JB Gupta

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Train Movement and Energy Consumption 451

.01072
Specific energy output =
S x+0.2778 (98.1 G+r-
W
0.01072 x 602
*1.1 +0.2778 (98.1 x1+ 40) x.Sl6i
1.48 1.48
52.45 Wh per tonne-km
Specific energy consumption 69.93 Wh/tonne-km Ans.
0.75
Total energy consumption = Specific energy consumption x W x S

Ans.
69.93x 200 x 1.48 20,700 Wh or 20.7 kWh
11.12. DEAD WEIGHT, ACCELERATING WEIGHT AND ADHESIVE WEIGHT
is
Dead Weight. The total weight of locomotive andtrain tobe pulled by the locomotive
known as dead weight. AN. Wos and
Accelerating Weight. The dead weïght of the train i.e. the weight of locomotive
train can be considered to be divided into two parts.
1. The weight, whiçh requires angular acceleration such as weight of wheels, axles, gears
etc. and

2. The weight, which requires lirmear acceleration.


Ca
the accelerating
Hence the effective weight, which is greater than dead weight is called
than dead weight.
weight. Accelerating weight is taken 5 to 10 percent more
wheels is known as the
Adhesive Weight. The total weight to be carried on the driving
adhesive weight.N with
a locomotive up a gradient of 2%
Example 11.22. 400 tonne goods train is to be hauled by effective
track resistance 40 NItonne and
acceleration of 1 kmphps. Coefficient of adhesion is 20%,
the dead weight. Find the weight of the locomotive and number of axles
rotating masses 10% of
if the axle load is not to increase beyond 22
tonnes.
B.T.E. U.P. Electric Traction 2002]
[Agra Univ. Traction & Utilisation of Elec. Power 1979;
tonnes
Solution : Let the weight of the locomotive be W;
locomotive,. W =
(400+ W) tonnes
Dead weight of train and Gradient, G = 2 percent

Coefficient of adhesion, u
= 0.2

Effective weight of train and locomotive, W,


1.1 (400 = +
W)
WG+ Wr
Tractive effort, F, 277.8W.a + 98.1
=

= 277.8a+98.1G+r|W = [277.8 x 1.1 x 1 + 98.1 x 2 + 40] W

= 541.78 W newtons

=541.78 W = 0.05523 W tonnes = 0.05523 (400+W) tonnes


9.81 x 1,000
that be possible with W adhesive weight of locomotive
Maximum value of tractive efort
can

F 4 WL = 0.2 W .i)
and (i) we get
Comparing expressions ()
0.2W0.05523 (400 W)
0.05523x 400 22.092
152.6 tonnes Ans.
or W 0.2-0.05523 0.14477

Number of axles required W, 152.6 =7 Ans.


Allowable load 22
452

xampls 11.23. An electric locomotive is required to haul a train of 12 . Electric "Tretun


t o n h e s on the main line service requiring an initial acceleratie
r
tion of
0.8 kn
1m 1o0. Estimate the mdhesive weight and hence the number of driving p
cgaches each weig
ndt have if the permissible axle loading is 20 tonnes per axle assuming the
be 4% for the conches and 16% for the locomotive. Maximum coefficient of na
the tractive resistance 6 kg/tonne. Elec. B.H.U. Traction &
Solution: Dead weight of train, Utilisu
W 12 x 30 = 3 6 0tonnes

Accelerating weight of train,


W. = 1.04x 360 = 374.4 tonnes

Let adhesive weight of locomotive =


WI
Accelerating weight of locomotive = 1.15 WL
Tractive resistance, r = 5 kg per tonne = 5 * 9.81 = 49.05 N/tonne

Coefficient of adhesion. =0.2


Tractive e ffort, F, = (277.8 a(W, + 1.15 W) + (98.1 G + nW + W.
=
(277.8 x 0.8)(374.4 1.15 W,) + (98.1+ 49.05)(360+ w
+

222.24 (374.4 + 1.15


W)+147.15 (360 +W,)
1,000 x 9.81 o+W onnes
= (13.882 + 0.041 W) tonnes

Maximum value of tractive effort that can be possible with WL adhesive weight of l
uW= 0.2 W
Equating expressions (i) and (i) we get
0.2WL 13.882 + 0.041 W

or W= 13.882 = 87.3 tonnes


0.159
Number of driving axles = = 4.375 Ans.
20
Example 11.24. A locomotive of 100 tonnes can just accelerate a train of 400 tonnes with a
acceleration of 1.5 kmphps up a gradient of 1 in 100. Assume an adhesive weight of locomotive
70%of total dead weight. The tractive resistance is 40 N/tonne and rotational inertia incres
Che dead weight by 10%. If the above locomotive is aided by another locomotive of 150 tonnes
with 80% adhesive weight, determine:
() The additional trailing weight that can be hauled up the same gradient under the same
conditions;
(ii) The maximum gradient, trailing hauled load remaining unchanged;
(ii) The acceleration, if both gradient and hauled load remain unchanged.
Solution: Dead weight of train and locomotive, W
Effective weight, W. = 1.1 W = 1.1 x 500 = 550 tonnes
=
100 400 500 tonnes
Tractive effort required, F, = 277.8 x W.a + 98.1 WG + Wr

277.8 x 550 x 1.5 + 98.1 x 500 x 1 + 500x 40


2,98,235 newtons = 2,98,235 f 30.4 tonnes
9.81x 1,000
Maximum tractive effort for the front locomotive
u W,x Adhesive weight.HX 100 x 0.7 = 70
Dead weight
Equating expressions (i) and (ii) we get
70 30.4
or u 0.434
Adhesive weight of second locomotive = 0.8 x 150 = 120 tonnes
Total adhesive weight with both locomotives = 70 + 120 = 190 tonnes
Train Movement and Energy Consumption
453

Let the trailing weight that can be


hauled, up the
be W, tonnes
same gradient and under the same conditions
Now the total dead weight, W (100 =
+ 150+ w,) tonnes
Tractive effort required, (277.8 x
=
1.1 x 1.5 + 98.1 x
40) W
1+

596.47 W newtons b96.47 W0.0608


=

9.81x 1,000 W' tonnes ...(iii)


Total tractive effort that can be developed,
HX adhesive weight of both locomotives =0.434 x 190 tonnes.)
Equating expressions (iin) and (iv) we have
0.0608 W' = 0.434 x 190

or W 0.434X19
0.0608
=
1,356 tonnes
Trailing weight, W, = W' - 100 - 150 1,356 - 250 = 1,106 tonnes Ans.

ii) Total hauled load, W" = 400+ 100 + 150 = 650 tonnes

Tractive effort required, F =


|277.8xxa+98.1 G+rW
= [277.8 x 1.1 x 1.5 + 98.1 G + 40] x 650 newtons
= (498.37 + 98.1 G) x 650 newtons

(498.37 +98.1 G) x650 tonnes


9.81x1,000
Equating expressions (iv) and (v) we get
(498.37 +98.1 G) X650 =
0.434 x 190
9.81x1,000
[0.434 x 190 x9.81 x1,000 498.37x = 7.6% Ans.
650

(ii) Tractive effort required F" =277.8xxa'+98.1 G+rW"


= [277.8 x 1.1 x a' + 98.1 x 1 + 40] x 650
= [305.58 a' +138.1] x 650 newtons

[305.58 a' +138.1]X 650 tonnes ..(ui)


9.81x 1,000
Equating expressions (iv) and (vi) we get

305.58 a'+138.1 650 = 0.434 * 190


9,810
.434 x190 x9,810138.1
305.58 3.62 kmphps
138.105R
or a' Ans.
650
Example/11.25. A train with a locomotive having 4 motors has a total mass of 250 tonnes.
Starting from rest the train attains a speed of 40 kmph in 20 seconds on a 1% up gradient. The
geak yátio is 3, the gear efficiency 96%, the wheel diameter 96 cm, train resistance (average) is
40N per tonne and rotational inertia is 10%. Pind the torque developed by each of the motors
and the minimum weight of the locomotive, given the adhesive coefficient is 0.25.
[Pb. Univ. Electric Drives and Utilisation June 1991)
Solution
Solution: Total mass of train and locomotive, W ==250tonnes
Diameter of driving wheels, D = 95 cm = 0.95 m
454

Percentage gradient, G
=
1%
Electric Traction
Train resistance, r = 40 N/tonne

Gear ratio, y = 3

Gear efficiency, n = 95% or 0.95

Equivalent accelerating weight of train, W, = 100+


# 10x 250 =
275 tonnes
100
Time taken in accelerating the train to a speed of 40 kmph,
20 seconds
Acceleration, a Vn = 40 =
2 kmphps
20
Tractive effort required, F, = 277.8 W, a + (98.1 G + r)W
=
277.8 x 275 x 2 + (98.1 x
1 + 40) x
1,87,315 N = 1,87,315 250
9.81x 1,000
= 19.0943 tonnes

Total torque developed, T = * D ,87,315x 0.95


nx 2 0.95 x 2x3 31,220 Nm
Torque developed by each motor = = 7,805 Nm Ans.
3.
4
Coefficient of adhesion, = 0.25

Adhesive weight, w, = 2 19.0943


0.25 76.4 tonnes _

Assuming an adhesive weight of locomotive to be 75% of its dead weight, we have

Dead weight of locomotive = WL 76.4 102 tonnes =


Ans.
0.75 0.75

EXERCISES
1. What do you understand by speed-time curves ? What is its use in practice ?
[Gorakhpur Univ. Utilisation of Electrical Power & Traction19
2. Draw the speed-time curves for each of the following traction systems:
) Tramcar (ii) Diesel electric (ii) Trolley buses (iv) Suburban electric train and (iv) Urbanservices
3. What is a speed-time curve ? Discuss briefly the distinct periods in a typical speed-time curve of a tma
running on main line. Pb. Univ. Electric Traction December 19
4. Draw a typical speed-time curve for train movement, and explain (a) acceleration () free running
coasting (d) retardation.
Draw the speed-time curve for urban service and suburban service train and simplify these
curves by approximation
move
vement
Traction 20
B.T.E. U.P. Electric tandbr
5. Draw and explain a typical speed-time curve for an electric train and explain what do yo
crest speed, average speed and schedule speed. [Agra Univ. Traction & Utilisation of elec Power 19
speed-time curve

6. Discuss the factors which affect the schedule speed of a train. What difference exists in spe
in case of urban and suburban services? e p t ,1 9 8

1981; Sept
[Gorakhpur Univ. Utilisation of Electrical Power & train.
Traction

7. Define 'ercst speed' and 'schedule speed' and discuss the factors which affect the schedulespees ofa speed

B.H.U. Elec. Traction & Utilisatto


Valueso
of va
run, 2 0 0

8. From the simplified speed-time curve, determine the maximum speed, when act actual
time
Tractiou
acceleration, retardation and the distance between stops are given. B . T . E . U.P.
Electric
Train
Movement and Energy Consumption 455

efine the terms crestspeed,average speed and schedule speed. What are diífferent methods of approximation
9. f speed-time curves? Derive expressions for distance travelled using quadrilateral approximation method
of V() curve. [Gorakhpur Univ. Utilisation of Electrical Power & Traction 1984]
a the speed-time curve for an electric train accelerating uniformly to a speed V the power 15 u
10. ofter a time t when it attains V, coasting is allowed to continue
up to the end of the run, the brak"
heing neglected. Derive a suitable equation to determine V
[Gorakhpur Univ. Utilisation of Elecetrical Power & Traction 1983]
11. Explain speed-time curve 1Or a main line service and derive the expression

here where tthe symbols have their usual meanings


IPb. Univ. Electric Traction December 1992]

12. What is tractive


effort
of a
train and what are its functions?

Derive an expression for the tractive effort developed by a train unit.


How does the 'train resistance' play its part in the mechanics of train motion?
13. Deduce the expressions for:
() The tractive effort exerted by road wheel in terms of wheel diameter, motor torque, gear ratio and
efficiency of transmission of power through gears.
(i) The tractive effort for the propulsion of train up and down the gradient.
IGorakhpur Univ. Utilisation of Electrical Power & Traction 1982]
slipping of the driving wheels of the traction unit ?
14. What is coefficient of adhesion ? How does it affeet
15. Comment on the following statements:
)The adhesion coefficient
series motor.
of alocomotive employing de shunt motor will be higher than the using de
to total is desirable for suburban trains, where the distance
(i) A higher ratio of adhesive weight weight
between the consecutive stops is very small.
16. Explain the terms ( coefficient of adhesion (i) tractive effort and (ii) gradient.
IPb. Univ. Electric Traction December 1992
17. What is specific energy consumption of a train ? Discuss various factors affecting it.
Pb. Univ. Electric Traction July 1992]
18. Describe the procedure of calculating the specific energy consumption of an electric train.
LAllababad Univ. Utilisation of Electricál Energy & Traction 1975]
19. Derive equation of motion of a vehicle. How does the effective mass of a vehicle differ with its physical
(actual) mass ? Explain sigmificance of equation of motion in energy consumption calculation.
[Gorakhpur Univ. Utilisation of Electrical Power & Traction September 1984]
20. Derive a simple expression for the maximum power output of traction motors in terms of tractive effort,
maximum speed and efficiency of transmission gear.
21. Derive an expression for specific energy consumption of a suburban train for a typical inter-station run.
[B.H.U. Elec. Traction & Utilisation 1978
22. Differentiate between adhesive weight and total weight of an electric locomotive.
IGcrakhpur Univ. Utilisation of Electrical Power & Traction 1983
23. Explain the terma 'dead weight', 'effective weight' and adhesive weight' in a locomotive.
B.H.U. Elec. Traction & Utilisation 1978]
24. Write short notes on the following

(i) Speed-time curve. (B.T.E.U.P. 2002]


(ii) Mechanics of train movement.
(iii) Tractive effort for propulsion of train.
( ) Factors affecting energy consumption in propelling a train.
() Dead weight, accelerating weight and adhesive weight of a train.
[Agra Univ. Traction & Utilisation of Elec. Power 1982]
25. Answer the following questions in few lines/words.
) What is meant by speed-time curve?
Ans. The curve drawn between speed and time taking speed on the Y-axis and time on the X-axis is known
as speed-time curve.
456

(ii) What is meant by schedule speed of a train ?


Electric Iraction
Ans.
The ratio of distance covered between two stops and total time of run includine
schedule speed. ime IGorakhpurstop Univ. ln
of
is
(ii) What are those factors which affect the average speed of a train ?
Ans. The average speed of a given train when running on a given service (i.e. distanca '
know,
nce
affected by the () acceleration and retardation and (i) erest speed.
(i) What are the factors which affect the schedule speed of a train ?
between two s

Ans. The schedule


speed of a given train when running on given service is
retardation (ii) maximum or crest speed and (tui) time aduration of affected
ted hu
by (i)
(r) How does increase in acceleration and stop.
braking retardation affect the acceler:eration
given run with fixed crest speed? schedule s . and
Ans. For a given run and with fixed speed of a
crest speed
time of run, and therefore, increase in the increase
in acceleration will result in
schedule speed. Similarly
train tor
affect the schedule
speed.
(ci) How does increase in crest brakingdecrease in acta
retardation
ation wil
speed aftfect the schedule speed for a
retardatioon3 given run with fixed
Ans. For xed e
acceleration an
a
given with fixed
run
therefore, schedule speed willacceleration
and retardation the
increase with the increase in crestactual time of run will .
(vii) How does increase in duration speed.
Ans. For a given of stop affect the schedule speed?
average speed, the schedule
(viii) What is meant by speed will increase with the
coefficient of adhesion? decrease in duration
Ans. The coefficient of of
adhesion is defined as the ratio of stop.
weight. tractive effort to
(ix) How does coefficient of slip the wheels
eels and
and adhesive
Ans. The coefficient of adhesion vary with the increase in speed ?
adhesion
(x)Why the accelerating weightdecreases with the increase in speed.
of an electric train is greater than its
dead weight?
Ans. With the linear
accelerate in an acceleration of the train, the rotating parts of the Gorakhpur Univ. 18
sum of tractive angular direction, and
effort required to therefore, the tractive efforttrain such as wheels and motors als
required have the
to have the anguar
acceleration of required is equal to
taken higher than linear acceleration. Hence the rotating
the arithmet:
(zi) What is meant
the dead
weight. equivalent or
parts and tractive effo
by the term accelerating weight of the train
Ans.
Specific energy 'specific energy
weight of the train and consumption
is the total consumption' ?

(xii) What are those distance of run. energy


consumption of the train
Ans. The factors which affect divided by the product of the
specific energy the specific
distance between consumption of a train energy consumption of a train ?
stops (i) operating at given schedule
type
equipment. acceleration (ii) retardation (iv) crest
of train a
(xiii) How is speed depends upo
specific energy speed (0) nature of route
Ans. Greater the distance consumption affected ana
(xiv) How does the value between stops lesser will by variation in distance
of be the between stops?
run at a
given acceleration and specific energy
Ans. For a schedule speed?
given run at a given retardation affect the specificconsumption.
be the schedule speed, energy consumption a gvet
period of coasting and, greater
specific energy consumption therefore, lesser the value of
(x) What is will the period
accordingly be less. acceleration and
during which power retaraau
ion more

Ans. The totalmeant by the term 'adhesive is on therelor


weight to be carried on weight'? a
the
driving wheels is
known as
adhesive weight.
1. A
2
train runs at an
kmphps and retardsaverage3 speed of 50
PROBLEMS
assuming a trapezoidalat Kmpnps. Drawkmph between
speed-time curve. the speed-timestations situated 2.5 n It accelerates

curve for the km apart. maximumsped


run and
ad find its (Ans. 5 7 . 7 5kmp"
kr

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