HYDRA 325

MODULE 01
BY: AARON S. MALONZO, RCE, MEnM
MODULE 01
 OBJECTIVES
1. Introduce and define Fluid Mechanics.
2. Be familiar with the different units and dimensions
used in fluid measurement.
3. Explain the different properties of fluids.
4. Solve problems related to fluid properties.
 MODULE 01
PROPERTIES OF
FLUIDS
MODULE 01

INTRODUCTION TO FLUID MECHANICS

Fluid Mechanics is the study of fluid either in motion

(Fluid Dynamics) or at rest (Fluid Statics) and the subsequent
effects of the fluid upon boundaries which may be solid
surfaces or interfaces with other fluids. Both liquids and gases
are classified as fluids.
MODULE 01

FLUID STATICS

• Is the study of fluids at rest

• Also known as Hydrostatics
• It can resist Normal Stress but not Shear Stress
• Any force developed will be only due to its pressure and pressure
variation is simply due to weight of liquid
• Flow rate is zero
MODULE 01

FLUID DYNAMICS

• Is the study of fluids at motion

• Two types (1) Aerodynamics (motion of air/gases), (2) Hydrodynamics
(motion of liquids)
• The vector sum of all the forces acting on the fluid element must equal
the mass of the element times its acceleration (Newton’s Second Law)
 SOLID FLUID

If a shear stress is applied to the surface Now consider a fluid (in a container). When a shear stress
of a solid, the solid will deform a little, is applied to the surface of the fluid, the fluid will
and then remain at rest (in its new continuously deform, i.e. it will set up some kind of flow
distorted shape). One can say that the pattern inside the container. In other words, one can say
solid (at rest) is able to resist the shear that the fluid (at rest) is unable to resist the shear stress.
stress. That is to say, it cannot remain at rest under application
of a shear stress.
MODULE 01

DEFINITION OF FLUIDS
Fluids are substances that are capable of flowing and conform
to the shape of containing vessels. When in equilibrium, fluid
cannot sustain tangential or shear forces. All fluids have the
same degree of compressibility and offer little resistance to
chance of form.
MODULE 01

Distinction between Liquids and Gasses

A liquid being composed of relatively closed-packed molecules with strong cohesive
forces tends to retain its volume and will form a free surface in a gravitational field it
unconfined from above. Since gas molecules are widely spaced with negligible cohesive
forces a gas is free to expand until it encounter confining walls.

A gas has no definite volume and when left to itself without confinement, a gas forms on
atmosphere which is essentially hydrostatic gas cannot form a free surface and therefore
occupies all portion of any container regardless of its shape and size liquids are
practically incompressible and may so be considered without introducing appreciable
error. On the other hand, gases are compressible and usually must so be treated.
MODULE 01

Distinction between Liquids and Gasses

MODULE 01

Distinction between Liquids and Gasses

MODULE 01

Dimensions and Units

A dimension is the measure by which a physical variable is

expressed quantitative. A unit is a particular way of attaching
a number to a quantitative dimension. Thus, length is a
dimension associated with such variables as distance, and
height, while centimeters are both numerical units for
expressing length.
MODULE 01
Dimensions and Units
In fluid mechanics, there are only four primary dimension from
which all other dimensions can be desired, mass, length, time,
and temperature.
Primary Dimension English Units SI Units

Mass Slug Kilogram (kg)

Length Foot (ft) Meter (m)

Time Seconds (sec) Seconds (sec)

Temperature (ordinary) Fahrenheit (°F) Celsius (°C)

Temperature (absolutely) Rankine (°R) Kelvin (K)

NOTE: Kelvin unit uses no degree symbol.

1 Newton of a force = 1N = 1 kg-m/sec2
1 Pound of a force =1lb = slug-ft/sec2
1 slug = 14.59kg
MODULE 01

Dimensions and Units

When dealing with usually large or very small numbers a
series of prefixes have been adopted for use with SI units
the most commonly used prefixed are:
Multiple Prefix Symbol

𝟏𝟎𝟗 Giga 𝑮

𝟏𝟎𝟔 Mega 𝑴

𝟏𝟎𝟑 kilo 𝒌

𝟏𝟎−𝟐 centi 𝒄

𝟏𝟎−𝟑 milli 𝒎

𝟏𝟎−𝟔 micro 𝝁
MODULE 01
Properties of Fluids
Pressure (P)
Pressure is the stress at a point in a statics fluid.

English Unit SI Unit

𝒍𝒃
Pascal = 𝑷𝒂
𝒊𝒏𝟐
𝒍𝒃
Kilo Pascal = 𝒌𝑷𝒂
𝒇𝒕𝟐
MODULE 01
Properties of Fluids
Temperature (T)
Temperature is a measure of internal energy level of a fluid.
English Unit SI Unit

𝟓 𝟗
°F °C °𝑪 = (°𝑭 − 𝟑𝟐) °𝐅 = (°𝐂 x ) + 𝟑𝟐
𝟗 𝟓

°R K
Conversion Equations
°𝑹 = °𝑭 + 𝟒𝟔𝟎° 𝑲 = °𝑪 + 𝟐𝟕𝟑°
MODULE 01
Properties of Fluids
Density (ρ)
The density of a fluid, is generally designated by the Greek symbol ρ (rho). The density
of a fluid is it’s mass per unit volume. Density is highly variable in gases and increases
nearly proportional to the pressure. Unit density in liquid is nearly constant, the density
𝟑
of water at 4°C is 1000kg/𝐦 it increases only by 1 percent (1%) if the pressure is
increased by a factor of 220.

In general, liquids are denser than gases at atmospheric pressure. The heaviest common
liquid is mercury and the lightest gas is hydrogen. Compare the densities at 20°C and 1
atm.
MERCURY HYDROGEN
𝟑 𝟑
𝛒 = 𝟏𝟑, 𝟓𝟖𝟎 𝐤𝐠/𝐦 𝛒 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟖𝟑𝟖 𝐤𝐠/𝐦

They differ by a factor of 162,000.

MODULE 01

Properties of Fluids

𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒇𝒍𝒖𝒊𝒅 𝒎
𝝆= 𝝆=
𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝑽

English Units SI Units

𝟑 𝟑
𝒔𝒍𝒖𝒈/𝒇𝒕 𝒌𝒈/𝒎
MODULE 01

Properties of Fluids
For an ideal gas, its density can be found from the specific gas constant and
ideal gas law:
𝑷
𝝆=
𝑹𝑻

where:
𝑷 = absolute pressure of gas in 𝑷𝒂
𝑹 = gas constant 𝑱𝒐𝒖𝒍𝒆/𝒌𝒈 − 𝑲
𝐽 𝑙𝑏−𝑓𝑡
For air: 𝑅 = 287 = 1716
𝑘𝑔−𝐾 𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔−°𝑅
𝑻 = absolute temperature in Kelvin 𝑲
MODULE 01

Properties of Fluids

Approximate Room-Temperature Densities of Common Fluids

Fluid ρ in kg/m3
Air (STP) 1.29
Air (21°F, 1 atm) 1.20
Alcohol 790
Ammonia 602
Gasoline 720
Glycerin 1,260
Mercury 13,600
Water 1,000
MODULE 01

Properties of Fluids

Specific Weight (γ or ω)
The specific weight of a fluid is designated by the Greek symbol γ (gamma), and is
generally defined as the weight per unit volume. Just as a mass has a weight, w =
mg, density and specific weight are simply related by gravity.
𝜸 = 𝝆𝒈
where:
𝒈 = local acceleration of gravity
𝝆 = density
English Unit SI Unit

lb/ft3 N/m3
MODULE 01

Properties of Fluids
Note: It is customary to use:
𝒇𝒕 𝒇𝒕 𝒎
𝒈 = 𝟑𝟐. 𝟏𝟕𝟒 𝟐 or 𝟑𝟐. 𝟐 𝟐 = 𝟗. 𝟖𝟏 𝟐
𝒔 𝒔 𝒔

𝒌𝒈 𝒔𝒍𝒖𝒈𝒔
𝝆 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟑 = 𝟏. 𝟗𝟒 𝟑
𝒎 𝒇𝒕

Unit weight for water:

𝒍𝒃 𝑵 𝒌𝑵
𝜸𝑯𝟐𝑶 = 𝟔𝟐. 𝟒 𝟑 = 𝟗𝟖𝟏𝟎 𝟑 = 𝟗. 𝟖𝟏 𝟑
𝒇𝒕 𝒎 𝒎
MODULE 01
Properties of Fluids
Specific Gravity (S.G.or s)
Specific Gravity, also called as relative density, and it is defined as the ratio of a
fluid density to a standard reference fluid. We use water for liquids and air for gases
as standard reference liquid.
𝟑
For liquids we take water as a standard fluid with density 𝝆 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝒈/𝒎 .
𝟑
For gases we take air or O2 as a standard fluid with density, 𝝆 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟗𝟑 𝒌𝒈/𝒎
𝝆𝒍 𝜸𝒍
𝑺. 𝑮.𝒍 = =
𝝆𝑯𝟐 𝑶 𝜸𝑯𝟐 𝑶
𝝆𝒈 𝜸𝒈
𝑺. 𝑮.𝒈 = =
𝝆𝒂𝒊𝒓 𝜸𝒂𝒊𝒓
𝟑
Note: Specific Gravity is dimensionless unit weight of air 𝜸𝒂𝒊𝒓 = 𝟏𝟐 𝐍/𝐦
MODULE 01

Properties of Fluids
Specific weight of common liquids at 20°C (1013m bar, abs) with g = 9.81 m/s2

Liquid Specific Weight

Carbon Tetrachloride 15.6 kN/m3
Ethyl Alcohol 7.76 kN/m3
Gasoline 6.6 kN/m3
Glycerine 12.3 kN/m3
Kerosene 7.9 kN/m3
Motor Oil 8.5 kN/m3
Water 9.81 kN/m3
MODULE 01
Properties of Fluids
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure is the pressure at which a liquid boils and is in equilibrium with its
own vapor.
Specific Volume (Vs)
Specific Volume is the volume occupied by a unit mass of fluid commonly applied
to gases and is usually expressed in m3/kg specific volume is true reciprocal of
density.
𝟏
𝑽𝒔 =
𝝆

English Units SI Units

𝟑 𝟑
𝒇𝒕 /𝒔𝒍𝒖𝒈 𝒎 /𝒌𝒈
MODULE 01
Properties of Fluids
Viscosity (μ)
Viscosity is the property of a fluid which by virtue of conclusion and interaction
between fluid molecules offers resistance to shear deformation. Fluids with high
viscosities such as syrup deforms relatively more slowly than low viscosity of fluids
such as water.

English Unit SI Unit

𝒍𝒃 − 𝒔 𝒌𝒈 𝑵 − 𝒔
= 𝟐 = 𝟏𝟎 𝒑
𝒇𝒕𝟐 𝒎−𝒔 𝒎
MODULE 01

Properties of Fluids
A smaller unit of viscosity called 𝒑𝒐𝒊𝒔𝒆 (𝒑) after parseville, who was one of the first
investigations of viscosity the poise is 𝟏 𝒈/𝒄𝒎 − 𝒔
𝒌𝒈
𝟏 = 𝟏𝟎 𝒑𝒐𝒊𝒔𝒆𝒔
𝒎−𝒔

The relationship between the shear stress and the velocity field was studied by Isaac
Newton and he proposed that the shear stresses are directly proportional to the velocity
gradient.
𝝉
𝝁 =
𝒅𝒖
𝒅𝒚
is also called the coefficient of viscosity the absolute viscosity, the dynamic viscosity or
simply the viscosity of the fluid.
MODULE 01
Properties of Fluids
Kinematic Viscosity (ν)
Kinematic Viscosity is the ratio of dynamic viscosity to mass density.
𝝁
𝝂=
𝝆 𝟐
The kinematic viscosity is usually measured in 𝒄𝒎 /𝒔, also called the Stokes (𝒔𝒕)
after G. G. Stokes. The centisoke 𝟏 𝒄𝒔𝒕 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏 𝒔𝒕 is often a more convenient unit.

English Unit SI Unit

𝒇𝒕𝟐 𝒎𝟐
= 𝟏𝟎𝟒 𝒔𝒕
𝒔 𝒔
MODULE 01
Properties of Fluids
Surface Tension (σ) and Capillarity (h)
Liquids possess the properties of cohesion and adhesion, both of which are forms
of molecular attraction. Cohesion enables a liquid to resist tensile stress, while
adhesion enables it to adhere to another body the capability of liquid to have an
attraction between molecules and forms an imaginary film capable of resisting
tension at interface between two immiscible liquids or at the interface between a
liquid and gas is called surface tension.

Capillarity is due to both cohesion and adhesion if the liquid molecules have
greater effect of adhesion the liquid will wet a solid surface with which it is in
contact and rise at the point of contact. If cohesion predominates, the liquid
surface will be depressed at the point of contact for example capillarity makes
water rise in glass tube, while mercury is depressed below the true level.
MODULE 01
Properties of Fluids
Surface Tension (σ) and Capillarity (h)
MODULE 01
Properties of Fluids
Surface Tension (σ) and Capillarity (h)

𝟒𝛔 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 𝟒𝝈 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽
𝒉= =
𝜸𝒅 𝝎𝒅

where:
𝛔 = surface tension in units of force per unit length
𝜽 = wetting angle
𝝎 or 𝜸 = specific weight of liquid
𝒅 = diameter of tube
𝒉 = capillarity rise
Note: if the tube is clean, 𝜽 = 0° for water (H2O) and 𝜽 = 140° for mercury (Hg).
 MODULE 01

SAMPLE PROBLEMS
 A reservoir of Glycerin has a mass of 1200 kg and a volume of 0.952 m3.
1 Find its weight , unit weight , mass density and Specific Gravity.
Given: 𝑊 11,772 𝑁 𝜌 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 = 𝛾 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑
𝛾=
𝑉
= 0.952 𝑚3 𝑆. 𝐺. 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 = 𝛾 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
m = 1200 kg 𝜌 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟

V = 0.952 m3 𝛄 = 12,365.55 N/m3 𝜌 𝑔𝑙𝑦𝑐𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛

𝑆. 𝐺 . 𝑔𝑙𝑦𝑐𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛 = 𝜌 𝐻2𝑜
Required:
𝛄 = 𝛒 ∗ 𝐠
W , 𝜸 , 𝝆 , and S.G. 3
1,260.50𝑘𝑔/𝑚3
𝛾 12,365.55 𝑁/𝑚 =
Solution:
𝜌=
𝑔
= 9.81 m/s2 1000 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3

W = mg 𝛒 = 1,260.50 kg/m3 𝛾 𝑔𝑙𝑦𝑐𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛 12,365.55 𝑁/𝑚3

=
g = 9.81 m/s2 𝛾 𝐻2𝑜 = 9,810 𝑁/𝑚3
𝑚 1,200𝑘𝑔
𝜌=
V
= 0.952m3
W = (1200 kg)(9.81m/s2)
S.G. glycerin= 1.26
W = 11,772 N 𝛒= 1,260.50 kg/m3
 A certain liquid weights 20,000 N. If its volume is 2.085 m3 determine the
2 unit weight , mass density , Specific Gravity and Specific volume.

Given: 𝛄 = 𝛒 ∗ 𝐠
W = 20,000 N 𝛾 9,592.33 𝑁/𝑚3
V = 2.085 m3 𝜌= = 9.81 m/s2
𝟏
𝑔 Vs =
𝝆
Required: 𝛒 = 977.81 kg/m3
𝜸 , 𝝆 , S.G. , and Vs 1
3
𝜌 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 = 977.81𝑘𝑔/𝑚 =
977.81 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3
Solution:
𝑆. 𝐺 . 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 = 1000 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3
𝜌 𝐻2𝑜
Vs = 1.02 x 10-3 m3/kg
𝑊 20,000 𝑁 𝛾 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 9,592.33 𝑁/𝑚3
𝛾=
𝑉
= 2.085 𝑚3 =
𝛾 𝐻2𝑜 = 9,810 𝑁/𝑚3
𝛄 = 9,592.33 N/m3
S.G. liquid= 0.978
 A certain gas weighing 16 N/m3 at certain temperature and pressure.
3 Determine its density, specific volume and its specific gravity.

Given: 3
𝟏 𝜌 𝑔𝑎𝑠 = 1.63 𝑘𝑔/𝑚
𝜸 = 16 N/m3 Vs = 𝑆. 𝐺 . 𝑔𝑎𝑠 = 1.225 𝑘𝑔/𝑚 3
𝝆 𝜌 𝑎𝑖𝑟
Required:
1 𝛾 𝑔𝑎𝑠 16 𝑁/𝑚3
𝝆 , Vs , and S.G. = =
1.63 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 𝛾 𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 12 𝑁/𝑚3

Solution:
Vs = 0.613 m3/kg S.G. gas= 1.33
𝛄 = 𝛒 ∗ 𝐠
𝛾 16 𝑁/𝑚3
𝜌=
𝑔
= 9.81 m/s2

𝛒 = 1.63 kg/m3
 The specific weight of water at ordinary pressure and temperature is 62.4
4 lb/ft3. If the specific gravity of mercury is 13.6 compute the mass density of
mercury and that of water in English units.
Given:
𝜸𝑯𝟐𝑶 = 𝟔𝟐. 𝟒 lb/ft3 𝜌 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑
𝑆. 𝐺. 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 = 𝜌 𝐻2𝑜
S.G.Hg = 13.6
Required: 𝜌 𝐻𝑔
𝑆. 𝐺. 𝐻𝑔 = 𝜌 𝐻2𝑜
𝝆Hg and 𝝆H2O
Solution: 𝝆Hg = 𝑆. 𝐺. 𝐻𝑔 x 𝝆H2O
𝜸𝑯𝟐𝑶 𝟔𝟐.𝟒 𝑙𝑏/𝑓𝑡3
𝝆𝐻2𝑂 =
𝑔
= 32.2 ft/s2
= (13.6)(1.94 slug/ft3)

𝛒 H2O = 1.94 slug/ft3 𝛒 Hg = 26.38 slug/ft3

 The specific gravity of glycerin is 1.26 compute its density and its
5 specific weight.
𝛾glycerin = 𝜌glycerin ∗ g English Units
Given: 𝛾 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑
= 1260 kg/m3 x 9.81 m/s2 𝑆. 𝐺. 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑
S.G.glycerin = 1.26 = 𝛾 𝐻2𝑜
𝛄𝐠𝐥𝐲𝐜𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐧= 12,360.6 N/m3 𝛾
Required: 𝑆. 𝐺. 𝑔𝑙𝑦𝑐𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛 = 𝑔𝑙𝑦𝑐𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛
𝛾 𝐻2𝑜
𝜌glycerin and 𝛾𝑔𝑙𝑦𝑐𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛
𝛾 glycerin = 𝑆. 𝐺. 𝑔𝑙𝑦𝑐𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛 x 𝛾 H2O
Solution: = (1.26)(62.4 lb/ft3)
SI Units
𝛄 glycerin = 78.624 lb/ft3
𝜌 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝜌 𝑔𝑙𝑦𝑐𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛
𝑆. 𝐺. 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 = 𝜌 𝐻2𝑜
𝑆. 𝐺. 𝑔𝑙𝑦𝑐𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛 𝛾glycerin = 𝜌glycerin ∗ g
= 𝜌 𝐻2𝑜

𝝆glycerin = 𝑆. 𝐺. 𝑔𝑙𝑦𝑐𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛 x 𝝆H2O 𝛾glycerin 78.624 𝑙𝑏/𝑓𝑡3

𝜌glycerin =
𝑔
= 32.2 ft/s2
= (1.26)(1000 kg/m3)
𝛒 glycerin = 1260 kg/m3 𝛒 glycerin = 2.44 slug/ft3
 A liquid has a specific gravity of 0.60 determine the density, specific
6 weight and specific volume in English unit.

Given: 𝛾l = 𝜌l ∗ g
S.G.liquid = 0.60 = 1.164 slug/ft3 x 32.2 ft/s2
Required:
𝛄𝐥= 37.481 lb/ft3
𝜌l , 𝛾l , and Vs
𝟏
Solution: Vs =
𝝆
𝜌 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑
𝑆. 𝐺. 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 = 𝜌 𝐻2𝑜 1
=
𝝆l = 𝑆. 𝐺. 𝑙 x 𝝆H2O 1.164 𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔/𝑓𝑡3

= (0.60)(1.94 slug/ft3)
Vs = 0.859 ft3/slug
𝝆 l = 1.164 slug/ft3
 If a certain gasoline weights 7000 N/m3, what are the values of its density,
7 specific volume and specific gravity relative to water at 15°C is equal to 999.1
kg/m3.
𝟏
Given: Vs =
𝝆
𝛾gasoline = 7000 N/m3 1
𝜌H2O = 999.1 kg/m3 =
713.56 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3
Required:
Vs = 1.401 x 10-3 m3/kg
𝜌gasoline , Vs and S.G.gasoline
Solution: 𝜌 𝑔𝑎𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 = 713.56 𝑘𝑔/𝑚
3

𝛄 = 𝛒 ∗ 𝐠 𝑆. 𝐺 . 𝑔𝑎𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 = 999.1 𝑘𝑔/𝑚 3

𝜌 𝐻2𝑜
𝛾gasoline 7,000 𝑁/𝑚3
𝜌𝑔𝑎𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 =
𝑔
= 9.81 m/s2
S.G. gasoline= 0.714
𝛒 = 713.56 kg/m3
 Determine the density, specific weight and specific gravity of a gas its
8 specific volume is 0.795 m3/kg.

Given: 𝛾g = 𝜌g ∗ g
Vs = 0.795 m3/kg
= 1.258 kg/m3 x 9.81 m/s2
Required:
𝜌gas , 𝛾gas , and S.G.gas 𝛄𝐠= 12.34 N/m3
Solution:
𝛾 𝑔𝑎𝑠 12.34 𝑁/𝑚3
𝟏 𝑆. 𝐺 . 𝑔𝑎𝑠 =
Vs =
𝝆 𝛾 𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 12 𝑁/𝑚3
1
𝜌= S.G. gas= 1.03
0.795 m3/kg

𝛒 = 1.258 kg/m3
 What is the specific weight in N/m3 of a gas if its specific volume is
9 0.72m3/kg?
Given:
Vs = 0.72 m3/kg 𝛾g = 𝜌g ∗ g

Required:
= 1.39 kg/m3 x 9.81 m/s2
𝛾gasoline
Solution: 𝛄𝐠 = 13.625 N/m3
𝟏 1
Vs = 𝜌=
𝝆 0.72 m3/kg

𝛒 = 1.39 kg/m3
 The density of oil at 20°C 850 kg/m3. Find its specific gravity (relative
10 density) and kinematic viscosity if the dynamic viscosity is 5 x 10-3 kg/m-s

Given:
𝜌oil = 850 kg/m3 𝝁
𝒗 =
𝜇 = 5 x 10-3 kg/m-s 𝝆
−
Required: 3
5 𝑥 10 𝑘𝑔/𝑚−𝑠
=
S.G.oil and 𝒗 850 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3

Solution: 𝐯= 5.88 x 10 -6 m2/s

3
𝜌 𝑜𝑖𝑙 = 850 𝑘𝑔/𝑚
𝑆. 𝐺 . 𝑜𝑖𝑙 = 1000 𝑘𝑔/𝑚 3
𝜌 𝐻2𝑜

S.G. gasoline= 0.85

 If the velocity distribution of a viscous liquid (μ = 0.9N-s/m2) over a fixed
11 boundary is given by 𝒖 = 0.68y-y2 in which 𝒖 is the velocity in m/s at the
distance y meters above the surface. Determine the shear stress at the surface
and at the 𝒚 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟒𝒎
Given: 𝑑𝑢
=
𝑑
(0.68𝑦 − 𝑦2) = 0.68 − 2𝑦
μ= 0.9N-s/m2 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
u = 0.68y-y2 𝑑𝑢
𝜏(𝑦) = 𝜇 = 0.9(0.68 − 2𝑦)
𝑑𝑦
Required:
𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑦 = 0
𝝉 (𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑦 = 0) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑎𝑡 𝑦 = 0.34𝑚)
𝜏(𝑦 = 0) = 0.9(0.68 − 2(0))
Solution:
𝛕= 0.612 N/m2 or 0.612 Pa
𝝉 𝑑𝑢
𝜇 = 𝒅𝒖 𝜏 =𝜇 𝜏(𝑦 = 0.34) = 0.9(0.68 − 2(0.34))
𝒅𝒚
𝑑𝑦
𝛕= 0 N/m2 or 0 Pa
 Estimate the height to which water will rise in a capillary tube of diameter
12 3mm. Use surface tension = 0.728 N/m and 𝛾 = 9810 N/m3 .

Given: Solution:
𝝈 = 0.728 N/m For clean water, the wetting angle is 𝜃 = 0°
𝛾H2O = 9810 N/m3 4𝜎 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑑 = 3mm ℎ =
𝛾𝑑

Required: 4(0.728 𝑁/𝑚) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 0°

= )(
(9810 𝑁/𝑚3 0.003)
𝒉 = capillarity rise
𝐡= 0.09895 m or 98.95 mm
 Estimate the capillary depression for mercury in a glass capillary tube 2mm in
13 diameter. Use σ = 0.5414N/m and θ = 140°.

Given: Solution:
𝑑 = 2mm 4𝜎 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
ℎ =
S.G.Hg = 13.6 𝛾𝑑

σ = 0.5414N/m 𝑆. 𝐺 . 𝐻𝑔 =
𝛾 𝐻𝑔
; 𝛾 𝐻𝑔 = 𝑆. 𝐺 . 𝐻𝑔 x 𝛾 𝐻2𝑂
𝛾 𝐻2𝑂
θ = 140°
𝛾 𝐻𝑔 = 13.6 x 9810N/m3
Required: = 133,416 N/m3
𝒉 = capillarity rise 4(0.541 𝑁/𝑚) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 140°
= )(
(133,416 𝑁/𝑚3 0.002)

𝐡= -6.213 x10 -3 m or -6.217 mm

 Determine the surface tension in a tube with a radius of 0.2 m and wetting
14 of 0°. The capillary rise is 5mm in water.

Given: Solution:
𝑟 = 0.2m ℎ =
4𝜎 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑑 = 0.4m 𝛾𝑑

θ = 0° ℎ𝛾𝑑
ℎ = 5mm 𝜎 =
4𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

(0.005𝑚)(9810 𝑁/𝑚3)(0.400𝑚)
Required: 𝜎 =
4𝑐𝑜𝑠 0°
σ = surface tension
𝛔= 4.905 N/m