METALS AND NONMETALS

1
CHAPTER

Metals are malleable and ductile – that is

metals can be beaten into thin leaves and
CONTENTS drawn into thin wires.
 Metals and Nonmetals Metals have lustre and can be polished.
Metals have tensile strength.
 Characteristics of Metals Metals are electropositive elements. That is,
metals have a tendency to lose electrons and
 Chemical Properties of Metals form positively charged ions, (called cations).
 Occurrence of Metals
 Characteristic of Non Metals Metals occur in nature in the free as well as in
the combined states.
 Chemical properties of Nonmetals Metal in nature

 Uses of Some Common Nonmetals In the combined state

In free (or native) form
Silver, Gold, Platinum, (Sodium, Potassium, Calcium,
 Oxides of Metals and Nonmetals Mercury Magnesium, Iron, Aluminium,
Copper etc.)
All metals which are not affected by water

METALS AND NONMETALS
and by the gases present in the air occur in
Lavoiser classified all elements into metals, free state in nature.
nonmetals and metalloids on the basis of their The naturally-occurring compounds of
properties. Some commonly used metals, metals mixed with earthly materials are
nonmetals and metalloids are given below. called minerals.
Metals : Iron, Copper, Gold, Silver, A mineral from which a metal can be
Aluminium, Zinc Lead are some commonly extracted on the commercial scale,
used meats. economically and easily, is called an ore.
 Nonmetals : Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen,  Physical Properties of Metals
Carbon, Sulphur, Phosphorus, Chlorine,
All metals show similar physical properties.
Bromine, Iodine are commonly used
There are however a few exceptions.
nonmetals.
Physical State : Under normal pressure, all
 Metalloids : Boron, Silicon, Arsenic and metals except mercury are solids at room
Germanium are some metalloids. temperature. Mercury is liquid at room
temperature.
CHARACTERISTIC OF METALS
Colour : Most metals except gold and
Some important characteristics of metals are : copper are silver-grey in colour. Copper is
Metals are good conductors of heat and reddish-brown and gold is golden yellow.
electricity. Appearance : All metals are shiny. The
All metals except mercury are solid at characteristic shine of metals is called
room temperature. Mercury is the only metallic lustre. Thus all metals have metallic
metal which is liquid at room temperature. lustre. Metals can be easily polished.
 Hardness : Most metals are hard except Density : Metals, except sodium and
sodium and potassium. Sodium and potassium have high densities. Sodium and
potassium metals can be easily cut with a potassium have much lower densities.
knife. Osmium is hard enough to scratch
glass.  Sound : Metals are sonorous. Metals when
Tensile strength : Metals have high tensile hit by a hammer produce a ringing sound.
strength. Metals are very strong. For That is why metal are used for making
example, iron can bear a lot of stress. That bells and wires for musical instruments.
is why it is widely used in construction of
buildings, bridges, railway lines etc.
Malleability : Metals are malleable. This CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS
means that metals can be hammered into
very thin sheets. Silver can be beaten to All metals give similar chemical reactions.
very thin leaves. You must have seen silver However, the reactivity of a metal depends
varak on burfee. Aluminium foil is used in upon its nature and reaction conditions.
the packaging of food materials.
Some typical reactions of metals are described
Ductility : Metals are ductile. This means
that metals can be drawn into thin wires. below :
Silver and gold can be drawn into very thin Reaction with oxygen : All metals
wires. combine with oxygen to form metal oxides.
Conductivity : Metals are good conductor Different metals react with oxygen under
of heat and electricity. Silver is the best different conditions.
conductor of electricity. Copper is the next
best conductor of electricity.

Sodium (Na) : Sodium + Oxygen/air room

 temp
. Sodium oxide
Magnesium (Mg) : Magnesium + Oxygen Heat
   
 Magnesium oxide
( burns with a dazzling white light)

Zinc (Zn) : Zinc + Oxygen  strong heating

   Zinc oxide
( burns with a blue flame )

Iron (Fe) : Iron + Oxygen strong heating

    Ferroso-ferric oxide
( no burning )

Copper (Cu) : Copper + Oxygen prolonged

 strong
 heating
 Copper oxide
( no burning )

From the reaction conditions of the  Reaction with Water : Different metals
reactions given above, the order of react with water under different conditions.
reactivity of metals with oxygen is,
Reactions of some common metals with
Sodium (Na) > Magnesium (Mg) > Zinc water are given below :
(Zn) > Iron (Fe) > Copper (Cu)

Water
Sodium (Na) : Sodium + (cold)
 Sodium hydroxide + Hydrogen
Water
Magnesium (Mg) : Magnesium + ( boiling)
 Magnesium oxide + Hydrogen
Iron
Iron (Fe) : ( red hot )
+ Steam  Ferroso-ferric oxide + Hydrogen

Copper (Cu) : Copper + Water  No reaction even at high temperature

 
 Reactions with Acids : Most metals react
with dilute acids produce salt and hydrogen
gas. Reaction of some common metals with
dilute hydrochloric acid are given below :
Sodium (Na) : Sodium + Hydrochlor
acid (dil)
ic
 Sodium + Hydrogen Vigorous
chloride
Hydrochloric Magnesium + Hydrogen Rapid
Magnesium (Mg) : Magnesium + acid (dil)

chloride
Hydrochloric Zinc
Zinc (Zn) : Zinc + acid (dil)
room
 temp
. + Hydrogen Moderate
chloride
Hydrochloric Iron
Iron (Fe) : Iron + acid (dil)
heating
  + Hydrogen Moderate
chloride
Hydrochloric
Copper (Cu) : Copper + acid (dil)
 No reaction even on heating

From the reaction conditions of the reaction Solid nonmetals are brittle.
given above, the order of reactivity of these Nonmetals (except graphite and diamond)
metals with dilute acid is are low melting and low boiling.
Sodium (Na) > Magnesium Nonmetals are electronegative elements.
(Mg) > Zinc (Zn) > Iron (Fe) > Copper (Cu) That is, nonmetals have a tendency to gain
electrons and form negatively charged ions
(called anions).
USES OF SOME COMMON METALS
Main uses of some common metals are listed below :
 Occurrence of Nonmetals
Many nonmetals occur free in nature, whereas
Metal Main Uses
metal many more occur only in the form on
Iron For making bridges, engine parts, iron their compounds as minerals.
sheets and bars used in construction,
steels etc. The modes of occurrence of some typical
Copper For making electrical wires and cables, nonmetal are described below :
utensils, kettles, coins etc; for making Nonmetal Free native form Combined form
alloys
Nitrogen Air contains about In all living
Silver For making jewellery, in electroplating, 78% (by volume) organisms as
in photography, silvering of mirrors of nitrogen proteins, in the
Gold For making jewellery, for decorative soil as nitrogen
purposes, in photography for toning compounds
Mercury Used in thermometers and barometers Oxygen Air contains about As water, oxides
Alumini For making electrical wires and cables, 21% (by volume) in the soil/rocks
um domestic utensils, alloys, metallic of oxygen
paints, aluminium foil for packaging Nobal gases Air contains these —
Lead For making automobile batteries, lead gases in smaller
pipes, alloys such as solder, protective amounts
screen for X-ray machines, for Hydrogen Free hydrogen is As water
manufacturing many chemical present in stars
compounds and paints. Sulphur Native sulphur As sulphide,
occurs inside the sulphate ores, as
CHARACTERISTICS OF NON-METAL earth. H2S in certain
spring water
Some important characteristics of metals are : Phosphorus — As phosphate rocks,
Nonmetals are soft solids, liquids or gases. in bones of our
Nonmetals (except graphite) are body as calcium
nonconductors of heat and electricity. phosphate
Silicon — As oxide (SiO2, Density : Nonmetals usually have low

Silica, Sand), As densities and are soft. Diamond however is
silicate rocks an exception. Diamond is the hardest
Carbon As diamonds, As carbonate natural substance known.
graphite rocks, minerals  Tensile strength : Nonmetals have low
As hydrocarbons tensile strength, i.e., Nonmetals can be
– petroleum, easily broken.
natural gas etc. Melting and boiling points : Nonmetals
As carbon dioxide except graphite have low melting and
in the air. boiling points.
Most nonmetals are either mined directly from their Sound : Nonmetals do not produce sound
mines or obtained as by-products in some industrial when hit with an object, i.e., nonmetals are
processes. non-sonorous.
 Nitrogen and Oxygen are obtained from the
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF NONMETALS
air by fractional distillation of liquid air.

 Chlorine is obtained from common salt by Some general chemical properties of
electrolytic method. nonmetals are described below :
 Sulphur is mined in its elemental form  Electronegative Character
 Nonmetals such as phosphorus and silica Nonmetals are electronegative elements.
are obtained from their ores by chemical Nonmetals have a tendency to accept electrons
methods. and form negatively charged ions (anions).
For examples.
 Physical Properties of Nonmetals
Chlorine + e– Chloride ion (an anion)
Some common general physical properties of
nonmetals are given below : Oxygen + 2e– Oxide ion (an anion)
 Physical state : Nonmetals may occur as
Thus, nonmetals are able to gain electrons from
solids, liquids or gases at room temperature. electropositive elements and act as oxidising
agents.
For example, under normal conditions,
sulphur, phosphorus are solids, bromine is a Hydrogen is the only nonmetal which can lose
liquid, whereas hydrogen, oxygen and as well as gain an electron.
nitrogen are gases. Hydrogen + e–  Hydride ion
(an anion )
Colour : Nonmetals come in many colours. from a highly
electropositive element
For example, sulphur is yellow, phosphorus
is white, or red, chlorine is greenish-yellow, Hydrogen – e–  Hydrogen ion
(a cation )
bromine is redish-brown. Hydrogen, from a highly
oxygen and nitrogen are colourless. electronegative element
Appearance : Nonmetals have dull Thus, hydrogen can act both as an oxidising as
appearance i.e., they do not shine. well as reducing agent.
However, graphite and iodine are the only
 Reaction with Oxygen
nonmetals which have metallic lustre.
Nonmetals react with oxygen to give covalent
Malleability and ductility : Nonmetals are
oxides. Such oxides are either neutral or acidic
neither ductile nor malleable. Nonmetals
in nature. Acids oxides of nonmetals dissolve in
cannot be drawn into wires, and beaten into water to form corresponding acids. Reaction of
leaves/sheets. some common nonmetals with oxygen are
Conductivity : Nonmetals do not conduct described below:
heat and electricity, i.e., nonmetals are Nitrogen : Nitrogen reacts with oxygen
insulators. Graphite however, is a good under different conditions to form five
conductor of heat and electricity. different oxides. Some of these are neutral,
while others are acidic in nature.
 For example,
Nitrogen + Oxygen  Nitrous oxide (neutral)
Nitrogen + Oxygen  Nitric oxide (neutral)
Nitrogen + Oxygen  Dinitrogen trioxide (acidic)
Nitrogen + Oxygen  Nitrogen dioxide (acidic)
Nitrogen + Oxygen  Dinitrogen pentoxide (acidic)
Dinitrogen pentoxide reacts with water to give nitric acid.
Dinitrogen pentoxide + Water  Nitric acid.
Carbon : Carbon reacts with oxygen to form two oxides – carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO2).
Carbon monoxide is neutral, whereas carbon dioxide (CO2) is acidic in nature. Carbon dioxide dissolves in
water to give carbonic acid.

Oxygen Carbon monoxide

Carbon + (lim ited supply)
 (neutral)
Oxygen Carbon dioxide
Carbon + (excess )
 (acidic)
Carbon dioxide + Water  Carbonic acid

 Phosphorus : Phosphorus reacts with oxygen to give two oxides – phosphorus trioxide (P2O3) and
phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5). Both are acidic oxides.

Oxygen Phosphorus trioxide

Phosphorus + (limited )
 (acidic)
Oxygen Phosphorus pentoxide
Phosphorus + (excess )
  (acidic)

Sulphur : Sulphur on burning in air forms two oxides – sulphur dioxide (SO2) and sulphur trioxide
(SO3). Both these oxides are acidic.

Sulphur + Oxygen  Sulphur dioxide

(acidic)

Sulphur + Oxygen  Sulphur trioxide

(acidic)
Sulphur trioxide + Water  Sulphuric acid

Hydrogen : Hydrogen reacts with oxygen to form an oxide H2O. H2O is called water. Water (H2O) is a

neutral oxide
Water
Hydrogen + water   ( neutral)


 Reaction with Halogens

Nonmetals react with halogen to give covalent halides. In pure state, the halides of nonmetals do not
conduct electricity.
For example with chlorine,
Heat
Phosphorus + Chlorine  Phosphorus trichloride
Heat
Phosphorus + Chlorine  Phosphorus pentoxide
sunlight
Hydrogen + Chlorine   Hydrogen chloride
Sulphur reacts with fluorine at higher temperature to give sulphur hexafluoride.
high temp.
Sulphur + Fluorine    Sulphur hexafluoride


 Reaction with Hydrogen

Nonmetals react with hydrogen to form covalent hydrides. Thus in the hydrides of nonmetals,
hydrogen is bonded to the nonmetal atom by covalent bonds. The hydrides of nonmetals atom by
covalent bonds. The hydrides of nonmetals do not conduct electricity. The hydrides of nonmetals
may be acidic, basic or neutral depending upon the nature of the nonmetal.

For example,

Sulphur with hydrogen gives hydrogen sulphide (H2S). H2S is weakly acidic in nature.

Hydrogen + Sulphure  Hydrogen sulphide

( weakly acidic )

Nitrogen reacts with hydrogen to give ammonia (NH3). Ammonia is basic in nature.


Hydrogen + Nitrogen    Ammonia

( basic )

Oxygen reacts with hydrogen to given water (H2O). Water is neutral in nature.


electric spark
Hydrogen + Oxygen     Water

 Reaction with Acids

Nonmetals do not displace hydrogen from dilute acids. This is because nonmetals are not able to give
electron(s) for the reduction of H+. Some nonmetals however react with concentrated oxidising acids to
form the corresponding oxyacids.
For example, sulphur reacts with conc. nitric acid to give sulphuric acid.

Sulphur +  Nitric acid Sulphuric acid + Nitrogen dioxide + Water

(conc.)

 
 
 Displacement Reactions
Certain more reactive nonmetals displace less reactive nonmetals from their salt solutions.
For example, Chlorine displaces bromine from bromides and iodine from iodies.
Potassium bromide + Chlorine  Potassium chloride + Bromine
Potassium iodide + Chlorine  Potassium chloride + Iodine

USES OF SOME COMMON NONMETALS

Main uses of some common nonmetals are listed below :

Nonmetal Main Uses
Carbon In the form of diamond, it is used for making jewellery, cutting and grinding
equipments. In the form of graphite it is used for making black lead pecils, and high
temperature crucibles
Sulphur For the manufacture of gun powder, Sulphuric acid and in the vulcanization of rubber
Phosphorus For the manufacture of matchsticks, rat poison, phosphoric acid and fertilizers.
Oxygen Supporter of combustion, for respiration by living organisms.
Nitrogen For manufacturing ammonia, nitric acid etc.
Chlorine For bleaching, sterilizing water, manufacturing chlorine compounds
Hydrogen As a fuel, in oxygen-hydrogen flame used in welding
For manufacturing ammonia, hydrogen chloride, vegetable ghee by hydrogenation of
oils, and as a reducing agent.
Iodine For preparing iodised common salt , tincture iodine is used as an antiseptic.

OXIDES OF METALS AND NONMETALS

Both metals and nonmetals react with oxygen (present in the air) to form oxides. The oxides of metals and
nonmetals differ in their properties.
 Oxides of Metals
The oxides of metals are basic in nature. When dissolved in water, metal oxides give alkaline (or basic)
solution which turn red litmus blue.
For example, magnesium (Mg) burns in air to give magnesium oxide (MgO), which is basic in nature.
Oxygen Magnesium oxide
Magnesium + (from air )  (basic oxide )
Magnesium hydroxide
Magnesium oxide + Water  ( basic in nature)
turns red litmus blue
 Oxides of Nonmetals
The oxides of nonmetals are acidic in nature. When dissolved in water nonmetal oxides give acidic
give solutions which turn blue litmus red.
For example, sulphur on burning in air, gives sulphur dioxide (SO 2) which is acidic in nature.
Oxygen Sulphur dioxide
Sulphur + (from air )
 (acidic oxide)
Sulphurous acid
Sulphur dioxide + Water  (acidic in nature)
turns blue litums red
 EXERCISE # 1
 VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

Q.15 Which metal is use to wrap food items ?

Q.1 Give one example of each: metals and non-

metals.
Q.2 Name the metal, which is the best
conductor of heat and electricity.
Q.3 Name the property by which metals can be
drawn into thin wires.
Q.4 Name the gas produced, when metals react
with acids.
Q.5 What is the color of the copper sulphate
solution ?
Q.6 State the nature of oxides of non-metals.
Q.7 Which metal is stored in kerosene ?
Q.8 Name the property of the metal by which it
can be drawn into thin sheets.
Q.9 What happens when sulphur reacts with
oxygen ?
Q.10 Which non-metal catches fire, if exposed to
air ?
Q.11 Name the gas that burns with a POP sound.
Q.12 What are Displacement reactions ?
Q.13 Give one use of non-metal in our daily life.
Q.14 What are metalloids ?
 EXERCISE # 2
 SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

Q.10 What happens when dilute sulphuric acid is
poured on a zinc plate ? Write the chemical
Q.1 What happens when sulphur di-oxide reacts reaction takes
with water ? Give the chemical reaction
Q.11 What happens when magnesium ribbon is
involved.
burnt in air ?
Q.2 Why lemon pickle cannot be stored in an
Q.12 Why metals are used in making aeroplanes,
aluminium foil ? bridges, satellites etc.
Q.3 Write two important properties of metals.
Q.13 Complete the following chemical reactions.
Zn + H2SO4 
Q.4 Why copper cannot displace zinc from zinc 2Cu + H2O + CO2 
sulphate solution ?
2Fe + O2 + H2O 
Q.5 Why immersion rods for heating are made
SO2 + H2O 
up of metallic substances ?
Q.6 What happens when iron nails are dipped in Cu + HCl 
water in a test tube for a week ?  LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS


Q.7 What happens when iron reacts with Q.14 What will happen when ash of magnesium
oxygen and water ? Give the chemical
reaction involved. is dissolved in water ? Is the solution acidic

Q.8 What happens when copper vessel is or basic ? What effect does litmus show in
exposed to moist air for a long time ? Give case of oxides of metals ?
the chemical reaction that takes place.
Q.15 Explain the following terms : (i)
Q.9 Why gold is preferred in making jewellery ?
Malleability (ii) Ductility (iii) Sonorous (iv)
Lustrous (v) Metalloids.
 ANSWER KEY
EXERCISE # 1
Sol.1 Metals : Copper Sol.10 Phosphorus
Non-Metals : Sulphur Sol.11 Hydrogen gas
Sol.2 Silver Sol.12 The reactions in which more reactive
metals displace less reactive metals from
Sol.3 Ductility
their compounds in aqueous solution are
Sol.4 Hydrogen gas called displacement reaction.
Sol.5 Blue Sol.13 Chlorine is used in purification of water
Sol.6 The oxides of non-metals are acid in nature. Sol.14 Metalloids are those which posses the
character of both metals and non-metals.
Sol.7 Sodium
Sol.15 Aluminium
Sol.8 Malleability
Sol.9 Sulphur di oxide is formed.
S + O2 = SO2
 EXERCISE # 2
Sol.1 Sulphrous acid is formed. Sol.14 When ash of magnesium is dissolved in
SO2 + H2O = H2SO3 water then magnesium oxide is formed.
2Mg + O2 2MgO
Sol.2 Aluminium reacts with the citric acid
present in the lemon. The oxides of metals are basic in nature.

Sol.3 (a) Good conductors of heat and electricity. In case of metals the red litmus will turn to
blue color.
(b) Lustrous, i.e., they can shine.
Sol.15 (i) Malleability : The property of the
Sol.4 Because copper is less reactive than zinc. metals by which they can be drawn into
sheets.
Sol.5 Because metals are good conductors of
heat. (ii) Ductility : The property of the metals
by which they can drawn into thin
Sol.6 A brown layer gets deposited on the iron
wires.
nails, which is called as the rust.
(iii) Sonorous : The property of the metals
Sol.7 Iron oxide is formed and hydrogen gas is
by which they produce ringing sound
produced. The chemical reaction that takes
whe struck hard.
place is :
(iv) Lustrous : The property of the metals
2Fe + O2 + H2O Fe2O3 + H2 by which they appear to be shiny.
Sol.8 When copper vessel is exposed to moist air (v) Metalloids : Those materials that
for a long time, it acquires a dull green posses the property of both metals and
coating. The green material is a mixture of non-metals.
copper hydroxide and copper carbonate.
The following chemical reaction takes
place:
2Cu + H2O + CO2 + O2 

Cu(OH)2 + CuCO3

Sol.9 Gold is preferred in making jewellery

because gold is a lustrous metal and also
possess the property of malleability.
Sol.10 As we know that zinc is more reactive than
hydrogen, so it displaces hydrogen from
sulphuric acid and forms zinc sulphate. The
chemical reaction that takes place during
the process is given by
Zn + H2SO4 ZnSO4 + H2

Sol.11 As magnesium is a metal and we know that

when metals react with oxygen the oxide
formation takes place.
2Mg + O2 2MgO

Sol.12 Due to their hardness, metals are preferred

in making such things.