Advanced communication lab

VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

BRINDAVAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

Dwarkanagar, Bagalur Main Road,
Yelahanka, Bangalore -560 063

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

ADVANCED COMMUNICATION LAB

Subject Code: 15ECL76
VII Semester B.E-CBCS
Name:……………………………………….
USN:………………………………………...
Branch & Sec:………………………………
Batch:………………………………………..

Faculties Incharge Lab Instructor

Dr. Chenna Reddy K Shivaram R
Dr. Puttamade Gowda J

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

Dr. ANITHA M
HOD, Dept. of ECE
Dept. of ECE -1-
Advanced communication lab

ADVANCED COMMUNICATION LAB

Subject Code: 15ECL76
PART-A

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
1. ASK generation and detection.

2. FSK generation and detection.

3. PSK generation and detection.

4. TDM of two band limited signals.

5. Measurement of losses in a given optical fiber (propagation loss, bending loss) and
numerical aperture.

6. Measurement of frequency, guide wavelength, power, VSWR and attenuation in a

microwave test bench.

7. Measurement of power division and isolation characteristics of a micro strip 3 Db

power divider.

8. Measurement of resonance characteristics of a micro strip ring resonator and

determination of dielectric constant of the substrate.

9. Determination of coupling and isolation characteristics of a strip line (or micro strip)
directional coupler.

10. Measurement of directivity and gain of antennas: standard dipole (or printed dipole),
micro strip patch antenna and Yagi-uda antenna (printed).

Dept. of ECE -2-

Advanced communication lab

1. ASK Generation and Detection (Binary)

AIM: Design & Demonstrate an ASK system to transmit the digital data of _____ bits/sec, using
a suitable carrier signal. Determine the minimum frequency of carrier for a proper detection.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Transistor SL100, Op-amp μA741, Diode OA 79, Resistors 1.5KΩ, 4.7KΩ, 10KΩ (pot),
10KΩ, 1KΩ, Capacitors 0.22F.
Function Generator, Regulated DC Power supply, Spring Board, CRO.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

DEMODULATION:

THEORY:

The binary ASK system was one of the earliest form of digital modulation used in
wireless telegraphy. In binary ASK system binary symbol 1 is represented by transmitting a
sinusoidal carrier wave of fixed amplitude Ac and fixed frequency fc for the bit duration Tb where
as binary symbol 0 is represented by switching of the carrier for Tb seconds. This signal can be
generated simply by turning the carrier of a sinusoidal oscillator ON and OFF for the prescribed

Dept. of ECE -3-

Advanced communication lab

periods indicated by the modulating pulse train. For this reason the scheme is also known as on-
off shift testing.

Let the sinusoidal carrier can be represented by Ec (t) =Ac cos (2Πfct) then the binary
ASK signal can be represented by a wave s(t) given by S(t) = Accos(2Πfct), symbol 1 and s(t)=0,
for symbol 0. ASK signal can be generated by applying the incoming binary data and the
sinusoidal carrier to the two inputs of a product modulator. The resulting output is the ASK
wave. The ASK signal is demodulated using an envelope detector and comparator.

DESIGN:
(a) MODULATION:
Let ICsat = 2mA, hfe = 30 VBEsat = 0.7V, VCEsat = 0.2v
We know that IB > IC/ hfe
> 2mA/30
IB > 0.06667mA
Choose IB = 1 mA
Then RE = VE/IE == (Vc-VCE)/IE (IE=IB+IC)
= (5-0.2)/3mA
= 1.6KΩ (Choose standard value 1.5KΩ)
Also RB= (Vm-VBE-VE)/IB
= (10-0.7-0-4.8)/ 1mA
=4.5K Ω (Choose standard value 4.7KΩ)
(b) DEMODULATION:
We know that for envelope detector 1/fc < RC < 1/fm
Take fcmax = 10 kHz
Then, 1/10 kHz < R x C <1/1 kHz
So, 0.1ms< R x C < 1ms.
Take R x C = 0.22ms, and let C = 0.22F
Then R = 1KΩ

PROCEDURE:
1. Circuit is rigged up as shown in the circuit diagram.
2. Carrier wave and message are given at the input of switching circuit.
3. ASK signal can be obtained from emitter terminal. Observe the waveforms in CRO.
4. Note the peak to peak value of the ASK modulated signal from the CRO.
5. Demodulation of ASK is done by envelope detector followed by comparator. Give the
ASK modulated signal as input to the demodulator circuit. Then observe the output

Dept. of ECE -4-

Advanced communication lab

waveforms on the CRO and compare this waveform with the original message signal
waveform.
6. Note the peak to peak voltage and frequency values for the message, demodulated output.

MODEL WAVEFORMS:

Dept. of ECE -5-

Advanced communication lab

2. FSK Generation and Detection (Binary)

AIM: Design & Demonstrate the working of FSK with a suitable circuit for carrier signals of
____Hz & ____Hz, determine the frequency deviation & modulation index. Demodulate the
above signal with the help of suitable circuit.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Transistor SL100, SK100, Op-amp μA741- 2 , Diode OA79, Resistors 680Ω -2, 560Ω -2,
10KΩ-4, 1KΩ, 10KΩpot, Capacitors 0.1F- 3, 0.22F.
Function Generator, Regulated DC Power supply, Spring Board, CRO.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Modulation:

Dept. of ECE -6-

Advanced communication lab

Demodulation:

THEORY:

Frequency Shift Keying is the process of generating a modulated signal from a digital
data input. If the incoming bit is 1, a signal with frequency f1 is sent for the duration of the bit. If
the bit is 0, a signal with frequency f2 is sent for the duration of this bit. This is the basic
principle behind FSK modulation. Two transistors are used in switching configuration to obtain
FSK signal. When the input bit is 1, NPN transistor is ON and the corresponding carrier signal is
output. If the input bit is 0, PNP transistor is ON and the corresponding carrier is output. The
output is given to an OP-AMP to achieve amplification. In the demodulator circuit, the FSK
modulated signal is applied to a low pass filter. This filter passes the frequency of either 0 or 1.
This filter passes the selected frequency and rejects the other. Thus ASK is obtained and then
demodulated using envelope detector and comparator.

DESIGN:
(a) MODULATION:
ICsat = 2mA; hfe = 30; VBEsat = 0.7V; VCEsat = 0.2v
We know that IB =IC/ hfe
> 2mA/0.3
IB > 0.0667mA
Choose IB=6.67mA (To make Q point be very much in the saturation region)
Also RE = VE/IE == (Vc-VCE)/IE
= (5-0.2)/8.667mA
= 553.82Ω (=560 Ω)
Also RB= (Vm-VBE-VE)/IB
= (10-0.7-0-4.8)/ IB
RB=675 Ω (=680 Ω)
Inverting amplifier:
Gain=RF /R1

Dept. of ECE -7-

Advanced communication lab

For gain=1,
Choose RF =10K Ω
Then R1 =10K Ω
(b) DEMODULATION:
For LPF :
To convert FSK signal to ASK, the LPF must allow 1KHz signal but reject 3KHz signal
or vice versa.
Here, the LPF is designed to pass 1KHz.
So the design equation can be written as :
1
1KHz   f c , LPF  3KHz .
2RC

Choose fc=1.5KHz.
1
Let C=0.1  F, then R   1.06 K (Choose R=1KΩ)
2f c , LPF C
For envelope detector :
We know that 1/fc < R x C < 1/fm
Take fcmax = 3KHz
Then, 1/3KHz < R x C <1/100
Implies, 0.3ms< R x C < 10ms.
Take R x C = 2.2ms, and let C = 0.22F
Then R = 10KΩ

PROCEDURE:

1. Rig up the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram.

2. Give two different frequencies for carrier and message to the base of NPN and PNP
transistor.
3. FSK signals are obtained at the inverting amplifier terminal.
4. For demodulation, convert FSK to ASK then demodulate the message signal by
envelope detector and comparator.

Dept. of ECE -8-

Advanced communication lab

MODEL WAVEFORMS:

MODULATION WAVEFORMS:

DEMODULATION WAVEFORMS:

Dept. of ECE -9-

Advanced communication lab

3. PSK GENERATION AND DETECTION (BINARY)

AIM: Design & Demonstrate the working of BPSK modulated signals for a given carrier signal
of frequency 1 KHz to transmit a given digital data of frequency 100 Hz. Demodulate the BPSK
Signal to recover the digital data.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Transistor SL100, SK100, Op-amp μA 741 3nos, Diode OA 79, Resistors 560Ω 2nos, 680Ω
2nos, 10KΩ 6nos, Capacitors 0.1F 2nos, 0.22F, Potentiometer 10KΩ 2nos.
Function Generator, Regulated DC Power supply, Spring Board, CRO.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS:

MODULATION:

DEMODULATION:

Dept. of ECE - 10 -
Advanced communication lab

THEORY:
Phase Shift Keying is a digital modulation Technique. A sinusoidal carrier of a fixed
amplitude and frequency is taken. The digital data of 1’s and 0’s is converted to
s(t )  AC cos(2f ct )
respectively. Here, Phase shift keying is obtained using a switch
s(t )  AC cos(2f ct   )
followed by OP-AMP circuitry. If incoming bit is 0, the output is same as the carrier; if it is
zero, the output is 1800 phase shifted version of the carrier signal. For demodulation the PSK
signal is converted to ASK signal using OPAMP circuit and then ASK signal is demodulated
using an envelope detector and comparator.

Design:
(a) MODULATION:
ICsat = 2mA; hfe = 30; VBEsat = 0.7V; VCEsat = 0.2v
We know that IB > IC / hfe
> 2mA/30
IB >0.0667mA. So choose IB=6.67mA
Also RE = VE/IE == (Vc-VCE)/IE
= (5-0.2)/8.667mA = 553.82Ω (=560 Ω)
Also RB= (Vm-VBE-VE)/IB
= (10-0.7-0-4.8)/ IB =675 Ω (=680 Ω)
(b) DEMODULATION:
We know that 1/fc < R x C < 1/fm. Here fcmax = 1 kHz
Then, 1/1kHz < R x C <1/100
Implies, 1ms< R x C < 10ms.
Take R x C = 2.2ms, and let C = 0.22F
Then R = 10KΩ (pot)

Procedure:
1. Rig up the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram.
2. Carrier wave and message is given at the input of switching circuit.
3. Observe the PSK output on the CRO.
4. PSK output is fed as input to the demodulation circuit.
5. Observe the demodulated output on the CRO.

Dept. of ECE - 11 -
Advanced communication lab

MODEL WAVEFORMS:

Dept. of ECE - 12 -
Advanced communication lab

4. TDM OF TWO BAND LIMITED SIGNALS

AIM: To design and demonstrate the working of TDM and recovery of two band-limited PAM
signals.

COMPNENTS REQUIRED:
Transistor SL100, SK100, Op-amp μA 741, Resistors 1KΩ-8nos, 1.5KΩ-1no.
Function Generator, Regulated DC Power supply, Spring Board, CRO.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

DEMODULATION:

Dept. of ECE - 13 -
Advanced communication lab

THEORY:

TDM is a technique used for transmitting several message signals over a communication
channel by dividing the time frame into slots, one slot for each message signal. This is a digital
technique in which the circuit is highly modular in nature and provides reliable and efficient
operation. There is no cross talk in TDM due to circuit non-linearity since the pulses are
completely isolated. But it also has disadvantages, which include timing jitter and
synchronization is required.
Here, the carrier used is a square wave like in pulse modulation techniques. When the
carrier is ON, one of the messages gets sampled and is output. When the carrier is OFF, another
message gets sampled and is output. The amplitude of a periodic train of pulses is thus varied in
proportion to the message signals. TDM provides an effective method for sharing a
communication channel.
For demodulation, when the carrier is ON, one message is passed by the switching
network to one of the output ports. When the carrier is OFF another message is passed to the
second port. The PAM output can thus be obtained. The message signals can be reconstructed
using a low pass filter. The reconstruction of message signals will be perfect if they are sampled
at their respective Nyquist rates.

PROCEDURE:-
1. Rig up the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram for multiplexer.
2. Feed the input message signals m1 and m2 of 2V (P-P) at 200Hz.
3. Feed the high frequency carrier signal of 2V (P-P) at 2kHz.
4. Observe the multiplexed output.
5. Rig up the Demodulator circuit as shown in the circuit diagram for Demultiplexer.
6. Observe the Demultiplexer output in the CRO.

Dept. of ECE - 14 -
Advanced communication lab

WAVEFORM:

Dept. of ECE - 15 -
Advanced communication lab

MODULATION WAVEFORMS:

DEMODULATION WAVEFORMS:

Dept. of ECE - 16 -
Advanced communication lab

5A. STUDY OF LOSSES IN OPTICAL FIBER

AIM: To conduct a suitable experiment using Fiber Optic trainer kit to determine (A) Bending
loss and (B) Attenuation loss (propagation loss).

Equipments:

 Fiber optic trainer Kit

 Optical Fiber Cables(1m & 3m)
 Numerical aperture measurement jig
 20MHz Dual Channel Oscilloscope
 1 MHz Function Generator
 Patch chords

Theory:

Optical Fibers are available in different variety of materials. These materials are usually
selected by taking into account their absorption characteristics for different wavelengths of light.
In case of Optical Fiber, since the signal is transmitted in the form of light, which is completely
different in nature to study the losses in fiber.
Losses are introduced in fiber due to various reasons. As light propagates from one end of
Fiber to another end, part of it is absorbed in the material exhibiting absorption loss. Also part of
the light is reflected back or in some other directions from the impurity particles present in the
material contributing to the loss of the signal at the other end of the Fiber. In general terms it is
known as propagation loss.
Whenever the condition for angle of incidence of the incident light is violated the losses are
introduced due to refraction of light. This occurs when fiber is subjected to bending. Lower the
radius of curvature more is the loss. Other losses are due to the coupling of Fiber at LED &
photo detector ends.

Procedure (Refer the block diagram):

1. Connect the power supply cables with proper polarity to trainer kit. While connecting this,
ensure that the power supply is OFF.
2. Keep SW9 towards TX1 position for SFH756 (660nm).
3. Keep jumpers & SW8 position as shown in fig.
4. Keep intensity control pot P2 towards minimum position.
5. Switch ON the power supply.
6. Feed about 2Vpp sinusoidal signal of 1 KHz from the function generator to the Analog
Buffer.
7. Connect the output post out of Analog Buffer to the transmitter.
8. Slightly unscrew the cap of SFH756V (660nm). Do not remove the cap from the connector.
Once the cap is loosened, insert the 1 Meter Fiber into the cap. Now tighten the cap by
screwing it back.
9. Connect the other end of the Fiber to detector SFH 350V (Photo Transistor Detector) very
carefully as per the instruction in above step.
Dept. of ECE - 17 -
Advanced communication lab

10. Observe the detected signal at post Analog out on oscilloscope. Adjust intensity control pot
P2 Optical Power control potentiometer so that you receive signal of 2Vpp amplitude.
Measurement of Propagation loss
11. Measure the peak value of the received signal at Analog out terminal. Let this value be V1.
12. Now replace 1 meter Fiber by 3 Meter Fiber between same LED and Detector. Do not
disturb and settings. Again take the peak voltage reading and let it be V2.
13. If α is the attenuation per km of the Fiber, then we have
αdB= (10/(L 1-L2))* log 10 (V2/V1)
where α= dB/Km; L1=Fiber Length for V1; L2=Fiber Length for V2. This α is for the
wavelength of 660nm
14. Now switch off the power supply.
15. Keep SW9 towards TX1 position for SFH756.
16. Set the jumpers to form simple analog link using LED SFH450V at 950nm and
phototransistor SFH350V (Photo Transistor Detector) with 1meter Fiber Cable.
17. Switch on the power supply.
18. Repeat the same procedure as above again for this link to get α at 950nm.
19. Compare the two α values.

Measurement of Bending loss

1. Set up the 660nm analog link using 1-meter fiber as per procedure discussed previously.
2. Bend the Fiber in a loop. (As shown in fig) measure the amplitude of the received signal.
3. Keep reducing the diameter of bend to about 2 cm & take corresponding out voltage
readings. (Do not reduce loop diameter less than 1 cm).
4. Plot a graph of the received signal amplitude versus the loop diameter.
5. Repeat the procedure again for second transmitter.

Dept. of ECE - 18 -
Advanced communication lab

BLOCK DIAGRAM:

NOTE: - Keep all switch faults in off position.

Dept. of ECE - 19 -
Advanced communication lab

5B. STUDY OF NUMERICAL APERTURE OF OPTICAL FIBER

AIM: To measure the numerical aperture of the plastic Fiber provided with the kit using
660nm wavelength LED.

Considerations in the experiment:-

1. It is very important that the source should be properly aligned with the cable & the
distance from the launched point & the cable be properly selected to ensure that the
maximum amount of optical power is transferred to the cable.
2. This experiment is best performed in a less illuminated room.

Equipments:-

 Link-B kit with power supply.

 Patch chords.
 1 Meter Fiber Cable.
 Numerical aperture measurement jig.
 Steel Ruler.

Theory:

Numerical aperture refers to the maximum angle at the light incident on the fiber end is
totally internally reflected and is transmitted properly along the Fiber. The cone formed by the
rotations of this angle along the axis of the Fiber is the cone of acceptance of the Fiber. The
light ray should strike the fiber end within its cone of acceptance; else it is refracted out of the
fiber core.

Procedure (Refer the block diagram while the experiment is set up):

1. Make connections as shown in fig. and connect the power supply cables with proper
polarity to Link-B kit. While connecting this, ensure that the power supply is off.
2. Keep Intensity control pot P2 towards minimum position.
3. Keep Bias control pot P1 fully clockwise position.
4. Switch on the power supply.
5. Slightly unscrew the cap of SFH756V (660nm). Do not remove the cap from he
connector. Once the cap is loosened, insert the 1 Meter Fiber into the cap. Now tighten
the cap by screwing it back.
6. Set up the 660nm analog link using 1-meter fiber. Insert the other end of the Fiber into
the numerical aperture measurement jig. Adjust the fiber such that its cut face is
perpendicular to the axis of the fiber.
7. Keep the distance of about 5mm between the fiber tip and the screen. Gently tighten the
screw and thus fix the fiber in the place.
8. Increase the intensity pot P2 to get bright red light circular patch.
9. Now observe the illuminated circular patch of light on the screen.
Dept. of ECE - 20 -
Advanced communication lab

10. Measure exactly the distance d and also the vertical and horizontal diameters MR and
PN as indicated in the fig.
11. Mean radius is calculated using the following formula r = (MR+PN)/ 4.
12. Find the numerical aperture of the Fiber using NA =sin(θmax) = r/√(d2 + r2), where,
θmax is the maximum angle at which the light incident is properly transmitted through
the given fiber.
13. Keep Intensity control pot P2 towards minimum position.

BLOCK DIAGRAM:

NOTE: - Keep all switch faults in off position.

Ray diagram indicating Acceptance Angle

Incident ray and Numerical aperture

Dept. of ECE - 21 -
Advanced communication lab

6. Measurement of Frequency, Guide Wavelength, Power, VSWR &

Attenuation in a Microwave Test Bench
Aim: To measure the frequency, guide wavelength, power, VSWR and attenuation in a
microwave test bench.

Apparatus: Microwave test bench and accessories

A. Measurement of Frequency & Guide Wave Length

Block diagram

Theory:

A microwave test bench consists of a microwave source (modulation option also exists),
isolator (to protect the source form reflected power), variable attenuator (to control the amount of
power launched into the waveguide), a frequency meter (to measure the frequency), a slotted line
(which is a waveguide cut in the longitudinal edge to provide for measurements), Slide Screw
tuner (which is used to create various load impedances), a tunable probe along with a crystal
detector and VSWR meter to measure power or VSWR values for a given load value.
The VSWR value can be used to further calculate the magnitude of the reflection
coefficient of a load. The phase shift w.r.t. to a reference plane can be measured by moving the
tunable probe along the slotted section of the waveguide and the phase of the reflection
coefficient can also be calculated. In practice if unknown load impedance has to be measured, we
can find out the load impedance value using the reflection coefficient measurements.
A VSWR meter is a sensitive high gain, high Q, low noise voltage amplifier tuned
normally at a fixed frequency of 1 KHz at which the microwave signal is modulated. The output
of the tunable probe is connected to a crystal detector. The output of this detector is amplified
and given as input to the VSWR meter. The detector works in the square law region. The meter
directly gives the VSWR reading Vmax/Vmin for an input of Vmin, after the meter is adjusted to
unity VSWR for an Input corresponding to Vmax.

Dept. of ECE - 22 -
Advanced communication lab

Procedure:-
1. Set up the components and equipments as shown in the block diagram above. First use a
matched termination and disconnect the S. S. Tuner. (or retain the S. S. Tuner and
disconnect the matched termination)
2. Set up variable attenuator at minimum attenuation position.
3. Keep the control knobs of VSWR Meter as below:
Range - 50 dB
Input switch - Crystal low impedance
Meter switch - Normal position
Gain (Coarse & Fine) - Mid position
4. Keep the Control Knobs of Klystron power supply as below
Beam Voltage - OFF
Mod-switch - AM
Beam voltage Knob - Fully anticlockwise
Reflector Voltage - Fully clockwise
AM-Amplitude Knob - Around fully clockwise
AM-Frequency Knob - Around mid position.
5. Switch ‘ON’ the Klystron power supply, VSWR Meter/CRO.
6. Switch ‘ON’ the beam voltage switch and set beam voltage at 250V with the help of
beam voltage knob.
7. Adjust the reflector voltage to get some deflection in VSWR Meter.
8. Maximize the deflection with AM amplitude and frequency control knob of power
supply. The following controls can also control the deflection in the VSWR meter.
a. Plunger of Klystron Mount can also be tuned for maximum deflection.
b. The reflector voltage knob can be tuned for minimum deflection.
c. The probe in VSWR meter can be tuned for maximum deflection in VSWR Meter.
9. Tune the frequency meter knob to get a ‘dip’ on the VSWR Scale and note down the
frequency directly from frequency meter. (Note: This dip can also be observed in a CRO
instead of VSWR meter)
10. Now, replace the matched termination (if connected) with movable short, and detune the
frequency meter.
11. Move the probe along the slotted line. The deflection in VSWR meter will vary. Move
the probe to be at a minimum deflection position, to get accurate reading. If necessary
increase the VSWR meter range dB switch to a higher position. Note and record the
probe position. These positions can also be noted with the help of a CRO instead of
VSWR meter.

Dept. of ECE - 23 -
Advanced communication lab

12. Move the probe to next minimum position and record the probe position again.
13. Calculate the guide wavelength as twice the distance between two successive minima
positions, obtained from above. These calculations can also be done using successive
maxima positions. Tabulate the results of the positions as shown in the table below.
14. Measure the waveguide inner broad dimension ‘a’ which will be around 22.86 mm for X-
band.
15. Calculate the frequency by using the equations given below.
Calculations:

Operating frequency f (using frequency meter) =

Guide wavelength (λg) =2 (D1 - D2)

Where, D1=scale provided at the slotted-line section after moving the tunable probe to get
first maxima position.
D2=scale provided at the slotted-line section after moving the tunable probe to get next
maxima position.

Cut-off wavelength (λC) = (2 a) / m = ____________

where a = broader dimension of waveguide and m = 1 for TE10 mode
1/(λO)2 = 1/(λC)2 + 1/(λg)2
λO = free-space wavelength = ______________
Operating frequency f = c/ λO = __________________ (Compare this value to the reading
obtained from the frequency meter)

B. Measurement of VSWR and Power:

Using the set up shown in the block diagram previously (connect the S. S. Tuner), first move
the probe along the slotted line to get maximum deflection in VSWR Meter.
1. Adjust VSWR meter gain control knob or variable attenuator until the meter indicates 1.0
on normal VSWR Scale.
2. Keep the entire control knob as it is, move the probe to the next minimum position.
Avoid moving in both the directions on the slotted line. Continue in a single direction
when the measurement is being performed. Read the VSWR on scale and power in dB
from the VSWR meter. {Note: If the maxima, is set to 1 (using gain control on VSWR
meter, the reading seen on the VSWR meter for the minima is directly the VSWR value.}
3. Repeat the above step for change of S.S. Tuner Probe depth and record the corresponding
VSWR.
4. If the VSWR is between 3.2 and 10, change the range dB switch to next higher position
and read the VSWR on second VSWR scale of 3 to 10.

Dept. of ECE - 24 -
Advanced communication lab

C. Measurement of Attenuation:
1. Fix a particular attenuation value in the attenuator. Then Move the probe along the slotted
line to get maximum deflection in VSWR Meter. Adjust the gain control knob of the
VSWR meter if necessary. Note the power value (P1) in dB as seen from the VSWR
meter.
2. Vary the variable attenuator knob by x-dB. Without disturbing any settings on the VSWR
meter, note the power value for this reading on the attenuator (P2).
3. Compute P2-P1. This must be equal to x-dB, which is the attenuation of the attenuator.
4. The above experiment can be done to calculate the attenuation of a given unknown
attenuator, AUT. (AUT: Attenuator under Test. This is different from the variable
attenuator included in the set up) In this case find P1 without the AUT and then find P2
with AUT. Find the difference between both the power values to find the attenuation
value.
D. Measurement of Relative and Absolute Power:
1. In the above measurement of attenuation (C), if P1 is made as a reference power level, the
power output P2 is the relative power output level due to the device, AUT or due to the
extra x-dB setting in the variable attenuator. If by some other method (ex: using power
meter etc.), we know the exact power level for the case of P1, then P2 can be mapped to
its absolute value and the absolute power measurement can be done.

Other information:
VSWR (Voltage standing wave Ratio) Meter:-
A gain control can be used to adjust the reading to the desired range. The overall gain is nearly
125dB which can be altered in step of 10dB.
There are three scales on the VSWR meter,
 When the VSWR is between 1 & 4, reading can be taken from the top SWR Normal
scale.
 For VSWR between 3.2 & 10, bottom of SWR NORMAL scale is used.
 When the VSWR is less than 1.3, a more accurate reading can be taken by selecting the
expanded scale, graduated from 1 to 1.2.
 The third scale at the bottom is graduated in dB.

Dept. of ECE - 25 -
Advanced communication lab

Slotted line carriage

Slotted line carriage contains a co-axial E-field probe which penetrates inside a rectangular
wave guide slotted section or a co-axial slotted line section from the outer wall & is able to
traverse a longitudinal narrow slot. The longitudinal slot is cut along the centre of the
waveguides broad wall or alone the outer conductor of the co-axial line over a length of 2-3
wave lengths were the electric current on the wall does not have any transverse component. The
slot should be narrow enough to avoid any distortion in the original field inside the waveguide.
The two ends of the slot are tapered to zero width for reducing the effect of discontinuity. The
probe is made at move longitudinally at a constant small depth to achieve a uniform coupling
Co-efficient between the electric field inside the line of the probe current at all positions. The
probe samples the electric field which is proportional to the probe voltage. This unit is primarily
used for the determination of locations of the voltage sending wave maximum & minimum along
the line. The probe carriage contains a stub tunable Co-axial probe detector to obtain a low
frequency modulating signal output to a slope or VSWR meter. The probe should be very thin
compared to the wave length & the depth also should be small enough to avoid any field
distortion. The slotted line with tunable probe detector is used to measure VSWR & Standing
wave pattern, wavelength, impedance, reflection Co-efficient & Return loss measurements by the
minima shifts method.

Dept. of ECE - 26 -
 Advanced communication lab

7. Measurement Of Power Division And Isolation Characteristics Of

Microstrip 3db Power Divider
AIM: - To measure the power divider and isolation characteristics of Microstrip 3dB power
divider.
COMPONENTS: Power supply, Microwave source, 6dB Attenuator, Micro strip 3dB power
divider, CRO, Detector, Active filter.

BLOCK DIAGRAM:

Microwave 6dB Power Detector Active CRO

source attenuator divider filter

MICROSTRIP 3DB POWER DIVIDER

THEORY:

A power divider is 3 port networks. Input port is given power. This power is then divided
into 2 parts and each of these powers is output to the output ports. So output power in any output
port is less than the input port. If the power divider is ideal, two output powers sum is equal to
the input power. A power divider can also act as a power combiner. If 2 power inputs are given
to the output ports of power divider, the sum power is emitted from the input port of power
divider.

In communications often, we need power division, either in a receiver circuit or transmitter

circuit. This device is the used. In optical domain, we have power dividers/couplers similar to
the power dividers in the microwave region. A 3dB power divider divides input into two equal
values.

Dept. of ECE - 27 -
Advanced communication lab

PROCEDURE:-
1. Set up the system as shown in figure.
2. Keeping the voltage at minimum, switch on the power supply. Vary the power supply
voltage and check the output for different VCO frequency.
3. Connect the 6dB attenuator directly to the detector and measure the voltage using CRO.
This value can be taken as the input to the power divider.
4. Now connect the power divider and measure the voltage at port 2 &3.
5. Calculate insertion loss and coupling factor in each coupled arm.

Calculation:

Isolation (dB) =20log(V3/V2)

Coupling factor at arm2(dB)= 20log(V2/V1)

Coupling factor at arm3(dB)= 20log(V3/V1)

RESULT:-

Dept. of ECE - 28 -
Advanced communication lab

8. Measurement Of Resonance Characteristrics Of A Microstrip Ring

Resonator
AIM:- To measure the resonance characteristics of a Microstrip ring resonator & output.

COMPONENTS: Power supply, Microwave source, 6dB Attenuator, Microstrip ring

resonator,CRO, Detector, Active filter.

BLOCK DIAGRAM:

Microwave 6dB Ring Detector Active CRO

source attenuator resonator filter

MICROSTRIP RING RESONATOR

THEORY:

This is a simplest printed planar resonator at microwave frequencies using microstrip

technology. It is used in making filters (Band pass or Band stop) to some extent as an antenna
element. It is a two port that it resonates the transmission characteristics of this two port network
show that is resonates at a center frequency where it has zero loss. But for other frequencies this
loss increases.

Dept. of ECE - 29 -
Advanced communication lab

TABULAR COLUMN:

VOLTAGE (V) FREQUENCY (GHZ)

PROCEDURE:-

1. Set up the system as shown in figure.

2. Keeping the voltage at minimum, switch on the power supply.
3. Connect the 6dB attenuator directly to the detector and measure the voltage using CRO.
This value can be taken as the input to the ring resonator.
4. Vary the power supply voltage and tabulate the output for different VCO frequency,
7. Plot a graph frequency vs output & find the resonant frequency.
8. Measure the resonant frequency with a plastic/paper. Then calculate the dielectric
constant of the substrate.

Calculation:
Λ1=C/f1;f1= resonant frequency of the resonator
Λ2=C/f2; f2= resonant frequency of the plastic/paper
H=0.762mm; Height of the known sample
W=1.836mm; Width of the transmission line
Λ1/ε1= Λ2/ ε2
Therefore ε2= (Λ2/ Λ1)ε1

RESULT:- The resonant frequency of the resonator =__________. Dielectric constant of the
given material=___________

Dept. of ECE - 30 -
Advanced communication lab

9. Determination Of Coupling And Isolation Characteristics Of Microstrip

Directional Coupler
AIM: - To determine of coupling and isolation characteristics of Microstrip directional coupler

(Parallel line coupler and branch line coupler).

COMPONENTS: Power supply, Microwave source, Branch line coupler, parallel line coupler,
Active filter, Detector, CRO,

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Microwave 6dB Directional Detector Active CRO

source attenuator coupler filter

Parallel line coupler:

THEORY:

A directional coupler is a four port device, where in port 1 called input port is given input
power. The output port is in the main line, which gets most of the input port. The coupled takes
very small amount of input power and serves as a reference measurement in many application.
The isolated power should not receive any power ideally. The port is isolated from the input
port. Directional coupler is used after the antenna in a receiver circuit. This helps in monitoring
reflected power. In a transmit circuit, antenna is connected after the directional coupler. This
helps in monitoring incident and reflected power to the antenna and from the antenna.

Dept. of ECE - 31 -
Advanced communication lab

PROCEDURE:-

1. Set up the system as shown in figure.

2. Keeping the voltage at minimum, switch on the power supply. Vary the power supply
voltage and check the output for different VCO frequency.
3. Connect the 6dB attenuator directly to the detector and measure the voltage using CRO.
This value can be taken as the input to the branch line coupler.
4. Measure the output at ports 2, 3 & 4.
5. Calculate insertion loss, coupling factor & isolation using the formulae given.
6. Repeat the experiment for a parallel line coupler.

Calculation:

v4
Coupling factor = 20 log
v1

v3
Directivity = 20 log
v4

v1
Isolation loss = 20 log
v3

v1
Insertion loss = 20 log
v2

RESULT:-

Dept. of ECE - 32 -
Advanced communication lab

10. Measurement Of The Directivity And Gain Of Different Antennas

AIM:- To measure the Directivity and gain of antenna standard dipole, Microstrip patch antenna

& Yagi antenna.

COMPONENTS: Microwave source, yagi antenna, patch antenna, dipole antenna, Detector,
active filter, CRO.

BLOCK DIAGRAM:

Microwave Transmitting Receiving Detector Active CRO

source antenna antenna filter

Dipole antenna Patch antenna Yagi-uda antenna

THEORY:

s( ,  )
Directivity D  S is the power density magnitude in a given direction. S ( ,  ) av is
s( ,  ) av
the isotropic power density in the same direction. D signifies how much directive gain is
achieved in power at a given direction if the given antenna is used instead of isotropic antenna.
Gain G=KD were K= Antenna efficiency factor. If antenna is lossless K=1. In this experiment
we find gain of various antenna and compare them. Depending on a given application, each of
these antenna has a significant role in practice. The antenna is planar in nature which is
fabricated on a good dielectric substrate, using microstrip technology.

Dept. of ECE - 33 -
Advanced communication lab

PROCEDURE:-

1. Set up the system as shown in figure.

2. Keeping the voltage at minimum, switch on the power supply.
3. Vary the power supply voltage and check the output for different VCO frequency.
4. Keeping the resonant frequency calculate the minimum distance for field
between the transmitting and receiving antennas using the formula S= 2d2/λ0 where d is
the broader dimension of the antenna and λ0 = c/f.
5. Keeping the line of sight properly tabulate the output.
6. Plot a graph angle vs output.
7. Find the HPBW from the points where the power becomes half.
8. Directivity of antenna can be calculate using the formula 41253/(HPBW)2.
9. Gain of the antenna can be calculated using the formula
G = (4πs/ λ0) (vr/vt)

G in dB = 10 log G

RESULT:-

Patch Antenna:

Gain
Directivity

Dipole Antenna:

Gain
Directivity

Yagi –uda Antenna:

Gain
Directivity

Dept. of ECE - 34 -
Advanced communication lab

Dept. of ECE - 35 -