aspects (cybersecurity subnational government entities (states,
and digital ID). municipalities) from 17 countries submitted their
SNG GTMI data through the survey tool.

Data collection
The 2020 version is based on remote data Transparency
collection (mainly due to the pandemic). The All survey participants were regularly informed
2022 version is based on an online survey tool to about the updated dataset and the draft GTMI
obtain data from the countries themselves, with calculations were shared before public release.
supplementary information.

Data dashboard
Data validation A GTMI data visualization portal was launched
Sufficient time was allocated for data in November 2022 to provide maps and graphs
validation (until August 31) to benefit from aimed at helping the end-user digest and
the clarifications and updates of all survey explore the findings of the GTMI and the GovTech
participants. projects database.

24 GOVTECH MATURITY INDEX 2022 UPDATE: TRENDS IN PUBLIC SECTOR DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION
Definition of New Indicators

The 2022 GTMI survey included 40 updated or groups. This indicator was included without
expanded GovTech indicators measuring the maturity any weight (for information only) and the 2022
of four GovTech focus areas. Additionally, eight values will be updated once the related dataset is
highly relevant external indicators measured by other released by the ID4D team.
relevant indexes, comprising all three components of • DCEI:  The Digital Citizen Engagement Index (six
the United Nations (UN) e-Government Development key indicators, including one external indicator)
Index  (EGDI),  the UN e-Participation Index (EPI),  the measures aspects of public participation
ITU’s Global Cybersecurity Index (GCI), and platforms, citizen feedback mechanisms, open
three  relevant  indicators from the  Identification data, and open government portals.
for Development  (ID4D)  dataset, were used  in
the calculation of GTMI. • GTEI:  The  GovTech  Enablers  Index (16 key
indicators, including four external indicators)
The GTMI is the simple average of the  normalized captures strategy, institutions, laws  and
scores of four components:   regulations, digital skills, and innovation policies
• C
GSI:  The Core Government Systems  Index and programs, to foster GovTech.  
(17 key indicators, including one external While the total number of indicators remained
indicator) captures the key aspects of a whole- the same, the indicators defined for these four
of-government approach, including government components were slightly different in the 2020
cloud, interoperability framework, and other version (CGSI: 15 indicators; PSDI: six indicators;
platforms. DCEI: 12 indicators; GTEI: 15 indicators). During the
• P
SDI: The Public Service Delivery Index (nine key revision of key indicators for the 2022 update, the
indicators, including two external indicators) GTMI team adjusted the number of key indicators
measures the maturity of online public service for each subcomponent in consultation with the
portals, with a focus on citizen centric design stakeholders to cover a broader spectrum of
and universal accessibility. One of the external relevant GovTech aspects. Table 2.1 presents the key
indicators (I-26 on Digital ID) used for the indicators, possible range of scores, and weights
calculation of PSDI is new, and updated values assigned to each indicator. The rationale for the
were not available before calculation of the GTMI weight differential is explained later in the report.

Data Collection
The data collection process for the 2022 GTMI responses through country-specific online surveys
update was substantially improved through direct directly. For the remaining 63 economies, the
participation of interested government officials via GTMI data was collected remotely. The World Bank
an online survey, compared to the 2020 version, team validated the responses through iterative
which was based on remotely collected data from consultations and collaborative validation efforts with
the government websites. Secure country-specific the selected country teams to ensure a high level of
central government (CG) GTMI online survey links data quality.
(URLs) were used by designated officials for updating Furthermore, a separate SNG GTMI online survey was
the underlying GovTech Dataset. More than 850 launched in parallel (as a pilot exercise), and more
respondents provided evidence to substantiate than 350 officials from 122 subnational entities
responses. Out of 198 economies, 135 central submitted their completed survey responses directly.
government teams (68 percent) submitted their

GOVTECH MATURITY INDEX 2022 UPDATE: TRENDS IN PUBLIC SECTOR DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION 25
 The SNG entities involved in this process were the The GTMI team organized eight information sessions
states and municipalities of 17 countries, including (recorded and posted on the GTMI webpage) to
India (32), Nigeria (22), Portugal (20), Türkiye (17), present the 2022 GTMI online surveys and respond to
Peru (13), Brazil (6), and Mexico (2). The SNG GTMI the questions of interested participants during data
dataset was not used in the computation of the collection. Additionally, bilateral meetings were held
2022 CG GTMI groups, which present exclusively the with some of the countries, based on their request to
maturity of digital transformation initiatives at the clarify their questions on the survey.
central government level.

Table 2.1:
2022 GTMI key indicators

Ind GTMI Key indicators Points Weight

Core Government Systems Index (CGSI)
I-1 Is there a cloud platform available for all government entities? 0-2 W1
I-2 Is there a government enterprise architecture framework? 0-2 W1
I-3 Is there a government interoperability framework? 0-2 W1
I-4 Is there a government service bus platform? 0-2 W1
I-5 Is there an operational FMIS in place to support core PFM functions? 0-2 W3
I-6 Is there a TSA supported by FMIS to automate payments and bank reconciliations? 0-2 W3
I-7 Is there a Tax Management Information System in place? 0-2 W3
I-8 Is there a Customs Management Information System in place? 0-2 W3
I-9 Is there a Human Resources Management Information System with self-service portal? 0-2 W3
I-10 Is there a Payroll System (MIS) linked with HRMIS? 0-2 W3
I-11 Is there a Social Insurance system providing pensions and other SI programs? 0-2 W1
I-12 Is there an e-Procurement portal? 0-2 W2
I-13 Is there a Debt Management System (DMS) in place? (Foreign and Domestic debt)? 0-2 W3
I-14 Is there a Public Investment Management System (PIMS) in place? 0-2 W2
I-15 Is there a government Open-Source Software (OSS) policy/action plan for public sector? 0-2 W2
I-16 UN Telecommunication Infrastructure Index (TII) 0-1 E1
I-17 Does government have a national strategy on disruptive / innovative technologies? 0-2 W2
Public Service Delivery Index (PSDI)
I-18 UN Online Service Index (OSI) 0-1 E1
I-19 Is there an online public service portal? (Also called "One-Stop Shop" or similar) 0-2 W2
I-20 Is there a Tax online service portal? 0-2 W2
I-21 Is e-Filing available for tax and/or customs declarations? 0-2 W2
I-22 Are e-Payment services available? 0-2 W2
I-23 Is there a Customs online service portal (Single Window)? 0-2 W2
I-24 Is there a Social Insurance/Pension online service portal? 0-2 W2
I-25 Is there a Job portal? 0-2 W2
I-26 Is there a digital ID that enables remote authentication for (fully) online service access 0/1 E2
Digital Citizen Engagement Index (DCEI)
I-27 UN E-Participation Index (EPI) 0-1 E1
I-28 Is there an Open Government web site / portal? 0/1 W2
I-29 Is there an Open Data portal? 0/1 W2
I-30 Are there national platforms that allow citizens to participate in policy decision-making? 0/1 W1
I-31 Are there government platforms that allow citizens to provide feedback on service delivery? 0/1 W1
I-32 Does the government publish its citizen engagement statistics and performance regularly? 0/1 W2

26 GOVTECH MATURITY INDEX 2022 UPDATE: TRENDS IN PUBLIC SECTOR DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION
Ind GTMI Key indicators Points Weight
GovTech Enablers Index (GTEI)
I-33 Is there a government entity focused on GovTech (digital transform, whole-of-government)? 0-2 W1
I-34 Is there a dedicated government entity in charge of data governance or data management? 0-2 W1
I-35 Is there a GovTech / digital transformation strategy? 0-3 W3
I-36 Is there a whole-of-government approach to public sector digital transformation? 0-2 W1
I-37 Are there RTI laws to make data/information available to the public online or digitally? 0-2 W3
I-38 Is there a data protection / privacy law? 0-2 W3
I-39 Is there a data protection authority? 0-2 W3
I-40 Is there a national ID (or similar foundational ID) system? 0/1 E2
I-41 Are records in the national ID system stored in a digitized (electronic) format? 0/1 E2
I-42 Is there a digital signature regulation and PKI to support service delivery? 0-3 W3
I-43 ITU Global Cybersecurity Index (GCI) 0-1 E1
I-44 UN Human Capital Index (HCI) 0-1 E1
I-45 Is there a government strategy / program to improve digital skills in the public sector? 0-2 W1
I-46 Is there a strategy and/or program to improve public sector innovation? 0-2 W1
I-47 Is there a government entity focused on public sector innovation? 0-2 W1
I-48 Is there a government policy to support GovTech startups and private sector investments? 0/1 W2

Source: World Bank data.

Note: The 2022 GTMI is based on 48 key indicators, including eight external indicators.

GOVTECH MATURITY INDEX 2022 UPDATE: TRENDS IN PUBLIC SECTOR DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION 27
 Index Construction

The GTMI is the simple average of the four components measuring the maturity of GovTech focus areas, which
are computed as the normalized weighted averages of relevant indicator and sub-indicator scores. A detailed
discussion of the properties reflected by the axioms of the index is presented in the 2020 GTMI report.
The composite GTMI was calculated as follows:

(2.1) GTMI = ( CGSI + PSDI + DCEI + GTEI ) / 4

Each component index was calculated as the weighted average of relevant key indicator (KI) and sub-indicator
(SI) scores:

17 69
X(i) * W(i) + Xs(j) * Ws(j)
i=1 j=1
(2.2) CGSI = 17 KI + 69 SI = 86 indicators
17 69
Xmax(i) * W(i) + Xsmax(j) * Ws(j)
i=1 j=1

26 96
X(i) * W(i) + Xs(j) * Ws(j)
i=18 j=70
PSDI = 9 KI + 27 SI = 36 indicators
26 96
Xmax(i) * W(i) + Xsmax(j) * Ws(j)
i=18 j=70

32 113
X(i) * W(i) + Xs(j) * Ws(j)
i=27 j=97
DCEI = 6 KI + 17 SI = 23 indicators
32 113
Xmax(i) * W(i) + Xsmax(j) * Ws(j)
i=27 j=97

48 153
X(i) * W(i) + Xs(j) * Ws(j)
i=33 j=114
GTEI = 16 KI + 40 SI = 56 indicators
48 153
Xmax(i) * W(i) + Xsmax(j) * Ws(j)
i=33 j=114

X(i) denotes the score of key indicator (i) (48 in The weighted average for each component index was
total) and Xs(j) denotes the score of sub-indicator (j) computed by a variation of the standard weighted
(153 in total) to be used for the calculation of four average formula to ensure that the values are
component indexes. W(i) is the weight of relevant normalized to fall between 0 and 1. The approach
key indicator, and Ws(j) is the weight of relevant sub- involves dividing the sum of the multiplication of the
indicator, both based on expert opinion. Xmax(i) and (sub-)indicators with their respective weights (the
Xsmax(j) are the maximum scores of relevant key numerator) by the sum of the multiplication of the
indicator and sub-indicator, respectively. maximum (sub-)indicator values with their respective
weights (the denominator).

28 GOVTECH MATURITY INDEX 2022 UPDATE: TRENDS IN PUBLIC SECTOR DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION
Representation of Indicators and Weights
The 2022 GTMI is constructed by explicitly grouping some of the affirmative responses only provide
indicators and sub-indicators according to the source additional information which does not necessarily
(GTMI data or External), type (Progressive or Binary) reflect a higher level of maturity in digital
and weight category (Level 1 or 2). The rationale is transformation.
to distinguish relatively new and critical dimensions Two weight categories were assigned to the
for the GovTech focus areas from existing and new progressive indicators:
platforms already established in most of the countries.
All 48 key indicators and most of the related sub- • Level 1 -  Weights assigned to measure the
indicators (except textual and year-based data) were maturity of relatively new critical dimensions
used in the calculation of the 2022 GTMI groups. The important for four focus areas.
details of these calculations are presented in the • Level 2 -  Weights allocated to determine the
CG_GTMI_Groups sheet of the GovTech Dataset. maturity of existing/new platforms already
Specifically, the key indicators and selected sub- established in most countries.
indicators (201 in total) used for the GTMI group Accounting for the source of indicators (whether
calculations were grouped into two major types: collected by the World Bank team or obtained
• P -  Progressive indicators (76): These are from external sources) yields seven categories
generally non-binary key indicators or important of indicators with different weights (Table 2.2).
sub-indicators that are assigned a weight greater The weight assignment and differentials depend
than 1. on whether the measure is a level 1 or 2 GTMI key
indicator (W1, W2, W3), external indicator (E1, E2), or
• B
-  Binary indicators (125): These indicators a level 1 or 2 sub-indicator (S1, S2). While W2 and W3
are binary in nature (0/1) and are assigned a reflect indicators at the same weight category (i.e.,
weight equal to 1 (meaning that the scores are level 2), W2 is assigned a higher weight compared
maintained). They relate purely to sub-indicators, to W3, since indicators under this category have a
some of which are converted to binary indicators different maximum possible response point as shown
prior to the computation of the index (score 1 if in Table 2.2. This ensures that indicators which fall
the response is >=1). The reason for this is that

Table 2.2:
Weight categories used for the GTMI group calculations

Weight Number of
Description Weight Max Value Max Score
Category Indicators
E1 5 Ext indicator, Level 1 12 1 12

E2 3 Ext indicator, Level 2 1 1 1

W1 13 Key indicator, Level 1 6 2 12

W2 15 Key indicator, Level 2 4.5 2 9

W3 12 Key indicator, Level 2 3 3 9

S1 13 Sub-indicator, Level 1 2 2 4

S2 15 Sub-indicator, Level 2 1 2 2

Total 76

Source: World Bank data.

GOVTECH MATURITY INDEX 2022 UPDATE: TRENDS IN PUBLIC SECTOR DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION 29
 under either group (W2 or W3) can ultimately attain weights using correlation analysis and factor analysis
the same maximum possible score (when their were made in comparison to minimize subjectivity
maximum attainable values are multiplied by their bias, consistent with the previous approach. The
weights). Relatedly, level 1 external indicators (E1) computation of the quantitatively determined weights
can also obtain the same maximum scores as level 1 is explained in Appendix D of the previous GTMI
GTMI key indicators (W1), since E1 covers composite report. These weights are endogenously determined
indices that capture several other aspects of digital by the variance of the data itself. They ensure that
transformation. Another level 2 weight category (E2) the weights based on expert opinions are not
was assigned to the ID4D-related external indicators, determined arbitrarily, since the subjective weights
exceptionally with a weight of 1 (similar to the binary identified by experts are guided by the quantitatively
indicators) since these are included as additional constructed weights. However, the expert-opinion
information. weight option is preferred, since it leverages World
Most of the progressive (P) indicators (60 out of Bank operational experience to (i) amplify the effects
76) have a value range of 0 to 2. The values of the of new indicators highly relevant to the improvement
remaining 16 P indicators (including 8 external of the four focus areas, (ii) reflect observations from
indicators) mostly range from 0 to 1 (except two existing studies, and (iii) present a more realistic
indicators with a value range from 0 to 3). While global view of GovTech maturity compared to the
calculating the GTMI groups, all indicator values were quantitively generated weights. The weights given
first normalized, then multiplied with related weights. to key indicators are presented in Table 2.1, and the
weights given to all key indicators and sub-indicators
All weights are thus based on experts’ opinion, are listed in Appendix 1.
although considerations of quantitatively constructed

Data Analysis

The GTMI component scores were calculated with was grouped into four categories, A to D (see Table
specific weights based on expert opinion to reflect 2.3). The purpose was not to rank countries in terms
the relative degrees of importance of the selected of performance, but to illustrate the state of GovTech
key indicators and sub-indicators. After normalized focus areas globally, identify existing gaps (with
GTMI scores reflecting the key aspects of four respect to countries at the technology frontier) for
GovTech focus areas were calculated, the sample possible improvements, and highlight good practices.
of 198 economies included in the GovTech Dataset

Table 2.3:
Definition of GovTech Maturity Index (GTMI) groups

Group Score GTMI Description of government practices

GovTech leaders demonstrating advanced/innovative solutions and good practices

A 0.75 – 1.00 Very High
in all four focus areas.
Governments with significant GovTech investments and good practices in most
B 0.50 – 0.74 High
of the focus areas.
C 0.25 – 0.49 Medium Governments with ongoing activities to improve some of the GovTech focus areas.

D 0.00 – 0.24 Low Governments with minimal focus on GovTech initiatives.

Source: World Bank staff.

30 GOVTECH MATURITY INDEX 2022 UPDATE: TRENDS IN PUBLIC SECTOR DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION
The number of economies falling into each group for average scores for all 198 economies, is shown in
the GTMI and its four components, together with the Table 2.4.

Table 2.4:
Distribution of GTMI groups, by number of economies and average scores

Group # Avg GTMI # Avg CGSI # Avg PSDI # Avg DCEI # Avg GTEI
A 69 0.836 61 0.843 96 0.886 49 0.875 61 0.845

B 46 0.620 60 0.627 46 0.626 35 0.643 48 0.648

C 53 0.347 58 0.372 29 0.400 43 0.358 49 0.362

D 30 0.159 19 0.164 27 0.115 71 0.114 40 0.144

198 0.552 198 0.575 198 0.649 198 0.449 198 0.536

Source: World Bank staff calculations.

Note: GTMI = GovTech Maturity Index, CGSI = Core Government Systems Index, PSDI = Public Service Delivery Index,
DCEI = Digital Citizen Engagement Index, GTEI = GovTech Enablers Index.

The GTMI component scores were calculated using the weights based on expert opinion to reflect
the relative degrees of importance of the selected indicators, as determined by the extant literature,
observations during the data collection and validation process, and World Bank operational experience.

Validation of Observations

The online survey provided participants with the from the remaining 63 non-participating economies,
opportunity to include evidence to substantiate their recognizing the dynamic nature of the underlying
responses via URLs, as well as relevant supporting dataset. The draft dataset was also shared with all
documents. The iterative and collaborative validation nine international organizations and 10 WBG groups,
exercise focused on ensuring that the questions were as well as the regional units and country teams for
understood by the respondents, and that the responses information ahead of publication.
reflected the accurate understanding of the survey The SNG GTMI dataset collected through another
questions substantiated with the relevant evidence. online survey was not validated, since it was a
Depending on the quality of evidence provided, pilot implementation to explore the interest and
various responses and related values were adjusted applicability of the same survey questions to
and explained to the respondents for feedback. In subnational entities.
parallel, quality assurance was also performed by
the World Bank team on the remotely collected data

GOVTECH MATURITY INDEX 2022 UPDATE: TRENDS IN PUBLIC SECTOR DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION 31
 Reporting of Results

To identify and promote exemplary GovTech initiatives and collect further evidence to better understand
and good practices in four focus areas, the findings the implementation, effectiveness, and reception
of this study are published together with the latest of GovTech solutions and its enablers in each
version of the GovTech Dataset on the GovTech GTMI economy.
website. Country officials and practitioners are » 2
020 and 2022 GTMI groups are not directly
welcome to comment on the contents and suggest comparable, considering the following
possible improvements for future updates. differences:
Disclaimers: » 3
5 out of 40 key GTMI indicators remain
• T he government officials participating in the CG the same, but 2022 includes additional key
and SNG GTMI online surveys are responsible for indicators and sub-indicators to measure less-
the contents and accuracy of submitted data and known aspects of digital transformation.
supporting documents. The GTMI team members » S
ix out of eight external key indicators
have not been involved in the data entry, and remain the same, but two indicators were
their role was limited to making consistency added to measure other important aspects
checks, providing recommendations to survey (cybersecurity and digital ID).
participants, and requesting clarifications
to ensure the accuracy and reliability of the » T he 2020 dataset is created using remotely
information submitted through online survey collected data. The 2022 dataset is primarily
forms. based on the online survey responses.

• B
roadly, the GTMI showcases a country’s overall » While the methodology remains the same
advancement in digital transformation. It is for the calculation of the GTMI groups, the
not intended to create a ranking or assess a indicator and weight categories have improved
country’s GovTech performance; it is intended from 2020.
to complement existing tools and diagnostics by » T he 2022 GTMI survey responses and
providing a baseline for GovTech maturity and additional sub-indicators resulted in changes
identifying areas for improvement. When using the in the composition of GTMI groups, as the
GTMI, readers are encouraged to benefit from the results show increases in the maturity values
initial pointers presented in the GovTech Dataset of all four focus areas.

GTMI Data Dashboard

A GTMI Data Dashboard was launched in November level information and filters for users interested in
2022 to present user-friendly maps and graphs performing more disaggregated analyses or data
aimed at helping the end-user digest and explore visualization. Additionally, the users can explore the
the findings of the 2022 CG GovTech Dataset. The details of World Bank investments in four GovTech
data and related maps can be decomposed and focus areas through another page presenting the
analyzed through several available filters, including 2022 GovTech Projects Database, which includes
the year, GTMI groups, region, and income level. The data on 1,449 digital governance/GovTech projects
dashboard also entails economy-level and indicator- funded in 147 countries since 1995.

32 GOVTECH MATURITY INDEX 2022 UPDATE: TRENDS IN PUBLIC SECTOR DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION
Findings
3.
This chapter provides an overview of the results of the 2022 GovTech Maturity Index (GTMI) update. A global
snapshot and results are provided first, followed by regional results. The findings also examine differences
across borrower category. A presentation of the main findings and trends follows. The chapter closes with an
assessment of the four subindices within the GTMI.

There are 154 Digital Government/GovTech initiatives around the world, and good practices are highly
visible in 69 economies out of 198.

State of GovTech around the World

The maturity of GovTech in the GTMI groups is percent) have placed minimal or no emphasis on the
depicted on Map 3.1. All 198 economies are grouped GovTech agenda. Forty-six economies in group B (23
from A to D based on their average GTMI score. percent) have made significant investments in various
As shown in Table 3.1, 69 leading economies in group GovTech focus areas but have room for improvement,
A (35 percent of the 198 economies analyzed) are and 53 governments in group C (27 percent) have
using advanced or innovative digital solutions and ongoing projects to improve maturity but fall behind
demonstrating good practices in all four GovTech the current GovTech frontier.
focus areas, whereas 30 governments in group D (15

GOVTECH MATURITY INDEX 2022 UPDATE: TRENDS IN PUBLIC SECTOR DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION 33
 Map 3.1:
State of GovTech around the world, by GTMI groups, 2022

2022 GovTech
2022 Maturity
GovTech Index
Maturity Index

No Data
GTMI Econ
A 69 35%
B 46 23%
C 53 27%
D 30 15%

198

Average GTMI Scores

GTMI 0.552
CGSI 0.575
PSDI 0.649
DCEI 0.449
GTEI 0.536

Source: World Bank data (198 economies).

Note: GTMI = GovTech Maturity Index, CGSI = Core Government Systems Index, PSDI = Public Service Delivery Index,
DCEI = Digital Citizen Engagement Index, GTEI = GovTech Enablers Index.

Based on the GTMI data, there are a number of economies. Third, while the methodology for the
countries that moved groups between 2020 and 2022 calculation of the GTMI groups is similar, two indicator
(Table 3.2). A total of 136 economies out of 198 (69 types and two weight categories were defined to
percent) remained in their GTMI group compared to reflect the importance of new indicators.
the 2020 data, whereas 52 economies (26 percent) These changes resulted in a comprehensive and
moved up one level (B to A = 29, C to B = 16, D to detailed measurement of the GovTech maturity levels
C = 7) and 10 economies (5 percent) moved down in most of the economies. Some of the economies
one level (A to B = 3, B to C = 3, C to D = 4). These not participating in the online survey moved one level
changes are linked to several factors. First, although down in the GTMI groups, mainly due to the lack of
85 percent of GTMI key indicators are the same, there mechanisms supporting the whole-of-government
are several critical new key indicators and a large approach and limited evidence on monitoring and
number of new sub-indicators measuring less-known reporting the performance and use of existing
aspects and performance or use of existing platforms platforms. Also, it was not possible to collect relevant
in the 2022 GTMI update. Second, the 2020 dataset data about new key indicators and sub-indicators
is created using remotely collected data, whereas remotely from their government websites.
the 2022 GTMI dataset is mainly based on the online
survey responses provided directly by participating

34 GOVTECH MATURITY INDEX 2022 UPDATE: TRENDS IN PUBLIC SECTOR DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION
Table 3.1:
An overview of GovTech maturity, 2022

Group GTMI Countries or economies in group Economies %

A Very High GovTech leaders 69 34.8%
Albania; Argentina; Australia; Austria; Azerbaijan; Bahrain; Bangladesh; Belgium; Brazil; Cabo Verde; Canada; Chile;
Colombia; Croatia; Czech Republic; Denmark; Dominican Republic; Ecuador; Egypt; El Salvador; Estonia; Finland;
France; Germany; Greece; Hungary; Iceland; India; Indonesia; Italy; Japan; Jordan; Kazakhstan; Korea, Republic of;
Latvia; Lithuania; Luxembourg; Malaysia; Malta; Mauritius; Mexico; Moldova; Mongolia; Netherlands; New Zealand;
Norway; Oman; Panama; Peru; Portugal; Qatar; Russian Federation; Saudi Arabia; Serbia; Singapore; Slovenia; Spain;
Sweden; Switzerland; Tanzania; Thailand; Türkiye; Uganda; Ukraine; United Arab Emirates; United Kingdom; United
States of America; Uruguay; Uzbekistan
B High Significant focus on GovTech 46 23.2%
Algeria; Armenia; Benin; Bhutan; Bolivia; Brunei Darussalam; Bulgaria; Burkina Faso; Cambodia; China; Costa Rica;
Cyprus; Ethiopia; Fiji; Georgia; Ghana; Guatemala; Hong Kong SAR, China; Iran; Ireland; Israel; Jamaica; Kenya;
Kosovo; Kuwait; Kyrgyz Republic; Montenegro; Morocco; Nigeria; North Macedonia; Pakistan; Paraguay; Philippines;
Poland; Romania; Rwanda; Slovak Republic; South Africa; Sri Lanka; St. Lucia; Taiwan, China; Togo; Trinidad and
Tobago; Tunisia; Vietnam; Zambia
C Medium Some focus on GovTech 53 26.8%
Afghanistan; Andorra; Angola; Antigua and Barbuda; Bahamas; Barbados; Belarus; Belize; Bosnia and Herzegovina;
Botswana; Burundi; Cameroon; Comoros; Congo, Democratic Republic of; Côte d’Ivoire; Cuba; Djibouti; Dominica;
Eswatini; Grenada; Guyana; Honduras; Lao People’s Democratic Republic; Lebanon; Lesotho; Liechtenstein; Macao
SAR, China; Madagascar; Malawi; Maldives; Mali; Monaco; Mozambique; Namibia; Nepal; Nicaragua; Papua New
Guinea; Samoa; San Marino; Senegal; Seychelles; Sierra Leone; Solomon Islands; Somalia; St. Vincent and the
Grenadines; Syrian Arab Republic; Tajikistan; Timor-Leste; Tonga; Vanuatu; Venezuela, República Bolivariana de; West
Bank and Gaza; Zimbabwe
D Low Minimal focus on GovTech 30 15.2%
Central African Republic; Chad; Congo, Republic of; Equatorial Guinea; Eritrea; Gabon; Gambia; Guinea; Guinea-
Bissau; Haiti; Iraq; Kiribati; Korea, Democratic People’s Republic of; Liberia; Libya; Marshall Islands; Mauritania;
Micronesia, Federated States of; Myanmar; Nauru; Niger; Palau; São Tomé and Principe; South Sudan; St. Kitts and
Nevis; Sudan; Suriname; Turkmenistan; Tuvalu; Yemen

Source: World Bank data.

Note: % (of economies) = % of 198 economies included in the relevant group.

GOVTECH MATURITY INDEX 2022 UPDATE: TRENDS IN PUBLIC SECTOR DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION 35
 Table 3.2:
Changes in the GTMI groups, 2022

One level up: 52 economies (49 participated in the 2022 CG GTMI online survey)
B to A > 29 economies: Albania; Azerbaijan; Bahrain; Bangladesh; Cabo Verde; Czech Republic; Dominican Republic; Ecuador;
Egypt; El Salvador; Hungary; Iceland; Indonesia; Jordan; Kazakhstan; Latvia; Mauritius; Moldova; Mongolia; Oman; Panama;
Qatar; Russian Federation; Saudi Arabia; Serbia; Tanzania; Uganda; Ukraine; Uzbekistan

C to B > 16 economies: Algeria; Benin; Brunei Darussalam*; Burkina Faso; Cambodia; Ethiopia; Fiji; Guatemala; Iran; Kosovo;
Kuwait; Nigeria*; St. Lucia; Togo; Trinidad and Tobago; Zambia

D to C > 7 economies: Comoros; Congo, Democratic Republic of; Djibouti; Lao People’s Democratic Republic; Samoa; San Marino*;
Somalia
One level down: 10 economies (9 did not participate in the 2022 CG GTMI online survey)
A to B > 3 economies: Hong Kong SAR, China*; Israel*; South Africa*
B to C > 3 economies: Belarus*; Honduras; Nepal*
C to D > 4 economies: Haiti*; Myanmar*; St. Kitts and Nevis*; Suriname*
No change: 136 economies (85 participated in 2022 CG GTMI online survey)
Group A > 40 economies: Argentina; Australia; Austria; Belgium; Brazil; Canada*; Chile; Colombia; Croatia; Denmark; Estonia;
Finland; France; Germany*; Greece; India; Italy; Japan; Korea, Republic of; Lithuania; Luxembourg; Malaysia; Malta; Mexico*;
Netherlands*; New Zealand; Norway*; Peru; Portugal; Singapore; Slovenia; Spain; Sweden; Switzerland; Thailand; Türkiye;
United Arab Emirates; United Kingdom; United States of America*; Uruguay

Group B > 28 economies: Armenia; Bhutan; Bolivia; Bulgaria*; China*; Costa Rica; Cyprus; Georgia; Ghana; Ireland*; Jamaica;
Kenya; Kyrgyz Republic*; Montenegro*; Morocco; North Macedonia; Pakistan*; Paraguay; Philippines; Poland; Romania;
Rwanda; Slovak Republic*; Sri Lanka; Taiwan, China*; Tunisia; Vietnam*

Group C > 42 economies: Afghanistan*; Andorra*; Angola; Antigua and Barbuda; Bahamas; Barbados*; Belize; Bosnia and
Herzegovina; Botswana*; Burundi; Cameroon; Côte d’Ivoire; Cuba*; Dominica; Eswatini; Grenada; Guyana*; Lebanon; Lesotho;
Liechtenstein*; Macao SAR, China*; Madagascar; Malawi; Maldives; Mali; Monaco*; Mozambique*; Namibia; Nicaragua; Papua
New Guinea; Senegal*; Seychelles; Sierra Leone; Solomon Islands*; St. Vincent and the Grenadines; Syrian Arab Republic*;
Tajikistan*; Timor-Leste; Tonga*; Vanuatu; Venezuela, República Bolivariana de*; West Bank and Gaza; Zimbabwe

Group D > 26 economies: Central African Republic*; Chad*; Congo, Republic of*; Equatorial Guinea*; Eritrea*; Gabon*; Gambia;
Guinea*; Guinea-Bissau*; Iraq; Kiribati; Korea, Democratic People’s Republic of*; Liberia*; Libya*; Marshall Islands*; Mauritania;
Micronesia, Federated States of; Nauru*; Niger*; Palau; São Tomé and Principe*; South Sudan*; Sudan*; Turkmenistan*; Tuvalu*,
Yemen*

Source: World Bank data.

Note: Economies highlighted with (*) did not participate in the 2022 Central Government GTMI online survey.

Most of the economies improved on their respective the enabling environment for digital transformation
CGSI and PSDI scores. However, there was a reduction appears to have reduced within the last two years.
in the DCEI and GTEI scores of many economies, Overall, the average 2022 GTMI scores increased in
as presented in Table 3.3. Despite substantial many countries, but the inequalities between high-
investments on core government systems, shared performing economies (Groups A and B) and the
platforms, and online service portals, the progress remaining groups (C and D) are highly visible.
in digital citizen engagement and strengthening

36 GOVTECH MATURITY INDEX 2022 UPDATE: TRENDS IN PUBLIC SECTOR DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION
 Table 3.3:
Changes in four GTMI component scores, 2022

Changes (# of economies) GTMI CGSI PSDI DCEI GTEI

Increase in average scores 108 55% 158 80% 115 58% 80 40% 92 46%

Decrease in average scores 90 45% 40 20% 83 42% 118 60% 106 54%

Source: World Bank data (198 economies).

Note: GTMI = GovTech Maturity Index, CGSI = Core Government Systems Index, PSDI = Public Service Delivery Index,
DCEI = Digital Citizen Engagement Index, GTEI = GovTech Enablers Index.

On average, countries in Group A have the highest for upper- and lower-middle-income countries are
GTMI score, and the gap between A and D is wide, as close, as shown in Figure 3.2. Like the 2020 data, the
presented in Figure 3.1. Similarly, a substantial gap graphs based on the 2022 GTMI data indicate that the
exists between the average GTMI scores of high- and digital divide remains wide.
low-income countries, whereas the average scores

Figure 3.1:
Average GTMI scores, by GTMI groups

1.00 2020 1.00 2022

0.856 0.836
Average GTMI score

Average GTMI score

0.75 0.75
0.638 0.620
GTMI Avg = 0.519 GTMI Avg = 0.552
0.50 0.50
0.358 0.347

0.25 0.177 0.25

0.159

0.00 0.00
A B C D A B C D
Economies 43 59 63 33 Economies 69 46 53 30

Figure 3.2:
Average GTMI scores, by income levels

1.00 2020 1.00 2022

Average GTMI score

Average GTMI score

0.75 0.688 0.75 0.706

0.509 GTMI Avg = 0.519 0.541 GTMI Avg = 0.552

0.50 0.461 0.50
0.505
0.323
0.267
0.25 0.25

0.00 0.00
H UM LM L H UM LM L
Economies 64 55 50 29 Economies 62 54 54 28

Source: World Bank data (average scores for 198 economies).

Note: GTMI = GovTech Maturity Index, H = high-income countries, L = low-income countries,
LM = lower-middle-income countries, UM = upper-middle-income countries.

GOVTECH MATURITY INDEX 2022 UPDATE: TRENDS IN PUBLIC SECTOR DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION 37
 Across GTMI groups, Figure 3.3 indicates that The maturity of GovTech initiatives is presented next
countries generally score higher on core government from four different perspectives. First, the regional
systems, online services, and GovTech enablers than distribution for 168 World Bank client countries and
on citizen engagement, except for economies in other economies in the regions is presented, followed
Group A. Countries in other groups record their lowest by the income-level distribution for 198 economies,
scores on citizen engagement, which suggests borrower categories, and fragile and conflict-affected
that governments may be making relatively lower situations.
investments in GovTech solutions to enhance their
engagement with citizens.

Figure 3.3:
Average GTMI component scores, by GTMI groups, 2022

1.00

Avg CGSI
Avg GTMI component scores

0.75
Avg PSDI

Avg DCEI
0.50
Avg GTEI

0.25

0.00
A B C D

Source: World Bank data (198 economies).

Note: GTMI = GovTech Maturity Index, CGSI = Core Government Systems Index, PSDI = Public Service Delivery Index,
CEI = Citizen Engagement Index, GTEI = GovTech Enablers Index.

Regional Outlook
Figure 3.4 demonstrates the state of GovTech in the of adoption of the whole-of-government approach,
regions, together with the total number of countries can be seen in the largest gaps. In the Africa region, a
in each region. The largest group of countries that relatively small group of countries has made significant
generally concentrated on public sector digital investments in all GovTech focus areas. However,
transformation across all focus areas is in the Europe most countries have a substantial gap in citizen
and Central Asia (ECA) region—33 out of 53 (62 engagement, service delivery, and GovTech enablers.
percent) of these countries fall in Group A. Other Europe and Central Asia is the most advanced region
regions follow, with 11 countries in Latin America and regarding the GovTech maturity, despite the gaps in
the Caribbean (LAC), 9 in East Asia and Pacific (EAP), citizen engagement and enablers in several countries.
8 in Middle East and North Africa (MENA), 4 in Sub- In four regions—East Asia and Pacific, Latin America
Saharan Africa (AFR), and 2 in both South Asia (SAR) and the Caribbean, Middle East and North Africa, and
and North America (NAM). South Asia—nearly half of the countries demonstrate
The regional variation of the GTMI component scores progress in all GovTech focus areas, but notable gaps
is presented in Figure 3.5. The ineffective use of are evident in the areas of citizen engagement, and
technology for citizen engagement, followed by lack service delivery in the remaining half.

38 GOVTECH MATURITY INDEX 2022 UPDATE: TRENDS IN PUBLIC SECTOR DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION
 Figure 3.4:
State of GovTech in the regions, by GTMI groups, 2022

AFR 15 19 10 4

EAP 8 8 8 9 D

ECA 1 7 12 33 C
Region

LAC 3 12 7 11
B
MENA 3 4 6 8
A
SAR 3 3 2

NAM 2

Economies

Figure 3.5:
Average GTMI component scores in the regions, 2022

1.00
Avg GTMI component scores

0.75

0.50

0.25

0.00
AFR EAP ECA LAC MENA SAR NAM

Avg CGSI Avg PSDI Avg DCEI Avg GTEI

Source: World Bank data (168 client countries and other economies in the regions).
Note: AFR = Africa, EAP = East Asia and Pacific, ECA = Europe and Central Asia, LAC = Latin America and the Caribbean,
MENA = Middle East and North Africa, NAM = North America, SAR = South Asia, GTMI = GovTech Maturity Index,
CGSI = Core Government Systems Index, PSDI = Public Service Delivery Index, DCEI = Digital Citizen Engagement Index,
GTEI = GovTech Enablers Index.

GOVTECH MATURITY INDEX 2022 UPDATE: TRENDS IN PUBLIC SECTOR DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION 39
 Income Level Distribution
The maturity of GovTech based on income level is The income-level distribution of the GTMI component
shown in Figure 3.6. Most of the GovTech leaders—40 scores is presented in Figure 3.7. Substantial
out of 62 (65 percent)—are from high-income investments of high-income countries on shared
countries. Most upper-middle-income and lower- digital platforms and citizen-centric online public
middle-income countries are in Groups B or C. Most services are visible from relatively higher scores,
of the low-income countries have minimal focus on together with possible improvements in citizen
GovTech; 22 out of 28 are in Groups C or D. engagement and GovTech enablers. This pattern is
consistently visible for other income levels as well.

Figure 3.6:
Income level distribution, by GTMI groups, 2022

50

40 High Upper Middle Lower Middle Low

# of Economies

30

20

10

0
A B C D

Figure 3.7:
Average GTMI component scores by income levels, 2022

1.00
Avg GTMI component scores

Avg CGSI Avg DCEI

0.75
Avg PSDI Avg GTEI

0.50

0.25

0.00
High Upper Middle Lower Middle Low

Source: World Bank data (198 economies).

Note: GTMI = GovTech Maturity Index, CGSI = Core Government Systems Index, PSDI = Public Service Delivery Index,
DCEI = Digital Citizen Engagement Index, GTEI = GovTech Enablers Index.

40 GOVTECH MATURITY INDEX 2022 UPDATE: TRENDS IN PUBLIC SECTOR DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION
 Borrower Category Distribution
The maturity of GovTech in 144 borrowing countries The distribution of the GTMI component scores
of the World Bank is shown in Figure 3.8, together according to the borrower categories is presented in
with the 54 non-borrowing economies. Most of Figure 3.9. Most of the IDA countries are scoring much
the countries in the International Development lower than the IBRD and Blend countries in all GovTech
Association (IDA) (49 out of 59, or 76 percent) are in focus areas, and the lack of policies and resources to
Groups C and D, whereas most of the IBRD countries improve citizen engagement and GovTech enabling
(50 out of 70, or 71 percent) are in Groups A and B. environment is more visible. On the other hand,
Twelve out of 15 Blend countries (80 percent) are in most of the IBRD countries have relatively high GTMI
Groups B and C. This distribution shows the urgent component scores in all four areas, indicating better
need to support the digital transformation needs of focus on GovTech foundations and improvement of
the IDA countries as a priority to address growing online services, despite gaps in citizen engagement
digital divide challenges. in about half of the countries in this category.
Nevertheless, borrowing countries have relatively
lower scores compared to non-borrowing economies.

Figure 3.8:
Borrower category distribution by GTMI groups, 2022

40
IDA IBRD Blend Non-borrowing
30
# of Economies

20

10

0
A B C D

Figure 3.9:
Average GTMI components, by borrower categories, 2022

1.00
Avg GTMI component scores

Avg CGSI Avg DCEI

0.75
Avg PSDI Avg GTEI

0.50

0.25

0.00
High Upper Middle Lower Middle Low

Source: World Bank data (198 economies).

Note: IDA = International Development Association, IBRD = International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, CGSI = Core Government
Systems Index, PSDI = Public Service Delivery Index, DCEI = Digital Citizen Engagement Index, GTEI = GovTech Enablers Index.

GOVTECH MATURITY INDEX 2022 UPDATE: TRENDS IN PUBLIC SECTOR DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION 41
 Fragile and Conflict-affected Situations
The World Bank Group updates the list of fragile The distribution of the GTMI component scores by
and conflict-affected situations (FCS) annually to FCS categories is presented in Figure 3.11. Based
inform strategic and operational decision-making. on the remotely collected GTMI data for fragile and
The GovTech dataset captures the changes in two conflict-affected economies, most of the GovTech
FCS categories historically (2020 and 2022) and investments are supporting the improvements in
presents the state of GovTech maturity to inform core PFM systems and ICT infrastructure to support
policy decisions and the design of new activities. basic functions, and there is little focus on citizen
According to the 2022 GovTech Dataset, 32 out of 37 engagement and strengthening of necessary
(86 percent) fragile or conflict-affected countries are institutional and regulatory framework. Exceptional
in Groups C or D (Figure 3.10). country cases include Ukraine (A), Burkina Faso
This low level of GovTech maturity has important (B), Ethiopia (B), Kosovo (B), and Nigeria (B),
implications for designing and implementing the where substantial investments on core government
basic digital infrastructure and core systems and systems, shared platforms, and online public services
improving institutional capacity and digital skills in are visible based on the evidence provided through
difficult environments. the 2022 GTMI online survey.

Figure 3.10:
FCS category distribution, by GTMI groups, 2022

70

60

50

40
# of Economies

30

20

9 10
10
7 6
3
1 0 1
0
A B C D

Conflict (FCS-1) Fragile (FCS-2) Other

Source: World Bank data.

Note: FCS = fragile and conflict-affected situations, FCS-1 = conflict, FCS-2 = institutional and social fragility, Other = other economies not in the
FCS list (Table B.2), CGSI = Core Government Systems Index, PSDI = Public Service Delivery Index,
DCEI = Digital Citizen Engagement Index, GTEI = GovTech Enablers Index.

42 GOVTECH MATURITY INDEX 2022 UPDATE: TRENDS IN PUBLIC SECTOR DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION
 Figure 3.11:
Average GTMI components, by FCS categories, 2022

1.00
Avg GTMI component scores

Avg CGSI Avg DCEI

0.75
Avg PSDI Avg GTEI

0.50

0.25

0.00
Conflict (FCS-1) Fragile (FCS-2) Other

Source: World Bank data.

Note: FCS = fragile and conflict-affected situations, FCS-1 = conflict, FCS-2 = institutional and social fragility, Other = other economies not in the
FCS list (Table B.2), CGSI = Core Government Systems Index, PSDI = Public Service Delivery Index,
DCEI = Digital Citizen Engagement Index, GTEI = GovTech Enablers Index.

Main Findings

• T he global average of the GTMI value has risen the online survey moved one level down in the
from 0.519 in 2020 to 0.552 (out of 1) in 2022. GTMI groups, since it was not possible to collect
Despite progress in online service delivery relevant data remotely from their government
and underlying shared platforms, the digital websites, especially data about new performance-
divide widens. The maturity of core government related key indicators and sub-indicators.
systems, service delivery platforms, and most of • A
t the regional level, economies in the ECA, SAR,
the GovTech enablers has improved substantially MENA, and LAC regions generally registered
in Group A and B countries. However, there is higher scores, while AFR and EAP recorded the
little improvement in the maturity of four focus lowest scores. However, there is greater variation
areas in most of the Group C and D countries. when looking at the four subindices.
This reflects the widening gap, potentially due
to lack of adequate policies and resources for • A
t the regional level, there is also variation in the
launching key digital transformation initiatives areas of focus of GovTech investments. In the
and monitoring and reporting on the performance AFR region, economies in Group A concentrated
and use of existing platforms. on improving core government systems, whereas
Group A countries in ECA prioritized enhancing the
• T wenty six percent of economies improved their delivery of public services. Like ECA, the Group A
GovTech maturity as reflected in the groupings. economies in the SAR, MENA, and LAC regions
A total of 136 economies out of 198 (69 percent) also focused mostly on improving public service
remain in their GTMI group compared to the 2020 delivery. Therefore, same-group economies did
data, whereas 52 economies (26 percent) move not necessarily focus on the same areas across
up one level. Ten economies (5 percent) move regions.
down one level. Some of the economies not joining

GOVTECH MATURITY INDEX 2022 UPDATE: TRENDS IN PUBLIC SECTOR DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION 43
 • H
igh-income and upper-middle-income economies these platforms, and only about 30 percent of the
dominated Group A (with respective proportions economies are publishing reports or data about
of 58 percent and 26 percent), whereas only the performance of their service delivery platforms.
16 percent of both lower-middle and low- Globally, this indicates that economies have focused
income economies were represented in Group A. their digital transformation activities more on
Conversely, about 40 percent of Group D economies public service delivery than on citizen participation
are classified as low-income economies. Thus, and feedback. There is room for improvements,
from the income level perspective, the distribution especially in digital citizen engagement.
of economies across groups shows a positive • D
edicated digital government/GovTech institutions
correlation between income and GovTech maturity. have been established in 154 economies to lead
This further implies that earmarking adequate the digital transformation agenda. About half
resources and financing for GovTech activities of these key entities (69) are under a “Digital”
in digital strategies and plans is essential to the Ministry, 39 units are under the President’s or
advancement of public sector digital transformation. Prime Minister’s Office, nine units are autonomous
• I n the World Bank borrower category, the results bodies, and the remaining 37 entities are under
indicate that there is an urgent need to support different line ministries. However, only about half
the digital transformation needs of IDA countries of these institutions are focused on the whole-
as a priority to address growing digital divide of-government approach for public sector digital
challenges. Most of the IDA countries (76 percent) transformation.
are in Groups C and D, whereas most of the IBRD • A
doption of a whole-of-government approach to
countries (71 percent) are in Groups A and B. Twelve public sector digital transformation is visible in the
out of 15 Blend countries (80 percent) are in Groups digital strategy documents of 140 economies (70
B and C. IDA countries lack more, comparatively, percent), and 85 economies (about 43 percent)
regarding policies and resources to improve citizen have institutionalized the approach. However, only
engagement and GovTech enabling environment. 48 economies (24 percent) declared publishing the
• A
ccording to 2022 GTMI data, the GovTech progress in their whole-of-government initiatives
foundations are weak in the majority (86 percent) and 11 declared having this information internally.
of the fragile and conflict-affected economies. Substantial room for improvement can be found in
Focusing on these key enablers can ensure that this area, since publicly available information on the
proposed digital solutions have a strong base and performance of the whole-of-government approach
additional investments remain fit-for-purpose and contributes to transparency and accountability
effective in these difficult settings. toward the citizens on the policies being adopted.
• W
ithin focus areas, the public service delivery There are also limited cross-government forums
index registered the highest average score (0.649). organized to discuss the approach, as the larger
This indicates that globally, economies focused share of economies (58 percent) indicated that
their digital transformation activities relatively more there is no such forum.
on public service delivery. More than 75 percent of
governments already have public service portals
online, of which about 50 percent are transactional.
• T he citizen engagement index had the lowest
average score (0.449). More than 150 countries
placed greater emphasis on interaction with
citizens and improved their communication and
engagement services and channels during the
COVID-19 pandemic. In addition, around 50 percent
of governments have implemented mechanisms
or digital platforms to enable citizen feedback.
However, there is little evidence of utilization of

44 GOVTECH MATURITY INDEX 2022 UPDATE: TRENDS IN PUBLIC SECTOR DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION
Trends
The line graphs showing the diffusion of digital and service portals, many governments continue
government/GovTech initiatives, selected government to face challenges in providing broader access and
institutions, and systems over time are presented in monitoring the use and performance of existing
Figures 3.12 and 3.13 respectively. platforms, mainly due to the capacity and resource
Institutions. Based on the 2022 GovTech Dataset, constraints, data privacy concerns, cybersecurity
there are 165 dedicated digital government or issues, and other factors.
GovTech entities with approved strategies or Performance and use of existing platforms. The
action plans (154 already established, and 11 in 2020 GTMI data revealed that few governments
progress). Similar to the 2020 findings, most of the record and report transparently the full details of
new GovTech units have been established close government investments in GovTech initiatives and
to the center of government (President’s or Prime the results achieved, or challenges faced. Therefore,
Minister’s Office) to promote a whole-of-government new GTMI indicators were included in the 2022
approach, improve the coordination of GovTech GTMI update to measure these dimensions for
interventions, and develop cost-effective sustainable existing information systems, online service portals,
solutions. Additionally, there is a growing interest in established institutions, digital strategy action plans,
establishing dedicated data governance bodies for and more. Based on the 2022 GTMI data, only about
strategic planning, developing rules and standards, 15 percent of the 198 economies are disclosing
compliance and enforcement, and monitoring and information about the governance and performance/
guiding the implementation of a whole-of-government use of their institutions, shared platforms, and online
approach to data governance. service portals. Similarly, reporting of operational
Systems and shared platforms. Core central performance and results is a bit higher (about 25
government public financial management (PFM) percent), but still low, for core central government
institutions and systems are in place in many systems (e.g., FMIS, tax, customs, human resources
economies. Modernization and interoperability of management information system (HRMIS),
these platforms are the focus areas of improvement e-procurement)—a clear indication of the substantial
in most of the countries. Also, there is a growing gap in transparency and accountability.
interest in developing separate public investment Digital skills and innovation. 2022 GTMI data revealed
management systems (PIMS) linked with FMIS, that there is a growing interest in improving digital
e-Procurement, and other systems for effective skills and innovation in the public sector, especially
planning, execution, and monitoring of critical in Group A and B economies, compared to the 2020
infrastructure investments, including the GovTech version. About 130 economies (65 percent) have
shared platforms and service portals. digital skills and innovation strategy documents and/
New GTMI indicators measuring the presence of or programs, as well as dedicated government entities
social insurance systems (non-health) supporting focused on public sector innovation. However, only
pensions (including the public sector), and other about 20 percent of these institutions are publishing
social insurance programs revealed that such public information about the results achieved in these
systems and operating institutions have also been programs.
established in almost all economies (96 percent). GovTech startups. The 2022 GTMI data includes new
However, most of these systems are still fragmented indicators related to the government policies and
and disconnected, and future GovTech programs e-procurement incentives provided for supporting
should focus on improving the interoperability of core the GovTech startups and small and medium-sized
systems using shared platforms (e.g., government enterprises (SMEs). It appears that 101 economies
service bus). (51 percent) have specific policies to support
Despite substantial investments in shared platforms startups and/or SMEs, and the progress is being
(e.g., government cloud, enterprise architecture, published by 47 economies (23 percent). There is
interoperability platforms, government service bus) room for improvement in GovTech enablers in most
and the availability of core government systems of the economies.

GOVTECH MATURITY INDEX 2022 UPDATE: TRENDS IN PUBLIC SECTOR DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION 45
 Figure 3.12:
Diffusion of digital government and GovTech initiatives, 2022

(a) Digital Government and GovTech Strategies and Institutions

200

180 GovTech Institutions

Data Gov Institution 176
Total number of DG & GovTech Initiatives

160 Data Protection Inst.

PSI Institution 158
Digital Gov Strategy
140
Digital Skills Strategy 133
Public Sector Innov 126
120 Startup Support Pol 116
100 100

80

60

40

20

0
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022

(b) Diffusion of GovTech Programs and Platforms

200

180 Government Cloud

Gov Enterp Architect
Total number of DG & GovTech Initiatives

Gov Interoperability Fw
160 159
Gov Service Bus
Digital Signature
140
Open Source Software
Use of Disruptive Tech
120 124
111
100
90
80 83

60

40

20

0
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022

Source: World Bank data (198 economies).

Note: DG = digital government, PSI = public sector innovation, Inst = institution,
Innov = innovation, Pol = policy, Enterp = enterprise, Fw = framework

46 GOVTECH MATURITY INDEX 2022 UPDATE: TRENDS IN PUBLIC SECTOR DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION
 Figure 3.13:
Diffusion of selected government institutions and systems, 2022

(a) Diffusion of Government Systems (1984–2022)

200
193
185
180 FMIS 181
Tax MIS
Cust MIS 163
Total number of Government Systems

160
HRMIS
Payroll 141
140
E-Procure
Debt Mgmt
120 PIMS
Pension MIS
100

80
77

60

40

20

0
1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020

(b) Diffusion of Public Financial Management and Social Insurance Institutions

200 195
194
180 Treasury
Tax Admin 172
160 Customs
TSA
Social Ins.
Total number of Institutions

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

0
1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020

Source: World Bank data (198 economies).

Note: FMIS = financial management information system, Cust = customs, MIS = management information system, HRMIS = human resources
management information system, e-Procure = e-Procurement, Debt Mgmt = debt management, PIMS = public investment management system,
Tax Admin = tax administration, TSA = treasury single account, Social Ins = social insurance.

GOVTECH MATURITY INDEX 2022 UPDATE: TRENDS IN PUBLIC SECTOR DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION 47
 A Closer Look at the GovTech Focus Areas

The progress made in four GovTech focus areas is presented below to provide a more detailed view of the trends
and gaps identified in each category. A comparison of the 2022 GTMI findings with the 2020 version is not included
in this section. Instead, progress and gaps identified in all four GovTech focus areas are summaries focusing on
selected key indicators highly relevant to the digital divide in GovTech domain.

State of Core Government Systems

The current status of core government systems and shared platforms based on the CGSI is presented in Map 3.2.

Main findings
Government cloud. A total of 83 out of 198 economies Shared platforms. Despite substantial investment in
(42 percent) have a cloud platform available for all all core government systems, most of these platforms
government entities, and 42 economies (21 percent) are still disconnected and data exchange is not
have a cloud strategy/policy in place. There is a sufficiently automated using web services or application
substantial increase (38 percent) in the number of programming interfaces. Further investments on shared
economies investing on government cloud platforms digital platforms, such as government cloud and service
compared to the 2020 GTMI data. bus, and the development of interoperability frameworks
Interoperability framework and government service bus. are needed to substantially reduce the operational costs
A total of 85 economies (43 percent) declared having a and improve the efficiency of existing platforms.
government interoperability framework (GIF) in place Open-source software. A total of 83 economies (42
and 40 economies acknowledged having an extensively percent) declared having an open-source software (OSS)
used GIF. Eighty-nine economies (45 percent) have policy/action plan for the public sector (18 mandatory,
a government service bus (GSB) and 65 economies 65 advisory/research and development). The remaining
declared that it is being extensively used. Although the 115 economies don’t have any OSS policy in place for
2022 GTMI results show the relevance of interoperability the public sector. Regarding its effective use, only 11
as a key GovTech building block, substantial investments economies declare having an extensively adopted policy
are needed to mainstream it in the vast majority of and 46 recognize having it partially adopted in several
countries surveyed. sectors, which demonstrates that, globally, there is
Core government systems. On average, more than substantial room for improvement in the effective use of
90 percent of the 198 economies already have core OSS in the public sector.
public financial management and other government National strategy on disruptive/innovative technologies.
systems in place (e.g., financial management Even though 147 economies (74 percent) reported
information system, 95 percent; tax, 91 percent; having an approved digital transformation strategy, only
customs, 93 percent; HRMIS, 80 percent; payroll, 84 79 economies (40 percent) have an approved national
percent; social insurance, 96 percent; e-procurement, strategy focused on innovative/disruptive technologies
82 percent; debt management, 92 percent; public such as artificial intelligence, blockchain, internet of things.
investment management systems, 34 percent) to Thirty-three economies (17 percent) are working on their
support central government operations. The number strategies. The number of economies with such a strategy
of economies with public investment management increased by 49 percent over the past two years. Most
systems increased by 8 percent over the past two economies (64 percent) indicated they have not committed
years, whereas there was no notable change in funding for the disruptive technology strategies. Few
the number of existing core government systems. countries (25 percent) are publishing cases of disruptive
technology applications to encourage adoption.

48 GOVTECH MATURITY INDEX 2022 UPDATE: TRENDS IN PUBLIC SECTOR DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION
Map 3.2:
State of core government systems, by GTMI groups, 2022

20222022
GTMIGTMI
CoreCore
Government Systems
Government Systems

No Data

Source: World Bank data (198 economies).

Summary

Progress. Most of the economies already Gaps. Additional efforts and investments are needed
have core public financial management to improve the interconnectivity and interoperability
systems and social insurance information of existing government systems benefiting from cost-
systems in place, as presented under the main effective shared platforms. There is little focus on
findings above. There is a growing interest monitoring and reporting of the performance or use of
in shared digital platforms (e.g., government existing platforms, governance mechanisms, and results
cloud, interoperability frameworks, achieved. Also, most of the economies do not yet have
government service bus) and use of open- a government open-source software policy and action
source software and disruptive technologies plan, enterprise architecture framework, and national
to support public sector digital transformation. strategy for disruptive and innovative technologies.

GOVTECH MATURITY INDEX 2022 UPDATE: TRENDS IN PUBLIC SECTOR DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION 49
 State of Public Service Delivery
Transition to citizen-centric services that are universally accessible is in progress, mainly in GovTech leaders and
several other countries (Groups A and B) where the design of online services considers device- and internet-
access limitations, digital literacy, cultural norms, and other factors that might inhibit access. The current status
of public service delivery based on the PSDI is presented in Map 3.3.

Main findings
Online service portals. More than 82 percent of E-payment services. A total of 149 economies out of
economies (162 out of 198) have an online service portal 198 (75 percent) confirmed the availability of e-payment
that provides access to all available public services. services. Additionally, 125 of these e-payment platforms
Portals of 113 economies provide transactional services, can be used for government/treasury payments. This is
referring to requests that can be submitted online after an improvement compared with GTMI 2020 data, where
a secure sign-in process. However, these are limited in 94 economies had an online e-payment platform. But
their user-centricity. Ninety-eight economies have not considering that 85 economies have a centralized shared
involved users in the design process yet. A further 49 platform and 63 economies have fragmented or multiple
economies provide only information and forms. Mobile platforms, there is room to develop more convenient
access is growing, as 107 economies have released e-payment services.
mobile apps6 for citizens to access public services. Social insurance/pension online services. Responses
Considering the increasing demand on one-stop services, submitted for this new indicator indicate that 127
more economies need to modernize their online service economies (64 percent) have online social insurance/
portals to more advanced and integrated platforms. pension service portals and most of these platforms
Tax online services and e-filing. A total of 165 economies support registration, benefits, payments, and other
(83 percent) declared that they have e-tax portals, and services. Ten other economies are implementing similar
more than 127 economies provide access to registration, portals.
filing, and payment services, which are an indicator of the Job portal. As one of the new indicators, 138 economies
improvements made compared to the 2020 GTMI data. (70 percent) have developed a job portal and 104
Additionally, e-invoicing services are fully implemented economies have advanced transactional services,
in 62 economies and partially in 52 economies. E-filing including registration, searching, and application.
services are available in 146 economies (73 percent) This shows that many economies are trying to apply
and are linked with e-payment services in 113 out of 146 GovTech solutions to creating value in the job market
economies. However, currently, only 96 e-filing platforms and decreasing the mismatch between employers and
are connected to business information systems. employees.
Customs online services (single window). A total of Citizen-centric and universally accessible services. Only
99 economies (50 percent) confirmed the existence of about 35% of the economies confirmed the involvement
integrated customs online services or “single window” of citizens in the design of various online service portals.
portals providing access to registration, declaration, Similarly, about 40% of the economies declared that
payments, and other services. The implementation of universal (omnichannel) access and support for users
similar portals is in progress in 36 other economies. with disabilities are available in their service portals.
This is another improved indicator compared with the There is minimal focus on these critical aspects, even in
2020 GTMI data that includes evidence of just 40 single high-performing economies.
window platforms.

6. The GovTech team’s upcoming how-to-note on Mobile Government (mGov) can provide detailed knowledge on how to develop and
manage mobile solutions and encourage economies to design better mobile-based public service delivery.

50 GOVTECH MATURITY INDEX 2022 UPDATE: TRENDS IN PUBLIC SECTOR DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION
Map 3.3:
State of public service delivery, by GTMI groups, 2022

2022 GTMI
2022 Public
GTMI Service
Public Delivery
Service Delivery

No Data

Source: World Bank data (198 economies).

Summary

Progress. Online service portals Gaps. Despite substantial investments in online service delivery
providing access to most of the portals, most of the services are not transactional, and strong
available services (one-stop shops) government commitment and coordinated efforts are needed
and supporting transactional services to improve the interoperability of existing platforms. Also,
are available in many economies. economies generally lack a social insurance/pension online
Additionally, specific service portals service portal (despite having social insurance systems), as well
are visible in about 70 percent of as an integrated custom online service portal (single window),
economies (e.g., tax online services, both of which require sufficiently developed digital infrastructure
e-payment portal, social insurance/ and seamlessly connected government systems. Additionally,
pension services, job portal). there is little focus on citizen-centric service design and providing
universal access.

GOVTECH MATURITY INDEX 2022 UPDATE: TRENDS IN PUBLIC SECTOR DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION 51
 State of Digital Citizen Engagement
The new GTMI sub-indicators defined for measuring the scope and results of digital citizen engagement platforms
revealed that about half of the governments in 198 economies provide opportunities for e-participation and
e-feedback, mainly in countries in Groups A and B. The current status of citizen engagement based on the DCEI
is presented in Map 3.4.

Main findings
Open government portals. A total of 119 economies Nevertheless, only 40 economies confirmed they publish
(60%) have open government portals and/or are involved government’s responses to citizens or businesses,
in Open Government Partnership, and most of these are limiting accountability and transparency. In Groups C
in Group A and B (101 out of 119). There is little focus and D, citizen engagement documented the lowest
on open government portals in Group C and D countries average scores. This helps explain the digital gap, given
(mostly from the Africa region). About half of these the relatively higher concentration of Group A and B
platforms are updated annually and mostly provide basic countries investing in digital citizen engagement. The
information or documents, indicating the need for more results reveal minimal investment in opportunities for
frequent updates and more comprehensive disclosure of e-participation beyond providing information. Further,
data. limited options are available for communicating with the
Open data portals. Open data portals are visible in 152 government on existing websites.
economies (77 percent) and the update frequency of E-feedback. A total of 109 economies (55 percent)
these platforms has been improved; 84 economies confirmed the existence of government platforms that
update their open data portals on a quarterly, monthly, allow citizens to provide feedback on service delivery
or weekly basis. However, only 59 economies provide (e.g., compliments, complaints, suggestions, requests
access to a rich set of data, while others provide basic for information). More specifically, 73 economies provide
information—mostly annual statistics—and 41 portals universal accessibility (omnichannel access), and 39
are updated dynamically via application programming economies declared using advanced technology (e.g.,
interfaces (APIs). There is room for improvement in most chatbots or AI-enabled discussion forums) to improve
economies to enhance the contents, improve update citizen engagement, demonstrating the efforts of some
frequency, and extend the API services of existing open governments to mainstream CivicTech.
data portals. Government response. Only 60 economies (30 percent)
E-participation. A total of 97 economies (49 percent) confirmed publishing their citizen engagement statistics
confirmed having national platforms that allow citizens to and performance regularly. Service delivery performance
participate in policy decision-making, demonstrating the indicators and government initiatives to improve the
commitment of governments to use digital solutions to representation of vulnerable groups are visible in only
further involve their constituencies. Sixty-eight economies 25 percent of the economies, demonstrating substantial
confirmed the possibility of submitting petitions online. room for improvement.

52 GOVTECH MATURITY INDEX 2022 UPDATE: TRENDS IN PUBLIC SECTOR DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION
Map 3.4:
State of digital citizen engagement, by GTMI groups, 2022

2022GTMI
2022 GTMIDigital
CitizenCitizen
Engagement
Engagement

No Data

Source: World Bank data (198 economies).

Summary

Progress. Most governments have Gaps. E-participation and e-feedback platforms have limited
made progress in terms of having open capabilities in general (there are no online forms available for
government portals and open data submitting a petition, publishing citizens’ inputs, allowing for
portals. E-participation and e-feedback anonymous feedback, or posting the government’s response
platforms are visible in about half of the in a timely manner). Governments don’t generally publish
198 economies, and the capabilities of their citizen engagement statistics and performance data on
these platforms have been enhanced in a a regular basis, and national platforms that allow citizens to
relatively small number of Group A and B participate in policy decision-making are limited.
economies.

GOVTECH MATURITY INDEX 2022 UPDATE: TRENDS IN PUBLIC SECTOR DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION 53
 State of GovTech Enablers
The GTEI measures the state of several crosscutting drivers of the digital transformation agenda in the public
sector: strong enabling and safeguarding institutions, legal and regulatory regime, digital strategy, digital skills
in the public sector, and an environment that fosters innovation in the public sector and provides incentive for
GovTech startups. The current status of GovTech enablers based on the GTEI is presented in Map 3.5.

Main findings
GovTech institutions. A total of 154 economies Digital strategy. More governments are embarking on
(78 percent) have established dedicated Digital the journey of digital transformation, as demonstrated
Government/GovTech institutions to lead the digital by 2022 GTMI data on the prevalence of GovTech and
transformation agenda. However, only about half digital transformation strategies in the countries
of these institutions are focused on the whole- surveyed. Currently, 176 economies (about 90
of-government approach for public sector digital percent) have or will soon have a GovTech or digital
transformation. Only 71 economies (36 percent) transformation strategy. Although 147 economies
declared that they annually publish the progress of (74 percent) reported having an approved digital
their GovTech implementation performance. transformation strategy, only 49 percent documented
One hundred and five economies (53 percent) that the strategy was developed within the last five
declared having a coordinating body such as a years.
steering committee or a council leading GovTech Whole-of-government approach. Overall, 140
initiatives. Considering the importance of crosscutting economies (70 percent) responded positively to
government coordination, the 2022 GTMI results pursuing a whole-of-government approach to public
show that despite more than half of the GovTech sector digital transformation and about 43 percent
countries committed to this objective, it remains (85 economies) have institutionalized the approach.
an important building block that is missing in the However, only 48 economies (24 percent) declared
remaining 93 economies. publishing the progress in their whole-of-government
Data governance institutions. A total of 81 economies initiatives and 11 declared having this information
(41 percent) have established a dedicated Data internally. Substantial room for improvement can be
Governance institution, and another 27 economies found in this area, since publicly available information
(14 percent) are in the process of establishing a new on the performance of whole-of-government approach
entity. The number of economies having a dedicated contributes to transparency and accountability
data governance body increased by 65 percent over toward citizens on the policies being adopted. There
the past two years. Forty-nine institutions (45 percent) are also limited cross-government forums organized
are autonomous, whereas the remaining bodies are to discuss the approach, as the larger share of
operating under another government entity. Seventy economies (58 percent) indicated that there is no
percent of these institutions are providing guidance such forum.
to the whole government, whereas a multilevel data Laws and regulations. There has been good progress
governance approach is adopted in the remaining in about 140 economies (70 percent) on the adoption
economies. Only 60 economies (30 percent) have of right-to-information and data protection laws and
a data governance policy in place, and another 30 regulations, and the establishment of data protection
economies are developing a new policy. Also, only agencies. However, only a few economies (around 30
23 percent of these institutions prepare an annual percent) report progress in the use of existing laws or
progress report on data governance. performance of data protection authorities.

54 GOVTECH MATURITY INDEX 2022 UPDATE: TRENDS IN PUBLIC SECTOR DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION
Digital signature. A total of 96 economies
(49 percent) reported having digital signature
platforms used for online public services.
Additionally, 28 economies have established
the necessary infrastructure (including Public
Key Infrastructure/PKI) and 35 economies have
adopted the regulations and are working on
their infrastructure. The number of economies
using digital signature for service delivery has
increased by 39 percent over the past two years.
In 73 economies, digital signature is linked with
digital ID/mobile devices. Also, 52 economies (26
percent) publish information about the utilization
of digital signature.
Digital skills strategy or program. A total of 133
economies (67 percent) indicated having a digital
skills strategy or program. There is a relatively
similar focus on advanced digital skills and literacy
(33 percent), as opposed to basic digital skills and
literacy (32 percent). The programs were mainly
public sector programs rather than academic or
private/CSO ones. Most of the programs are not
mandatory and 41 percent of economies reported
having free programs available for citizens and in
schools. However, only 18 percent are publishing
results on the progress of the programs toward
defined objectives.
Public sector innovation strategy or program. A total
of 116 economies (59 percent) reported having a
public sector innovation (PSI) strategy or program.
However, only 21 percent of the economies are
publishing results on the annual progress of their
public sector innovation programs.
Public sector innovation entity. A total of 122
economies (62 percent) declared having a
government entity leading the activities on PSI. Most
of these entities are focused on both strengthening
of digital skills and fostering innovation in public
sector. Sixty-two economies indicated that
they are providing financial support for GovTech
startups. However, only a few economies (around
18 percent) publish annual progress reports on the
activities of PSI institutions.
GovTech startups. A total of 101 economies (51
percent) reported having a government policy to
support GovTech and other technology startups.
Only 40 economies have a procurement policy
prioritizing startups and/or SMEs, and 45 countries
are publishing results in supporting startups.

GOVTECH MATURITY INDEX 2022 UPDATE: TRENDS IN PUBLIC SECTOR DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION 55
 Map 3.5:
State of GovTech enablers, by GTMI groups, 2022

2022
2022 GTMI
GTMI GovTech Enablers
GovTech Enablers

No Data

Source: World Bank data (198 economies).

Summary

Progress. Digital government/GovTech institutions, Gaps. Institutionalization of the whole-of-government

digital strategy, and action plans with a focus approach is progressing slowly even in high-
on whole-of-government approach, as well as performing countries because of difficulties in
data protection/privacy laws and data protection allocating necessary resources, coordinating large-
authorities, are visible in more than 70 percent of the scale digital governance initiatives, and monitoring
economies. About 48 percent have digital signature and reporting of results. Economies broadly lack
platforms supporting online public services and a dedicated entity for data governance and data
another 32 percent are establishing the necessary management, and a strategy and/or program to
infrastructure to support various services. Also, more improve public sector innovation and digital skills.
countries confirmed the existence of digital skills and Also, there is substantial room for improvement in
innovation strategies and programs compared to two disclosing publicly available information about the
years ago. About half of the economies have adopted performance of the whole-of-government approach
policies to support GovTech startups. and the opportunities provided for GovTech startups.

56 GOVTECH MATURITY INDEX 2022 UPDATE: TRENDS IN PUBLIC SECTOR DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION
Good Practices
4.
Based on the findings of the 2022 GTMI update, this chapter highlights 16 selected good-practice cases related
to GovTech focus areas (Table 4.1).7 Emerging GovTech good practices entail the following:

• M
oving one level up in the GTMI groups and • F
ocus on improving the local GovTech ecosystem
participation in the CG GTMI online survey supporting local entrepreneurs and startups
• P
romotion of a whole-of-government approach to develop new products and services for the
while modernizing or integrating core government government
systems and online services • U
se of new or disruptive technologies for public
• M
onitoring and publishing of the performance sector modernization
and use of existing platforms, and progress and • S
upport for public data platforms and promotion
results of the GovTech institutions and programs of the use of open public data by individuals and
• S
upport for citizen-centric services that are firms to create value.
universally accessible
• P
romotion of digital citizen engagement or
CivicTech activities and the effective use of
existing service portals for citizen participation
and feedback

7. Well-known good-practice country cases, such as those in Brazil, Denmark, Estonia, India, Republic of Korea, the United Kingdom, and the
United States, are documented in the latest EU, OECD, and UN reports. They are not included here to avoid repetition and provide more
room for less-known country cases.

GOVTECH MATURITY INDEX 2022 UPDATE: TRENDS IN PUBLIC SECTOR DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION 57
 Table 4.1:
Selected good practices, by group, income level, and region, 2022

Group # Economies with GovTech good practices

A 10 Bangladesh, Ecuador, Egypt, Iceland, Mauritius, Mongolia, Oman, Tanzania, Uganda, Uzbekistan
B 4 Benin, Cambodia, Ghana, Guatemala
C 2 Angola, Nepal

Income Level # Economies with GovTech good practices

High income 2 Iceland, Oman
Upper-middle income 3 Ecuador, Guatemala, Mauritius
Lower-middle income 10 Angola, Bangladesh, Benin, Cambodia, Egypt, Ghana, Mongolia, Nepal, Tanzania, Uzbekistan
Low income 1 Uganda

Region # Economies with GovTech good practices

Africa 6 Angola, Benin, Ghana, Mauritius, Tanzania, Uganda
East Asia and Pacific 2 Cambodia, Mongolia
Europe and Central Asia 2 Iceland, Uzbekistan
North and South America 2 Ecuador, Guatemala
Middle East and North Africa 2 Egypt, Oman
South Asia 2 Bangladesh, Nepal

Source: World Bank staff.

This chapter presents selected good-practice cases, together with the GTMI component scores and links to
relevant websites, to highlight the relevant initiatives and platforms using a similar format.

58 GOVTECH MATURITY INDEX 2022 UPDATE: TRENDS IN PUBLIC SECTOR DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION
GovTech Leaders (Group A)

Bangladesh
Progress: GTEI, CGSI, DCEI;
Moved up from Group B to A.

• The Department of Information and

Bangladesh 2022 GovTech Maturity
Communication Technology (DICT) is the key GovTech
entity leading the Digital Bangladesh agenda since
0.845
2012, with a focus on improving online services, shared GTMI
0.552
platforms, and the enabling environment.
0.915
CGSI
• The Bangladesh Computer Council (BCC) manages the 0.575
National Data Center (NDC) to provide reliable cloud
0.707
services (since 2019; IaaS, PaaS, SaaS) and support PSDI
0.649
shared platforms as part of the whole-of-government
0.837
approach. NDC is also involved in data governance and DCEI
0.449
cybersecurity in collaboration with the Bangladesh
0.920
Computer Council (BCC). GTEI
0.536
• T he Bangladesh National Digital Architecture (NDA)
0 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00
provides access to the National e-Service Bus to connect
important and heavily used citizen services/e-services
for secure automated data exchange using APIs.
• C
itizens can register through their mobile devices for
access to all online public services available in the
MyGov portal (one-stop shop) and via mobile app, linked
with the digital signature infrastructure.

GOVTECH MATURITY INDEX 2022 UPDATE: TRENDS IN PUBLIC SECTOR DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION 59
 GovTech Leaders (Group A)

Ecuador
Progress: PSDI, DCEI, CGSI;
Moved up from Group B to A

• T he Ecuadorian Social Security Institute (IESS) is

Ecuador 2022 GovTech Maturity
in charge of implementing the General Compulsory
Insurance System, which is part of the national social
0.863
security system (Sistema de Pensiones). GTMI
0.552
• T here is a government policy on open-source software 0.870
CGSI
for the public sector that was officially approved in 0.575
2016 (Public Software). 0.924
PSDI
• The national platform Diálogo 2.0 allows citizens to 0.649

participate in political decision-making by proposing 0.912

DCEI
ideas to improve their lives and be part of public policy 0.449

development. 0.744
GTEI
0.536
• T he whole-of-government approach to the digital
transformation of the public sector is led by the 0 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00
Ministry of Telecommunications and Information
Society, with initiatives such as the creation of smart
and sustainable cities based on digitalization.

60 GOVTECH MATURITY INDEX 2022 UPDATE: TRENDS IN PUBLIC SECTOR DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION
GovTech Leaders (Group A)

Egypt
Progress: CGSI, PSDI, GTEI;
Moved up from Group B to A

• E
gypt is one of the leading GovTech economies in
Egypt 2022 GovTech Maturity
Africa, with significant progress in GovTech enablers.
The Ministry of Communications and Information
0.751
Technology is the primary agency in charge of digital GTMI
0.552
transformation in Egypt, and the current strategy is the
0.783
ICT 2030 strategy. CGSI
0.575
• T here is a stronger focus on GovTech enablers, public
0.795
service delivery, and core government systems, as PSDI
0.649
opposed to citizen engagement.
0.626
DCEI
• The Digital Egypt program has launched several 0.449

initiatives intended to provide training opportunities 0.802

GTEI
to young people to prepare them for both national 0.536
and international labor markets. The Introduction
0 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00
to Innovation and Technology training program also
offers resources to promote innovative thinking, build
nationwide entrepreneurship, and strengthen the
innovation ecosystem.

GOVTECH MATURITY INDEX 2022 UPDATE: TRENDS IN PUBLIC SECTOR DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION 61
 GovTech Leaders (Group A)

Iceland
Progress: CGSI, PSDI, DCEI, GTEI;
Moved up from Group B to A

• Iceland is advanced in all four GovTech focus areas and

Iceland 2022 GovTech Maturity
received the highest score on citizen engagement.
• A
whole-of-government approach to digital 0.867
GTMI
transformation has been institutionalized based on the 0.552
current strategy (Digital Iceland Strategy), which was 0.840
CGSI
approved in 2021. 0.575

• I celand has an open data portal offering comprehensive 0.865

PSDI
data that is updated weekly using automated update 0.649

procedures via APIs. 0.941

DCEI
0.449
• The Reports and Reviews platform uses an AI-
enabled chatbot to assist users promptly, and citizen GTEI
0.822
0.536
engagement statistics and performance are published.
• T here is a focus on “life events” on the citizen service 0 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00
portal (island.is) providing online access to all available
services. Digital certificates allow users to prove their
rights with the mobile phone in a convenient and safe
way, in case a paper or plastic certificate is forgotten
or lost.

62 GOVTECH MATURITY INDEX 2022 UPDATE: TRENDS IN PUBLIC SECTOR DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION
GovTech Leaders (Group A)

Mauritius
Progress: CGSI, PSDI, DCEI, GTEI;
Moved up from Group B to A

• I n the Republic of Mauritius, the Ministry of Information

Mauritius 2022 GovTech Maturity
Technology, Communication and Innovation leads
the government’s digital transformation, including
0.864
strategy, eServices, digital skills, and innovation. GTMI
0.552
• An online service portal that serves as a one-stop shop 0.891
CGSI
for citizens and businesses is available for access to 0.575
public services, including service portals for filing
0.918
taxes, seeking jobs, accessing social insurance, PSDI
0.649
reporting customs information, and submitting
0.771
e-payments. DCEI
0.449

• A shared cloud platform, and the Government Online 0.875

GTEI
Center hosting e-services, common applications, and 0.536
G2C, G2B, and G2G solutions are also available.
0 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00
• M
auritius plans to introduce its Government Enterprise
Architecture in 2023.

GOVTECH MATURITY INDEX 2022 UPDATE: TRENDS IN PUBLIC SECTOR DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION 63
 GovTech Leaders (Group A)

Mongolia
Progress: CGSI, PSDI, DCEI, GTEI;
Moved up from Group B to A

• T he Ministry of Digital Development and

Mongolia 2022 GovTech Maturity
Communications, established in 2004, oversees
GovTech in Mongolia, leading on issues from strategy
0.907
and policy, eGovernment, digital skills development, GTMI
0.552
and innovation.
0.934
CGSI
• T he e-Mongolia platform was launched in October 0.575
2020. It is being used by more than 2 million citizens
0.864
(66 percent of the population) for access to 600+ digital PSDI
0.649
public services provided by 59 government agencies.
0.883
DCEI
• M
ongolia has an Open Government portal containing 0.449

basic datasets, which it updates on a quarterly or 0.946

GTEI
monthly basis. Mongolia also has an online platform 0.536
that facilitates public engagement in policymaking and
0 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00
enables users to submit anonymous feedback.
• A
separate portal (11-11.mn) also enables citizens to
provide feedback on public service delivery. The portal
includes service standards (e.g., response times and
procedures) and employs advanced technology to
improve citizen engagement. The government also
publishes information on how it has responded or
incorporated citizen feedback in policies and programs.

64 GOVTECH MATURITY INDEX 2022 UPDATE: TRENDS IN PUBLIC SECTOR DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION
GovTech Leaders (Group A)

Oman
Progress: CGSI, PSDI, GTEI;
Moved up from Group B to A

• Oman’s online public service portal provides

Oman 2022 GovTech Maturity
information and transactional level services. Through
this portal, citizens can start a business or establish
0.836
an e-residency. GTMI
0.552
• O
man also launched an online job portal, which is the 0.861
CGSI
primary job portal used for public and private sector 0.575
employment. On this portal, candidates can register,
0.907
search for available jobs, and submit applications. PSDI
0.649

• The Ministry of Transport, Communication and 0.696

DCEI
Information Technology is the government entity 0.449

focused on GovTech issues in Oman, taking charge in 0.882

GTEI
matters related to strategy, policy, and e-government. 0.536

• W
hile Oman has room to grow in its citizen engagement, 0 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00
it does have promising beginnings—an open data
portal that contains basic data and is updated on a
weekly or daily basis. Oman also offers a portal where
citizens can participate in policymaking and provide
anonymous feedback to the government.

GOVTECH MATURITY INDEX 2022 UPDATE: TRENDS IN PUBLIC SECTOR DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION 65
 GovTech Leaders (Group A)

Tanzania
Progress: CGSI, PSDI, DCEI, GTEI;
Moved up from Group B to A

• B
ased on a whole-of-government approach, the
Tanzania 2022 GovTech Maturity
e-Government Authority provides vision and leadership
regarding ICT policies, strategies, and operations.
0.860
GTMI
• T he Government Communications Network (GovNet) 0.552
is a secure shared network connecting 72 ministries, 0.882
CGSI
departments, and agencies (MDAs) and 77 local 0.575
government authorities (LGAs).
0.865
PSDI
• T he government e-office system (GeOS) facilitates day- 0.649

to-day government administrative processes involving 0.828

DCEI
movement of files and documents. 0.449

• The online service portal brings services closer to GTEI

0.866
0.536
the public by allowing citizens to apply for passports,
permits, and licenses, and to make payments online. 0 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00
• T he government mobile platform (mGov) offers a one-
stop shop center for government mobile services via
push (G2P) and pull (P2G) SMS, USSD, and mobile
application (Android and IOS).

66 GOVTECH MATURITY INDEX 2022 UPDATE: TRENDS IN PUBLIC SECTOR DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION
GovTech Leaders (Group A)

Uganda
Progress: CGSI, PSDI, DCEI, GTEI;
Moved up from Group B to A

• T he National Information Technology Authority (NITA)

Uganda 2022 GovTech Maturity
is the lead agency on GovTech, with a focus on
developing policy and strategy, e-government, digital
0.858
skills, and digital transformation. GTMI
0.552
• The Ministry of ICT and NITA recognize and embrace 0.889
CGSI
the benefits of a whole-of-government approach 0.575
and interoperability frameworks as key factors of a
0.881
successful e-governance and e-services. PSDI
0.649

• N
ITA developed and issued clear guidelines on cloud 0.917
DCEI
computing for MDAs. NITA also provides a National 0.449

Data Center that includes PaaS, IaaS, SaaS, and 0.748

GTEI
Backend as a Service (Baas). 0.536

• The Ugandan eCitizen portal enables access to services 0 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00
such as e-tax, business registration, trading license
registration, and social security statements, among
others. The portal is structured to offer seamless
navigation and quick access to all services.

GOVTECH MATURITY INDEX 2022 UPDATE: TRENDS IN PUBLIC SECTOR DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION 67
 GovTech Leaders (Group A)

Uzbekistan
Progress: CGSI, PSDI, DCEI, GTEI;
Moved up from Group B to A

• The Ministry for Development of Information

Uzbekistan 2022 GovTech Maturity
Technologies and Communications spearheads
GovTech covering policy, strategy, e-government,
0.813
public-private partnership, and digital skills GTMI
0.552
development.
0.794
CGSI
• T he State Committee on Statistics oversees data 0.575
governance. In 2020, it published a data governance
0.951
policy and a digital transformation strategy, and it has PSDI
0.649
institutionalized a whole-of-government approach to
0.545
public sector digital transformation. DCEI
0.449

• U
zbekistan is also notable for its law on personal 0.965
GTEI
data protection, formalized in 2019. It monitors the 0.536
implementation of and compliance to these laws, and
0 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00
publishes feedback on data protection and privacy.
• U
zbekistan also has my.gov.uz, an online public service
portal, which was designed around the citizen and
business user and with omnichannel access. Citizens
and businesses can register, file, and make payments
on the online tax portal, and electronic invoicing is
fully implemented.

68 GOVTECH MATURITY INDEX 2022 UPDATE: TRENDS IN PUBLIC SECTOR DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION
Significant Focus on GovTech (Group B)

Benin
Progress: PSDI, GTEI;
Moved up from Group C to B

• B
enin’s Agence Nationale de la Sécurité des Systèmes
Benin 2022 GovTech Maturity
d’Information (ANSSI) is the lead agency for GovTech.
It oversees policy, strategy, e-government, digital skills
0.678
development, and innovation. GTMI
0.552
• Benin has Service-Public.bj, an online public service 0.645
CGSI
portal where citizens can access a wide range of 0.575
e-services. This portal was designed around the user
0.804
and is accessible through multiple channels; it is PSDI
0.649
searchable by keyword, administration, theme, and
0.597
jurisdiction. DCEI
0.449

• Benin also has an established e-payment service and a 0.667

GTEI
job portal where candidates can register, search, and 0.536
submit applications for public and private sector jobs.
0 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00
• B
enin has a strategy for digital government
transformation from 2016. It adopted a whole-of-
government approach to this transformation, which
was institutionalized; the Ministere du Numérique et
de la Digitalisation is currently leading the whole-of-
government approach.

GOVTECH MATURITY INDEX 2022 UPDATE: TRENDS IN PUBLIC SECTOR DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION 69
 Significant Focus on GovTech (Group B)

Cambodia
Progress: CGSI, PSDI;
Moved up from Group C to B

• I n Cambodia, the Ministry of Post and

Cambodia 2022 GovTech Maturity
Telecommunications is the entity focused on
advancing GovTech. The Minister chairs the Digital
0.584
Government Committee, which leads and coordinates GTMI
0.552
the digital transformation of national and subnational
0.701
government agencies. CGSI
0.575
• C
ambodia established an online service portal,
0.719
enabling businesses and citizens to make licensing PSDI
0.649
and registration applications remotely. It also has an
0.325
online tax service portal that enables registration, DCEI
0.449
filing, and payment, and it has partially implemented
0.592
e-invoicing. GTEI
0.536
• I n 2019, Cambodia established the Cambodia Data
0 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00
Exchange Platform (CamDX), a government service bus
which aims to enable integrated service delivery and
data sharing within the government. To date, CamDX
has been partially adopted. Cambodia monitors and
publishes CamDX usage.

70 GOVTECH MATURITY INDEX 2022 UPDATE: TRENDS IN PUBLIC SECTOR DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION
Significant Focus on GovTech (Group B)

Ghana
Progress: CGSI, PSDI;
In Group B (no change)

• G
hana scores above the global average on the PSDI
Ghana 2022 GovTech Maturity
and CGSI. Ghana has a Digital Services and Payments
Platform, where citizens and businesses can (among
0.534
other things) submit applications for immigration GTMI
0.552
services and permits, as well as check the status of
0.647
their applications. CGSI
0.575
• Ghana also has an online tax service portal, where
0.698
citizens and businesses can register, file, and make PSDI
0.649
payments; the system has mandatory electronic
0.307
invoicing. The portal facilitates all tax types and DCEI
0.449
customs declarations, provides prepopulated returns,
0.485
and is connected to relevant business information GTEI
0.536
systems.
0 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00
• G
hana’s GovTech is led by the National Information
Technology Agency, which was established in 2008.
This agency is focused on GovTech policy and strategy,
e-services, public-private partnership, and digital
transformation.

GOVTECH MATURITY INDEX 2022 UPDATE: TRENDS IN PUBLIC SECTOR DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION 71
 Significant Focus on GovTech (Group B)

Guatemala
Progress: PSDI, GTEI;
Moved up from Group C to B

• I n 2020, the Comisión Presidencial de Gobierno Abierto

Guatemala 2022 GovTech Maturity
y Electrónico was established under the President’s
Office as a key entity leading GovTech agenda,
0.632
with a focus on policy and strategy, e-government, GTMI
0.552
e-services, digital skills, and innovation.
0.571
CGSI
• A data protection/privacy law was approved in 2022. 0.575

• In 2022, the Ministerio de Economía put a policy in 0.874

PSDI
place to support GovTech startups and private sector 0.649

investments. 0.440
DCEI
0.449
• D
irección de Crédito Público del Ministerio de Finanzas
Públicas launched a hybrid Debt Management System GTEI
0.644
0.536
(DMS) in 2022.
• A Data Governance Strategy was approved in 2018, and 0 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00
it publishes progress reports. A dedicated government
entity in charge of data governance or management is
also planned for operation beginning in 2024.

72 GOVTECH MATURITY INDEX 2022 UPDATE: TRENDS IN PUBLIC SECTOR DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION
Some Focus on GovTech (Group C)

Angola
Progress: GTEI;
In Group C (no change)

• Angola’s GovTech is overseen by the National Institute

Angola 2022 GovTech Maturity
for the Promotion of the Information Society (INFOSI),
established in 1997. INFOSI oversees GovTech matters
0.447
around policy and strategy, e-government, digital skills GTMI
0.552
development, and innovation.
0.436
CGSI
• A
ngola is comparatively strongest on its GovTech 0.575
enablers and public service delivery. Sepe.gov.ao is
0.565
Angola’s one-stop shop for accessing e-services, PSDI
0.649
and it links to other portals for public employment,
0.221
licensing, and company registration. DCEI
0.449

• The digital government transformation strategy was 0.566

GTEI
updated in 2019. Angola takes a whole-of-government 0.536
approach to digital transformation, overseen by the
0 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00
Ministério das Telecomunicações, Tecnologias de
Informação e Comunicação Social (MINTTICS), which
publishes progress updates on its website.

GOVTECH MATURITY INDEX 2022 UPDATE: TRENDS IN PUBLIC SECTOR DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION 73
 Some Focus on GovTech (Group C)

Nepal
Progress: CGSI;
Moved from B to C

• The Ministry of Communications and Information

Nepal 2022 GovTech Maturity
Technology is leading GovTech in Nepal, encompassing
issues including strategy and policy, e-government,
0.439
and digital skills development. GTMI
0.552
• I n 2020, Nepal launched the Nepal G Cloud, 0.581
CGSI
a government cloud platform operated by the 0.575
Department of Information Technology that maintains
0.515
data within the country. PSDI
0.649

• I n 2011, Nepal launched the Nepal Government 0.228

DCEI
Enterprise Architecture (GEA). The GEA is still partially 0.449

used, but it is a blueprint shared by both central and 0.433

GTEI
local governments. 0.536

• N
epal also has a Government Interoperability 0 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00
Framework (Nepal eGIF), which was launched in 2010.
To date, it is only partially used, although it is shared
by central and local governments.
• N
epal also has a well-functioning FMIS platform, the
DECS/TSA or District Expenditure Control System/
Treasury Single Account System, which serves to
support core PFM functions. It was launched in 2006
and is operated by the Ministry of Finance.

74 GOVTECH MATURITY INDEX 2022 UPDATE: TRENDS IN PUBLIC SECTOR DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION
 5.
Conclusions and
Recommendations
The World Bank’s 2022 update of the GovTech The nature of the digital divide is complex and
Maturity Index (GTMI) shows that despite progress debatable, and its measurement based on relevant
in online public service delivery, underlying shared indicators is not a trivial task. The 2022 GTMI data
digital platforms, and core government systems, the revealed that 48 extended indicators can provide a
digital divide has widened due to lack of policies and reliable snapshot of the progress and gaps in public
resources in most low- and middle-income countries. sector digital transformation, and they can inform
The GTMI comes at a time when demands on policy decisions to address country-specific digital
governments are increasing rapidly. While many divide challenges.
economies are still recovering from the COVID-19 Broadly, the GTMI showcases a country’s overall
pandemic, concerns around prices, peace, stability, advancement in digital transformation. It is not
and climate change are growing. Debt levels are intended to create a ranking or assess a country’s
increasing, and fiscal resources are stretched. As readiness for or performance of GovTech; it is intended
governments rise to meet these challenges, there to complement existing tools and diagnostics by
is more awareness about the potential of digital providing a baseline for GovTech maturity and
transformation to make public sectors more efficient, identifying areas for improvement.
transparent, citizen-centered, and resilient.

GOVTECH MATURITY INDEX 2022 UPDATE: TRENDS IN PUBLIC SECTOR DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION 75
 Based on the 2022 GTMI survey data, about 78 • O
nline service portals could be enhanced to
percent of the 198 economies have launched digital increase the availability of citizen-centric
government or GovTech initiatives, and relevant transactional services, and access to critical
strategies to address country-specific digital services (life events) could be monitored and
transformation challenges have been developed. better reported to improve the quality of services
These initiatives, along with additional investments for citizens and businesses.
in shared digital platforms with a focus on improving • M
ultifunctional citizen participation platforms
online service delivery, have helped to reinforce could be developed to deepen the citizen-
GovTech foundations in most of the countries within government relationship, improve accountability,
the last two years. Despite these efforts, there are and build public trust in government.
significant challenges in four GovTech focus areas,
especially in Group C and D economies. • F
urther investments in digital skills development
and innovation in the public sector are crucial to
The initial findings of the 2022 GTMI update reveal supporting the transition to data-driven culture
that the new key indicators in the GovTech global and building strong technical skills.
dataset are relevant in documenting the progress
made in the public sector digital transformation • G
overnments could provide more incentives and
agenda in most countries. They also help monitor the financial support to GovTech startups/SMEs
performance and utilization of existing platforms. to promote the private sector involvement in
addressing public sector challenges.
Since the GTMI was introduced to measure the maturity
of GovTech initiatives at the central government level, • G
overnments could promote the use of public data
it may not adequately capture the progress and good to create added economic value by establishing
practices in subnational entities. The 2022 GTMI public data platforms that individuals and firms
survey results revealed the difficulty of measuring the can access.
GovTech maturity in most economies. • T he use of frontier and disruptive digital
The conclusions and recommendations of the 2021 technologies can greatly improve core government
GTMI Report are still valid. The key messages of the operations and online service delivery once the
2022 GTMI update are as follows: GovTech foundations are in place.

• C
ommitment at high government levels and the • G
overnments could focus more on measuring the
allocation of necessary resources are crucial performance and utilization of existing digital
for launching and sustaining priority GovTech platforms and monitor/report the adoption and
initiatives to address the widening digital divide. use of new policies and frameworks to improve
the visibility and impact of ongoing digital
• L arge-scale GovTech challenges are more transformation activities.
visible in Sub-Saharan Africa in comparison with
other regions, and more substantial resources The pandemic has highlighted how critical GovTech
are needed to reduce the gaps in digital public solutions can be during times of crisis and need.
infrastructure, skills, and governance. Indeed, in many countries, GovTech solutions have
helped governments continue core operations, provide
• T here is substantial room for improvement secure remote access to online services, and support
in most of the economies regarding the vulnerable people and businesses. By allocating the
interconnectivity and interoperability of necessary resources for advancing GovTech maturity,
existing systems and services benefiting governments are investing in a more efficient and
from cost-effective shared digital platforms citizen-centered public service network. Investing
such as government cloud, service bus, and in GovTech and partnering with stakeholders are an
application programming interfaces (APIs). opportunity to better deliver on COVID-19-pandemic
recovery and resilience and adapt to the “new normal.”

76 GOVTECH MATURITY INDEX 2022 UPDATE: TRENDS IN PUBLIC SECTOR DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION
Appendices

GOVTECH MATURITY INDEX 2022 UPDATE: TRENDS IN PUBLIC SECTOR DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION 77
 Appendix A.
Explanation of Revised GovTech Indicators
The maturity level of four GovTech focus areas was measured using 48 key indicators (including eight external
indicators). Table A.1 presents all key indicators and related sub-indicators, response options, and associated
weights.

Table A.1:
GovTech key indicators and sub-indicators

2022 GTMI Key Indicators Response Options Information Box Contents/

Index # New Weight
and Sub-indicators and Data Format Source

Core Government Systems Index (CGSI)

Government Cloud

0 = No
Is there a shared cloud platform
I-1 1 = Only cloud strategy/policy (no platform yet) - W1
available for all government entities?
2= Yes (platform in use)

I-1.1 Name of the government cloud platform Text - -

I-1.2 Cloud platform/strategy URL URL - -

Government cloud was launched/will be

I-1.3 YYYY - -
launched in (year)
Public: Commercial operators,
0 = Unknown
outside/in country; Private: Operated
1 = Public (Commercial)
I-1.4 Type of cloud platform established by government entities, usually Yes B
2 = Private (Government)
on-premise; Hybrid: Combination of
3= Hybrid
public and private
Official name of the entity operating the
I-1.5 Text Yes -
government cloud platform
0= No policy/Unknown
1= Keeping data inside the country
I-1.6 Government cloud data hosting policy? Yes B
2= Keeping data outside the country
3= Hybrid (inside + outside)
If there is a cloud hosting policy >
I-1.6.1 Enter URL (public link) or attach relevant report Yes -
Supporting document (report/URL)
SaaS: Software as a Service;
0 = Unknown, PaaS: Platform as a Service; IaaS:
I-1.7 Cloud services provided Yes B
1 = SaaS, 2 = PaaS, 3 = IaaS, 4 = XaaS Infrastructure as a Service; XaaS:
Anything as a Service
0 = Unknown, 1 = Several cloud platforms
Is there one shared government cloud
I-1.8 (central/local levels), 2= One shared cloud B
platform or several?
platform
Monitoring and publishing of cloud 0 = No, 1 = Yes (internal, not published), 2= Yes
I-1.9 S1
usage, security, savings, etc.? (public, published)
If Yes > Supporting document (report/
I-1.9.1 Enter URL (public link) or attach relevant report -
URL)

78 GOVTECH MATURITY INDEX 2022 UPDATE: TRENDS IN PUBLIC SECTOR DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION
 2022 GTMI Key Indicators Response Options Information Box Contents/
Index # New Weight
and Sub-indicators and Data Format Source

Government Enterprise Architecture (GEA)

Is there a government enterprise

I-2 0 = No, 1 = In draft/Planned, 2 = Yes W1
architecture framework?

I-2.1 Name of the GEA framework Text -

I-2.2 GEA framework/draft URL URL -

GEA was introduced/will be introduced

I-2.3 YYYY -
in (year)
0 = Unknown, 1 = Partially used, 2 = Extensively
I-2.4 GEA operational status B
used
0 = Unknown, 1 = Fragmented (separate central/
I-2.5 Scope > Is there a shared GEA? local), 2 = Shared central + local (whole-of- B
government)
Which entity is maintaining/extending 0 = Unknown, 1 = Ministry-level chief information
I-2.6 B
GEA? officer 2 = Government CIO, 3 = Other
Which entity is monitoring compliance 0= Unknown, 1= Ministry level Chief Information
I-2.7 B
with GEA? Officer 2= Government CIO, 3= Other
Monitoring and publishing of GEA usage, 0 = No, 1 = Yes (internal, not published), 2 = Yes
I-2.8 S1
compliance, benefits, etc.? (public, published)
If Yes > Supporting document (report/
I-2.8.1 Enter URL (public link) or attach relevant report -
URL)

Government Interoperability Framework (GIF)

European Interoperability Framework

Is there a government interoperability
I-3 0 = No, 1 = In draft/Planned, 2= Yes (EIF) or similar country specific W1
framework?
frameworks

I-3.1 Title of the GIF report Text -

I-3.2 GIF report/draft URL URL -

GIF was introduced/will be introduced

I-3.3 YYYY -
in (year)
0 = Unknown, 1 = Partially used, 2= Extensively
I-3.4 GIF operational status B
used
0 = Unknown, 1 = Fragmented (separate central/
I-3.5 Scope > Is there a shared GIF? local), 2= Shared central + local (whole-of- B
government)
Data quality framework for
ensuring that government data is
I-3.6 Is there a data quality framework? 0 = No, 1 = Yes B
standardized, not fragmented, and
not duplicated.
Is there a system to monitor the “uptime”
I-3.7 0 = No, 1 = Yes B
of government information systems?
Is there guidance for replacing legacy
I-3.8 0 = No, 1 = Yes B
government information systems?
Monitoring and publishing of GIF usage, 0 = No, 1 = Yes (internal, not published), 2 = Yes
I-3.9 S1
compliance, benefits? (public, published)
If Yes > Supporting document (report/
I-3.9.1 Enter URL (public link) or attach relevant report -
URL)

GOVTECH MATURITY INDEX 2022 UPDATE: TRENDS IN PUBLIC SECTOR DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION 79
 2022 GTMI Key Indicators Response Options Information Box Contents/
Index # New Weight
and Sub-indicators and Data Format Source

Government Service Bus (GSB)

Is there a government service bus 0 = No, 1 = In draft/Planned, 2= Yes

I-4 W1
platform? (platform in use)
Name of the government service
I-4.1 Text -
bus platform
I-4.2 GSB platform URL URL -

GSB platform was launched/will be

I-4.3 YYYY -
launched in (year)
0 = Unknown, 1 = Partially used, 2 = Extensively
I-4.4 GSB operational status B
used
0 = Unknown, 1 = Fragmented (Separate central/
I-4.5 Scope > Is there a shared GSB platform? local), 2 = Shared central + local (whole-of- B
government)
Monitoring and publishing of GSB usage, 0 = No, 1 = Yes (internal, not published), 2= Yes
I-4.6 S1
security, savings? (public, published)
If Yes > Supporting document (report/
I-4.6.1 Enter URL (public link) or attach relevant report -
URL)

Financial Management Information System (FMIS) 

Is there an operational FMIS in place to 0 = No/Unknown, 1 = Implementation in progress,

I-5 W3
support core PFM functions? 2 = Yes (in use)
Official name of Finance Ministry/
I-5.1 Text -
Department operating FMIS
Finance Ministry/Department home
I-5.2 URL -
page URL
FMIS automates public financial
management processes including
budget formulation, execution
I-5.3 Name of the FMIS platform Text -
(such as commitment control, debt
management, treasury operations),
accounting, reporting, and more.

I-5.4 FMIS platform URL URL -

FMIS was launched/will be launched in

I-5.5 YYYY -
(year)
0 = Unknown, 1 = Treasury (execution), 2 = T +
I-5.6 FMIS functional capabilities B
Budget (preparation), 3 = T + B + Other
0 = Unknown, 1 = Central government, 2 = Central
I-5.7 Scope of FMIS (coverage of budgets) B
+ Local government
0 = Unknown, 1 = Custom software, 2 =
I-5.8 Type of FMIS software B
Commercial/COTS software, 3= Hybrid

I-5.9 Name of FMIS software package Text -

Unified budget classification (BC)/

Is there a unified budget classification/ 0 = No, 1 = Yes (Central government only), 2= Yes chart of accounts (CoA) is used to
I-5.10 B
chart of accounts? (Both central and subnational government) record/report all budget revenues,
expenses, and other transactions
Budget expenses linked to the
Sustainable Development Goals
Does FMIS capture expenses linked to (SDGs) can be captured using gender,
I-5.11 0 = No, 1 = Partially, 2= Extensively B
the SDGs and other strategic goals? climate change, and other tags (non-
financial indicators) in addition to the
financial transactions.

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0 = No, 1= Partially (Some of the KPIs for selected Non-financial data or key
Does FMIS capture non-financial data
I-5.12 programs), 2= Extensively (KPIs captured for performance indicators (KPIs) related B
(KPIs) on programs/projects?
most of the programs) to programs/projects/activities.
Does FMIS exchange data with other 0 = No, 1= Yes (via separate interfaces), 2 = Yes
I-5.13 B
systems? (via government service bus)
Governance of FMIS operations 0 = No, 1 = Yes (internal, not published), 2= Yes
I-5.14 S2
(compliance, security, audit trails, etc.)? (public, published)
If Yes > Supporting document (report/
I-5.14.1 Enter URL (public link) or attach relevant report -
URL)

Treasury Single Account (TSA) Operations

Is there a TSA supported by FMIS

0 = No, 1 = Implementation in progress, 2 =
I-6 to automate payments and bank W3
Yes (in use)
reconciliation?
I-6.1 Treasury home page URL URL -
Treasury was established/will be
I-6.2 YYYY -
established in (year)
TSA regulation/introduction
I-6.3 URL -
website URL
TSA was launched/will be launched
I-6.4 YYYY -
in (year)
0 = Unknown, 1 = Partially used by the MDAs: Ministries, Departments,
I-6.5 Scope of TSA operations B
MDAs, 2 = Extensively used by all MDAs Agencies
RTGS: Real Time Gross
Type of electronic payment 0 = Unknown, 1 = RTGS, 2 = ACH, 3 = Both
I-6.6 Settlements, ACH: Automated B
systems in place RTGS and ACH
Clearing House
Is there a TSA interface linking
0 = No, 1 = Implementation in progress, 2 =
I-6.7 FMIS with the Central Bank B
Yes (in use)
systems?
Governance of TSA operations
0 = No, 1 = Yes (internal, not published), 2 =
I-6.8 (compliance, security, audit trails, S2
Yes (public, published)
etc.)?
If Yes > Supporting document Enter URL (public link) or attach relevant
I-6.8.1 -
(report/URL) report

Treasury Single Account (TSA) Operations

Is there a Tax Management 0 = No, 1 = Implementation in progress, 2 =

I-7 W3
Information System in place? Yes (in use)
I-7.1 Tax administration home page URL URL -
Tax administration was
I-7.2 established/will be established in YYYY -
(year)
I-7.3 Name of the TMIS platform Text -

I-7.4 TMIS platform URL URL -

TMIS was launched/will be
I-7.5 YYYY -
launched in (year)
0 = Unknown, 1 = Custom software, 2 =
I-7.6 Type of TMIS software Commercial/COTS software, 3 = Hybrid B
(Custom + COTS)

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Does TMIS exchange data with 0 = No, 1 = Yes (via separate interfaces) 2 =
I-7.7 B
other systems? Yes (via government service bus)
Governance of TMIS operations
0 = No, 1 = Yes (internal, not published), 2 =
I-7.8 (compliance, security, audit trails, S2
Yes (public, published)
etc.)?
If Yes > Supporting document Enter URL (public link) or
I-7.8.1 -
(report/URL) Attach relevant report

Customs Management Information System (CMIS) 

Is there a Customs Management 0= No, 1= Implementation in progress, 2=

I-8 W3
Information System in place? Yes (in use)
Customs administration home page
I-8.1 URL -
URL
Customs administration was
I-8.2 established/will be established in YYYY -
(year)
I-8.3 Name of the CMIS Text -

I-8.4 CMIS platform URL URL -

CMIS was launched/will be
I-8.5 YYYY -
launched in (year)
0 = Unknown, 1 = Custom software, 2 =
I-8.6 Type of CMIS software Commercial/COTS software, 3 = Hybrid B
(Custom + COTS)
Customs and tax administrations
I-8.7 0 = No, 1 = Yes -
merged?
Does CMIS exchange data with 0 = No, 1 = Yes (via separate interfaces) 2 =
I-8.8 B
other systems? Yes (via government service bus)
Governance of CMIS operations
0 = No, 1 = Yes (internal, not published), 2 =
I-8.9 (compliance, security, audit trails, S2
Yes (public, published)
etc.)?
If Yes > Supporting document Enter URL (public link) or attach relevant
I-8.9.1 -
(report/URL) report

Human Resources Management Information System (HRMIS) 

Is there a Human Resources

0 = No, 1 = Implementation in progress, 2 =
I-9 Management Information System W3
Yes (in use)
with self-service portal?
Name of the HRMIS platform
I-9.1 Text -
(public sector)
I-9.2 HRMIS platform URL URL -
HRMIS was launched/will be
I-9.3 YYYY -
launched in (year)
0 = Unknown, 1 = Custom Software, 2 =
I-9.4 Type of HRMIS software Commercial/COTS Software, 3 = Hybrid B
(Custom + COTS)

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Disconnected: Separate HRMIS,

no data exchange; Distributed:
Separate HRMIS sends data
0 = Unknown, 1 = Disconnected, 2 = for consolidation; Connected:
I-9.5 HRMIS topology B
Distributed, 3 = Connected, 4 = Shared Central and local HRMIS
connected for data exchange;
Shared: Centralized single HRMIS
for all MDAs.
Is there an HRMIS self-service 0 = No, 1 = Yes (but there are still manual
I-9.6 portal for employees and processes/paperwork), 2= Yes (most of the B
managers? services are online/digitized)
Does HRMIS exchange data with 0 = No, 1= Yes (via separate interfaces), 2=
I-9.7 B
other systems? Yes (via government service bus)
Does HRMIS use national ID as
I-9.8 0 = No, 1 = Yes B
primary or secondary identifier?
Governance of HRMIS operations
0 = No, 1 = Yes (internal, not published), 2 =
I-9.9 (registers, security, audit trails, S2
Yes (public, published)
etc.)?
If Yes > Supporting document Enter URL (public link) or attach relevant
I-9.9.1 -
(report/URL) report

Payroll System

Is there a payroll system (MIS) 0 = No, 1 = Implementation in progress, 2 =

I-10 W3
linked with HRMIS? Yes (in use)
Name of the payroll system (public
I-10.1 Text -
sector)
I-10.2 Payroll system (MIS) URL URL -
Payroll system was launched/will
I-10.3 YYYY -
be launched in (year)
0 = Unknown, 1 = Custom software, 2 =
I-10.4 Type of payroll system software Commercial/COTS software, 3= Hybrid B
(Custom + COTS)
Disconnected: Separate payroll
systems, no data exchange;
Distributed: Separate payroll
systems sending data for
0 = Unknown, 1 = Disconnected, 2 =
I-10.5 Payroll system topology consolidation; Connected: B
Distributed, 3 = Connected, 4 = Shared
Central and local payroll systems
connected for data exchange;
Shared (centralized single payroll
system for all MDAs)
Governance of payroll system
0 = No, 1 = Yes (internal, not published), 2 =
I-10.6 operations (registers, security, S2
Yes (public, published)
audit trails, etc.)?
If Yes > Supporting document Enter URL (public link) or attach relevant
I-10.6.1 -
(report/URL) report

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Social Insurance (SI) System

Is there a social insurance system

(non-health) providing pensions 0 = No, 1 = Implementation in progress, 2 = Any public sector agency
I-11 that operates a (non-health W1
(including public sector) and other Yes (in use)
SI programs? insurance) social insurance
program or programs – pensions
Official name of the main public
(including public sector),
I-11.1 entity operating SI/pension Text -
other social insurance and/
program(s)
or social assistance – where
Main SI/pension entity's home page such program(s), individually
I-11.2 URL -
URL or collectively, cover at least
Main SI/pension entity was 5 percent of the population
I-11.3 established/will be established in YYYY (measured by either number of -
(year) beneficiaries and/or number
Name of the primary SI/pension of the insured members). If
I-11.4 Text country does not have an agency -
system (MIS) solution
that covers 5 percent of the
Primary SI/pension MIS platform
I-11.5 URL population, then such an agency -
URL
with the highest coverage of such
Primary SI/pension MIS was program(s).
I-11.6 YYYY -
launched / will be launched in (year)
0 = Unknown, 1 = Separate SI/pension MIS
Status of public sector SI/pension
I-11.7 for public employees, 2 = Primary pension B
MIS platform
MIS is used for public employees as well
0 = Unknown, 1 = Custom software, 2 =
Type of primary SI/pension MIS
I-11.8 Commercial/COTS software, 3 = Hybrid B
platform
(Custom + COTS)
Is primary SI/pension MIS
0 = No, 1 = Yes (via separate interfaces) 2 =
I-11.9 exchanging data with other B
Yes (via government service bus)
systems?
Does the primary SI/pension MIS
I-11.10 use national ID as primary or 0 = No, 1 = Yes B
secondary identifier?
Are all SI/pension beneficiary 0 = No, 1 = Partially digitized, 2 = Fully
I-11.11 B
records fully digitized? digitized
Share of all SI/pension benefit
payments deposited digitally
I-11.12 Text (% of payments or unknown) -
to individual bank accounts of
beneficiaries (percentage)
Are all active insured public 0 = No, 1 = Partially digitized, 2 = Fully
I-11.13 B
employee records fully digitized? digitized
If digitized > In what year was
I-11.13.1 digitization introduced for the YYYY -
contribution records? (year)
Can a contribution report and
I-11.14 0 = No, 1 = Yes B
payment be submitted online?
Governance of SI/pension MIS
0 = No, 1 = Yes (internal, not published), 2=
I-11.15 operations (registers, security, S2
Yes (public, published)
audit trails, etc.)?
If Yes > Supporting document Enter URL (public link) or attach relevant
I-11.15.1 -
(report/URL) report

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Social Insurance (SI) System

0 = No, 1 = Implementation in progress, 2 =

I-12 Is there an e-procurement portal? W2
Yes (in use)
I-12.1 Name of e-procurement portal Text -

I-12.2 e-Procurement portal URL URL -

e-Procurement portal was
I-12.3 YYYY -
launched/will be launched in (year)
0 = Unknown, 1 = Tender notices +
Contracts, 2 = Online tendering +
I-12.4 e-Procurement portal capabilities B
Contracts, 3 = Online tendering + Contracts
+ Interfaces with other systems
e-Procurement data published in OCDS: Open Contracting Data
I-12.5 0 = No, 1 = Yes B
line with OCDS? Standards
Does the e-procurement portal 0 = No, 1 = Yes (via separate interfaces) 2 =
I-12.6 B
exchange data with other systems? Yes (via government service bus)
Examples include participation
of SMEs/startups, incentives for
Any innovative approach in
I-12.7 Text open source software solutions, -
e-procurement?
and services procured from
SMEs/startups
Governance of e-procurement
0 = No, 1 = Yes (internal, not published), 2 =
I-12.8 operations (registers, security, S2
Yes (public, published)
audit trails, etc.)?
If Yes > Supporting document Enter URL (public link) or attach relevant
I-12.8.1 -
(report/URL) report

Debt Management System

Is there a Debt Management

0 = No, 1 = Implementation in progress, 2 =
I-13 System (DMS) in place? (Foreign W3
Yes (in use)
and domestic debt)
Official name of Debt Management
I-13.1 Text -
System (DMS) operator
DMS platform/operator home page
I-13.2 URL -
URL
DMS platform was launched/will be
I-13.3 YYYY -
launched in (year)
0 = Unknown, 1 = Custom software,
I-13.4 Type of DMS software 2 = Commercial/COTS software, B
3 = Hybrid (Custom + COTS)
Abbreviation of DMS software
I-13.5 Text (short) -
solution

Public Investment Management System (PIMS)

Is there a Public Investment

0 = No, 1 = Implementation in progress, 2 =
I-14 Management System (PIMS) in W2
Yes (in use)
place?
Name of PIMS solution (information
I-14.1 Text -
system)

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I-14.2 PIMS platform URL URL -

PIMS was launched/will be
I-14.3 YYYY -
launched in (year)
0 = Unknown, 1 = Custom software, 2 =
I-14.4 Type of PIMS software Commercial/COTS software, 3 = Hybrid B
(Custom + COTS)
0 = Unknown, 1 = Only PIM project registry,
I-14.5 PIMS functional capabilities 2 = Registry + PIM cycle, 3 = Registry + PIM B
cycle + Project monitoring
Does PIMS exchange data with 0 = No, 1 = Yes (via separate interfaces) 2 =
I-14.6 B
other systems? Yes (via government service bus)
Publishing of PIMS project 0 = No, 1 = Yes (internal, not published), 2 =
I-14.7 S2
database, results? Yes (public, published)
If Yes > Supporting document Enter URL (public link) or attach relevant
I-14.7.1 -
(report/URL) report

Open-Source Software (OSS) in public sector

Is there a government Open-Source

0 = No, 1 = Yes (Advisory/R&D), 2 = Yes
I-15 Software policy/action plan for W2
(Mandatory)
public sector?
I-15.1 OSS policy URL URL -
OSS policy was approved/will be
I-15.2 YYYY -
approved in (year)
Is there an entity taking decisions
0 = No, 1 = Ministry level chief information
I-15.3 on adopting/procuring an OSS B
officer 2 = Government CIO, 3 = Other
solution?
What is the level of adoption of OSS 0 = Unknown, 1 = Partially adopted in
I-15.4 B
policy? several sectors, 2 = Extensively adopted
If adopted > Supporting document Enter URL (public link) or attach relevant
I-15.4.1 -
(report/URL) report

Telecommunication Infrastructure External Indicator (UN 2022)

The UN eGovernment
Telecommunication
Infrastructure Index (TII) is
composed of four indicators:
(i) Estimated internet users per
100 inhabitants
UN Telecommunication 0 to 1 (external indicator extracted from
I-16 (ii) Number of mobile subscribers E1
Infrastructure Index (TII) the UN e-Gov Survey)
per 100 inhabitants
(iii) Active mobile-broadband
subscription
(iv) Number of fixed broadband
subscription per 100 inhabitants.

Disruptive / Innovative Technologies

Disruptive/innovative technology
Does the government have a
strategy with measurable
I-17 national strategy on disruptive/ 0 = No, 1 = In draft/Planned, 2 = Yes W2
targets (e.g., artificial
innovative technologies?
intelligence, blockchain)

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Title of the latest Disruptive

I-17.1 Text -
Technology (DT) strategy document
I-17.2 DT strategy URL URL -
DT strategy was approved/will be
I-17.3 YYYY -
approved in (year)
1 = AI/ML, 2 = Blockchain/DLT, 3 = IoT, 4 =
DT strategy focus area(s) [please
I-17.4 Drones, 5 = Other (smart cities, robotics, B
select all that apply]
virtual reality, 3D printers, etc.)
Is there a ministry/department
I-17.5 responsible for implementing the DT 0 = No, 1 = Yes B
strategy?
If Yes > Official name (and URL) of
I-17.5.1 Text/URL (if publicly available) -
the responsible entity
Does the DT strategy have
I-17.6 0 = No, 1 = Yes B
committed funding?
Publishing of use cases on DT 0 = No, 1 = Yes (internal, not published), 2 =
I-17.7 S2
applications? Yes (public, published)
If Yes > Supporting document Enter URL (public link) or attach relevant
I-17.7.1 -
(report/URL) report

Public Service Delivery Index (PSDI)

Online Services External Indicator (UN 2022)

The UN eGov Online Service

Questionnaire (OSQ) consists
of a list of 148 questions (Yes/
0 to 1 (external indicator extracted from
I-18 UN Online Service Index (OSI) No) on: E1
the UN e-Gov Survey)
- Information available
- Existence of a feature
- Ability to do something

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Online Public Service Portal

Is there an online public service Online public service portal,

0 = No, 1 = Yes (Informational: Level 1 or 2),
I-19 portal? (Also called “One-Stop also called “One-Stop Shop” W2
2 = Yes (Transactional: Level 3 or 4)
Shop” or similar) or similar, providing access to
Online service (e-Service) portal all available services including
I-19.1 URL Government to Citizens (G2C), -
URL
Government to Businesses (G2B),
Are citizens/businesses involved
Government to Employees (G2E),
I-19.2 in the design of e-services (user- 0 = No, 1 = Yes B
and more. Level 1 or 2 is mostly
centric design)?
information/forms and some
Universal accessibility (omnichannel online transactions. Level 3 or 4
I-19.3 0 = No, 1 = Yes B
access)? is mostly transactional, including
Has the government released any single sign-on. Transactional
I-19.4 mobile app for the citizens' access 0 = No, 1 = Yes services refer to the requests B
to public services? that can be submitted online
after a secure sign in process,
Can residents start a business
I-19.5 0 = No, 1 = Yes ideally with no paper submission B
through online service portal?
or electronic document upload,
Can individuals establish an and it can be processed
I-19.6 e-residency through online service 0 = No, 1 = Yes and completed online. The B
portal? connected government systems
handle the interchange of
administrative documents (e.g.,
filing of administrative forms,
delivery, and cross-checking
Publishing of online service delivery 0 = No, 1 = Yes (internal, not published), 2 = of administrative certificates
I-19.7 S2
performance/user experience? Yes (public, published) between end users and service
providers) and pull necessary
data from relevant registries
and databases to complete the
service request.
If Yes > Supporting document Enter URL (public link) or attach relevant
I-19.7.1 -
(report/URL) report

Tax System Services

0 = No, 1 = Implementation in progress, 2 =

I-20 Is there a tax online service portal? W2
Yes (in use)
I-20.1 Tax system service portal URL URL -
0 = Unknown, 1 = Registration + Filing,
Available tax online transactional
I-20.2 2 = Registration + Filing + Payment, 3= B
services
Registration + Filing + Payment + Other
0 = No, 1 = Planned/In progress, 2
I-20.3 Electronic invoicing = Partially implemented, 3 = Fully B
implemented/mandatory
Are citizens/businesses involved in
I-20.4 0 = No, 1 = Yes B
the design of tax online services?
Universal accessibility (omnichannel
I-20.5 0 = No, 1 = Yes B
access)?

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e-Filing

Is e-filing available for tax and/or 0 = No, 1 = Implementation in progress, 2 =

I-21 W2
customs declarations? Yes (in use)
e-Filing service URL (or explanation/ Enter URL (public link) or attach relevant
I-21.1 -
report) report
0 = Unknown, 1 = Online e-Filing services,
I-21.2 Type of e-filing service B
2 = Online e-Filing + e-Payments
Available for all tax types and
I-21.3 0 = No, 1 = Yes B
customs declarations?
Available services for
I-21.4 interconnectivity with business 0 = No, 1 = Yes B
information systems?
I-21.5 Available pre-populated returns? 0 = No, 1 = Yes B

e-Payment

0 = No, 1 = Implementation in progress, 2 =

I-22 Are e-payment services available? W2
Yes (in use)
e-Payment service URL (or Enter URL (public link) or attach relevant
I-22.1 -
explanation/report) report
0 = Unknown; 1 = Fragmented systems,
I-22.2 Type of e-payment service multiple platforms; 2= Centralized shared B
platform
0 = Unknown, 1 = Bank transfer, 2 = Bank
transfer + Credit/Debit cards, 3 = Bank
I-22.3 Available e-payment methods? B
transfer + Credit card + Mobile, 4 = Bank
transfer + Credit card + Mobile + Others
e-Payment service for government/
I-22.4 0 = No, 1 = Yes B
treasury payments?

Customs System Services

Is there a customs online service 0 = No, 1 = Implementation in progress, 2 =

I-23 W2
portal (single window)? Yes (in use)
I-23.1 Customs system service portal URL URL -
0 = Unknown,
1 = Registration + Declaration,
Available customs online
I-23.2 2 = Registration + Declaration + Payments, B
transactional services
3 = Registration + Declaration + Payments
+ Other
Are citizens/businesses involved
I-23.3 in the design of customs online 0 = No, 1 = Yes B
services?
Universal accessibility (omnichannel
I-23.4 0 = No, 1 = Yes B
access)?

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Customs System Services

Is there a social insurance/pension 0 = No, 1 = Implementation in progress, 2 =

I-24 W2
online service portal? Yes (in use)
Social insurance/pension online
I-24.1 URL -
service portal URL
0 = Unknown, 1 = Registration + Benefits, 2
Available SI/pension online
I-24.2 = Registration + Benefits + Payments, 3 = B
transactional services
Registration + Benefits + Payments + Other
Involvement of citizens/
businesses: Providing feedback
Are citizens involved in the design of
I-24.3 0 = No, 1 = Yes on user experience and B
SI/pension services/portal?
expectations for the design of SI/
pension services
Does the government provide any
I-24.4 incentives for citizens to join an 0 = No, 1 = Yes -
insurance scheme?
Universal accessibility (omnichannel
I-24.5 0 = No, 1 = Yes B
access)?

Job Portal

0 = No, 1 = Implementation in progress, 2 =

I-25 Is there a job portal? W2
Yes (in use)
I-25.1 Job portal URL URL -
0 = Unknown, 1 = Registration + Search,
Available online transactional job 2 = Registration + Search + Applications,
I-25.2 B
portal services 3 = Registration + Search + Applications +
Other
0 = Unknown, 1 = Separate job portal for
Inclusion of public sector positions
I-25.3 public employees, 2= Primary job portal is B
in the job portal?
used for public employees as well
Are citizens/employees involved in
I-25.4 0 = No, 1 = Yes B
the design of services/portal?
Universal accessibility (omnichannel
I-25.5 0 = No, 1 = Yes B
access)?

Digital ID Services External Indicator (ID4D 2022)

The system provides digital

identity verification and/or
authentication services (e.g.,
Is there a digital ID (credential/
enabling the verification of
system) that enables remote
I-26 0 = No, 1 = Yes certain identity attributes – E2
authentication for (fully) online
name, DOB, address, etc. – and/
service access/transactions?
or biometric verification [1:1]
against the database or using a
chip/barcode on the ID)

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Digital Citizen Engagement Index (DCEI)

Inclusive Participation External Indicator (UN 2022)

Providing information to its

citizens or “e-information
0 to 1 (external indicator extracted from sharing,” interacting with
I-27 UN E-Participation Index (EPI) E1
the UN e-Gov Survey) stakeholders or “e-consultation,”
and engaging in decision-making
processes or “e-decision-making.”

Open Government Portal

I-28 Is there an Open Government portal? 0 = No, 1 = Yes W2

I-28.1 Open Government portal URL URL -

Update frequency of Open 0 = Unknown, 1 = Annually 2 = Quarterly/
I-28.2 B
Government portal Monthly, 3 = Weekly/Daily
Content/maturity of Open 0 = Unknown, 1 = Basic information/
I-28.3 B
Government portal datasets, 2 = Comprehensive data catalog

Open Data Portal

I-29 Is there an Open Data portal? 0 = No, 1 = Yes W2

I-29.1 Open Data portal URL URL -

Update frequency of Open Data 0 = Unknown, 1 = Annually, 2 = Quarterly/
I-29.2 B
portal Monthly, 3 = Weekly/Daily
Content/maturity of Open Data 0 = Unknown, 1 = Basic information/
I-29.3 B
portal datasets, 2 = Comprehensive data catalog
Is the portal dynamically updated 0 = Unknown, 1 = Yes (mostly manual), 2 =
I-29.4 B
(via APIs)? Yes (automated updates via APIs)

Citizen Participation

Are there national platforms that

I-30 allow citizens to participate in 0 = No, 1 = Yes W1
policy decision-making?
I-30.1 Citizen participation portal URL URL -
0 = No, 1 = Yes (the same citizen
I-30.2 Is it possible to submit petitions? participation portal for petitions as well), 2 -
= Yes (separate portal for petitions)
If Yes (separate) > URL of the
I-30.2.1 separate portal for submitting URL -
petitions
Can citizens/businesses participate
I-30.3 in policy decision-making through 0 = No, 1 = Yes B
this platform?
Can citizens/businesses provide
I-30.4 0 = No, 1 = Yes B
anonymous feedback?
Universal accessibility (omnichannel
I-30.5 0 = No, 1 = Yes B
access)?
Are government's responses
0 = No, 1 = Yes (internal, not published), 2 =
I-30.6 to citizens/businesses publicly B
Yes (public, published)
available?
If Yes > Supporting document Enter URL (public link) or attach relevant
I-30.6.1 -
(report/URL) report

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 2022 GTMI Key Indicators Response Options Information Box Contents/
Index # New Weight
and Sub-indicators and Data Format Source

Citizen Feedback

Are there government platforms

that allow citizens to provide
feedback (e.g., compliments,
I-31 0 = No, 1 = Yes W1
complaints, suggestions,
information requests) on service
delivery?
GRM: Grievance Redress
I-31.1 Citizen feedback/GRM portal URL URL -
Mechanism
Does the government make the
service standards (e.g., response
I-31.2 0 = No, 1 = Yes B
times and procedures) available to
the public?
Are these platforms universally
accessible or do they provide
I-31.3 support for users with disabilities 0 = No, 1 = Yes B
(e.g., e-services, availability of voice
commands)?
Is there any advanced technology
(e.g., chatbots or AI-enabled
I-31.4 0 = No, 1 = Yes B
discussion forums) used to improve
citizen engagement?
Universal accessibility (omnichannel
I-31.5 0 = No, 1 = Yes B
access)?
Does the government respond
to citizen feedback? (How the
0 = No, 1 = Yes (internal, not published), 2 =
I-31.6 government has updated their B
Yes (public, published)
services in response to citizen
feedback)
If Yes > Supporting document Enter URL (public link) or attach relevant
I-31.6.1 -
(report/URL) report

Government Responsiveness

Does the government publish its

I-32 citizen engagement statistics and 0 = No, 1 = Yes W2
performance regularly?
I-32.1 Government response portal URL URL -
Are there standards or indicators to
I-32.2 measure the performance of service 0 = No, 1 = Yes B
delivery (and compliance)?
Does the government publish its
I-32.3 citizen engagement performance/ 0 = No, 1 = Yes B
results?
Any government initiative to
I-32.4 improve the representation of 0 = No, 1 = Yes B
vulnerable groups?

92 GOVTECH MATURITY INDEX 2022 UPDATE: TRENDS IN PUBLIC SECTOR DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION
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Index # New Weight
and Sub-indicators and Data Format Source

GovTech Enablers Index (GTEI)

GovTech Institutions

Is there a government entity

focused on GovTech (digital 0 = No, 1 = Planned/In progress, 2 = Yes
I-33 W1
transformation, whole-of- (Established)
government, online services, etc.)?
Official name of the main GovTech
I-33.1 Text -
institution
I-33.2 Main GovTech institution URL URL -
Main GovTech institution was
I-33.3 established / will be established in YYYY -
(year)
1 = Government, 2 = Private, 3 = Investor, 4
I-33.4 Type of main GovTech organization B
= Academia
PM: Prime Minister, MoICT:
Ministry of Information and
Communication Technologies or
1 = Autonomous entity, 2 = President’s/ similar, MoF: Ministry of Finance,
Institutional responsibility for Prime Minister’s Office, 3 = MoICT, 4 = MoF/ MoE: Ministry of Economy,
I-33.5 B
GovTech MoE, 5 = MoI/MoHA, 6 = MoPS/Pub Adm, 7 MoI: Ministry of Interior, MoHA:
= Other Ministry of Home Affairs, MoPS:
Ministry of Public Service
or similar, Pub Adm: Public
Administration
PPP: public–private partnership,
1 = Policy/strategy, 2 = e-Government/e-
KS&L: knowledge sharing and
GovTech roles and responsibilities services, 3 = Private sector/PPP, 4 = Digital
I-33.6 learning, OSS: Open-Source B
(please select all that apply) skills, 5 = KS&L, 6 = Innovation, 7 = OSS, 8
software, DT: disruptive
= DT, 9= Other
technologies
Other relevant GovTech institution
I-33.7 URL -
links
Is there a coordination body (SC,
I-33.8 0 = No, 1 = Yes B
Council) leading GovTech initiatives?
If Yes > Name and/or URL of the
I-33.8.1 Text or URL -
coordination body
Is there an entity to monitor and
I-33.9 report digital/GovTech spending for 0 = No, 1 = Yes B
the whole government?
If Yes > Name and/or URL of the
I-33.9.1 Text or URL -
public entity
Publishing of the GovTech
0 = No, 1 = Yes (internal, not published), 2 =
I-33.10 institution's annual progress report S1
Yes (public, published)
(results/spending)?
If Yes > Supporting document Enter URL (public link) or attach relevant
I-33.10.1 -
(report/URL) report

GOVTECH MATURITY INDEX 2022 UPDATE: TRENDS IN PUBLIC SECTOR DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION 93
 2022 GTMI Key Indicators Response Options Information Box Contents/
Index # New Weight
and Sub-indicators and Data Format Source

Data Governance Institutions

Is there a dedicated government

0 = No, 1 = Planned/In progress, 2= Yes
I-34 entity in charge of data governance W1
(Established)
or data management?
Name of data governance (DG)
I-34.1 Text -
institution
I-34.2 Data governance institution URL URL -
Data governance institution was
I-34.3 established/will be established in YYYY -
(year)
0 = Unknown, 1 = Part of another
I-34.4 Type of data governance institution B
institution, 2 = Autonomous institution
Holistic approach: Central DG
body supporting all entities;
Data governance implementation 0 = Unknown, 1 = Holistic DG approach, 2 = Multilevel DG approach: Central
I-34.5 B
arrangements Multilevel DG approach or federal agency for guidelines.
DG implemented by each federal/
state entity separately.
Is there a data governance 0 = No, 1 = Planned/In progress, 2= Yes
I-34.6 B
strategy/policy? (Approved)
If Yes > Supporting document Enter URL (public link) or attach relevant
I-34.6.1 -
(report/URL) report
Publishing of the data governance
0 = No, 1 = Yes (internal, not published), 2 =
I-34.7 institution's progress report S1
Yes (public, published)
(results/spending)?
If Yes > Supporting document Enter URL (public link) or attach relevant
I-34.7.1 B
(report/URL) report

GovTech Strategy

Is there a GovTech/digital 0 = No, 1 = Planned/In draft, 2= Yes (old/to

I-35 W3
transformation strategy? be updated), 3= Yes (new/current)
GovTech/digital transformation
I-35.1 URL -
strategy URL (approved/drafted)
GovTech strategy was approved/
I-35.2 YYYY -
will be approved in (year)

Whole-of-Government Approach

Is there a whole-of-government
0 = No, 1 = Planned/In draft, 2 = Yes
I-36 approach to public sector digital W1
(Institutionalized)
transformation?
Whole-of-government (WoG) >
I-36.1 URL -
Relevant policy/strategy URL
Is there a Ministry/Department
leading the public sector digital
I-36.2 0 = No, 1 = Yes B
transformation/cultural change/
WoG approach?
If Yes > Name and/or URL of the
I-36.2.1 Text or URL -
relevant public entity

94 GOVTECH MATURITY INDEX 2022 UPDATE: TRENDS IN PUBLIC SECTOR DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION
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Index # New Weight
and Sub-indicators and Data Format Source

Is there a cross government forum

where strategic WoG topics (digital,
I-36.3 data, technology, capacity) can be 0 = No, 1 = Yes B
addressed by senior digital officials
across government?
If Yes > Name and/or URL of the
I-36.3.1 Text or URL -
relevant platform/forum/entity
Publishing of the progress in WoG
0 = No, 1 = Yes (internal, not published), 2 =
I-36.4 approach/digital transformation B
Yes (public, published)
(results, spending)?
If Yes > Supporting document Enter URL (public link) or attach relevant
I-36.4.1 -
(report/URL) report

Right to Information (RTI) Laws

Are there RTI laws to make data/

0 = No, 1 = Draft/Consultations in progress,
I-37 information available to the public W3
2 = Yes (Effective)
online or digitally?
I-37.1 Right to Information (RTI) Law URL URL -
RTI Law was approved/will be
I-37.2 YYYY -
approved in (year)
Is there an entity monitoring
I-37.3 0 = No, 1 = Yes B
implementation/compliance?
Publishing of the progress in
0 = No, 1 = Yes (internal, not published), 2 =
I-37.4 implementing RTI laws (RTI S2
Yes (public, published)
requests received, granted, etc.)?
If Yes > Supporting document Enter URL (public link) or attach relevant
I-37.4.1 -
(report/URL) report

Data Protection/Privacy Laws

Is there a data protection/privacy 0 = No, 1 = Draft/Consultations in progress,

I-38 W3
law? 2 = Yes (Effective)
Official title of the data protection/
I-38.1 Text -
privacy law
I-38.2 Data protection/privacy law URL URL -
Data protection/privacy law was
I-38.3 YYYY -
approved/will be approved in (year)
Is there an entity monitoring
I-38.4 0 = No, 1 = Yes B
implementation/compliance?
Publishing of the data protection/ 0 = No, 1 = Yes (internal, not published), 2 =
I-38.5 S2
privacy complaints and feedback? Yes (public, published)
If Yes > Supporting document Enter URL (public link) or attach relevant
I-38.5.1 -
(report/URL) report

Data Protection Agency

Is there a data protection 0 = No, 1 = Not established yet (visible in

I-39 W3
authority? law), 2 = Yes
Name of the data protection
I-39.1 Text -
authority

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 2022 GTMI Key Indicators Response Options Information Box Contents/
Index # New Weight
and Sub-indicators and Data Format Source

I-39.2 Data protection authority URL URL -

Data protection authority was
I-39.3 established/will be established in YYYY -
(year)
Publishing of the data protection 0 = No, 1 = Yes (internal, not published),
I-39.4 S2
authority performance/results? 2 = Yes (public, published)
If Yes > Supporting document Enter URL (public link) or attach relevant
I-39.4.1 0
(report/URL) report

National ID External Indicator (ID4D 2022)

0 = No national ID;
Is there a foundational unique
I-40 1 = Yes, national ID exists (optional or E2
national ID?
mandatory)

Digital ID External Indicator (ID4D 2022)

There is a system that allows

Is there a digital ID used for 0 = No digital ID; people to authenticate themselves
I-41 E2
identification and online services? 1 = Yes, digital ID exists in different forms remotely to access services/
transactions (fully) online

Digital Signature

0 = No; 1 = Regulation approved, no

Is there a digital signature infrastructure yet (PKI, CA); 2 = Regulation
PKI: public key infrastructure;
I-42 regulation and PKI to support and infrastructure in place, not yet used/in W3
CA: Certificate Authority
service delivery? progress; 3= Operational, used in practice
for e-services
I-42.1 Digital signature URL URL -
Digital signature was launched/will
I-42.2 YYYY -
be launched in (year)
0 = Unknown, 1 = Back-office transactions,
Use of digital signature in public
I-42.3 2 = Front-office service delivery, 3 = Both B
sector?
back- and front-office transactions
Is digital signature linked with
I-42.4 0 = No, 1 = Yes B
digital ID/mobile devices?
0 = Unknown, 1 = Commercial providers
Which entities provide digital
I-42.5 only, 2 = Designated government entities, 3 B
signature services?
= Both government and commercial entities
Publishing of the digital signature 0 = No, 1 = Yes (internal, not published), 2 =
I-42.6 S2
issuance/utilization? Yes (public, published)
If Yes > Supporting document Enter URL (public link) or attach relevant
I-42.6.1 -
(report/URL) report

Cybersecurity External Indicator (ITU 2020)

The GCI maps 82 questions on

the cybersecurity commitments
of 194 (member states + State of
Palestine) across five pillars:
ITU Global Cybersecurity Index 0 to 100 (external indicator extracted from • legal measures
I-43 E1
(GCI) the ITU GCI) • technical measures
• organizational measures
• capacity development
measures
• cooperation measures.

96 GOVTECH MATURITY INDEX 2022 UPDATE: TRENDS IN PUBLIC SECTOR DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION
 2022 GTMI Key Indicators Response Options Information Box Contents/
Index # New Weight
and Sub-indicators and Data Format Source

Human Capital External Indicator (UN 2022)

HCI has four components:

(i) adult literacy rate
(ii) the combined primary,
0 to 1 (external indicator extracted from
I-44 UN Human Capital Index (HCI) secondary, and tertiary gross E1
the UN e-Gov Survey)
enrolment ratio
(iii) expected years of schooling
(iv) average years of schooling.

Digital Skills (DS) Strategy/Program

Is there a government strategy/

0 = No, 1 = Yes (Only strategy or program), 2
I-45 program to improve digital skills in W1
= Yes (Both strategy and program)
the public sector?
I-45.1 Title of digital skills (DS) strategy Text -

I-45.2 Digital skills strategy URL URL -

Digital skills strategy was
I-45.3 YYYY -
approved/will be approved in (year)
0 = Unknown, 1 = Basic digital skills, 2
I-45.4 Focus areas of the DS strategy = Basic digital skills + Data literacy, 3 = B
Advanced digital skills + Data literacy
I-45.5 Is there a DS program? 0 = No, 1 = Yes B
If Yes > Type of primary DS 1 = Academic program, 2 = Public sector
I-45.5.1 B
program(s) program, 3 = CSO/Private program
I-45.5.2 If Yes > DS program URL URL -
If Yes > DS program mandatory for 0 = Unknown, 1 = Not mandatory, 2 =
I-45.5.3 B
new public employees? Mandatory
Are there digital skills programs
0 = No, 1 = Yes (fee-based programs), 2 =
I-45.6 offered by governments for B
Yes (freely available programs)
citizens/schools?
Publishing of the results/progress in 0 = No, 1 = Yes (internal, not published), 2 =
I-45.7 S1
DS programs? Yes (public, published)
If Yes > Supporting document Enter URL (public link) or attach relevant
I-45.7.1 -
(report/URL) report

Public Sector Innovation (PSI) Strategy/Program 

Is there a strategy and/or program 0= No, 1= Yes (Only strategy or program),

I-46 W1
to improve public sector innovation? 2= Yes (Both strategy and program)
Title of public sector innovation
I-46.1 Text -
strategy
I-46.2 PSI strategy URL URL -
PSI strategy was approved/will be
I-46.3 YYYY -
approved in (year)
I-46.4 Is there a PSI program? 0 = No, 1 = Yes B
If Yes > Type of primary PSI 1 = Academic program, 2 = Public sector
I-46.4.1 B
program(s) program, 3 = CSO/Private program
I-46.4.2 If Yes > PSI program URL URL -

GOVTECH MATURITY INDEX 2022 UPDATE: TRENDS IN PUBLIC SECTOR DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION 97
 2022 GTMI Key Indicators Response Options Information Box Contents/
Index # New Weight
and Sub-indicators and Data Format Source

If Yes > PSI program mandatory for 0 = Unknown, 1 = Not mandatory, 2 =

I-46.4.3 B
new public employees? Mandatory
Publishing of the results/progress in 0 = No, 1 = Yes (internal, not published), 2 =
I-46.5 S1
PSI programs? Yes (public, published)
If Yes > Supporting document Enter URL (public link) or attach relevant
I-46.5.1 -
(report/URL) report

Public Sector Innovation (PSI) Institutions

Is there a government entity

0 = No, 1 = Planned/In progress, 2 = Yes
I-47 focused on public sector W1
(Established)
innovation?
I-47.1 Name of the PSI institution Text -

I-47.2 PSI institution URL URL -

PSI institution was established/will
I-47.3 YYYY -
be established in (year)
Focus areas of PSI institution 0 = Unknown, 1 = Digital skills, 2 = PSI, 3 =
I-47.4 B
(Innovation Lab) Digital skills + PSI, 4= Other
Is there any collaboration on PSI
I-47.5 0 = No, 1 = Yes B
with the private sector?
If Yes > Is there any financial
I-47.5.1 support/incentive for private 0 = No, 1 = Yes B
GovTech entities?
Publishing the PSI institution 0 = No, 1 = Yes (internal, not published), 2 =
I-47.6 S1
annual performance/results? Yes (public, published)
If Yes > Supporting document Enter URL (public link) or attach relevant
I-47.6.1 -
(report/URL) report

Private Sector Involvement in GovTech Initiatives 

Is there a government policy to

I-48 support GovTech startups and 0 = No, 1 = Yes W2
private sector investments?
National policy/strategy to support
I-48.1 GovTech startups/investments Text -
(SMEs)
I-48.2 National policy/strategy URL URL -
National policy/strategy was
I-48.3 YYYY -
approved/will be approved in (year)
Does the government provide
I-48.4 financing to startups/SMEs for 0 = No, 1 = Yes B
innovation?
0 = No PPP for online services; 1 = Yes,
Capacity of the government to
I-48.5 PPP arrangements exist for online service B
deliver online services via PPPs
delivery
Is there a procurement policy aimed
at prioritizing bids from startups/
I-48.6 0 = No, 1 = Yes B
SMEs? (e.g., having a quota for
SMEs)

98 GOVTECH MATURITY INDEX 2022 UPDATE: TRENDS IN PUBLIC SECTOR DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION
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Index # New Weight
and Sub-indicators and Data Format Source

If Yes > Supporting document Enter URL (public link) or attach relevant
I-48.6.1 -
(report/URL) report
Publishing of the results/progress
0 = No, 1 = Yes (internal, not published), 2 =
I-48.7 in supporting startups/SMEs for S2
Yes (public, published)
innovation?
If Yes > Supporting document Enter URL (public link) or attach relevant
I-48.7.1 -
(report/URL) report

GOVTECH MATURITY INDEX 2022 UPDATE: TRENDS IN PUBLIC SECTOR DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION 99
 Appendix B.
The 2022 GovTech Dataset
The 2022 GovTech Dataset includes the following 10 workbook sheets presenting details of the central
government (CG) and subnational government (SNG) GTMI data collected through online surveys. It also includes
GTMI calculations, data visualization tools, and other information as listed in Figure B.1.

Figure B.1:
Description of the 2022 GovTech Dataset

• Workbook contents with links to all sheets

Contents • Summary of CG GTMI survey data and calculation of groups

• 2020 and 2022 CG GTMI data (198 economies)

CG_GTMI_Data • 2020 and 2022 CG GTMI groups and component scores

• Details of 2022 CG GTMI group calculations

CG_GTMI_Groups • Indicator types and weights identified for all GTMI indicators

• D ata visualization tools to explore 2022 GTMI data & results

Stats • GTMI scores of economies and details of all indicators

• T rends in diffusion of PFM instutions and systems

Trends • Trends in diffusion of GovTech initiatives

• D etailed explanation of all GTMI indicators

Metadata • Summary of GTMI groups and scores for all components

External • Details of eight external indicators (UN, ITU, ID4D)

• 2022 SNG GTMI survey raw data (pilot implementation)

SNG_GTMI_data • 122 SNG entities from 17 countries submitted their data

• L ist of all 198 economies included in the GTMI dataset

Economies • List of fragile and conflict-affected situations (FCS)

• Calculated weights based on correlation and factor analysis

Calculated Weights • Comparison with GTMI weights based on expert opinion

Source: World Bank data.

Note: GTMI = GovTech Maturity Index, CG = central government, SNG = subnational government.

100 GOVTECH MATURITY INDEX 2022 UPDATE: TRENDS IN PUBLIC SECTOR DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION
The 2022 CG GTMI survey data is presented in the “CG_GTMI_Data“ sheet (together with the 2020 GTMI data
collected remotely) for 198 economies.
The GTMI survey includes 40 updated/extended GovTech indicators measuring the maturity of four GovTech focus
areas. Additionally, there are eight relevant external indicators measured by other relevant indexes, including
• a
ll three components of the United Nations (UN) e-Government Development Index (EGDI) and UN e-Participation
Index (EPI),
• the ITU’s Global Cybersecurity Index (GCI), and
• three relevant indicators from the Identification for Development (ID4D) dataset.
A total of 48 key indicators and related sub-indicators are presented in columns D to MP (351 data fields) of the
“CG_GTMI_Data“ sheet.

Table B.1:
List of 198 economies, by income and region, 2022

Economy Region Income Economy Region Income

Afghanistan SAR L Cameroon AFR LM
Albania ECA UM Canada NAM H
Algeria MENA LM Central African Republic AFR L
Andorra ECA H Chad AFR L
Angola AFR LM Chile LAC H
Antigua and Barbuda LAC H China EAP UM
Argentina LAC UM Colombia LAC UM
Armenia ECA UM Comoros AFR LM
Australia EAP H Congo, Dem. Rep. AFR L
Austria ECA H Congo, Rep. AFR LM
Azerbaijan ECA UM Costa Rica LAC UM
Bahamas LAC H Côte d'Ivoire AFR LM
Bahrain MENA H Croatia ECA H
Bangladesh SAR LM Cuba LAC UM
Barbados LAC H Cyprus ECA H
Belarus ECA UM Czech Republic ECA H
Belgium ECA H Denmark ECA H
Belize LAC UM Djibouti MENA LM
Benin AFR LM Dominica LAC UM
Bhutan SAR LM Dominican Republic LAC UM
Bolivia LAC LM Ecuador LAC UM
Bosnia and Herzegovina ECA UM Egypt MENA LM
Botswana AFR UM El Salvador LAC LM
Brazil LAC UM Equatorial Guinea AFR UM
Brunei Darussalam EAP H Eritrea AFR L
Bulgaria ECA UM Estonia ECA H
Burkina Faso AFR L Eswatini AFR LM
Burundi AFR L Ethiopia AFR L
Cabo Verde AFR LM Fiji EAP UM
Cambodia EAP LM Finland ECA H

GOVTECH MATURITY INDEX 2022 UPDATE: TRENDS IN PUBLIC SECTOR DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION 101
 Economy Region Income Economy Region Income
France ECA H Maldives SAR UM
Gabon AFR UM Mali AFR L
Gambia AFR L Malta MENA H
Georgia ECA UM Marshall Islands EAP UM
Germany ECA H Mauritania AFR LM
Ghana AFR LM Mauritius AFR UM
Greece ECA H Mexico LAC UM
Grenada LAC UM Micronesia, Fed. Sts. EAP LM
Guatemala LAC UM Moldova ECA UM
Guinea AFR L Monaco ECA H
Guinea-Bissau AFR L Mongolia EAP LM
Guyana LAC UM Montenegro ECA UM
Haiti LAC LM Morocco MENA LM
Honduras LAC LM Mozambique AFR L
Hong Kong SAR, China EAP H Myanmar EAP LM
Hungary ECA H Namibia AFR UM
Iceland ECA H Nauru EAP H
India SAR LM Nepal SAR LM
Indonesia EAP LM Netherlands ECA H
Iran MENA LM New Zealand EAP H
Iraq MENA UM Nicaragua LAC LM
Ireland ECA H Niger AFR L
Israel MENA H Nigeria AFR LM
Italy ECA H North Macedonia ECA UM
Jamaica LAC UM Norway ECA H
Japan EAP H Oman MENA H

Jordan MENA UM Pakistan SAR LM

Kazakhstan ECA UM Palau EAP UM

Kenya AFR LM Panama LAC H

Kiribati EAP LM Papua New Guinea EAP LM

Korea, DPR EAP L Paraguay LAC UM

Korea, Rep. EAP H Peru LAC UM

Kosovo ECA UM Philippines EAP LM

Kuwait MENA H Poland ECA H

Kyrgyz Republic ECA LM Portugal ECA H

Lao PDR EAP LM Qatar MENA H

Latvia ECA H Romania ECA H

Lebanon MENA LM Russian Federation ECA UM

Lesotho AFR LM Rwanda AFR L

Liberia AFR L Samoa EAP LM

Libya MENA UM San Marino ECA H

Liechtenstein ECA H São Tomé and Principe AFR LM

Lithuania ECA H Saudi Arabia MENA H

Luxembourg ECA H Senegal AFR LM

Macao SAR, China EAP H Serbia ECA UM

Madagascar AFR L Seychelles AFR H

Malawi AFR L Sierra Leone AFR L

Malaysia EAP UM Singapore EAP H

102 GOVTECH MATURITY INDEX 2022 UPDATE: TRENDS IN PUBLIC SECTOR DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION
 Economy Region Income Economy Region Income
Slovak Republic ECA H Togo AFR L
Slovenia ECA H Tonga EAP UM
Solomon Islands EAP LM Trinidad and Tobago LAC H
Somalia AFR L Tunisia MENA LM
South Africa AFR UM Türkiye ECA UM
South Sudan AFR L Turkmenistan ECA UM

Spain ECA H Tuvalu EAP UM

Sri Lanka SAR LM Uganda AFR L

St. Kitts and Nevis LAC H Ukraine ECA LM

St. Lucia LAC UM United Arab Emirates MENA H

St. Vincent & the Grenadines LAC UM United Kingdom ECA H

Sudan AFR L United States of America NAM H

Suriname LAC UM Uruguay LAC H

Sweden ECA H Uzbekistan ECA LM

Switzerland ECA H Vanuatu EAP LM

Syrian Arab Republic MENA L Venezuela, RB LAC UM

Taiwan, China EAP H Vietnam EAP LM

Tajikistan ECA LM West Bank and Gaza MENA LM

Tanzania AFR LM Yemen MENA L

Thailand EAP UM Zambia AFR L

Timor-Leste EAP LM Zimbabwe AFR LM

The “CG_GTMI_Groups“ sheet presents the details of GTMI calculations.

The GTMI is the simple average of the normalized scores of four components:  
• C
GSI – Core Government Systems Index (17 indicators; I-1 to I-17) captures the key aspects of a whole-of-
government approach
• P
SDI – Public Service Delivery Index (nine indicators; I-18 to I-26) presents the state of online portals, e-filing
services, e-payment capabilities, and more
• D
CEI – Digital Citizen Engagement Index (six indicators; I-27 to I-32) measures aspects of public participation
platforms, citizen feedback, and open government/open data portals
• G
TEI – GovTech Enablers Index (16 indicators; I-33 to I-48) captures strategy, institutions, and regulations, as
well as digital skills and innovation programs
As presented in Figure B.1, the GovTech Dataset includes several sheets displaying the raw data collected using all
key indicators in separate columns, together with additional information related to each indicator, such as weblink
to the relevant website of the institution or published strategy document, year of establishment or publication,
operational status of systems, and level of online services. The Metadata tab explains the details of all data fields,
and the header row of the CG_GTMI_Data tab also embeds comments or notes in each column header to explain
all indicators and the meaning of specific points or other attributes.
The GovTech Dataset has several other tabs, including automatically updated graphs, maps, and tables to visualize
data—all graphs and tables are linked to specific fields in the “CG_GTMI_Data” sheet. The “Stats” and “Trends”
sheets include graphical presentation of all key indicators. Income level and regional distributions are presented
together with the borrower and FCS categories (Table B.2) by the GTMI groups and component scores. The Trends
tab presents the diffusion of digital government or GovTech initiatives.

GOVTECH MATURITY INDEX 2022 UPDATE: TRENDS IN PUBLIC SECTOR DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION 103
 The 2022 GovTech Dataset also includes the raw data collected through SNG GTMI online survey from 122 entities
in 17 countries (pilot implementation). This additional dataset is not used for the calculation of the CG GTMI
groups. It will be used for the preparation of selected country briefs combining CG and SNG GTMI data for a more
comprehensive presentation of the GovTech maturity in federated states.
Finally, the Calculated Weights sheet presents the details of weight calculations based on correlation and factor
analysis, similar to the 2020 version of the dataset. These calculations are used for comparative analysis while
determining the weights based on expert opinion for all 48 key indicators.

Table B.2:
List of fragile and conflict-affected situations, 2022

# Country FCS FY23 FCS Status

1 Afghanistan FCS-1 Conflict
2 Burkina Faso FCS-1 Conflict
3 Burundi FCS-2 Institutional and social fragility
4 Cameroon FCS-1 Conflict
5 Central African Republic FCS-1 Conflict
6 Chad FCS-2 Institutional and social fragility
7 Comoros FCS-2 Institutional and social fragility
8 Congo, Dem. Rep. FCS-1 Conflict
9 Congo, Rep. FCS-2 Institutional and social fragility
10 Eritrea FCS-2 Institutional and social fragility
11 Ethiopia FCS-1 Conflict
12 Guinea-Bissau FCS-2 Institutional and social fragility
13 Haiti FCS-2 Institutional and social fragility
14 Iraq FCS-1 Conflict
15 Kosovo FCS-2 Institutional and social fragility
16 Lebanon FCS-2 Institutional and social fragility
17 Libya FCS-2 Institutional and social fragility
18 Mali FCS-1 Conflict
19 Marshall Islands FCS-2 Institutional and social fragility
20 Micronesia, Fed. Sts. FCS-2 Institutional and social fragility
21 Mozambique FCS-1 Conflict
22 Myanmar FCS-1 Conflict
23 Niger FCS-1 Conflict
24 Nigeria FCS-1 Conflict
25 Papua New Guinea FCS-2 Institutional and social fragility
26 Solomon Islands FCS-2 Institutional and social fragility
27 Somalia FCS-1 Conflict
28 South Sudan FCS-1 Conflict
29 Sudan FCS-2 Institutional and social fragility
30 Syrian Arab Republic FCS-1 Conflict
31 Timor-Leste FCS-2 Institutional and social fragility
32 Tuvalu FCS-2 Institutional and social fragility
33 Ukraine FCS-1 Conflict
34 Venezuela, RB FCS-2 Institutional and social fragility
35 West Bank and Gaza FCS-2 Institutional and social fragility
36 Yemen FCS-1 Conflict
37 Zimbabwe FCS-2 Institutional and social fragility

104 GOVTECH MATURITY INDEX 2022 UPDATE: TRENDS IN PUBLIC SECTOR DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION
Appendix C.
Comparison with UN e-Government Development Index
This appendix compares the 2022 GovTech Maturity Index (GTMI) with the 2022 UN e-Government Development
Index (EGDI) to demonstrate the consistency of findings and observations.

State of Digital Citizen Engagement

The EGDI measures the readiness and capacity of national institutions to use information and communication
technologies (ICTs) in delivering public services based on comprehensive survey results and rich datasets. Broadly,
according to the 2022 EGDI, 133 out of 193 countries (69 percent) have high or very high scores and offer specific
digital services for young people, women, older people, people with disabilities, migrants, and low-income people,
contributing to efforts aimed at leaving no one behind.
Since all three components of the United Nations (UN) e-Government Development Index (EGDI)8 and e-Participation
Index (EPI) are hi ghly relevant to the GovTech domain, they were used to calculate the composite GTMI, in addition
to 40 indicators defined by the World Bank team and included in the GovTech dataset. The scatter diagram of the
GTMI and the EGDI reveals a positive correlation between these scores, as expected (Figure C.1).

Table C.1:
Comparison of GTMI with UN EGDI, by number of countries and GTMI groups, 2022

UN EGDI Countries A B C D

0.75 - 1.00 60 48 10 2 0

0.50 - 0.74 73 19 27 23 4

0.25 - 0.49 53 2 6 25 20

0.00 - 0.24 7 0 0 1 6

Total 193 69 43 51 30

Source: World Bank data (193 economies).

Note: GTMI = GovTech Maturity Index, EGDI = e-Government Development Index.

Table C.1 further presents a cross-tabulation of the groups to indicate the areas of similarity and differences
between the GTMI and the UN EGDI for 2022. The shaded region representing the diagonal of the matrix
consistently includes the largest number of countries showing more similarity than disparity, especially in A and D
groups. Specifically, 48 countries in the A group of the GTMI were also in the very high EGDI group, meaning that
approximately 80 percent of the countries in the very high EGDI category were captured by the GTMI. Similarly,
the GTMI captured six out of seven countries (86 percent) in the low EGDI group. There were some differences in
the middle groups, as the UN EGDI has more economies in the B group. However, both Figure C.1 and Table C.1
generally indicate similarity in the results despite the differences in methodology, which includes the wider scope
of GTMI indicators.

8. The 2022 UN e-Government Development Index (EGDI) measures the scope and quality of online services, the status of
telecommunication infrastructure, and existing human capacity in 193 UN member states. The UN e-Participation Index (EPI) is a
supplementary index that extends the EGDI by focusing on governmental use of online services to provide information to citizens
(e-information sharing), interact with stakeholders (e-consultation), and engage in decision-making processes (e-decision-making).

GOVTECH MATURITY INDEX 2022 UPDATE: TRENDS IN PUBLIC SECTOR DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION 105
 Figure C.1:
Comparison of the GTMI with the UN e-Government Development Index, 2022

1.00
SAU KOR
ARE
BRA FRA
IND
EST
MNG LTU
RUS SRB
AUT
PER ESP
QAT TUR ISL
DOM URY DNK
TZA UGA ECU THA LVA
MUS COL OMN SVN GBR
BGD
JOR PAN IDN PRT GRC SGP
CPV BHR KAZ
UZB BEL LUXAUS FIN
0.80 MDA HUN ITA NZL
AZE MEX MYS CZE DEU NOR
SLV UKR ARG CAN USA
EGY LKA NLD
KEN ALB HRV JPN
CHE MLT
PRY PHL CHL SWE
IRN ARM CYP
RWA BGR
TUN ISR
BEN VNM POL
BRN CHN
BFA GTM KWT
MAR SVK
BTN
WBG GovTech Maturity Index

GEO
0.60
FJI KGZ
ETH KHM
MKD ROU
JAM
ZMB BOL MNE ZAF
PAK GHA
IRL
TGO TTO CRI
NGA DZA LCA
BHS
PNG
AGO
ZWE NPL CIV
SYC
LAO NAM
BDI SWZ MDV BLR
0.40
MLI CMR
HND LSO LBN BWA
AFG MOZ
CUB ATG BRB
TLS VUT
MDG BLZ
SLE TON VCT
COD SEN NIC
MWI TJK
SYR GUY DMA BIH LIE
WSM VEN MCO
SOM DJI
COM SLB GRD
SMR
YEM SDN STP AND
GNB GMB MMR KNA
0.20 HTI LBR IRQ PLW
COG
CAF MRT SUR
TCD NER KIR
GIN GAB
FSM
TKM
SSD
LBY
TUV NRU
GNQ

ERI MHL

PRK
0.00
0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00

UN eGovernment Development Index

Source: World Bank data (193 economies).

Note: GTMI = GovTech Maturity Index, EGDI = e-Government Development Index, A list of all abbreviations
for the country names can be found in the GovTech Dataset’s “Economy” sheet.

106 GOVTECH MATURITY INDEX 2022 UPDATE: TRENDS IN PUBLIC SECTOR DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION
Appendix D.
GovTech References

• GovTech website: https://www.worldbank.org/en/programs/govtech

• GovTech Maturity Index home page: https://www.worldbank.org/en/programs/govtech/gtmi
• GovTech Maturity Index: The State of Public Sector Digital Transformation, WBG, 2021
• GovTech Dataset, the WBG Data Catalog, October 2022
• Digital Governance/GovTech Projects Database, the WBG Data Catalog, October 2022
• Service Upgrade: The GovTech Approach to Citizen Centered Services, GovTech Report, 2022
• CivicTech: Transparency, Engagement, and Collaboration for Better Governance, GovTech How-to-note, 2022
• Tech Savvy: Advancing GovTech Reforms in Public Administration, GovTech Report, 2022
• World Bank Open Data portal: https://data.worldbank.org/
• World Development Report 2021 on Data for Better Lives, 2021
• GovTech Procurement Practice Note, WBG, February 2021
• GovTech: The New Frontier in Digital Government Transformation; WBG GovTech Guidance Note 1, November 2020.
• GovTech State of Play: Challenges and Opportunities; WBG GovTech Guidance Note 2, November 2020.
• WBG Digital Government Readiness Assessment Toolkit: Guidelines for Task Teams, 2020.
• United Nations E-Government Survey, 2022.
• World Bank Group Policy on Personal Data Privacy, 2020.
• World Development Report 2016 on Digital Dividends, 2016.

GOVTECH MATURITY INDEX 2022 UPDATE: TRENDS IN PUBLIC SECTOR DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION 107
 In addition to the GovTech initiative, other World Bank programs focus on important aspects of the public sector
digital transformation agenda, as presented below:

GovTech Global Partnership (2019) ID4D (2014) & G2Px (2020)

Whole-of-government approach to public sector Digital ID for Citizens & Gov to Person Payments
modernization

Core government systems • CivicTech ITS Technology & Innovation Labs (2016)
Citizen centric services • GovTech enablers AI, Machine Learning, Blockchain

Digital Development Partnership (2016) Digital Economy for Africa (2019)

Digital government Connectivity
Digital economy enabling environment Digital Payments
Data and indicators Digital Platforms
Connectivity (internet access for all) Digital Entrepreneurship and Skills

Cybersecurity MDTF (2021) Open Government Partnership (2011)

Knowledge, TA, and practical tools to help build cyber Open Government research & implementation
and digital security capability and capacity Open Contracting
Open Data
Anti-Corruption
FinTech (2018)
Digital Solutions for financial inclusion

Other WBG Initiatives DEC

Open Learning Campus (2016) World Development Report, Data Catalog, and more
Geo-Enabling initiative for Monitoring & Supervision
(GEMS) (2018)
Data Collaboratives (2018) and more DT4D (2019)
Disruptive Technologies for Development

Source: World Bank data.

Note: Web links to the World Bank Group initiatives in the GovTech domain:
GovTech Global Partnership (GTGP).
Identification for Development (ID4D).
ITS Technology & Innovation Labs (Internal).
Digital Development Partnership (DDP).
Digital Economy for Africa (DE4A).
Cybersecurity Multi-Donor Trust Fund (MDTF).
Financial Technology (FinTech).
Government-to-person payments (G2Px).
Open Government Partnership (OGP).
Development Economics (DEC).
WBG Open Data Portal (ODP).
WBG Data Catalog.
Disruptive Technologies for Development (DT4D) Challenge.
Open Learning Campus (OLC).
Geo-Enabling initiative for Monitoring and Supervision (GEMS).
Geospatial Portal (internal); GEMS (internal).
Development Data Partnership / Data Collaboratives.

108 GOVTECH MATURITY INDEX 2022 UPDATE: TRENDS IN PUBLIC SECTOR DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION
 Environmental Benefits Statement

The World Bank is committed to reducing its environmental footprint. In support of this
commitment, the Publishing and Knowledge Division leverages electronic publishing
options and print-on-demand technology, which is located at regional hubs worldwide.
Together, these initiatives enable print runs to be lowered and shipping distances
decreased, resulting in reduced paper consumption, chemical use, greenhouse gas
emissions, and waste.
The Publishing and Knowledge Division follows the recommended standards for paper
use set by the Green Press Initiative. Whenever possible, books are printed on 50
percent to 100 percent postconsumer recycled paper, and at least 50 percent of the
fiber in our book paper is either unbleached or bleached using Totally Chlorine Free
(TCF), Processed Chlorine Free (PCF), or Enhanced Elemental Chlorine Free (EECF)
processes.
More information about the Bank’s environmental philosophy can be found at
http://crinfo.worldbank.org/wbcrinfo/node/4.

GOVTECH MATURITY INDEX 2022 UPDATE: TRENDS IN PUBLIC SECTOR DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION 109
Supported by the GovTech Global Partnership (GTGP) and the KDI School (Republic of Korea)