EV216 CIVIL LAB 2

LAB REPORT

Group :4
No. of Experiment : Experiment 2
Title of Experiment : DETERMINATION OF AGGREGATES PROPERTIES
2.1 Sieve Analysis of Aggregates
2.2 Bulking of Fine Aggregates
Date of Experiment : 19 JAN 2022
Lecturer : Ts. Dr. Ng Jing Lin
Group member :

No. Nama No. Student ID

1 Aaryan Amin Premji 1001957060

2 Jason Hwong Jung Xien 1001953796

3 Lee Hong Shen 1002058441

4 Mohamed Ibrahim Mohamud

1002059478
5 Wan Jia Jun
1002164989
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Table of Contents
2.1 Sieve Analysis of Aggregates ....................................................... 3
Introduction ................................................................................................. 3
Objective ..................................................................................................... 3
Equipment / Apparatus ............................................................................... 3
Materials ..................................................................................................... 3
Methodology / Procedures .......................................................................... 3
Safety Precaution ........................................................................................ 4
Result and Analysis .................................................................................... 4
Discussion and Observation ....................................................................... 5
Conclusion .................................................................................................. 6
2.2 Bulking of Fine Aggregates ......................................................... 7
Introduction ................................................................................................. 7
Objective ..................................................................................................... 7
Equipment / Apparatus ............................................................................... 7
Materials ..................................................................................................... 7
Methodology / Procedures .......................................................................... 7
Safety Precaution ........................................................................................ 8
Result and Analysis .................................................................................... 8
Discussion and Observation ....................................................................... 8
Conclusion .................................................................................................. 9
Reference .................................................................................................. 10
Rubric ........................................................................................................ 11
2.1 Sieve Analysis of Aggregates
Introduction

This is the first report of our experiment on the determination of aggregates

properties. Sieve Analysis of Aggregates and Bulking of Fine Aggregate are two
separate types of tests included in this test. The first test we must do is Sieve analysis,
this test is used to figure out what percentage of different grain sizes are present in
aggregates. We do this by-passing aggregates through different sieves, and then
collecting different sized particles left over from different sieves. The purpose of this
lab is to determine the relationship between the diameter of particle size of aggregates
and the passing percentage of aggregates. Thus, the bigger size of aggregates particles,
the lower the passing percentage.

Objective

The main objective of this experiment was to:

• Understand the particle size and distribution of aggregates.

Equipment / Apparatus
B.S Coarse and Fine sieves, Sieve shaker, Weighing balance

Materials

Coarse, sand, and fine aggregate

Methodology / Procedures

1. Samples of aggregate were collected in accordance with clause 5 of BS 812: part 1.

The sample for test complied with the appropriate minimum mass given in table 5
(Appendix 2A). The sample was brought to a dry condition before weighing and
sieving.
2. The test sieves were dried and cleaned.
3. The dry sample was weighed and sieved successively on the appropriate sieves
starting with the coarsest. In order to prevent blinding of sieve apertures by
overloading, we placed an amount of aggregate on each sieve such that the mass of
the aggregate retained on the sieve at completion of operation was not greater than
the value given for that sieve in table 6 of Appendix 2A. Each sieve was shaken
 separately over a trey until not more than a trace was able to pass, but in any case,
for a period not less than 2 min. (Clause 7.1.4 of BS 812: part 1).
4. The material retained on each sieve was weighed, together with any material
cleaned from the mesh, on completion of sieving on that sieve.

Safety Precaution

To make sure our health and safety during the lab session, we should:
• Always wear appropriate personal protective clothing.
• Keep tools clean and check before use.
• Clean tools and keep in trays or boxes when not in use.
• Make sure the sieve shaker is locked properly before shaking.

Result and Analysis

Grain Size Analysis

Date Tested : 19 JAN 2022
Tested by : Group 4
Project Name : Sieve Analysis of Aggregates
Sample Number : 01
Visual Classification of Soil:
Weight of Container : 887 gm
Wt. Container + Dry Soil : 4880 gm
Wt. of Dry Sample : 3993 gm

Mass of Mass of Sieve Soil

Sieve Diameter Percent Percent
Empty + Soil Retained
Number (mm) Retained Passing
Sieve (g) Retained (g) (g)

6 3.35 mm 1033.5 4764.5 3731.0 93.4 6.6

10 2.00 mm 1018.5 1110.5 92.0 2.3 4.3

16 1.18 mm 915.5 954.5 44.0 1.1 3.2

30 600 m 880.5 904.0 23.5 0.6 2.6

40 425 m 852.0 860.0 8.0 0.2 2.4

50 300 m 785.0 793.5 8.5 0.2 2.2

70 212 m 743.5 751.5 8.0 0.2 2.0

100 150 m 724.0 732.5 8.5 0.2 1.8

230 63 m 751.5 779.0 27.5 0.7 1.1

Pan - 887.0 929.0 42.0 1.1 0.0

Total Weight = 3993

 *Percent passing=100-cumulative percent
% retained = W sieve/ WTotal×100%
retained From Grain Size Distribution Curve:

% Gravel = 93.4%

% Sand = 5.5%

% Fines = 1.1%

Note:

Plot the grading curves for each type of aggregate.

Discussion and Observation

This test is used to figure out how much of each grain size is present in a soil
sample. The distribution of coarser, larger-sized particles is determined using sieve
analysis, whereas the distribution of tiny particles is determined using the hydrometer
approach. Particle size, commonly called as grain size, is the measurement of individual
grains of silt or vitrified particles in classic rocks. Sand can also refer to a variety of
granular substances.
This experiment, sieve analysis of aggregates was being applied to measure weight of
Course, sand, and fine aggregates by using weighing balance as shown figure 3. We
determined the particle size distribution using the sieve method. The sieves with bigger
opening sizes are positioned above the sieves with smaller opening sizes in a stack of
sifting. This means the sieve that have diameter of aperture of 3.35mm will be placed
at the above followed by 2.00mm, 1.18mm, 600 µm, 425 µm, 300 µm, 212 µm,150
µm, 63 µm respectively.

The goal of the experiment is to create a particle size distribution for the soil sample.
The resulting particle size distribution graph is utilized for a variety of purposes,
including determining the soil grading and the percentage of coarse and fine materials.
We were able to calculate the coefficient of uniformity and curvature, which were both
used to determine if the soil was uniformity graded, as stated in the above section. The
technique and equipment used in the sieve analysis lab are depicted in these
photographs, as seen here coarse, sieve shaker, Fine sieves and Weighing balance
respectively.

Fig1. Coarse Fig2. Sieve shaker and Fine sieves Fig3. Weighing balance

Conclusion

In conclusion, we understand that the particle size distribution and grading of

aggregates through the experiment. A grain-size distribution curve is used to report the
findings of each soil grain-size investigation. Alternatively, the results are presented in
a table, with percentages of particles passing through various sieve sizes or percentages
discovered within particle-size ranges. With the graph of particles size, D against
passing percentage, %, we had calculated the % of each type of aggregates. Therefore,
we known that the grain-size analysis is commonly employed in the identification and
categorization of soils, as previously stated.
2.2 Bulking of Fine Aggregates

Introduction

Bulking of fine aggregate or sand is a phenomenon in which the volume of sand

increases as the moisture content rises. Fine aggregates must undergo a bulking test
before being used in construction. The sand's moisture content forms thin coatings
surrounding the sand particles. As a result, they will migrate apart from each other,
resulting in an increase in volume. Through this experiment, we known that the height
of sand is dependent on the percentage of added water. In the end of the experiment,
the height of sand will remain at the same height and form a constant bulking
percentage.

Objective

The objective for this experiment was to:

• Determine necessary adjustment for bulking of fine aggregate (by Field Method)
and to draw curve between water content and bulking.

Equipment / Apparatus

Balance, Cylindrical container, Graduated cylinder, Beaker, Metal tray, Steel rule,
Oven

Materials

Sand and water

Methodology / Procedures

1. Sufficient quantity of the oven dry sand was kept loose into container until it was
about two-third full. The top of sand was levelled off and the weight of the container
was measured. Then, the weight of sand was calculated by deducting the weight of
container.
2. A steel rule was pushed vertically down through the sand at the middle to the bottom
and the height of sand was measured. It was let to be h cm.
3. The sand was emptied out into a clean metal tray without any loss.
4. One percent of water was added by weight of sand and mix thoroughly by hand.
5. The wet sand was kept loosely into the container without tamping it.
6. The top surface was smoothened and levelled its depth was measured at the middle
with a steel rule. It was named h1 cm.
7. The above procedures were repeated with 2 percent of water by weight and so on,
until bulking was maximum, and it started falling down and ultimately bulking was
zero, i.e., saturated sand occupied the same volume as dry sand.

Safety Precaution

To make sure our health and safety during the lab session, we should:
• Always wear appropriate personal protective clothing.
• Keep tools clean and check before use.
• Always wash our hands with soap and water before and after the lab session.

Result and Analysis

Material details -

Wt. of container with oven dry sand 1191 g

Wt. of empty container 286 g

Wt. of fine aggregates (sand) in gm 905 g

Height of dry sand h mm 67 mm

Bulking in
Wt. of added Total Height of sand percentage,
Wt. of sand
water percentage in cm h1 h1–h
h
× 100
905 g 0g 0% 6.7 -
905 g 9g 1% 7.2 7.46 %
905 g 9g 2% 8.3 23.88 %
905 g 9g 3% 9.3 38.81 %
905 g 9g 4% 9.3 38.81 %
905 g 9g 5% 9.3 38.81 %

Discussion and Observation

Based on results of experiment 2.2: bulking of fine aggregate, volume of fine

aggregate affected by the presence of water content in fine aggregate. The volume of
fine aggregate increase due to the water content of fine aggregate increase until the peak
point. It is because the water that added into the fine aggregate expand the volume of
fine aggregate by causing film of water around the sand particles. Then, if the water
content in fine aggregate keep increase and over the maximum water content of fine
aggregate which the fine aggregate completely flooded with water, the sand particles
of fine aggregate pack near each other and cause the bulking of fine aggregate decrease.

Based on my research, the finer the materials, the higher the volume increase when
adding water content. It is because the finer the materials, the larger the empty spaces
between the particles. Thus, the water can fill in the spaces and expand the volume of
materials.

45
40
Bulking in percentage

35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Percentage of water content

Graph 2.2. Graph of Percentage of Water Content against Bulking in percentage

Graph above shows the results of our experiment 2.2: bulking of fine aggregate.
The fine aggregate increases the height from origin 6.7 cm to 7.2 cm, 8.3 cm and finally
stay constant at 9.3 cm for 3 times of experiment after increase water content by 1%.
The bulking in percentage of fine aggregate is 7.46%, 23.88%, 38.81%, 38.81% and
38.81%. Thus, 38.81% is the maximum bulking in percentage of fine aggregate in
1191g.

Conclusion

In the conclusion of this experiment, we determinate necessary adjustment for

bulking of fine aggregate and draw curve between water content and bulking. From the
data we know that the height of soil will increase at the beginning, but it will remain at
the same height in the end. When the moisture content of the sand is raised by adding
additional water, the sand particles pack closer together and the bulking of the sand is
reduced. As a result, the amount of dry sand and thoroughly soaked sand is nearly same.
Bulking is the process of increasing the volume of fine aggregate owing to the presence
of moisture. Thus, we know that the fine sand bulks up more than coarse sand.

Reference

1. SİMGE TURAN. (24 May 2020). Bulking Of Fine Aggregate and Laboratory test.
Civil engineering knowledges. Retrieved from:
https://www.civilknowledges.com/bulking-of-fine-aggregate.
2. Gloria I. López. (2017). Grain size analysis - home - springer. Grain Size Analysis.
Retrieved January 22, 2022, from
https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-1-4020-4409-0_18
3. Suryakanta. (2016, January 12). Bulking of fine aggregate - what, why & how?
CivilBlog.Org. Retrieved January 20, 2022, from
https://civilblog.org/2014/02/11/bulking-of-fine-aggregate-what-why-how/
4. Civil Engineering Realities. (2020, September 19). Bulking of sand and test to
calculate bulking of sand? Civil Engineering Realities. Retrieved January 22, 2022,
from https://www.civilengineeringrealities.com/2020/06/bulking-of-sand-and-test-
to-calculate-bulking-of-sand.html
5. Corrosionpedia. (2021, March 16). What is a sieve analysis? - definition from
Corrosionpedia. Corrosionpedia. Retrieved January 25, 2022, from
https://www.corrosionpedia.com/definition/4472/sieve-analysis
6. Principles and procedures of sieving analysis. Agg. (2017, December). Retrieved
January 25, 2022, from https://www.agg-net.com/resources/articles/ancillary-
equipment/principles-and-procedures-of-sieving-analysis
7. Particle size distribution curve. Elementary Engineering Library. (2019, September
6). Retrieved January 25, 2022, from
https://www.elementaryengineeringlibrary.com/civil-engineering/soil-
mechanics/particle-size-distribution-curve
8. Step-by-step guide for grain size analysis. Geoengineer.org. (n.d.). Retrieved
January 25, 2022, from https://www.geoengineer.org/education/laboratory-
testing/step-by-step-guide-for-grain-size-analysis
 Rubric

Lab Report Assessment Rubric

Items Unacceptable Satisfactory Moderate Good Excellent
Score 0 1 2 3 4
Introduction Not introduction Background is Background Background Background
is presented. vague or brief, information is information is information is
hypothesis is vague or brief. researched and researched and
vague, or relevant Hypothesis is cited. cited.
explanation is stated but not Hypothesis is Hypothesis is
missing. clear. stated but not in stated in citation
clear explanation format and
explained
Objective No objective is Objectives are Objective Objective are Objective fully
stated irrelevant or are missing at least listed, at least addressed and
not appropriate to one important one important covered relevant
the experiment consideration environmental environmental
concern is and sustainability
covered concern.

Methodology/ No materials and Materials and Materials and Materials and Materials and
Procedures procedures are procedures are not procedures are procedures are procedures are
listed accurately list the listed, but seem listed, important listed in clear
steps of the missing some experimental steps, shown
experiment information, details are figures, each step
some steps are covered, shown is numbered in a
not numbered figures, some complete
and/or are in minor details sentence
incomplete missing
sentences.
Result and No calculation, Figures, graphs, Figures, graphs, All figures, All figures,
Analysis figures, tables, tables contain tables, graphs, graphs, tables are
graphs are errors or are poorly calculation are calculation, correctly drawn,
provided constructed, have included, some tables are numbered and
missing titles, still missing correctly drawn, following
captions or some important but some have format,
numbers, units or required minor problems calculation are
missing or features or could still be clearly shown.
incorrect. improved
Discussion and Incomplete or Very incomplete or Some of the Almost all the All-important
Observation incorrect incorrect results have been results have been trends and data
interpretation of interpretation of correctly correctly comparisons
trends and trends and interpreted and interpreted and have been
comparison of comparison of data discussed; partial discussed, only interpreted
data. indicating a lack of but incomplete minor correctly and
understanding of understanding of improvements discussed, good
results results is still are needed understanding of
evident results is
conveyed
 Conclusion, Incomplete or Conclusions or Conclusions, All-important All-important
safety, and incorrect safety and health safety, and health conclusions, conclusions,
health conclusion, no missing, or missing regarding major safety and health safety and health
safety and health the important points are drawn, have been drawn, have been clearly
were mentioned points but many are could be better made; student
misstated, stated shows good
indicating a lack understanding
of understanding
Reference and No reference was Sections out of Sections in order, Lab report is Lab report is
Formatting mentioned, order, formatting is mostly typed/written in
appearance and report/sentence rough, typed/written well-formatted,
formatting structure/reference sentence using appropriate very readable,
totally is not typed/written generally format, all sentences are
inappropriate using the readable with sections in order, very well written
appropriate format. some rough spots formatting
in writing style generally good
but could still be
improved,
sentences
mature,
readable style
Timeliness Report handed Report handed in Up to one day Up to one hour Report handed in
in more than more than two late late time
three days late days late