CONTENTS

Prerequisites
Step 1 — Installing Apache and Updating the Firewall
Step 2 — Installing MySQL
Step 3 — Installing PHP
Step 4 — Creating a Virtual Host for your Website
Step 5 — Testing PHP Processing on your Web Server
Step 6 — Testing Database Connection from PHP (Optional)
Conclusion

// Tutorial //

How To Install Linux, Apache, MySQL, PHP (LAMP) Stack

on Ubuntu 22.04

Published on April 26, 2022

LAMP Stack PHP Apache MySQL Ubuntu 22.04 Ubuntu

By Kong Yang and Erika Heidi

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 Not using Ubuntu 22.04?
Choose a different version or distribution.
Ubuntu 22.04

Introduction

A “LAMP” stack is a group of open source software that is typically installed together in
order to enable a server to host dynamic websites and web apps written in PHP. This
term is an acronym which represents the Linux operating system with the Apache web
server. The site data is stored in a MySQL database, and dynamic content is processed
by PHP.
In this guide, you’ll set up a LAMP stack on an Ubuntu 22.04 server.
Prerequisites

In order to complete this tutorial, you will need to have an Ubuntu 22.04 server with a
non-root sudo -enabled user account and a basic firewall. This can be configured using
our initial server setup guide for Ubuntu 22.04.
Step 1 — Installing Apache and Updating the Firewall

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 Start by updating the package manager cache. If this is the first time you’re using sudo
within this session, you’ll be prompted to provide your user’s password to confirm you
have the right privileges to manage system packages with apt :
$ sudo apt update Copy
Then, install Apache with:
$ sudo apt install apache2 Copy
You’ll be prompted to confirm Apache’s installation. Confirm by pressing Y , then ENTER .
Once the installation is finished, you’ll need to adjust your firewall settings to allow HTTP
traffic. Ubuntu’s default firewall configuration tool is called Uncomplicated Firewall
(UFW). It has different application profiles that you can leverage. To list all currently
available UFW application profiles, execute this command:
$ sudo ufw app list Copy

Output
Available applications:
Apache
Apache Full
Apache Secure
OpenSSH

Here’s what each of these profiles mean:

Apache: This profile opens only port 80 (normal, unencrypted web traffic).
Apache Full: This profile opens both port 80 (normal, unencrypted web traffic) and
port 443 (TLS/SSL encrypted traffic).
Apache Secure: This profile opens only port 443 (TLS/SSL encrypted traffic).
For now, it’s best to allow only connections on port 80 , since this is a fresh Apache
installation and you don’t yet have a TLS/SSL certificate configured to allow for HTTPS
traffic on your server.
To only allow traffic on port 80 , use the Apache profile:
This$sitesudo
usesufwcookies
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"Apache" Copy
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 $ sudo ufw status Copy

Output
Status: active

To Action From
-- ------ ----
OpenSSH ALLOW Anywhere
Apache ALLOW Anywhere
OpenSSH (v6) ALLOW Anywhere (v6)
Apache (v6) ALLOW Anywhere (v6)

Traffic on port 80 is now allowed through the firewall.

You can do a spot check right away to verify that everything went as planned by visiting
your server’s public IP address in your web browser (view the note under the next
heading to find out what your public IP address is if you do not have this information
already):
http:// your_server_ip

The default Ubuntu 22.04 Apache web page is there for informational and testing
purposes. Below is an example of the Apache default web page:

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 If you can view this page, your web server is correctly installed and accessible through
your firewall.
This site uses cookies and related technologies, as described in
How To Find your Server’s Public IP Address
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Usually, this is the address you use to connect to your server through SSH.
 There are a few different ways to do this from the command line. First, you could use
the iproute2 tools to get your IP address by typing this:
$ ip addr show ens3 | grep inet | awk '{ print $2; }' | sed 's/\/.*$//' Copy
This will give you two or three lines back. They are all correct addresses, but your
computer may only be able to use one of them, so feel free to try each one.
An alternative method is to use the curl utility to contact an outside party to tell you
how it sees your server. This is done by asking a specific server what your IP address is:
$ curl http://icanhazip.com Copy
Whichever method you choose, type in your IP address into your web browser to verify
that your server is running.
Step 2 — Installing MySQL

Now that you have a web server up and running, you need to install the database
system to be able to store and manage data for your site. MySQL is a popular database
management system used within PHP environments.
Again, use apt to acquire and install this software:
$ sudo apt install mysql-server Copy
When prompted, confirm installation by typing Y , and then ENTER .
When the installation is finished, it’s recommended that you run a security script that
comes pre-installed with MySQL. This script will remove some insecure default settings
and lock down access to your database system.
Warning: As of July 2022, an error will occur when you run the
mysql_secure_installation script without some further configuration. The reason is that
this script will attempt to set a password for the installation’s root MySQL account but,
by default on Ubuntu installations, this account is not configured to connect using a
password.
Prior to July 2022, this script would silently fail after attempting to set the root account
Thispassword and continue
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Output
 ... Failed! Error: SET PASSWORD has no significance for user 'root'@'localhost'

New password:

This will lead the script into a recursive loop which you can only get out of by closing
your terminal window.
Because the mysql_secure_installation script performs a number of other actions that
are useful for keeping your MySQL installation secure, it’s still recommended that you run
it before you begin using MySQL to manage your data. To avoid entering this recursive
loop, though, you’ll need to first adjust how your root MySQL user authenticates.
First, open up the MySQL prompt:
$ sudo mysql Copy
Then run the following ALTER USER command to change the root user’s authentication
method to one that uses a password. The following example changes the authentication
method to mysql_native_password :
mysql> ALTER USER 'root'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED WITH mysql_native_password BY ' Copy

After making this change, exit the MySQL prompt:

mysql> exit Copy
Following that, you can run the mysql_secure_installation script without issue.

Start the interactive script by running:

$ sudo mysql_secure_installation Copy
This will ask if you want to configure the VALIDATE PASSWORD PLUGIN .
Note: Enabling this feature is something of a judgment call. If enabled, passwords which
don’t match the specified criteria will be rejected by MySQL with an error. It is safe to
leave validation disabled, but you should always use strong, unique passwords for
database credentials.
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 VALIDATE PASSWORD PLUGIN can be used to test passwords
and improve security. It checks the strength of password
and allows the users to set only those passwords which are
secure enough. Would you like to setup VALIDATE PASSWORD plugin?

Press y|Y for Yes, any other key for No:

If you answer “yes”, you’ll be asked to select a level of password validation. Keep in mind
that if you enter 2 for the strongest level, you will receive errors when attempting to set
any password which does not contain numbers, upper and lowercase letters, and
special characters:
There are three levels of password validation policy:

LOW Length >= 8

MEDIUM Length >= 8, numeric, mixed case, and special characters
STRONG Length >= 8, numeric, mixed case, special characters and dictionary

Please enter 0 = LOW, 1 = MEDIUM and 2 = STRONG: 1

Regardless of whether you chose to set up the VALIDATE PASSWORD PLUGIN , your server
will next ask you to select and confirm a password for the MySQL root user. This is not
to be confused with the system root. The database root user is an administrative user
with full privileges over the database system. Even though the default authentication
method for the MySQL root user doesn’t involve using a password, even when one is
set, you should define a strong password here as an additional safety measure.
If you enabled password validation, you’ll be shown the password strength for the root
password you just entered and your server will ask if you want to continue with that
password. If you are happy with your current password, enter Y for “yes” at the prompt:
Estimated strength of the password: 100
Do you wish to continue with the password provided?(Press y|Y for Yes, any other key f

For the rest of the questions, press Y and hit the ENTER key at each prompt. This will
remove some anonymous users and the test database, disable remote root logins, and
load these new rules so that MySQL immediately respects the changes you have made.
When you’re finished, test whether you’re able to log in to the MySQL console by typing:
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policy,
, for purposes that may include site operation, Copy
analytics, enhanced user experience, or advertising. You may
$ sudo mysql
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your own preferences.
 This will connect to the MySQL server as the administrative database user root, which is
inferred by the use of sudo when running this command. Below is an example output:
Output
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 10
Server version: 8.0.28-0ubuntu4 (Ubuntu)

Copyright (c) 2000, 2022, Oracle and/or its affiliates.

Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its

affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.

Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.

mysql>

To exit the MySQL console, type:

mysql> exit Copy
Notice that you didn’t need to provide a password to connect as the root user, even
though you have defined one when running the mysql_secure_installation script. That is
because the default authentication method for the administrative MySQL user is
unix_socket instead of password . Even though this might seem like a security concern, it
makes the database server more secure because the only users allowed to log in as the
root MySQL user are the system users with sudo privileges connecting from the console
or through an application running with the same privileges. In practical terms, that
means you won’t be able to use the administrative database root user to connect from
your PHP application. Setting a password for the root MySQL account works as a
safeguard, in case the default authentication method is changed from unix_socket to
password .

For increased security, it’s best to have dedicated user accounts with less expansive
privileges set up for every database, especially if you plan on having multiple databases
hosted on your server.
Note: There are some older versions of PHP that doesn’t support
caching_sha2_password , the default authentication method for MySQL 8. For that reason,
when creating database users for PHP applications on MySQL 8, you may need to
Thisconfigure
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 Your MySQL server is now installed and secured. Next, you’ll install PHP, the final
component in the LAMP stack.
Step 3 — Installing PHP

You have Apache installed to serve your content and MySQL installed to store and
manage your data. PHP is the component of our setup that will process code to display
dynamic content to the final user. In addition to the php package, you’ll need php-mysql ,
a PHP module that allows PHP to communicate with MySQL-based databases. You’ll
also need libapache2-mod-php to enable Apache to handle PHP files. Core PHP packages
will automatically be installed as dependencies.
To install these packages, run the following command:
$ sudo apt install php libapache2-mod-php php-mysql Copy
Once the installation is finished, run the following command to confirm your PHP
version:
$ php -v Copy

Output
PHP 8.1.2 (cli) (built: Mar 4 2022 18:13:46) (NTS)
Copyright (c) The PHP Group
Zend Engine v4.1.2, Copyright (c) Zend Technologies
with Zend OPcache v8.1.2, Copyright (c), by Zend Technologies

At this point, your LAMP stack is fully operational, but before testing your setup with a
PHP script, it’s best to set up a proper Apache Virtual Host to hold your website’s files
and folders.
Step 4 — Creating a Virtual Host for your Website

When using the Apache web server, you can create virtual hosts (similar to server
blocks in Nginx) to encapsulate configuration details and host more than one domain
from a single server. In this guide, we’ll set up a domain called your_domain, but you
should replace this with your own domain name.
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 Apache on Ubuntu 22.04 has one virtual host enabled by default that is configured to
serve documents from the /var/www/html directory. While this works well for a single
site, it can become unwieldy if you are hosting multiple sites. Instead of modifying
/var/www/html , we’ll create a directory structure within /var/www for the your_domain
site, leaving /var/www/html in place as the default directory to be served if a client
request doesn’t match any other sites.
Create the directory for your_domain as follows:
$ sudo mkdir /var/www/ your_domain Copy
Next, assign ownership of the directory with the $USER environment variable, which will
reference your current system user:
$ sudo chown -R $USER:$USER /var/www/ your_domain Copy
Then, open a new configuration file in Apache’s sites-available directory using your
preferred command-line editor. Here, we’ll use nano :
$ sudo nano /etc/apache2/sites-available/ your_domain .conf Copy
This will create a new blank file. Add in the following bare-bones configuration with your
own domain name:
/etc/apache2/sites-available/your_domain.conf
<VirtualHost *:80>
ServerName your_domain
ServerAlias www. your_domain
ServerAdmin webmaster@localhost
DocumentRoot /var/www/ your_domain
ErrorLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/error.log
CustomLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/access.log combined
</VirtualHost>

Save and close the file when you’re done. If you’re using nano , do that by pressing
CTRL+X , then Y and ENTER .

With this VirtualHost configuration, we’re telling Apache to serve your_domain using
/var/www/ your_domain as the web root directory. If you’d like to test Apache without a
domain
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 $ sudo a2ensite your_domain Copy
You might want to disable the default website that comes installed with Apache. This is
required if you’re not using a custom domain name, because in this case Apache’s
default configuration would override your virtual host. To disable Apache’s default
website, type:
$ sudo a2dissite 000-default Copy
To make sure your configuration file doesn’t contain syntax errors, run the following
command:
$ sudo apache2ctl configtest Copy
Finally, reload Apache so these changes take effect:
$ sudo systemctl reload apache2 Copy
Your new website is now active, but the web root /var/www/ your_domain is still empty.
Create an index.html file in that location to test that the virtual host works as expected:
$ nano /var/www/ your_domain /index.html Copy
Include the following content in this file:
/var/www/your_domain/index.html
<html>
<head>
<title> your_domain website</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Hello World!</h1>

<p>This is the landing page of <strong> your_domain </strong>.</p>

</body>
</html>

Save and close the file, then go to your browser and access your server’s domain name
This IPsiteaddress:
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server_domain_or_IP
 Your web page should reflect the contents in the file you just edited:

You can leave this file in place as a temporary landing page for your application until you
set up an index.php file to replace it. Once you do that, remember to remove or rename
the index.html file from your document root, as it would take precedence over an
index.php file by default.

A Note About DirectoryIndex on Apache

With the default DirectoryIndex settings on Apache, a file named index.html will always
take precedence over an index.php file. This is useful for setting up maintenance pages
in PHP applications, by creating a temporary index.html file containing an informative
message to visitors. Because this page will take precedence over the index.php page, it
will then become the landing page for the application. Once maintenance is over, the
index.html is renamed or removed from the document root, bringing back the regular
application page.
In case you want to change this behavior, you’ll need to edit the /etc/apache2/mods-
enabled/dir.conf file and modify the order in which the index.php file is listed within the
DirectoryIndex directive:

$ sudo nano /etc/apache2/mods-enabled/dir.conf Copy

/etc/apache2/mods-enabled/dir.conf
<IfModule mod_dir.c>
DirectoryIndex index.php index.html index.cgi index.pl index.xhtml index.htm
</IfModule>

After saving and closing the file, you’ll need to reload Apache so the changes take
effect:
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 Step 5 — Testing PHP Processing on your Web Server

Now that you have a custom location to host your website’s files and folders, create a
PHP test script to confirm that Apache is able to handle and process requests for PHP
files.
Create a new file named info.php inside your custom web root folder:
$ nano /var/www/ your_domain /info.php Copy
This will open a blank file. Add the following text, which is valid PHP code, inside the file:
/var/www/your_domain/info.php
<?php Copy
phpinfo();

When you are finished, save and close the file.

To test this script, go to your web browser and access your server’s domain name or IP
address, followed by the script name, which in this case is info.php :
http:// server_domain_or_IP /info.php

Here is an example of the default PHP web page:

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our privacy policy,
policy, for purposes that may include site operation,
analytics, enhanced user experience, or advertising. You may
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your own preferences.
 This page provides information about your server from the perspective of PHP. It is
useful for debugging and to ensure that your settings are being applied correctly.
If you see this page in your browser, then your PHP installation is working as expected.
After checking the relevant information about your PHP server through that page, it’s
best to remove the file you created as it contains sensitive information about your PHP
environment and your Ubuntu server. Use rm to do so:
$ sudo rm /var/www/ your_domain /info.php Copy
You can always recreate this page if you need to access the information again later.
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 If you want to test whether PHP is able to connect to MySQL and execute database
queries, you can create a test table with test data and query for its contents from a PHP
script. Before you do that, you need to create a test database and a new MySQL user
properly configured to access it.
Create a database named example_database and a user named example_user. You
can replace these names with different values.
First, connect to the MySQL console using the root account:
$ sudo mysql Copy
To create a new database, run the following command from your MySQL console:
mysql> CREATE DATABASE example_database ; Copy
Now create a new user and grant them full privileges on the custom database you’ve
just created.
The following command creates a new user named example_user that authenticates
with the caching_sha2_password method. We’re defining this user’s password as
password , but you should replace this value with a secure password of your own
choosing.
mysql> CREATE USER ' example_user '@'%' IDENTIFIED BY ' password '; Copy

Note: The previous ALTER USER statement sets the root MySQL user to authenticate with
the caching_sha2_password plugin. Per the official MySQL documentation,
caching_sha2_password is MySQL’s preferred authentication plugin, as it provides more
secure password encryption than the older, but still widely used,
mysql_native_password .

However, some versions of PHP don’t work reliably with caching_sha2_password . PHP
has reported that this issue was fixed as of PHP 7.4, but if you encounter an error when
trying to log in to phpMyAdmin later on, you may want to set root to authenticate with
mysql_native_password instead:

mysql> ALTER USER 'root'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED WITH mysql_native_password BY 'Copy

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your own preferences.
 mysql> GRANT ALL ON example_database .* TO ' example_user '@'%'; Copy
This will give the example_user user full privileges over the example_database
database, while preventing this user from creating or modifying other databases on your
server.
Now exit the MySQL shell with:
mysql> exit Copy
Test if the new user has the proper permissions by logging in to the MySQL console
again, this time using the custom user credentials:
$ mysql -u example_user -p Copy
Notice the -p flag in this command, which will prompt you for the password used when
creating the example_user user. After logging in to the MySQL console, confirm that
you have access to the example_database database:
[New] mysql>
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SHOW DATABASES;
hiring Support Sales
This will give you the following output:
Output
Tutorials Questions Learning Paths For Businesses Product Docs Social Impact
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| example_database |
| information_schema |
+--------------------+
2 rows in set (0.000 sec)

Next, create a test table named todo_list. From the MySQL console, run the following
statement:
mysql> CREATE TABLE example_database . todo_list ( Copy
mysql> item_id INT AUTO_INCREMENT,
mysql> content VARCHAR(255),
mysql> PRIMARY KEY(item_id)
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 Copy
mysql> INSERT INTO example_database . todo_list (content) VALUES (" My first important

To confirm that the data was successfully saved to your table, run:
mysql> SELECT * FROM example_database . todo_list ; Copy
The following is the output:
Output
+---------+--------------------------+
| item_id | content |
+---------+--------------------------+
| 1 | My first important item |
| 2 | My second important item |
| 3 | My third important item |
| 4 | and this one more thing |
+---------+--------------------------+
4 rows in set (0.000 sec)

After confirming that you have valid data in your test table, exit the MySQL console:
mysql> exit Copy
Now you can create the PHP script that will connect to MySQL and query for your
content. Create a new PHP file in your custom web root directory using your preferred
editor:
$ nano /var/www/ your_domain / todo_list.php Copy
The following PHP script connects to the MySQL database and queries for the content
of the todo_list table, exhibiting the results in a list. If there’s a problem with the
database connection, it will throw an exception.
Add this content into your todo_list.php script, remembering to replace the
example_user and password with your own:

/var/www/your_domain/todo_list.php
This<?php
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= " example_database ";
 $table = " todo_list ";

try {
$db = new PDO("mysql:host=localhost;dbname=$database", $user, $password);
echo "<h2>TODO</h2><ol>";
foreach($db->query("SELECT content FROM $table") as $row) {
echo "<li>" . $row['content'] . "</li>";
}
echo "</ol>";
} catch (PDOException $e) {
print "Error!: " . $e->getMessage() . "<br/>";
die();
}

Save and close the file when you’re done editing.

You can now access this page in your web browser by visiting the domain name or
public IP address configured for your website, followed by /todo_list.php :
http:// your_domain_or_IP /todo_list.php

This web page should reveal the content you’ve inserted in your test table to your
visitor:

That means your PHP environment is ready to connect and interact with your MySQL
server.
Conclusion

In this guide, you’ve built a flexible foundation for serving PHP websites and applications
to your visitors, using Apache as a web server and MySQL as a database system.
As an immediate next step, you should ensure that connections to your web server are
secured,
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About the authors

Kong Yang Author

Erika Heidi Author

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Absoya Ben • May 5, 2023

Merci à vous J’ai suivi avec beaucoup d’interet votre tuto pour l’installation de la
LAMP et tout est OK dans les différentes étapes. J’affiche correctement toutes
les pages avec les manques suivants:
la page Web php par default ne s’affiche pas. Il y a juste le contenu du
fichier de configuration php au navigateur.
la page Web list.php n’affiche également que le contenu du fichier de
configuration Je dois préciser que j’ai securisé mon installation avec let’s
Encrypt en suivant également votre tuto. Merci pour l’aide
Reply

Jos Vlaar • April 1, 2023

After following the above steps for installing and configuring MySQL, I can only
login to the MySQL console using command sudo mysql -p . The indicated
command sudo mysql returns an error 1045 and does not work anymore.
Show replies Reply
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• October 14, 2022
 In the last step I don’t get to see the table, but the error-message: Error!:
SQLSTATE[HY000] [1045] Access denied for user ‘example_user’@‘localhost’
(using password: YES)
I double-verified the password, but it is correct. I deleted the example_user in
mysql and recreated it with host ‘localhost’ instead of ‘%’, but gives me the
same error message.
I can login to mysql with “mysql -u example_user -p” and the password. I then
can SELECT * FROM example_database.todo_list and it gives me all the rows. It
just doesn’t work from the php-file.
Reply

Calvin Kooner • September 7, 2022

This comment has been deleted

devin9754 • September 6, 2022

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9fb8b294a4db4152aeb6a33960 • August 22, 2022

When I enter my server public ip address according to the curl command into
the web browser, it just loads indefinitely and displays nothing. The default
Apache2 webpage is displayed on http://127.0.0.1 however.
Show replies Reply

KennethKipchumba • July 22, 2022

This site uses cookies and related technologies, as described in
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our privacy
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preferences.
 When following this tutorial for the first time I met challenges as I was
interpreting your_domain to imply domain name but without its extension.
Reply

Brent Knigge • May 9, 2022

Hi,
To fix the error
Error: SET PASSWORD has no significance for user ‘root’@‘localhost’ as the au

you can change the root user to use mysql_native_password authentication.

sudo mysql
ALTER USER 'root'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED WITH mysql_native_password BY 'new_p
flush privileges;

Once this is done, you can use mysql_secure_installation. Afterwards you can
change the authentication method back to how it was before.
Hope this helps.
Show replies Reply

Office Masters Design Lab • May 4, 2022

Thanks for your post. I tried to do this statement “sudo
mysql_secure_installation”. I selected level1: mid and continuously typed my
password. But unfortunately, this error occurred. I tried to overcome myself but
no result. Would you support me asap? Thanks for your attention.
“”“”“”““Estimated strength of the password: 100 Do you wish to continue with
This sitetheuses
password provided?(Press
cookies and y|Y forasYes,
related technologies, any other
described in key for No) : y … Failed!
our privacy
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SET PASSWORD that may
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analytics, enhanced user experience, or advertising.
chooseauthentication
to consent to ourmethod usedtechnologies,
use of these doesn’t storeor authentication
manage data in the MySQL
your own preferences.
 server. Please consider using ALTER USER instead if you want to change
authentication parameters.””“”“”"
Show replies Reply

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