1

RAJALAKSHMI ENGINEERING COLLEGE

Thandalam, Chennai – 602 105

B.E ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

EE19243 ELECTRIC CIRCUITS LABORATORY

I YEAR /II SEM
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PREFACE

EE19243 ELECTRIC CIRCUITS

Sub.code : LABORATORY
Degree : Bachelor of Engineering
Branch : Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Year : I Year
Semester : II Semester
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RAJALAKSHMI ENGINEERING COLLEG[Autonomous]

THANDALAM, CHENNAI – 602 105.
Affiliated to Anna university, Chennai
Approved by AICTE, Accredited By NBA & NAAC
ISO 9001: 2008 CERTIFIED
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT VISION AND MISSION

VISION

To be an international centre in education, research and the application of knowledge, to benefit

the society globally in the field of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

MISSION

 To impart high quality technical education and develop Electrical and Electronics Engineers with
a sound theoretical combined with practical skills in all the areas concerning the discipline.

 To inculcate innovative research capabilities and exemplary professional conduct to lead and to
use technology for the progress of our country.

PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOs)

[1] To provide students with a strong foundation in mathematics, science and engineering, necessary
to understand and solve engineering problems. Prepare the students for a successful career in
industries and also for higher studies.
[2] To enable the students to acquire the ability to analyze, design and build electrical and electronic
systems, needed in power electronic drives, variety of controllers, and power systems.
[3] To impart students with a sound knowledge of software tools and skills for taking up research in
upcoming areas in the field of electrical and electronics engineering, and for embarking on
entrepreneurial ventures with an aptitude for lifelong learning.
[4] To impart communication skills, to inculcate values and professional ethics, leadership qualities
and team spirit for an overall personality development, to create environmental awareness and a
passion for using the knowledge acquired, for addressing the societal concerns.
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(A) PROGRAM OUTCOMES (POs)

Engineering Graduates will be able to:

1. Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering

fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering
problems.

2. Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze complex
engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of
mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering sciences.

3. Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problems

and design system components or processes that meet the specified needs with appropriate
consideration for the public health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and
environmental considerations.

4. Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and

research methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data,
and synthesis of the information to provide valid conclusions.

5. Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and
modern engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex
engineering activities with an understanding of the limitations.

6. The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to
assess societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent
responsibilities relevant to the professional engineering practice.

7. Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional engineering

Solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and
need for sustainable development.

8. Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities
and norms of the engineering practice.

9. Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or

leader in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.

10. Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the

Engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend
and write effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations, and
give and receive clear instructions.

11. Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the
engineering and management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member
and leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.

12. Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to
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engage in independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological

change.

(B) PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOMES (PSOs)

PSO 1. Analyze, model and design Electrical and Electronic circuits and machines.

PSO 2. Comprehend the structure of power apparatus and systems and analyze their
operation, control, protection and utilization.

PSO 3. Use of programmable devices, embedded systems and software tools for the simulation,
design and building newer electrical and electronic systems leading to research and invention.
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SYLLABUS

Department : B.E – ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

Subject Name : ELECTRIC CIRCUITS LAB Sub Code : EE19241
Year :I Semester : II

SYLLABUS
EE17211 ELECTRIC CIRCUITS LABORATORY L T P C
0 0 4 2
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS:

1. Experimental verification of Kirchhoff’s voltage and current laws

2. Experimental verification of network theorems( Thevenin, Norton,
Superposition and Maximum power transfer Theorem).
3. Experimental determination of time constant of series R-C circuit.
4. Experimental determination of time constant of series R-L circuit.
5. Experimental determination of frequency response of RLC circuits.
6. Design and Simulation of series resonance circuit.
7. Design and Simulation of parallel resonant circuits.
8. Simulation of three phase balanced and unbalanced star, delta networks circuits.
9. Experimental determination of power in three phase circuits by two-watt meter
method.
10. Realization of RL and RC series circuits using MATLAB.
11. Realization of RL and RC parallel circuits using MATLAB.
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CYCLE OF EXPERIMENTS
CYCLE I

1. Experimental verification of Kirchhoff’s voltage and current laws

2. Experimental verification of network theorem- Thevenin
3. Experimental verification of network theorem- Norton
4. Experimental verification of network theorem- Superposition
5. Experimental verification of network theorem- Maximum power transfer
Theorem.
6. Experimental determination of power in three phase circuits by two-watt meter
method.
CYCLE II
7. Experimental determination of time constant of series R-C circuit.
8. Experimental determination of time constant of series R-L circuit.
9. Experimental determination of frequency response of RLC circuits.
10. Design and simulation of series resonance circuit.
11. Design and simulation of parallel resonant circuits.
12. Simulation of series resonance and parallel resonant circuits.

CYCLE III
13. Realization of RL and RC series circuits using MATLAB .
14. Realization of RL and RC parallel circuits using MATLAB.
15. Simulation of three phase balanced and unbalanced star networks circuits.
16. Simulation of three phase balanced and unbalanced delta networks circuits.
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INDEX
Exp. Date Name of the experiment Page No Marks Sign
No

1 Experimental verification of
Kirchhoff’s voltage and current laws
2 Experimental verification of network
theorem- Thevenin
3 Experimental verification of network
theorem- Norton
4 Experimental verification of network
theorem- Superposition
5 Experimental verification of network
theorem- Maximum power transfer
Theorem.
6 Experimental determination of power in
three phase circuits by two wattmeter
method
7 Experimental determination of time
constant of series R-C circuit.
8 Experimental determination of time
constant of series R-L circuit.
9 Experimental determination of
frequency response of RLC circuits.
10 Design and simulation of series
resonance circuit.
11 Design and simulation of parallel
resonant circuits.
12 Simulation of series resonance and
parallel resonant circuits.
13 Realization of RL and RC series circuits
using MATLAB.
14 Realization of RL and RC parallel
circuits using MATLAB.
15 Simulation of three phase balanced and
unbalanced star, delta networks circuits.
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BREADBOARD SCHEMATIC AND RESISTOR COLOUR CODING

Fig. 1- Breadboard schematic shows how the breadboard pins are connected internally
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CONDUCTION AND OBSERVATION

Start the experiment in the presence of an Instructor/Staff- in-charge and do the same by following
the precautions and procedure.

Check the meter direction. If any changes are there then SWITCH OFF and rectify as per the
directions of the Staff-in-charge / Instructor and if staff permits you then proceed your
experiment.

Note all the required readings in the respective tabular columns.

CALCULATION

1. Calculate the required quantities by suitable formulae and tabulate them with UNITS.
2. Draw the required graphs and write the result.
3. Get the signature in the observation workbook from Staff-in-charge within three day.

RECORD

4. Enter the experiment details in the record note book which you have done in the observation
workbook.
5. Complete the record and submit the same in the next laboratory class.

NOTE:

1. Moving coil meters should be used for DC measurements.

2. Moving iron meters should be used for AC measurements.
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CYCLE I
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VERIFICATION OF OHM’S LAW

DATE : _________

AIM:
To verify the Ohm’s law theoretically and practically of the given network.

STATEMENT:

The Ohm’s law states that “The steady current flowing through the circuit is directly
proportional to the potential difference across the circuit and inversely proportional to the resistance
of the circuit provided the temperature remains constant.”
V α I, V = IR , I = V/R

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S. NO APPARATUS RANGE TYPE QTY
1. DC Regulated power supply (0-30) Volts DC 1
2. Ammeter (0-50) mA MC 1
3. Voltmeter (0-30) Volts MC 1
4. Resistor 470 Ohms - 1
840 Tie
5. Bread Board Solderless 1
Points
Single As per
6. Connecting wires -
Strand requirement

PROCEDURE:
1.The connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2.Switch ON the RPS and increase the applied voltage in steps and note down the
current flowing through the resistor and voltage across the resistor.
3.The same procedure is repeated for different values of applied voltage.
4.The observed readings are tabulated.
5.Compare the practical value of current and the theoretical value.
6.Switch off the power supply and remove the connections.
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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

TABULATION:

Voltage Practical Theoretical

Resistance R
S. No V Current Current
(Ω) (volts) I (mA) I = V/R (mA)
1
10V

2 470 Ω 15V

3 20V

Observation(5)
Attendance (5)
RESULT:

Viva-Voce (5)
Thus the Ohm’s law for the given circuit is verified TOTAL(15)
practically and theoretically.
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VERIFICATION OF KIRCHHOFF’S VOLTAGE AND CURRENT

LAWS
EXP. NO: ________
DATE : ________

AIM:
To verify the Kirchhoff’s current law (KCL) and Kirchhoff’s voltage law (KVL) theoretically
and practically of the given network.

STATEMENT:

KIRCHHOFF’S CURRENT LAW-

Kirchhoff’s current law (KCL) states that the algebraic sum of all currents at a node is zero.
KIRCHHOFF’S VOLTAGE LAW-
Kirchhoff’s voltage law (KVL) states that the algebraic sum of voltage drop is equal to the sum of
voltage rise in any closed path (loop or mesh).

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.NO APPARATUS RANGE TYPE QTY

1. DC Regulated power supply (0-30) V DC 1
2. Bread Board 840 Tie Points Solderless 1
3. Ammeter (0-50) mA MC 3
4. Voltmeter (0-30) V MC 3
5. Resistor 220, 330 Ohms - 2, 1
Single As per
6. Connecting wires -
Stranded requirement

PROCEDURE FOR KCL-

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram
2. Switch on the power supply.
3. Vary the RPS to a specified voltage and note down the corresponding ammeter readings.
4. Verify KCL for the nodes in the circuit.
5. Switch off the power supply and remove the connections.
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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
KIRCHOFF’S CURRENT LAW-

TABULATION:

Measured Current in
Applied Total current Total current
mA
S. No voltage in I1= I2 + I3 in mA I1= I2 + I3 in mA
Volts I1 I2 I3 (Practical Value) (Theoretical Value)

1 10 V

2 15 V

THEORITICAL CALCULATION:

PROCEDURE FOR KVL-

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram

2. Switch on the power supply.
3. Vary the RPS to a specified voltage and note down the corresponding voltmeter readings.
4. Verify KVL for the loops in the circuit.
5. Switch off the power supply and remove the connections.
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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

KIRCHHOFF’S VOLTAGE LAW:

TABULATION:

Applied
Total voltage Total voltage
voltage Measured Voltage in volts
S. No in V1+ V2 + V3 in volts V1+ V2 + V3 in volts
(Practical Value) (Theoretical Value)
V1 V2 V3
Volts
1. 10 V

2. 15 V

THEORETICAL CALCULATION:
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VIVA QUESTIONS:

Q1. What is the sign convention to be followed while applying KCL?

Ans:

Q2. What is meant by potential rise and potential drop?

Ans:

Q3. What is Cramer’s rule?

Ans:

Q4. What are the limitations of Kirchoff’s laws?

Ans:

OBSERVATION (5)

ATTENDANCE (5)
VIVA VOCE (5)

TOTAL (15)

RESULT:

Thus the Kirchhoff’s Current and voltage laws are verified theoretically and practically for
the given circuit.
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VERIFICATION OF NETWORK THEOREMS-

THEVENIN’S THEOREM
EXPT. NO:______
DATE :______

AIM:
To verify Thevenin’s theorem for the given circuit and draw the thevenin equivalent circuit.

STATEMENT:
Thevenin’s theorem states that “Any linear two-terminal circuit can be replaced by an
equivalent circuit consisting of a single voltage source VTh in series with a single resistance RTh”.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.NO APPARATUS RANGE TYPE QTY
1. DC Regulated power supply (0-30) V DC 1
2. Breadboard 840 Tie points Solderless 1
3. Ammeter (0-50) mA MC 1
4. Voltmeter (0-30) V MC 1
220 Ω, 330Ω, 1
5. Resistors - 1 each
KΩ
6. Multimeter - Digital 1

PROCEDURE:
To find IL directly-
1. Connections are made as per the circuit (A).
2. The voltage Vs is set using RPS and the value of IL is noted.
To find Vth-
1. Make the circuit (Figure ii) in bread board
2. Gradually increase the RPS voltage in steps till the rated value and note
down the Thevinin’s voltage Vth.
To find Rth- 1. Connections are modified as shown in the circuit (iii).
2. Calculate the equivalent resistance using multimeter.
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To find IL-
1) Connections are modified as shown in the circuit (iii).
2) Note down the value of IL for the same value of supply voltage.
ORIGINAL CIRCUIT:

VERIFICATION OF THEOREM:
Practical circuit:

Circuit (i)
To find Vth:

Circuit (ii)
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To find Rth:

Circuit (iii)
Thevenin’s Equivalent circuit:

Circuit (iv)
TABULATION:
Practical Values Theoretical Values
IL
Vs Rth IL IL
Sl. No (original) Vth IL Vth Rth
(V) (Ω) (thevinin) (thevinin)
(mA) (V) (V) (Ω)
(mA) (mA)
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THEORETICAL CALCULATION:

VIVA QUESTIONS:
Q1. Define Thevenin’s Equivalent voltage.
Ans:

Q2. State the limitations of Thevenin’s Theorem.

Ans:

OBSERVATION (5)

ATTENDANCE (5)
VIVA VOCE (5)

TOTAL (15)
RESULT
Thus, Thevenin’s theorem is theoretically and practically verified.
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VERIFICATION OF NETWORK THEOREMS-

NORTON’S THEOREM
EXPT. NO:______
DATE :______

AIM:
To verify the Norton’s theorem theoritically and practically for the given circuit.
STATEMENT:
Norton’s theorem states “Any linear two-terminal circuit can be replaced by an equivalent
circuit consisting of a single current source Isc in parallel with a single resistance Rth”.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.NO APPARATUS RANGE TYPE QTY
1. DC Regulated power supply (0-30) V DC 1
2. Breadboard 840 Tie points Solderless 1
3. Ammeter (0-50) mA MC 1
4. Voltmeter (0-30) V MC 1
220 Ω, 330Ω, 1
5. Resistors - 1 each
KΩ
6. Multimeter - Digital 1

PROCEDURE:
To find IL directly
1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2. The source voltage Vs is set using RPS and the value of I L is noted.
To find IN
1. Connections are given as per the circuit (i)
2. The Load current IL is noted for various values of supply voltage and tabulated.
To find RN
1. Connections are modified as shown in the circuit (ii)
2. The Open circuit voltage (VOC) is noted for various values of the supply voltage and
tabulated.
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To find IL
1. Connections are modified as shown in the circuit (iii)
2. The short circuit current (ISC) is noted for various values of the supply voltage and
tabulated.
3. Norton’s resistance is practically calculated by using the Open circuit voltage and
Short circuit current.

ORIGINAL CIRCUIT:

VERIFICATION OF NORTON’S THEOREM:

Practical circuit_for finding IL directly

Circuit (i)

To find IN

Circuit (ii)
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To find RN

Circuit (iii)

Norton’s Equivalent Circuit

Circuit (iv)

TABULATION:

Theoretical calculation

Sl. Vs Isc Is RN IL(norton) IL(orginal)

Isc RN IL(norton)
No. (V) (mA) (mA) (Ω) (mA) (mA)
(mA) (Ω) (mA)
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THEORETICAL CALCULATION:

VIVA QUESTIONS:
Q1. What is Norton’s current?
Ans:

Q2. How to draw the Norton’s equivalent circuit?

Ans:

OBSERVATION (5)

ATTENDANCE (5)
VIVA VOCE (5)

TOTAL (15)

RESULT
Thus, Norton theorem is theoretically and practically verified.
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VERIFICATION OF NETWORK THEOREMS-

SUPERPOSITION THEOREM
EXP. NO:______
DATE :______

AIM:
To verify the Superposition theorem theoretically and practically for a given circuit.
STATEMENT:
The theorem states “In a linear, lumped, bilateral circuit having more than one source, the
load current supplied by all the sources acting together is same as the sum of load currents when the
sources are acting individually considering one at a time”. While considering one source
individually, the other voltage sources are short circuited and current sources are open circuited.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.NO APPARATUS RANGE TYPE QTY
1. DC dual Regulated power supply (0-30) V DC 1
2. Breadboard 840 Tie Points Solderless 1
3. Ammeter (0-50) mA MC 1
4. Resistor 330 Ω, 560 Ω - 1, 2

PROCEDURE:
A) Determination of IL’ by removing V2
1. Make connections as per the circuit diagram (iii).
2. Remove V2 by short circuiting the terminal.
3. Apply voltage V1 by using RPS and note down the current I L’.
B) Determination of IL’’ by removing V1
1. Make connections as per the circuit diagram (iv).
2. Remove V1 by short circuiting the terminal.
3. Apply voltage V2 by using RPS and note down the current I L’’.
C) Determination of IL when both V1 and V2 are active
1. Make connections as per the circuit diagram (ii).
2. Apply the voltage V1, V2 and note down the current IL
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FORMULA USED:
IL=IL’+IL’’
IL’- current through Ammeter by removing V2
IL’’- current through Ammeter by removing V1

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Original circuit

Determination of IL when both V1 and V2active

Circuit (i)

Determination of IL’ by removing V2

Circuit (iii)
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Determination of IL’’ by removing V1

Circuit (iv)
TABULATION:

Supply Voltage Current in mA

Theoretical
(Volts) (Practical Value)
S. No Value in
IL = IL ’+
V1 V2 IL IL’ IL’’ mA
IL ’’ IL

1 10 V 15 V

THEORETICAL CALCULATION:
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VIVA QUESTIONS:
Q1. What are linear system?
Ans:

Q2. Whether superposition theorem are applicable for both AC and DC circuits? If so, under what
conditions?
Ans:

OBSERVATION (5)

ATTENDANCE (5)
VIVA VOCE (5)

TOTAL (15)

RESULT:
Thus the Superposition theorem is verified theoretically and practically for the given circuit.
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VERIFICATION OF NETWORK THEOREMS- MAXIMUM

POWER TRANSFER THEOREM
EXPT. NO:______
DATE :______

AIM:
To verify Maximum power transfer theorem theoretically and practically for a given circuit.
STATEMENT:
This theorem states “Power transferred from source to load will be maximum, when load
resistance is equal to circuit resistance looking back from its load end (Thevinin’s resistance)”.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.NO APPARATUS RANGE TYPE QTY
1. DC Regulated power supply (0-30) V DC 1
2 Bread board 840 Tie Points Solderless 1
3 Ammeter (0-50) mA MC 1
4 Voltmeter (0-30) V MC 1
220 Ω, 330 Ω, 1 each
5. Resistors -
560 Ω
6. Potentiometer 2 KΩ Variable 1

PROCEDURE:
1. Find the Maximum power transferred using theoretical calculation (find Vth and Rth).
2. Complete the theoretical part of the tabular column.
3. Complete the circuit connections as shown in the circuit diagram.
4. Now by varying the potentiometer (load resistance) to the theoretical value of Rth as obtained
above, find the value of voltage and current.
5. The product of the voltage and current gives the power.
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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

TABULATION:

Practical values Theoretical values

Load
resistance Voltage Current Power Maximum
VTH RTH
(volts) (mA) (watts) Power

THEORETICAL CALCULATION:
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VIVA QUESTIONS:

Q1. What are the applications of Maximum Power Transfer Theorem?

Ans:

Q2. State the limitations of Maximum Power Transfer Theorem.

Ans:

OBSERVATION (5)

ATTENDANCE (5)
VIVA VOCE (5)

TOTAL (15)

RESULT
Thus the Maximum Power transfer theorem is verified theoretically and practically for the
given circuit.
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MEARSUREMENT OF THREE PHASE POWER AND POWER

FACTOR USING TW0 WATT-METER METHOD
EXP. NO:______
DATE :______
AIM:
To conduct a suitable experiment on a 3-phase star connected load to measure the three phase
power and power factor using 2-wattmeter method.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.NO. NAME OF THE APPRATUS RANGE TYPE QNTY

1 Voltmeter (0-600)V MI 1
2 Ammeter (0-10)A MI 1
3 Wattmeter (600V, 10A) UPF - 2
4 3 Phase load - - 1
5 Connecting wires - - Required
nos.

FORMULA USED:
W1  W2 VI sin 

W1  W2 VI cos 
W1  W2
  tan 1 3 and Find Cos 
W1  W2
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Before switching on the supply, the zeros of the ammeter, voltmeter and watt-meters should
be checked.
2. The readings in the ammeter should not exceed the current ratings of the wattmeter.

PROCEDURE:

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. Measure the no-load voltage and current from voltmeter and ammeter respectively.
3. Apply the load, and check the watt meters deflection, if one of the watt-meter may give a
negative reading. Since the meter does not have any markings for negative readings, the connections
of M and L should be reversed.
4. Note the voltmeter, ammeter and watt meters readings in the tabulation.
5. Increase the load and repeat the step-4.
6. Reduce the load to zero and switch off the power supply.
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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
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TABULATION:

Multiplication Factor =

S. Load IL W1(watts) W2(watts) Total Power

No. (amps) OBSERVED ACTUAL OBSERVED ACTUAL Power factor
= = (watts)
Obs*M.F Obs*M.F

Note: Load 4 > Load 3 > Load 2 > Load 1

MODEL CALCULATION:
 36

VIVA-VOICE:

Q1. Define active power and write the equation?

Ans:

Q2. Define reactive power and write the equation?

Ans:

Q3. The power in a 3-phase circuit can be measured by a single 3-phase wattmeter. Then, why do
you measure power by using two single-phase wattmeter?

Ans:

Q4. What do you meant by ‘phase sequence’?

Ans:

Q5. Define power?

Ans:

OBSERVATION (5)

ATTENDANCE (5)
VIVA VOCE (5)

TOTAL (15)

RESULT: Thus, the phase power and power factor are measured by using two wattmeter method
and the output is obtained.
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CYCLE II
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EXPERIMENTAL DETERMINATION OF TIME CONSTANT OF

SERIES R-C ELECTRIC CIRCUIT
EXP. NO:______
DATE :______

AIM:
To analyze and determine the time constant of series RC electric circuit.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.NO APPARATUS RANGE TYPE QTY

1 Function Generator (0-30) MHz Digital 1

2 Breadboard 840 Tie Points Solderless 1

3 Resistor 100 Ω - 1

4 Capacitor 0.1 uF Electrolytic 1

5 CRO 1
Single As Per
6 Connecting wires -
Strand Requirement

THEORY:
When a RC circuit is suddenly energized or de-energized a transient phenomenon which dies
out as the circuit approaches its steady state. This is because of the way in which capacitor store
energy and resistor dissipate it. The exact nature of the transient depends on R and C as well as how
they are connected in the circuit. The time constant τ represent the time for the system to make
significant change in charge V or current I whenever a capacitor is charging or discharging.

PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram and set the input voltage as 2V.
2. Calculate the time constant theoretically (τ = R*C).
3. Choose the frequency such that 1/(2f) > 2τ i.e., f < 1 / (4f).
4. Select square wave mode in function generator and set frequency lesser than the calculate
frequency.
5. Connect the CRO probe across the resistor and observe the waveform.
6. Find the time taken to reach 36.8% of the final value τpr and compare it with the time constant
calculated in step 2.
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THEORETICAL CALCULATION:
Let R=100Ω C = 0.1 µf
Time constant τ = R*C = 10-5 s = 0.1 µs.
Input frequency f < 1 / (4 *10-5) = f < 25000 Hz.

OBSERVATION: From the output waveform, for the 36.8% of maximum voltage find the time
period τpr.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM- RC CIRCUIT-

100 Ohms

0.1 uF

MODEL GRAPH OF RC CIRCUIT:

Figure 1

TABULATION:

Theoretical Practical
AMPLITUDE TIME PERIOD
Time Time
(Volts) (ms)
constant constant

Input wave ___ ___

RC
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MODEL GRAPH:

VIVA QUESTIONS:
Q1. Define Time Constant.
Ans:

Q2. What are the causes of transients?

Ans:

Q3. Write the output expression for charging current.

OBSERVATION (5)
Ans:
ATTENDANCE (5)
VIVA VOCE (5)

RESULT: TOTAL (15)

Thus the time constant of an RC circuit is determined practically.
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EXPERIMENTAL DETERMINATION OF TIME CONSTANT OF

SERIES R-L ELECTRIC CIRCUIT
EXP. NO:______
DATE :______

AIM:
To analyze and determine the time constant of series RL electric circuit.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.NO APPARATUS RANGE TYPE QTY

1 Function Generator (0-3) MHz Digital 1

2 Breadboard 840 Tie Points Solderless 1

3 Resistor 10 KΩ - 1

4 Inductor 0.1 mH 1

Single As Per
5 Connecting wires -
Strand Requirement

THEORY:
When a RL circuit is suddenly energized or de-energized a transient phenomenon which dies out as
the circuit approaches its steady state. This is because of the way in which inductor store energy and
resistor dissipate it. The exact nature of the transient depends on R and L as well as how they are
connected in the circuit. The time constant τ represent the time for the system to make significant
change in charge V or current I.

PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram and set the input voltage as 2V.
2. Calculate the time constant theoretically (τ = L/R).
3. Choose the frequency such that 1/(2f) > 2τ i.e., f < 1 / (4 τ)
4. Select square wave mode in function generator and set frequency lesser than the calculated
frequency.
5. Connect the CRO probe across the resistor and observe the waveform.
6. Find the time taken to reach 63.2% of the final value τpr and compare it with the time constant
calculated in step 2.
 42

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM- RL CIRCUIT-

THEORETICAL CALCULATION:
Let R=100Ω L=50mH
Time constant τ = L/R = 0.5msec.
Input frequency f < 103 / (4 *0.5) = f < 500 Hz.

OBSERVATION:
From the output waveform, for the 63% of maximum voltage find the time
period τpr.

MODEL GRAPH OF RL CIRCUIT:

Figure 1
TABULATION:

Theoretical Practical
AMPLITUDE TIME PERIOD
Time Time
(Volts) (ms)
constant constant

Input wave ___ ___

RL
 43

VIVA QUESTIONS:
Q1. Define Time Constant.
Ans:

Q2. What are the effects of using inductive component?

Ans:

Q3. Write the output expression for charging current.

Ans:

OBSERVATION (5)

ATTENDANCE (5)
VIVA VOCE (5)

TOTAL (15)

RESULT:
Thus the time constant of an RL circuit is determined practically.
 44

FREQUENCY RESPONSE OF SERIES AND PARALLEL

RESONANCE CIRCUITS
EXP. NO:______
DATE :______

AIM:
To determine the resonant frequency and bandwidth of series resonant circuit

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.NO APPARATUS RANGE TYPE QTY
1 Function Generator (0-3) MHz Digital 1
2 Decade Resistance Box 1K Ω - 1
3 Decade Inductance Box - 1
4 Decade Capacitance Box 1 µF - 1
5 Ammeter (0-10) mA AC 1
6 Voltmeter (0-10) V AC 1
Single As per
7 Connecting wires -
Strand requirement

THEORY:
An ac circuit is said to be in resonance when the applied voltage and the resulting current are
in phase. In an RLC circuits at resonance, Z = R & XL = Xc where XL is inductive reactance and Xc
is capacitive reactance.
The frequency at which the voltage in RLC circuit is maximum is known as resonant
frequency (fo). At fo IC and IL are equal in magnitude and opposite in phase.

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set input voltage, Vi (5 or 10 v) using signal generator and vary the frequency from (0-1)MHz in
regular steps.
3. Note down the corresponding output voltage and current.
4. Plot the graph: I ,Vc & VL Vs frequencies.

TO MEASURE THE RESONANCE FREQUENCY:

1. Plot the graph: Current Vs Frequencies
2. Draw a vertical line, from the maximum current reading to the X-axis. That is the resonant
frequency f0.
 45

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM (Series RLC circuit):

MODEL GRAPH:

TABULATION: Vin = 5V

S.No Frequency ( Current I (mA) S.No Frequency ( Hz) Current I (mA)

Hz)
1 11
2 12
3 13
4 14
5 15
6 THEORETICAL CALCULATION:
7
fr = 1 /(2 Π√LC) Hertz =
where,
8 fr = Resonant frequency
9 L = Inductance
C = Capacitance
10
 46

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM (Parallel RLC circuit):

MODEL GRAPH:

TABULATION:

S.No Frequency ( Voltage (V) S.No Frequency ( Hz) Voltage (V)

Hz)
1 11
2 12
3 13
4 14
5 15
6 THEORETICAL CALCULATION:
7
fr = 1 /(2 Π√LC) Hertz =
where,
8 fr = Resonant frequency
9 L = Inductance
C = Capacitance
10
 47

FOR SERIES RESONANCE:

 48

FOR PARALLEL RESONANCE:

 49

VIVA QUESTIONS:
Q1. Define Bandwidth.
Ans:

Q2. Write the expression for effective impedance for series and parallel circuits.
Ans:

Q3. What is the value of power factor at resonance for both the series and parallel circuits?
Ans:

Q4. What is the parameter that is magnified in a series and parallel circuit?
Ans:

OBSERVATION (5)

ATTENDANCE (5)
VIVA VOCE (5)

TOTAL (15)

RESULT :
Thus the resonance curve for series resonance and parallel resonance is plotted and the
resonant frequency is calculated theoretically and practically.
 50

CYCLE III
 51

DESIGN AND SIMULATION OF SERIES RESONANCE CIRCUIT

USING MATLAB
EXP. NO:______
DATE :______
AIM:
To draw the frequency response curve of a series RLC resonant circuit using MATLAB.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
 MATLAB PACKAGE

THEORY:
Consider the following RLC series circuit where the output is taken across the capacitor.

The laplace transform of the elements are given by, Resistor = R, Inductor = sL, Capacitor =
1/sC.

The transfer function is defined as the ratio of laplace transform of the output variable to
the laplace transform of the all the other input variables.

Therefore, transfer function of the series RLC circuit is given by,

T. F of series RLC = L.T of Capacitor / (L.T of resistor + L.T of inductor + L.T of capacitor)

PROCEDURE:
 Open the MATLAB in your computer and click on “New Script” found at the top left of the
window.This is called M file.
 Now type the program in the window and complete without any error.
 After completing the program, click on the “Run” green color icon found on the middle of
the top traybox to simulate the program and obtain the graph.
 52

PROGRAM:

function[zinput]=zinputseriesrlc();
disp('starting the function of zinputseriesrlc');
r = 1;
c = 0.1;
l = 10;
zresistance = tf([0 r],[0 1]);
zinductance = tf([l 0],[0 1]);
zcapacitance = tf([0 1],[c 0]);
zinput = zcapacitance/( zresistance + zinductance + zcapacitance);
figure(1);
bode(zinput);
title('INPUT IMPEDANCE OF SERIES RLC
CIRCUIT'); disp('finished the function zinputseriesrlc');

OUTPUT WAVEFORM:
 53

Please Paste your simulation and graph obtain in MATLAB in the space provided

RESULT:
Thus, the series RLC circuit is simulated in MATLAB and the frequency response is
obtained.
 54

DESIGN AND SIMULATION OF PARALLEL RESONANCE

CIRCUIT USING MATLAB
EXP. NO:______
DATE :______
AIM:
To draw the frequency response curve of a parallel RLC resonant circuit using MATLAB.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
 MATLAB PACKAGE

THEORY:
Consider the following RLC parallel circuit where the output is taken across the capacitor.

The laplace transform of the elements are given by, Resistor = R, Inductor = sL, Capacitor =
1/sC.

The transfer function is defined as the ratio of laplace transform of the output variable to
the laplace transform of the all the other input variables.

Therefore, transfer function of the parallel RLC circuit is given by,

T. F of parallel RLC = 1 / (1/L.T of resistor + 1/L.T of inductor + 1/L.T of capacitor)

PROCEDURE:
 Open the MATLAB in your computer and click on “New Script” found at the top left of the
window.This is called M file.
 Now type the program in the window and complete without any error.
 After completing the program, click on the “Run” green color icon found on the middle of
the top traybox to simulate the program and obtain the graph.
 55

PROGRAM:

function[zinput]=zinputparallelrlc();
disp('starting the function of zinputparallelrlc');
r = 20000;
c = 100e-9;
l = 0.1;
zresistance = tf([0 r],[0 1]);
zinductance = tf([l 0],[0 1]);
zcapacitance = tf([0 1],[c 0]);
zinput = 1/(1/zresistance + 1/zinductance +
1/zcapacitance); figure(1);
bode(zinput);
title('INPUT IMPEDANCE OF PARALLEL RLCCIRCUIT');
disp('finished the function zinputparallelrlc');

OUTPUT WAVEFORM
 56

Please Paste your simulation and graph obtain in MATLAB in the space provided

RESULT:
Thus, the series RLC circuit is simulated in MATLAB and the frequency response
is obtained.
 57

REALISATION OF RL & RC SERIES CIRCUIT USING MATLAB

EXP. NO:______
DATE :______

AIM: To realize the RL & RC series circuit using MATLAB

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:

 MATLAB PACKAGE

BLOCKS NEEDED:

Sl. No. SIMULINK BLOCKS FUNCTION QTNY

1 Single -Phase Source Provides the three phase AC supply 1
2 Series RLC branch Acts as the load 3
3 Current Measurement Measures the current through the load 3
4 Scope Enables to view the three phase output 4
waveform
5 Mux Combines multiple signals to view on 1
the display/scope
6 Powergui Enables the whole operation in Matlab 1

PROCEDURE:
 Open the MATLAB in your computer and click on “New Model” found at the top left of
the window. This is called Model file.
 Now open the library browser and drag the components required from it and place it in
Model file.
 Connect the components and use powergui, click on the “Run” green color icon found on
the middle of the top traybox to simulate the program and obtain the graph.
 58

RL SERIES CIRCUIT:

MATLAB SIMULATION: R=20 ohm, L=10milli Henry

OUTPUT VOLTAGE :

OUTPUT CURRENT:
 59

Please Paste your simulation and graph obtain in MATLAB in the space provided
 60

RC SERIES CIRCUIT:

MATLAB SIMULATION: R=20 ohm, C=100 microfarad

OUTPUT VOLTAGE:

OUTPUT CURRENT:
 61

Please Paste your simulation and graph obtain in MATLAB in the space provided

RESULT: Thus the realization of RC & RL series circuit was performed & waveforms were
analyzed using MATLAB.
 62

REALISATION OF RL & RC PARALLEL CIRCUIT USING

MATLAB
EXP. NO: ______
DATE : ______

AIM: To realize the RL & RC parallel using MATLAB

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:

 MATLAB PACKAGE

BLOCKS NEEDED:

Sl. No. SIMULINK BLOCKS FUNCTION QTNY

1 Single -Phase Source Provides the three phase AC supply 1
2 Series RLC branch Acts as the load 3
3 Current Measurement Measures the current through the load 3
4 Scope Enables to view the three phase output 4
waveform
5 Mux Combines multiple signals to view on 1
the display/scope
6 Powergui Enables the whole operation in Matlab 1

PROCEDURE:
 Open the MATLAB in your computer and click on “New Model” found at the top left of
the window.This is called Model file.
 Now open the library browser and drag the components required from it and place it in
Model file.
 Connect the components and use powergui, click on the “Run” green color icon found on
the middle of the top traybox to simulate the program and obtain the graph.
 63

RL PARALLEL CIRCUIT:
R=1 ohm, L=1milli Henry

MATLAB SIMULATION: R=1 ohm, L=1milli Henry

VOLTAGE AND CURRENT WAVEFORM OUTPUT:

 64

Please Paste your simulation and graph obtain in MATLAB in the space provided
 65

RC PARALLEL CIRCUIT: R=1 ohm, C= 1 micro farad

MATLAB SIMULATION:

VOLTAGE AND CURRENT WAVEFORM OUTPUT:

 66

Please Paste your simulation and graph obtain in MATLAB in the space provided

RESULT: Thus the realization of RC & RL parallel circuit was performed & waveforms were
analyzed using MATLAB.
 67

SIMULATION OF THREE PHASE BALANCED AND UNBALANCED

STAR AND DELTA NETWORK CIRCUITS
EXP. NO:______
DATE :______

AIM: To simulate the three phase balanced and unbalanced star and delta network circuit using
MATLAB.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:

 MATLAB PACKAGE

BLOCKS NEEDED:

Sl. No. SIMULINK BLOCKS FUNCTION QTNY

1 Three-Phase Source Provides the three phase AC supply 1
2 Series RLC branch Acts as the load 3
3 Current Measurement Measures the current through the load 3
4 Scope Enables to view the three phase output 4
waveform
5 Mux Combines multiple signals to view on 1
the display/scope
Enables the whole operation in
6 Powergui MATLAB 1

PROCEDURE:

1. Open the Matlab and click on “simulink library” icon found in the middle of the icons at
the top traybox.

2. Now create a new model by clicking on “New Model” on the top extreme left of the simulink
library browser.

3. Copy all the simulink blocks from the simulink library browser to the new model. The blocks
can be found by entering the block names in the search are provided.
4. After copying all the blocks, double clink on the three-phase source and change the
voltage and frequency parameters to 440 volts and 50 Hz respectively.
5. Double click on the series rlc branch and change the type to R type and change the value
of resistor to 1000.
6. Single click again on the series rlc branch and rotate it to vertical by pressing “ctrl + R”
on the keyboard.
7. Double click on the mux and change the number of inputs to 3.
8. Complete the connections as shown the in the circuit connections.
 68

9. Change the run time form 10 to 0.1 found in the top middle of the list of icons.

10. Now click on the “run” button in green color found to the left of the run time.

11. After the simulation is over, click on each scope to see the output. The top three scopes show
the individual scopes and the last one shows all the three individual phases combined. Right
click on the mouse in scope and click autoscale for complete view of the output.

12. The difference in the balanced and unbalanced circuit lies only in the value of the load.
For balanced load, the values of the resistor are 1000 Ohms while for unbalanced load
the value of the three load resistors are 1000, 2000, 3000 ohms.

Three Phase balanced/unbalanced Star connection:

THREE PHASE STAR CONNECTED (BALANCED AND UNBALANCED) SOURCES

 69

WAVEFORMS:
THREE PHASE BALANCED STAR CONNECTION:

THREE PHASE UNBALANCED STAR CONNECTION:

 70

Please Paste your simulation and graph obtain in MATLAB in the space provided
 71

Three Phase balanaced/unbalanced Delta connection:

Another Circuit:

71
 72

WAVEFORMS:
THREE PHASE BALANCED DELTA CONNECTION:

THREE PHASE UNBALANCED DELTA CONNECTION:

72
 73

Please Paste your simulation and graph obtain in MATLAB in the space provided

OBSERVATION (5)

ATTENDANCE (5)
VIVA VOCE (5)

TOTAL (15)

RESULT:

Thus the simulation on three phase balanced/unbalanced star/delta network

circuits are performed and the output is obtained.
73
 74

SCI LAB PROGRAMME

(i)RL with step input
// RL series circuit, with DC input.
//------------------------------------------
// Here following schemes can be tried out:
// ==> Vary the switching instant, or input supply's phase.
// ==> Vary the values of R and L (note choice of h will change).
// ==> Vary the initial conditions on L.
//------------------------------------------
// Open this file in Scilab (in Scinotes) and hit F5 btn.
//------------------------------------------
clear;
// RL circuit with dc step

R = 30; // in ohm
L = 60e-3; // in H

pi = %pi; // defines pi

h = 1e-5; //time-step chosen

Tfinal = 0.1;

t = 0:h:Tfinal; // generates time array

// Supply voltage ...

Vo = 9.35*(ones(length(t),1));

//initial value of the current through L

IL(1) = 0;

// dynamical equation using Forward Euler method

//-------------------------------------------------
for k = 1:1:(Tfinal/h)
IL(k+1) = IL(k)+ h*(-IL(k)*(R/L)+Vo(k)/L );
end
//-------------------------------------------------
// note the plot of current is scaled for visualization...

plot(t,10*IL','b',t,Vo','r','linewidth',1.5)
xlabel('time (s)');
legend('10 x iL', 'Vin');
title('Response of step-DC to RL circuit');
xgrid(1,1.,9);

74
 75

OUTPUT

75
 76

(ii) RL with sine input

// P-3: This programme, numerically integrates
// RL series circuit, with DC input.
//------------------------------------------

// Here following schemes can be tried out:

// ==> Vary the switching instant, or input supply's phase.
// ==> Vary the values of R and L (note choice of h will change).
// ==> Vary the initial conditions on L.

//------------------------------------------
// Open this file in Scilab (in Scinotes) and hit F5 btn.
//------------------------------------------
clear;
// RL circuit with dc step
R = 30; // in ohm
L = 60e-3; // in H

pi = %pi; // defines pi

h = 1e-5; //time-step chosen

Tfinal = 0.1;

t = 0:h:Tfinal; // generates time array

// Supply voltage ...

Vo = 9.35*(ones(length(t),1));

//initial value of the current through L

IL(1) = 0;

// dynamical equation using Forward Euler method

//-------------------------------------------------
for k = 1:1:(Tfinal/h)
IL(k+1) = IL(k)+ h*(-IL(k)*(R/L)+Vo(k)/L );
end
//-------------------------------------------------

// note the plot of current is scaled for visualization...

plot(t,10*IL','b',t,Vo','r','linewidth',1.5)
xlabel('time (s)');
legend('10 x iL', 'Vin');
title('Response of step-DC to RL circuit');
xgrid(1,1.,9);

76
 77

(iii)RL SERIES CIRCUIT, WITH STEP-SINUSOIDAL INPUT.

//------------------------------------------
// Here following schemes can be tried out:
// ==> Vary the switching instant, or input supply's phase.
// ==> Vary the values of R and L (note choice of h will change).
// ==> Vary the initial conditions on L.
//------------------------------------------
// Open this file in Scilab (in Scinotes) and hit F5 btn.
//------------------------------------------
clear;
// RL circuit with step-AC (sine)
R = 0.15; // in ohm
L = 60e-3;
// Note: i = g(psi)
// here: i = 0.562*atanh(30*psi) -----------

pi = %pi; // defines pi

h = 1e-5; //time-step chosen

Tfinal = 0.4;

t = 0:h:Tfinal; // generates time array

// sinusoidal supply voltage ...

Vo = 10*sin(2*pi*50*t);
psio=10/2/pi/50;

//initial value of the current through L

psi(1) = 0;

// dynamical equation using Forward Euler method

//-------------------------------------------------
for k = 1:1:(Tfinal/h)
psi(k+1) = psi(k)- h*psi(k)/L*(1+1*exp(2*abs(psi(k))/psio)/2)*(R)+h*Vo(k)
;
end
//-------------------------------------------------

IL =psi/L.*(1+1*exp(2*abs(psi)/psio)/2);

77
 78

figure(1)
plot(t',psi*2*pi*50,'b',t,Vo,'r','linewidth',1.5)
xlabel('time (s)');
legend('w*psi', 'Vin');
title('Response of step-AC (sine) to RL circuit');
xgrid(1,1.,9);
//abort
// note the plot of current is scaled for visualization...

figure(2)
plot(t',10*IL,'b',t,Vo,'r','linewidth',1.5)
xlabel('time (s)');
legend('10 x iL', 'Vin');
title('Response of step-AC (sine) to RL circuit');
xgrid(1,1.,9);

OUTPUT

78
 79

79
 80

80