SUBJECT: FORENSIC 5

Descriptive Title: Lie Detection Techniques

INTRODUCTION

In every criminal investigation, there are three groups involved; the victim, the
witness and the suspect. Each of them presents their own version during a given specific
period of time and place subject to criminal investigation. Each endeavors to color his own
observation, experience or concoct a story tainted with lies for some personal reasons.
Because of these, it becomes the investigator’s problem to distinguish truth from falsehood
in the reconstruction and determination of the real facts concerning a crime under
investigation. Although some conclusions can be drawn from inconsistencies and
improbabilities evident in a given statements, most often, the investigator has to rely on the
external manifestation of lying discernable from the facial expressions and postural
reactions of his subjects. Inferences based from various symptoms observable in a subject
are, however, not always reliable criteria for detecting deception. At times, they are
consistent with a state of mere nervousness, excitement, anger, embarrassment, anguish,
fear, shock or prevailing atmospheric condition and not necessarily associated with guilty
knowledge of deception.

There is at present, available to investigators, a scientific aid in possessing

reasonable accuracy in the verification as to whether a suspect is being deceptive or
truthful. It utilizes the same principle that bodily functions of a person are influenced by his
mental state and some of the physiological changes accompanying deception are capable
of being recorded, measured and interpreted with reasonable constantly. These inner
changes are in nature, automatic, self –regulating and beyond conscious control. The
utility of this scientific aid called “POLYGRAPH” is an invaluable aid in criminal
investigation, taking into consideration that investigators, as a rule are restrained from
resorting to violence, coercion, promise of reward, immunity of leniency or employ such
other methods as may vitiate the free will of his subject in the interrogation process.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

1. POLYGRAPHY – is the scientific method of detecting deception with the use or

aid of a polygraph machine. A science which deals with the study of truth and deception
through the use of an instrument called polygraph.

2. POLYGRAPH – derived from the Greek word “Poly” which means “many or
more” and “Graphos” which means “writings”. It is device or an instrument capable of
recording changes in blood pressure, pulse rate, respiration and skin resistance as
indicative of emotional disturbance especially of lying when questioned.

3. DECEPTION – is an act of deceiving or misleading usually accomplished by

lying.

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 4. LYING – is the uttering or conveying falsehood or creating a false or misleading
impression with intention of affecting wrongfully the acts, opinion or affection of another.

5. DETECTION – is an act of discovering the existence, presence or fact of

something hidden or obscured.

6. EMOTION – is a complex state of feelings involving conscious experience,

internal and external physical responses and power to motivate the organism to action.

7. STIMULUS – a force or motion reaching the organism and excites the receptors.
It is a force that arouses the organism or any of its part to activity.

8. REACTION – any activity arouse in an organism by a stimulus. It is an action or

mental attitude evokes by an external influence.

9. RESPONSE – any activity or inhibition of previous activity of an organism or of

effect, organ or part of the organism resulting from stimulation.

10. SPECIFIC RESPONSE – is one that is exhibited by the subject to a particular

question, which is a deviation from his norm. Any deviation from the normal tracing of the
subject.

11. SUBJECT – refers to any person undergoing polygraph examination. He may

be a suspect, the complainant, the witness, the victim or relative of the victim or suspect (in
cases of criminal investigation or interrogation) or may be an aspiring job applicant (in case
of employment in government or private institution undergoing a screening through loyalty
or integrity checking.)

12. POLYGRAPH EXAMINER – refers to a person who conducts polygraph test or

administers the examination.

13. POLYGRAPH TEST – is the whole process of questioning or the taking of one
chart from a series of questioning or all of the charts and question sheets used in the test.

14. POLYGRAPH CHART/POLYGRAM or CHART/GRAPH – refers to the

recorded tracings of all the emotional patterns permanently of the charts or graphs from
series of questions.

15. FEAR – is an emotional response to specific danger that appears to be beyond

a person’s defensive power.

16. NORMAL TRACING – a tracing on the chart where in the subject answer in the
irrelevant question.

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 17. ADMISSION – self-incriminating statement falling short of an acknowledgment
of guilt.

18. CONFESSION – is the voluntary statement made by a person and given to

proper authorities wherein he acknowledge himself to be guilty of an offense and discloses
circumstances of his felonious act or of the share and participation which he had in it.

19. CIRCUMSTANTIAL EVIDENCE – series of events upon which the guilt or

innocence of a person is inferred.

KINDS OF LIES

1. White Lie or Benign Lie

This is the kind of lie; the most common of all which is intended to protect or
maintain harmony or friendship, at home, in the office or elsewhere. Example: Peter’s
denial: The distorted formulation of rules and regulations in some companies in order to
protect and secure own products from any outside competing forces.

2. Pathological Lie
This is a lie made by persons who cannot distinguish right from wrong. It must be
said that those persons are mentally sick, or of low mental caliber. In polygraphy,
impairment of the mind must be established first before conducting any lie-detector test;
otherwise the whole test will be useless. Pathological liars are among those classified as
barriers or obstacles to lie detection with the aid of the polygraph.

3. Red Lie
This involves political interests and motives because this is part communist
propaganda strategy. This is prevalent in communist countries or communist-infested
nations. Lies of this sort purport to destroy other ideologies by means of propaganda-brain-
washing and black mail via espionage and treason.

4. Black Lie
A lie which accompanies pretensions and hypocrisies, intriguing can cause dishonor
or discredit one’s good image. An example is the person who always pretends what he
thinks of himself, what kind of person he is, and what he is doing.

5. Malicious or Judicious Lie

This is a very pure and unjustifiable kind of lie. This intended purely to mislead
justice. The probable result would be “PERJURY” and pure dishonesty to obstruct justice.
Some liar lawyers and false witnesses fall under this category.

NATURE OF POLYGRAPH
 Polygraph is an instrument used for instrumental interrogation
 It does not and cannot detect lies
 It is incapable of drawing or interpreting any conclusions
 It is a sensitive machine like an X-ray that needs interpretation
 Designed and constructed to assist the expert examiner in arriving at an expert
diagnostic opinion.
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IMPORTANCE OF POLYGRAPHY AS AN AID IN CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION

 With the use of polygraph machine, it is possible to detect deception with greater
speed and accuracy.
 The polygraph machine, the test and the procedures have a decided psychological
effect in inducing confession from a guilty subject.
 By means of the scientific techniques, the innocent person are immediately
eliminated and spared from fear, embarrassment and inconveniences.
 A polygraph examination can provide evidence of honesty or dishonesty by
measuring physiological response to a carefully planned sequence of questions.
 The use and availability of the polygraph techniques will minimize the use of the
“third degree” practices particularly upon the innocent subjects.

ACCURACY OF POLYGRAPH EXAMINATION

The reliability or accuracy of the polygraph examiner’s opinion as to the honesty or

credibility of the person being examined is largely dependent on the training, qualifications,
experience and skill of the examiner.

Few, if any, experts in the field would claim 100% accuracy, however, controlled
studies shows that trained and experienced examiner normally achieve an accuracy of
over 90%. However, this estimated accuracy in a given test depends on the following
factors:
1. The subject must be in a satisfactory physical and mental condition.
2. The subject was not extensively interrogated or physically abused.
3. The qualification, training, experience and general competency of the polygraph
examiner.

EFFECTIVENESS OF THE POLYGRAPH

The effectiveness of the polygraph in recording symptoms of deception is based on

the well- established fact that a conscious mental effort on the part of a normal person
to deceive, cause involuntary physiological changes, which are in effect, a body’s
reaction to an imminent danger to its well-being.

This brought about by the stimulating effect of well-prepared questions, a truthful

answer to which may result to punishment. It is not so much the lying or guilty feeling
that alters the subject’s physiological responses, but rather, the fear of a
consequent punishment when established as deceptive. The greater the
consequences of being detected lying, the faster is the fear of detection.

The more motivation there is to deceive, the more readily the deception is detected,
as the increased fear triggers the involuntary physiological changes, some of which,
predominately the respiration and blood or pulse beats are capable of being recorded and
accurately diagnosed.

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KNOWN METHODS OF DECEPTION DETECTION

The following are the known methods of deception detection:

A. Ancient Methods

1. Red-Hot Iron Ordeal – (placing of hot iron into the tongue of suspects and guilt
is established when tongue gets blister) basis: salivary secretion; if tongue is dry, suspect
is guilty as dryness is a sign of nervousness.

2. Ordeal of balance – (by balancing of stick on the lever or by balancing through

walking on rods and ropes) basis: body incoherence and failure to balance is indicative of
guilt due to trembling and fear reaction.

3. Boiling Water Ordeal – (plunging into giant pots full of boiling water) basis:
sweating of body enhances blisters and burns; if suspects get burned, he is guilty, as guilt
is indicative due to sweating and nervousness.

4. Water Test Ordeal – (staying in the water for several “moons” and “suns”) basis:
fear reaction wears down body resistance due to nervousness and guilt is therefore noted.

5. The Smell-out Techniques – (an African method through “smelling-out of foul

odor is exhibited due to extreme fear and nervousness)

6. The Sacred Ass Ordeal – (as practiced by Hindus of India, wherein a cow or an
ass is secretly placed inside a closed room and suspects are told to enter said room one at
a time to touch the tail of the cow; if the cow would make a sound, then said suspect is
guilty).

7. Other known common practices such as:

a. rice chewing
b. palm reading
c. card reading
d. winnower and scissors
e. spirit of the glass

B. Observation Methods

Another method of detecting deception that has persisted to the present is by

observation. Most of us had experienced in our childhood how the best corrected alibis
and excuses we formulated for some misnomer were detected by our discovering mother.
They unconsciously studied and memorized expression and postural reactions since
infancy that they are capable of knowing almost all of our thinking process and
accompanying emotional manifestations associated with it. Modern society dubs it as
maternal instinct.

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 In the same manner, observation has been long practiced as a means of detecting.
Several symptomatic reactions are observable from lying persons. Vedas external
manifestations are not, however a conclusive as criteria for the establishment of guilt or
innocence as the highly nervous may also exhibit the same reactions, while those who
learn to control the muscles of their face and body may present a poker face in an attitudal
innocence.

The following facial expressions are suggestive of deception when manifested

by a criminal suspect under interrogation:

1. paling, blushing or profuse sweating on the forehead, eyebrows and chins;

2. dilation of the eyes, protrusion of the eyeball, elevation of the upper eyelid;

3. twitching at the corner of the lips;

4. excessive winking, movement of the vein at the temple;

5. quivering of the nostril.

Postural reactions suggestive of deception are:

1. inability to look interrogator straight in the eyes;

2. excessive activity of the “Adam’s Apple”

3. dryness of the mouth, loud clacking can be heard every time he speaks;

4. fidgeting with the fingers, tapping or drumming on the chair;

5. swinging of one leg over the other;

6. change in the tone voice or monotone;

7. pulsation of the carotid artery of the neck;

8. exaggerated coldness, nervousness and forced laughter;

9. incoherence, trembling and sweating.

These external manifestations which are suggestive of deception had long

recognized by criminal investigator in breaking down their suspect’s morale and have been
responsible for numerous confessions.

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C. Hypnotism
 Another method of detecting deception was by hypnotism. Mesmer began this in
1778, by experimenting on the use of electromagnetism for therapeutic effects. Hypnotism
is done by instructing the subject to sit quickly and gaze at a flashing light or a shiny object
dangled before his eyes which results in the subject’s passing into a hypnotic state.

D. Word Association Test

Another early method of detecting deception is the word association test started by
Francis Galton in 1870 and later developed, modified by Mussterburg Crosland, Luria and
Dr. Jung. This is done to the subject by a long list of carefully selected stimulate words
interspersed with other relevant words with the instruction to respond the very first word
that come to the subject’s mind.

E. Truth Serum Test/Intoxication

Another method of detecting deception in present use is the “Truth Serum Test”, a
narcoanalysis. Dr. E.M. house of Ferris, Texas started this method in 1922. He
experimented with various drugs such as morphine, other chloroform, sodium amythal and
scopolamine, which are administered to produce a condition of anesthesia. The truth
serum test is best used in locating evidences or whereabouts of wanted persons rather
than obtaining confession or admission.

F. Polygraph Test Technique

Another method of detecting deception is the polygraph technique which is based

upon the theory that a conscious mental effort on the part of a normal person to deceive
causes physical changes of being recorded and diagnosed.

In this method, the subject is comfortably seated on a chair, and then the blood
pressure cuff, the pneumograph tubes and the finger electrodes are attached unto his
body. With the instrument set in motion, bodily changes or responses, such as respiration,
blood pressure/pulse rates and the electrical properties of the skin or the galvanic-skin-
reflex (GSR) are recorded by the instrument. The subject is instructed to remain quite,
obey directions and answers all questions truthfully by either “Yes” or “No”.

HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE SCIENCE OF DETECTING DECEPTION

First attempt to utilize a scientific instrument in an effort to detect deception was

initiated by CESARE LOMBROSO in 1895. He published an account of several
experiments he conducted on actual criminal suspects whose truthfulness or deception he
sought to determine on the basis of the presence or absence blood pressure-pulse
changes when the suspects were questioned about the crime under investigation.

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 He used an ordinary hydrosphygmograph used and invented for medical
purposes. Since the instrument was already in existence at the time Lombroso conducted
his experiments in detecting deception. He cannot be considered as the inventor but he
must be accorded the distinction of being the first person to utilize an instrument for the
purpose of detecting lies.

In 1914, VITTORIO BENUSSI published an account of his research on respiration

as symptoms of deception. In test cases, he measured recorded respiratory tracing and
found that if the length of inspiration was divided by the length of the expiration, the ratio
was greater before telling the truth than afterwards and greater than before lying.

HAROLD E. BURTT later partially confirmed the results obtain by Benussi and
improved upon his technique. However, Burtt considered this respiratory method of less
diagnostic value than blood pressure technique.

Further experiments with blood pressure changes were conducted by WILLIAM

MOULTON MARSTON in 1915. His techniques consisted essentially of the use of an
ordinary sphygmomanometer, the same instrument used by doctors in obtaining patient’s
blood pressure. He also recorded the respiration and noted the time of the subject’s verbal
response. Marston also experimented with the galvanometer to record skin resistance and
gripping device to record tension.

In 1921, JOHN A. LARSON constructed an instrument capable of continuously

recording all three phenomena, blood pressure, pulse and respiratory tracing during the
entire period of tests. With these instruments, Larson conducted a number of tests on
criminal suspects and reported a high percentage of accuracy in his results.

LEONARD KEELER constructed a more satisfactory instrument than the one used
by Larson in 1926. Later, Keeler made additional changes in the instrument and at the time
of his death in 1949, the “Keeler Polygraph” included in addition to units for recording
blood pressure, pulse and respiratory changes, a galvanometer for recording what is
known as the galvanic skin reflex or electro dermal response (generally referred to as
GSR). Keeler is also to be credited with introducing the card test (which he used for control
purposes) and the specialized peak-of-tension test. LEONARD KEELER is accorded as
the “Father of Modern Polygraph”

In 1945, JOHN E. REID found that various forms of unobservable muscular activity,
a subject’s blood pressure could be changed in such a manner as to affect seriously the
accuracy of the examiner’s diagnosis. He then devised an instrument “Reid Polygraph” for
recording muscular activity along with changes in blood pressure, pulse and respiration
and GSR. Reid also introduced a completely revised polygraph technique, the most
significant feature of which was the utilization of a “control questions”. It is the basic
response indicator that is the core of what has become known as the “Reid Control
Question Technique”.

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THE POLYGRAPH INSTRUMENT
General Responses Recorded by a Polygraph

1. Pulse rate and blood pressure change

The pulse rate and blood pressure change impulses are received from the
subject’s bronchial artery through the blood pressure cuff. The impulses are transmitted
through the cuff tubing, pass a sphygmomanometer (pressure recording device) and
resonance control to a sensitive bellows lever system which operated a writing pen.

2. Galvanic Skin Reflex

A changing voltage drop, caused by a variation in galvanic skin resistance
between applied hand electrodes, is amplified by the DC (direct current) amplifier
contained within the lie detector set. A galvanometer recorder, connected electrically to the
amplifier, transforms the resulting unbalance into mechanical torque which energizes a
second writing pen.

3. Respiration Volume and Rate

The volume changes of the chest, caused by the breathing cycle are
transmitted by the pneumograph through its rubber hose and a vent to another bellows
lever system which moves a third writing pen.

FOUR MAJOR COMPONENTS/SECTIONS OF POLYGRAPH MACHINE

The standard polygraph machine is composed of four major components/sections namely:

1. CARDIOSPHYGMOGRAPH
This section, for years, has been considered by many in research, and also
examiners in the field, to be the most reliable in detecting deception. Certainly, from a
physiological standpoint, the production of the cardio tracing is the most delicate. However,
in this article it is confined in the technique and mechanical explanatory aspect. The basic
purpose of the cardiosphygmograph section is to record on a moving chart the following:

a. relative blood pressure

b. heart rate
c. pulse-wave amplitude

The primary components marking up the visible cardio section of the instrument are
described thus:

a. Cardio cuff band or arm wrap

b. Pump bulb assembly with control
c. Sphygmomanometer gauge
d. Vent valve
e. Resonance control knob (on most models)
f. Main pen-centering knob
g. Pen cradle
h. ink well
i. Recording pen

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2. PNEUMOGRAPH
Once thought secondary in importance as far as detecting deception, the
pneumograph has since risen to considerable prominence in dependability and accuracy.
It is simply constructed and primarily records normal respiratory patterns and variations
from normal.

The pneumograph is easy to adjust and generally trouble free. Its basic visible
components are described briefly as follows:

a. Corrugated rubber tube containing an elastic band inside, with rubber tubing
connected to the instrument and a chain attached to secure the tube about the subject’s
chest;
b. A vent for opening and closing the system;
c. Main centering knob;
d. Ink well and pen fork;
e. Pneumograph pen

3. GALVANOGRAPH
The galvanograph section is probably one of the most controversial units of the
polygraph instrument. It is, certainly the most contradictory, as far as many examiners are
concerned. In some scientific research experiments, galvo results have been ascertained
to be extremely accurate. In others, and probably for most part, galvo tracing are affected
by so many types of external and internal phenomena that no domestic efficiency
statement can as yet be termed conclusive. Common theories of what the galvanograph
measures are listed below:

a. increased flow of perspiration

b. changes in sweat glands activity
c. changes in temperature of the capillaries
d. changes in oxygenation
e. polarization of skin tissue
f. change in body homeostasis

The galvanograph is an electrical system based on two fundamental forces that are
the wonders of electronics: (a) electrical force and (b) magnetic force. The application
thereof is directed from Ohm’s law, which it is stated that the current in an electric circuit is
proportional to the voltage and inversely proportional to the resistance. Primary visible
components making up the galvo section are:

a. hand electrodes (or finger clips)

b. master control switch
c. sensitivity (reactivity) control dial
d. ink well and pen fork
e. balance control knob
f. galvo pen
g. manual and self-centering switch

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4. KYMOGRAPH (Motor Drive)
Without this unit, all else would be of no avail. The Kymograph contains a small
house motor assembly of about 120 volts and 60 cycles. Its purpose is chart drive; its
function is move the chart paper a uniform speed under the pens at a standard testing
speed of 6 inches per minute.

The motor, on most instruments, is built somewhat like a clock, but with a great deal
more power. It is a synchronous motor and its speed will not vary regardless of the line
voltage. Its speed governed by the electrical frequency and the motor is permanently oiled.
On most instruments, the assembly is roller teeth that fit holes in the chart paper. The
sprocket pulls the chart paper under the recording pens.

BARRIERS/LIMITATIONS OF POLYGRAPH

1. It is an invaluable investigative aid, but never a substitute for an investigation.

2. It is not a lie detector, but it is a scientific diagnostic instrument.
3. It does not determine facts, it records responses to that the subject knows to be
true.
4. It is only as accurate as the examiner is competent.
5. The test will not be given until enough facts of the case have been established to
permit the examiner to prepare complete sets of suitable questions.
6. The test will not be given without voluntary consent of the subject.
7. No indications will be given to any person to be considered guilty because he
refused to take the test.
8. The test will not be given until the accusations have been explained to the
subject.
9. No attempt to use polygraph for mental or physical evaluation of any person.
10. No examination can be conducted to an unfit subject.

FOUR PHASES INVOLVED IN THE CONDUCT OF A POLGRAPH TEST

A. Initial Interview with the Investigator or Person Requesting the Examination

This includes the following:

1. Sworn Statement of suspects, witness, victim and complainant.

2. Incident or Spot Report
3. BI of suspects, witness, victim and complainant
4. Rough sketch or pictures of the crime scene and other facts such as:
a. unpublicized facts of the offense known only to the victim, the investigator
and the offender;
b. specific articles or exact amounts of money stolen;
c. exact time and place of the offense;
d. peculiar aspects of the offense or any strange or obscene acts committed
at the scene;
e. known facts about a suspect’s actions or movements immediately
preceding or after the incident;

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 f. facts indicating a connection between suspects, victim and witnesses
especially when they deny any connection.
g. exact type of firearm, weapon or tool used;
h. results of laboratory tests if any.

B. Pre-test with the person to be examined

Before any polygraph test is administered, pre-test interview is first conducted to

condition the subject psychologically for the test. During this period, the subject is
appraised of his constitutional rights against self-incrimination and his written consent that
must be freely and voluntary given is taken. This is followed by the taking of his personal
data and an explanation of test procedure. The primary purpose of the pre-test interview is
to prepare the subject for the test.

C. Conduct of the instrumental test with the asking of a prepared list of questions
previously reviewed with the subject

After the pre-test interview, the examiner should proceed to place the attachment of
polygraph components to the subject. Review all the questions being prepared with the
subject and determine his answer for every question asked. The examiner should
discourage any lengthy comments or statements by the subject respecting the matter or
incident under investigation. Any movement of the body of the subject during the test will
affect the tracing results on the chart paper. The answer of the subject to all questions is
limited by “Yes or No” in order to avoid distortion on the chart tracings.

D. Post-test Interview with the person examined.

This phase includes all consideration that bear on examination just after the
instrument is turn off. If the polygraph test indicates deception, the examiner will then
proceed to conduct interrogation. The purpose of which is to obtain confession or
admission of an offense. However, if the polygraph result indicated the subject is innocent,
the examiner just releases the subject cordially and thanks him for his cooperation from
the test. Just say “thank you for your cooperation”.

TEST PROCEDURE

1. Objectives of the Test:

a. ascertain if a person is telling the truth by verifying statement or comparing
conflict statements;
b. obtain additional investigative leads to the facts of the offense;
c. locate fruits or tools of crime or whereabouts of wanted persons;
d. identify other persons involved.

2. Requirements of an ideal examination room:

a. it must be spacious for two persons. (if 3rd person is needed);
b. it must be well ventilated;
c. it must be well lighted;

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 d. it must not be decorated, so it will not distract the attention of the subject;
e. 90% sound proof.

3. General Rules in Question Formulation:

a. questions must be simple and direct;
b. they must not involve legal terminologies such as rape, murder, assault, killed,
etc.
c. they must be answerable by YES or NO and should as short as possible;
d. their meaning must be phrased in a language the subject can easily understand;
e. they must not be in the form of accusation;
f. all questions must refer to one offense only;
g. they must not contain inferences to one’s religion, race or belief.

4. Two Types of Questions:

a. Irrelevant Questions – are those that do not relate to the matter under
investigation, and deals with a known fact about which the subject cannot lie. It is design to
absorb the initial response as to the question sequence starts, and should produce little or
no emotional change in the subject. It is generally utilized for the establishment of the
subject’s norm, an area for relief and a place to make necessary mechanical adjustment of
the tracing.

Emotions, such as fear, anger and apprehension tend to change the effort of the
body’s blood pressure to seek its normal flow.

This is the result of relevant questions particularly if the thought control center in the
brain decides a question can or will be harmful in some way to that body. The purpose,
therefore, of the irrelevant questions are:

1. to determine normal tracing of the subject;

2. re-establish subject’s physiological norm plus excitement level. (use to re-balance
the examinee)
3. reduce excitement level and tend to permit a return to physiological norm as well
as to pattern a base line on the chart without the examiner having to resort to mechanical
adjustment. (establish a base line for the subject)

b. Relevant Questions (Primary or Key Questions) – are those direct questions

having intense and specific relationship to the crime or problem under investigation to
include some secondary element such as guilty knowledge or involvement.

The relevant questions are designed especially to produce an emotional response

in persons attempting deception.

Categories of Relevant Questions:

1. Weak Relevant or Secondary Questions – it is concern with the secondary

element of the offense or crime and deals mostly on guilty knowledge and parties involved.

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Example: Between 9:00-10:00 p.m., January 31, 2021, were inside the house of Miss
Kathrene Santos?

2. Strong Relevant – it is a verbal stimulus of primary importance projected in form

of question that overcomes the psychological excitement level that causes the three major
components tracing change from the subject’s physiological norm. it is designed and
constructed to test for direct involvement only and specifically designed to produce
emotional response in guilty subject.
Example: Were you really the one who sexually abused Miss Kathrene Santos?

3. Control Questions – it is designed to produce a response in the innocent

subject and serves as basis for evaluating the subject’s perceptual set. They are unrelated
to the matters under investigation but are similar nature though less serious and question
to which the subject were in all probability lie or at least his answers will give him some
concern with respect to their truth or accuracy.
Example: Have you ever engaged in any unnatural sexual act with a female?

4. Evidence Connecting Questions – it is design to stimulate the lying subject and

focus his attention on the probability of incriminating proof that would tend to establish his
guilt. In formulating question, the examiner must secure information from the investigator
as to whether or not fingerprints, footprints, tools or other evidence were collected from the
crime scene. A respective of whether or not the evidence were identified such is known to
the subject, the examiner proceeds in asking the questions.
Example: Were the fingerprints lifted on top of the table inside the house of Miss Kathrene
Santos, yours?

5. Knowledge Questions – it is designed to probe whether the subject possesses

information regarding the identity of the offender.
Example: Do you know for sure who sexually abused Miss Kathrene Santos?

6. Secondary Questions – deals only with the activity of the subject.

Example: Have you ever violated any laws of the land?

5. Two Types of Test:

a. General Question Test – the general question test consist of a series of relevant
and irrelevant questions asked in a plan order. In general, questions are so arranged so as
to make possible a comparison of responses to relevant questions with a subject’s norm
made during the answering of irrelevant questions. An example of this type of test is:

1. Have you ever been called by the name Fred? (irrelevant)

2. Is today Friday? (irrelevant)
3. Do you have anything to do with the robbery at South Seas Mall last night?
(relevant)
4. Were you one of those who robbed the South Seas Mall last night? (relevant)

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 5. Are you over twenty years of age? (irrelevant)
6. Do you know if any of the fingerprints found at South Seas Mall is yours?
(relevant)
7. Do you drink water? (irrelevant)
8. Do you know of anyone involved in the robbery at South Seas Mall last night?
(relevant)
9. Are you deliberately concealing any guilty knowledge about the robbery at South
Seas Mall? (relevant)
10. Do you smoke? (irrelevant)
11. Have you deliberately lied to any questions I have asked you? (relevant)

Because of the limited room to react, this technique is already less use today. The
Modified General Questions Test (MGQT) replaced this technique.

The MGQT is the modification of the General Question Test so as to provide a

wider response room for the subject. Aside from the relevant and irrelevant questions,
control question was added. In this type of question technique only the control questions
and relevant questions are compared. And the relevant question is the only one scored.

In this type of question technique, the 2 nd question is always the sacrifice relevant
question. Example: “Do you intend to answer truthfully each question about the robbery at
South Seas Mall “? The 3rd question is usually a question that is subtle although a relevant
question. For example: “Do you have anything to do with the robbery at South Seas Mall
last night?” The 5th question is usually the strongest type of question. Example: “Did you
rob South Seas Mall last night”? The 8 th question is a knowledge type question. Example:
Are there other individuals present when you robbed the South Seas Mall last night”?

In this type of question technique, #1, 2, 4,7 irrelevant questions should be used.
#3, 5, 8, 9 are relevant questions. #6 & 10 are control questions. The 3 rd question is
usually a question that is subtle or weak relevant question. The 5 th question is usually the
strongest type of question. The 8 th question is an evidence connecting question and the 9 th
is knowledge type of question.

b. Peak of Tension Test – this valid test is only made possible when there is no
widespread publicity about a crime where intimate details as to the method of commission
or certain facts of the case is known only by the guilty perpetrator aside from the victim and
the investigator. Questions formulated are similar in nature and construction, only one of
which is true and the perpetrator who would naturally be in possession of such
unpublicized knowledge, will usually exhibit a rise in the tracing up to that particular
question followed by a decline thereafter, caused by the relief knowing that a dreaded
question dangerous to his well-being, is past.

The subject may be given this test if he is not yet informed of the details of the
offense for which he is or from other sources like print media. The examiner will prepare
several questions, about seven and one of them has a specific bearing on the matter
under investigation.

15
 The specific question must refer to some details of the incident which could not
have been known to the subject. A truthful subject, not aware of any question referable to
the subject investigation, will respond by not building up tension. However, when the
question which refers to a detail of the incident is asked, a guilty subject will develop a
“peak of tension” which will be recorded in the tracing. It is answerable by “No” only. An
example of question in this type of test would be:

1. Do you know whether the stolen watch from Fred is a Boluva? (introductory
phrase plus padding question)
2. Is it an Elgin? (padding)
3. Is it a Colorado? (padding)
4. Is it a Longine? (padding)
5. Is it a Rolex? (padding)
6. Is it a Timex? (padding)
7. Is it a Rado? (padding)

Two Types of Peak of Tension Test

1. Known Solution Peak of Tension Test (Guilty Knowledge)

In this type of test, the examiner knows and controls the position of the
crucial question. A polygraph test format was developed by John Reid.

2. Searching or Probing Peak of Tension Test

In this type of test, the examiner does not know and control of the position of
the crucial question. The main purpose of the examiner is to probe the possible facts of the
case. This is called peak of tension because questions or types of questions asked will put
subject in a psychological peak. It is advisable to use padding questions at the beginning
and ending of this test.

SELECTION OF THE TEST SUBJECT

Certain mental and physical conditions influence suitability of a person to the test
and may adversely affect his recorded reactions. The polygraph examiner decides whether
or not a person is fit to take the test.

1. Permanent physical illness such as mental derangement, certain heart condition,

breathing disorder and addiction to narcotic drugs are definite causes that makes a person
unfit for a polygraph test.

2. Temporary illness and conditions such as sickness, injury, pain, physical or

mental fatigue, colds, cough, fever, allergies, emotional condition, improper treatment
during detention and influences of sedatives or liquor are causes for deferment of the test
until such time the subject regains his ordinary physical condition.

16
 3. Treatment of the subject before being asked to take or while awaiting test affects
the success of the examination. Prolonged interrogation with constant accusation directed
against the subject may condition him to react falsely to the test, or may result to a flat
emotionless chart.

4. A person’s daily habit should not be upset more than necessary. Long delay
should be avoided.

CHART MARKINGS

Through the proper use of test graph marking will be able to evaluate the result of
polygraph chart and without marking, it is impossible to evaluate the chart to arrive at any
conclusion. The tracings have no meaning unless you know what occurred at its point
throughout the chart.

SIGNS AND SYMBOLS IN CHART MARKING

To facilitate evaluation and interpretation of test, chart markings are made with the
use of signs and symbols on the chart.

X/60/1.5A = first marking of the examiner on the chart

XX/60/1.5A = marking after the test
X = start of the test
XX = end of the test
60 = millimeter of mercury shown in sphygmo dial
1.5 = ohms of skin electrical resistance sensitivity
A or M = refers to automatic or manual galvo amplifier
+ = Yes answer to question
-- = No answer to question
M = movement
M> = movement to right
M< = movement to left
T = subject talk
TI = talking instruction
C = coughing
N = noise
S = sigh
L = laugh and chuckle
Y = yawn
B = burp or belch
A = downward adjustment of galvo pen
V = upward adjustment of galvo pen
PJ = paper jump
CT = clearing throat
SN = sniff
SZ = sneeze

17
 BI = breathing instruction
DB = deep breathing
IS = ink stop
MI = movement instruction
OS = outside stimulus
M- - - - - - M = prolong movement

CHART INTERPRETATION

The accuracy of instrumental detection of deception is dependent upon the

examiner’s ability to diagnose truth or deception by reading and interpreting a subject’s
chart. The polygraph chart is composite record of the pneumograph, cardiograph and
galvanograph tracings from a series of questions. The chart is ruled vertically to represent
time element at an interval of either 5 seconds or 10 seconds division, or a horizontal line
in fractions of ¼ inch for amplitude measurements.

The pneumograph tracing normally found at the top of the chart, is a record of a
subject’s respiratory action during the questioning process and is classified as normal or
abnormal. The pneumograph patterns consists inhalation and exhalation strokes with
normal amplitude from ½ to ¾ inches. The normal cyclic rate is from 13 to 18 breaths per
minute and may vary in persons of exceptional physical build, condition or respiratory
defect. The classification of abnormal is generally applied to those patterns that deviate
from the norm established by the individual.

GENERAL RULES TO BE FOLLOWED IN CHART INTERPRETATION

1. There must be a specific response;

2. To be specific, it must be form a deviation from the norm of the subject;
3. It must appear in at least two or more charts; and
4. The best indications of deception are the simultaneous appearance of specific
responses in the pneumograph, galvanograph and cardiosphygmograph tracings on the
chart.

Descriptive types of breathing:

 Normal
 Rapid
 Slow
 Shallow
 Deep
 Serrated inhalation/exhalation or both
 Deviation caused by coughing and mechanics of answering

18
Pnuemograph changes from individual norm which may be considered indicative of
deception:

 Change in rhythm or regularity

 Change in amplitude or volume
 Change in inhalation/exhalation ratio
 Notched or serrated inhalation/exhalation strokes
 Change of baseline
 Hyperventilation
 Suppression
 Respiratory block

Galvanograph tracings which may be indicative of deception:

 Vertical rise at point of deception

 Double saddle response
 Long duration and/or degree of response following point of deception(change of
galvanic activity)
 Plunging galvo tracing

Cardiograph tracings taking the form of specific response indicative of deception:

 Increase or decrease in blood pressure

 Increase or decrease in pulse rate
 Increase or decrease in amplitude
 Change in position or disappearance of dicrotic notch
 Extra systoles (premature contraction of an auricle or ventricle while fundamental
rhythm of the heart is maintain)

POLYGRAPH INTERROGATION

The instrument and the polygraph technique and procedure have a very strong
psychological set upon a guilty suspect in inducing him to confess. Confessions are
sometimes given at the mere suggestion of the test, upon seeing the instrument, after
attachment to the instrument but before actual test has commenced, and other
immediately after the test was terminated. Some were given without any word of
inducement from the examiner, while others after the examiner pointed out the different
indices of deception.

Two opposing line of thought are in the mind of every lying suspect; an innate urge
to tell the truth, to confess for mental relief and comfort; counterbalanced by the
desire to avoid the legal consequence of a crime. This factor have been utilized by the
interrogation proceed throughout the test.

19
A. Photography

1. Literal definition:
The word photography is a derivative of two Greek wo evokes by an external
influence.rds phos which means “light” and graphia meaning “write”. Therefore
photography best translates to “write with light”. (Herschel 1839).

2. Modern definition:
Photography is an art or science which deals with the reproduction of images
through the action of light, upon sensitized materials, with the aid of a camera and its
accessories, and the chemical processes involved therein. (Aquino 1972).

3. Technical/Legal definition:
Modern photography may be defined as any means for the chemical,
thermal, electrical or electronic recording of the images of scenes, or objects formed by
some type of radiant energy, including gamma rays, X-rays, ultra-violet rays, visible light
and infrared rays. This definition is broad enough to include not only the conventional
methods of photography but almost any new process that may be developed. (Scott 1975).

B. Police Photography

Police Photography is an art or science which deals with the study of the principles
of photography, the preparation of photographic evidence, and its application to police
work. (Aquino 1972).

C. Forensic Photography

It is an art or science of photographically documenting a crime scene and evidence

for laboratory examination and analysis for purposes of court trial. (Redsicker 2001).

HISTORICAL EVOLUTION OF FORENSIC PHOTOGRAPHY

A. The Basic Components of Photography

1. Light (the days of creation)

“In the beginning, God created the heavens and the earth. Now the earth was
formless and empty, darkness was over the surface of the deep, and the spirit of God was
hovering over the waters.
 And God said, “Let there be light” and there was light. God saw the light was good,
and He separated the light from the darkness. God called the light “day”, and the darkness
He called “night”. And there was evening, and there was morning- the first day. (Genesis,
chapter 1, verses 1-3)

2. Equipment (1700)
The portable camera obscura (Latin for dark chamber) was used by artist or
painters to get accurate perspective of natural scene and scale of their subjects.

3. Chemicals (1726 – 1777)

Light sensitivity of silver nitrate and silver chloride solution was discovered and
investigated. In 1800, Thomas Wedgewood and Humphey Davy produced photograms.

B. True Photography

1839 is generally known as the birth year of photography. William Henry Fox
Talbot explained a process he had invented (calotype) at the Royal Society of London.

The “Calotype” used paper with its surface fibers impregnated with light sensitive
compounds.

Louis Jacques Mande Daguerre made a public demonstration in Paris

“Daguerreotype” in collaboration with Joseph Nicephore Niepce.

The “Daguerreotype” formed and image directly on the silver surface of a metal
plate.

With Talbots “calotype,” the fixation was only partial while Daguerre’s
Daguerreotypes, images were made permanent with the use of hypo.

1848 – Abel Niepce de Saint-Victor introduced process of negatives on glass using

albumen (egg white) as binding medium.

1850 – Louis Desirie Blanquart-Evard introduced a printing paper coated with

albumen to achieve a glossy surface.

1851 – Frederick Scott Archer published a “wet plate” process when colldion – a
viscous liquid that dries to a tough flexible and transparent film-replaced albumen.

1855 – Gelatin emulsion printing paper was commercially introduced based films in
1889.
During this time, the cameras were crude; the lenses could not form a true image;
and the sensitive materials required long exposures and could not reproduce colors in
shades of gray.

It was in 1856 when John F.W. Herschel coined the word “photography”.

1861 – James Clark Maxwell researched on colors.

 1890 – Full correct lenses were introduced.

1906 – a plate was placed on the market that could reproduce all colors in
equivalent shades of gray.

1907 – Lummiere color process was introduced, a panchromatic film was used but
with blue, green and red filter.

1914 – U.S. Eastman Kodak made a color subtractive process called Kodachrome.

1935 – color process came out together with electronic flash.

1947 – Edwin H. Land introduced “Polaroid” the one step photography.

1960 – LASER was invented making possible Holograms (three dimensional

pictures).

1988 – the arrival of true digital cameras.

The first true digital camera that recorded images as a computerized file was likely
the Fuji DS-1P of 1988, which recorded to a 16 MB internal memory card that used a
battery to keep the data in memory. This camera was never marketed in the USA. The first
commercially available digital camera was the 1992 Kodak DCS-100. It used a 1.3
megapixel sensor and was priced at $13,000. The first consumer camera with a Liquid
Crystal Display (LCD) on the back was the Casio QV-10 in 1995 and the first camera to
use compact flash was the Kodak DC-25 in 1996. In 1999, the Nikon D1, a 2.74 megapixel
camera was the first digital SLR with a price of under $6,000. This camera also used Nikon
F-mount lenses which meant that film based photographers could use the same lenses
they already own. In 2003, Canon introduced the 300D camera also known as digital rebel,
a 6 megapixel and the first DSLR priced under $1,000 to consumers.

C. Criminal Applications

The history of forensic science and criminal investigation is both rich and exciting.
The discoveries and observations of our predecessors is likewise surprising and
comforting. The great men and women who paved a path of enlightenment in crime
investigation continue to teach us long after their deaths. These are the aspirations that we
should aspire to endow. We are fortunate to work in a profession with a strong foundation
and a bright and seemingly endless future. (Thomas W. Adir, Editor “The Scene”)
 In an age of electronic communication, paper documents and signatures,
handwritten with ink are still in the way most business is transacted. We find civil and
criminal cases, domestic and business dispute and other controversies hinged on alleged
irregularity in checks, wills, contract, insurance policies, deeds and other questioned
documents. These are what we termed as non-violent and more subtle means and product
of crime.

They do not bruise, cut or shed blood, but they result to stealing and sometimes
threaten our security much more than the use of guns, knives and pry bars. These non-
violent and subtle means of committing crime is referred to pieces of paper which when
scrutinized, attacked or questioned under legal process are termed in forensic business as
QUESTIONED DOCUMENT. This is the realm of the forensic document examiner.

The term “QUESTIONED DOCUMENT” is often given a meaning as “any

signature, handwriting, typewriting or other marks, whose source or authority is in dispute
or doubtful”. In many departments of law enforcement which operate identification and
detection laboratories, documents examinations represent largest single category of
scientific examination.

Q.D.E. or QUESTIONED DOCUMENTS EXAMINATION is a profession since 1870

and frequently found in cases of forgery, counterfeiting, mail fraud, kidnapping, con games,
embezzlement, gambling, organized crime, white collar crime, art crime, theft, robbery ,
arson, burglary, homicide, serial murder, psychological profiling and deviant sex crimes.

A document examiner analyzes any questioned document and he is capable of

analyzing more than just question of authorship. Included in his capabilities as document
examiner are tasks requiring examination and determination of forged signature,
typewriting identification, computer printouts verification examination of disputed
documents as to the question of the paper ink and writing instrument used, alterations in
documents and many more.

A document examiner serves as an EXPERT WITNESS using variety of scientific

processes and methods in the course of his tasks. He presents his opinion as an expert
witness in the court of law, with regards to the document that has been examined. And
expert opinion of an expert witness need not be based on absolute certainty. The most
common “conclusion” given by an expert witness are really “qualified opinions”.
Needless to say, the result of a questioned document examination is opinionated in
nature.

An expert witness shall observe fairness and impartiality as his guiding principle in
performing his task. He shall be witness within the limits of science for he has no victim to
avenge, no guilty or innocent person to ruin. His main concern must be focused only at the
documents submitted for examination and should remain a man of science.

PRELIMINARIES

Q.D.E. or Questioned Document Examination is the domain primarily of the

Philippine National Police (PNP) Crime Laboratory, specifically by the Criminalistics
Division although other government agencies such as the National Bureau of Investigation
(NBI) and Licensed Criminologists can also perform the examination, provided that
criminologists practice their profession and are certified to have gained training,
experience and specialization in questioned document examination field.

All cases of questioned documents are received by the PNP Crime Laboratory or
the NBI Crime Laboratory for examination as per request by other law enforcement
agencies, government investigative bodies, or by any private individual.

THE PNP CRIME LABORATORY MISSION

The Criminalistics Laboratory provides scientific method of investigation and other

technical support to the PNP and other government investigative agencies through field
work, forensic laboratory service, criminalistics training and research.

THE PNP CRIME LABORATORY FUNCTIONS

 Conducts forensic examination of all physical evidence

 Conducts forensic research and training in criminalistics
 Provides expert testimony in court
 Performs other related functions as directed by higher authorities

The Questioned Document Division is oftentimes referred to as Q.D. in popular

media, which conducts examination of questioned documents. It operates under the PNP
Criminalistics Section with the following crime laboratory functions:

 Examination of Questioned Signatures such as those appearing in deed

of sale, receipts, marriage contracts, land titles, etc.
 Handwriting Identification. Identifies authorship in anonymous letter,
ransom notes, threat letters, alleged suicide note, poison letter.
 Examination of documents suspected to have been altered/erased.
 Decipherment of secret writings.
 Examination of sequence of entry.
 Paper and ink comparison.
 Typewriting identification/computer prints identification
 Examination of counterfeit documents such as: peso and dollar bills or
other foreign currencies, passports, stamps, labels, crown of different products, money
coins.
 Conducts lectures to PNP, AFP and other government agencies
 Conducts field laboratory works
 Conducts court duties

THE QD MISSION OF THE CRIMINALISTICS DIVISION

Assist the investigating agencies of the government in matters pertaining to
Questioned Documents.

THE QD OBJECTIVES

 To serve as legal basis in conducting examination

 To ensure scientific and systematic comparison of questioned documents
with the submitted standard documents.
QDE or Questioned Document Examination is known by many names, including:

 Forensic Document Examination

 Document Examination
 Diplomatic
 Handwriting Examination
 Handwriting Analysis

THE FIVE SUBJECT MATTERS IN Q.D.E.

The study of Q.D.E. includes a broad scope of subject matters. For purposes of
classroom instruction and students’ learning processes, the scope of the study shall limit to
five subject matters only, and these are:

 Signature Identification (Forgery)

 Handwriting Identification
 Typewriting Identification and computer prints verification
 Alterations
 Counterfeit and other Miscellaneous Document Examination

In learning these five subject matters in QDE, what do we hope to know in:

Signature Identification?
 Whether the signature is simple or spurious forgery
 Traced forgery
 Simulated or freehand imitation
 Genuine, authentic, known signature

Handwriting Identification?
 Whether the questioned and standard specimen of handwriting in question
has similarity in handwriting style-block style, cursive writing or script writing.
 Whether the handwriting was written by one and same person or written by
another person.

Typewritten/Computerized Documents?
 Whether size and spacing in questioned and standard exemplars are similar
or not, including the type style.
 Whether they possess the same unique identifying characteristics
 Determine origin of databases, ink databases, copy toner databases, paper
databases, watermarks, computers and computer printouts of the questioned and standard
computer exemplars.

Alterations?
 Determine whether or not the changes were made through erasures,
obliterations, intercalation, interlineations, substitution, etc.
 Whether alterations were done during the preparation of the document or
after the execution of the document.
 Whether a different ink or paper was used in altering the document.

Counterfeiting?
  Determine the workmanship of each denomination as to whether it is genuine
or counterfeit.
 Familiarize basic features of bank notes and coins.

In examining questioned or disputed documents, the examiner does not only

depend upon his own experience and capabilities, but rather should employ scientific tools,
apparatus and equipment that would aid him/her in his tasks for better and sound results.
The following are the recommended tools, equipment and apparatus that can help the
examiner in his thorough examination of the data:

APPARATUS/EQUIPMENT FOR QD EXAMINATION

- Stereoscopic Microscope - Ultra violet lamp

- Hand lens - Transmitted light
- Shadowgraph machine - Paper cutter
- Compound Microscope - Photo enlarger
- Oblique light - Forensic comparator
- Micrometer caliper - Photopaper dryer
- Typewriter test plate - Camera with macro lens
- Handwriting protractor - Infra-red image converter

- Video Spectral Comparator (VSC)

- Forensic Optical Comparator
- Electrostatic Detection Apparatus (ESDA)
- COMMON TOOL - - - - - - Excellent Eyesight

MATERIALS FROM WHICH DOCUMENTS ARE MADE

Documents are generally prepared with the combination of the following three
elements:
 Paper
 Ink
 Writing Instrument

PAPER. The earliest form of material on which writing was placed were the skins of
animals called “parchment or vellum”. The word paper comes from papyrus, a grass-
like plant found in Egypt. The inside of a grass-like plant was sliced into layers and were
beaten and pressed together into sheets. Letters dated A.D. 874 have been found in Egypt
and the oldest manuscript in England were scripted on cotton paper in the year 1049 A.D.
In 1800, straw was used as paper. It is of common knowledge and belief that paper was
invented by the Chinese more than 2,000 years ago. Coincidentally, the invention and
manufacture of quality iron-tannin ink is contemporary with the spread of paper-making in
Europe. Both were complementary in the aspects of invention and manufacture.

Examples of paper to which writings are placed are as follows:

 Writing paper pads (common paper)
 Carbon paper, heavily coated with waxy layer which hold sufficient coloring
matter to give clearly defined transferred impression in use;
 Safety paper, paper which have been treated in such a way as to minimize
the chances of a successful forgery by erasure;
  Bond papers, commonly used in typing and writing documents; and
 Stationaries, colored and perfumed, commonly used for special letters

INK. Some authorities consider that the earliest ink was a form of vegetable varnish.
Undoubtedly, the oldest type of ink was invented by the Chinese thousands of years ago.
The Chinese were given no credit for its invention in the name by which it is commonly
known – Indian Ink (consisting of amorphous carbon in the form of lamp-black made into a
cake with hide glue).

The following are some classes of inks:

 Printing ink – made by grinding carbon in the form of vegetable char with a
varnish made of natural gums and drying oils.

 Canceling ink – often contains carbon and this fact should be borne in mind
when it is required to decipher faint cancellation marks on postage stamps or wrappers.

 Iron-tannin ink – discovered in a way that when soluble salts of iron were
mixed with extracts from vegetable materials such as tan bark and nut-galls, which were
already in use for tanning hide. This dark liquid was found to be more suitable for use with
the contemporary invented type of pen, the “quill”.

 Record ink – this is the term applied to ink of high quality which are assured
of long life under reasonable conditions of storage of the document.

Following the recommendations of Schuttig and Neumann, it is laid down in most

government specifications that a record ink should contain between 0.5 to 0.6 percent of
iron with the minimum concentration of acid which is consistent with the good performance
of ink.

 Fountain pen ink – a record ink which contains about half the normal
concentration of iron compounds, but an increased proportion of dyestuff.

 Colored inks – synthetic dyestuff from the basis of practically all colored inks
whether intended for use in fountain pens or not.
 Copying ink – is substantially a concentrated record ink to which has been
added chemicals such as glycerin or dextrin.

 Logwood ink – formerly in extensive use but rarely encountered today.

About 80 percent of writing ink is dyestuff ink, the remainder being iron-tannin ink.

 Hectograph ink – consist of a layer of either a gelatin glycerol mixture of

special clay. The document to be copied is heavily written with a special ink which consist
of a suitable dyestuff mixed with glucose, glycerol or a glycol, whose function is to assist
the transfer of the ink. When the document is placed face down the gelatin or clay surface,
some of the dye is absorbed by it. When the document is replaced by a sheet of absorbent
paper, some of the dye stuff migrates from gelatin to the paper to form a copy of the
original.
  Stamp-pad inks – these inks are very similar to hectograph inks except that
they are heavily loaded with humectants, such as glycerol or glycol, which prevent the pad
from drying up. Some of the quick-drying stamp-pad inks contains solvents such as
acetone, methyl alcohol or ethyl acetate.

 Ball-point inks – the success of the ball point pen has been bound with the
provision of suitable inks.

 Liquid-lead pencil ink – is an ordinary ball point pen with a fluid containing
finely divided carbon substituted for the usual dyestuff containing ink.

WRITING INSTRUMENT – Paper and ink do not compose a document unless

some symbols, markings or writings are imprinted therein. The instrument used to form
marks or symbols on a paper is known as the writing instrument.

Today, there are variety of writing instruments found in the market such as ball point
pen, fountain pen, sign pens, pencils or even markers but, the earliest writing instruments
are the following:

 Roman Beaver

 The Goose-Quill of our great grandfathers

 The Reed Pen (still used in the Orient)

 The Steel Pen (still widely used today)

 The First Successful Fountain Pen

 The Early Type of Fountain Pen

THE APPEARANCE OF THE DOCUMENT

A document submitted for examination may appear in a variety of forms and

conditions. The following descriptions may be present in some documents:
  Folds and Creases – most documents are kept in a folded condition.
 Impressions – impressions of paper clips, stamp pads.
 Cancellation stamps – hand stamps of post office results in impressions
that may cancel some contents of the document.
 Erasures – by rubbing surface of the paper results in reducing the thickness
of the paper.
 The surface – examination of the surface of the document should be
conducted in strong daylight to detect presence of effected chemical erasures.
 Blots and Smears – blots are devised for obscuring forger’s intention to hide
rather than a manifestation of the careless use of a pen, while smears and smudges
usually result from contact with the other writings.
 Dimensions – common practice to commit forgery is by careful trimming of
the genuine size of paper of the document rather than attempt to erase.
 Perforations – slight irregularities in tearing may prove value to the
examiner.
 Adhesive stamps – stamp if examined, will sometimes reveal
unsymmetrical outline due to perforations.
 Holes and Tears – regard all holes and torn places as a suspect document
deliberately made to cover acts of forgery; e.g. a hole for fastening a sheet together.
 Wire marks and Water marks – are identifying features of a sheet of paper
introduced into the paper at a very early stage in its manufacture.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

Document – any material which contains marks, symbols or signs either visible,
partially visible or invisible which conveys meaning or message to someone. It is derived
from the Latin word “Documentum” which means “lesson” and from French word
“Docere” which means “to teach”.

Documents with visible marks, symbols or signs are practically documents whose
marks, symbols or signs are clearly seen and can be readily deciphered by the reader. All
writings, symbols, marks or signs are vividly legible to the reader.

Other documents contain partially visible marks, symbols or signs. This can be the
result of obliteration, wear and tear of the material paper, folded condition of the document
or old age of the material.

Some documents contain invisible writings on a writing material which can not be
deciphered by the reader unless there is an application of certain chemicals which can
restore the writings. The invisible writings on the document could also be the result of
using some substance as ink of the writing instrument which is known as invisible ink.

The most common method to produce an invisible ink is to mix calamansi juice,
liquid milk and brown sugar or maybe coffee and brown sugar. These substances can
produce invisible writings. To decipher the writings, heating process, or chemical reaction
in some ways can be done, or moistening or immersing the document in water.

Questioned Document – any material or any document in which some issue has
been raised or under scrutiny or has a doubtful origin.
 Translating the term into concrete example, a questioned document may either be
in the form of any signature, handwriting, typewriting or computer generated printouts,
whose source or authenticity is in dispute or doubtful. Letters, checks, driver’s license,
contracts, wills, voter registrations, passports, petitions, threatening letters, suicide notes
and lottery tickets are the most common questioned documents, although marks on doors,
walls, windows or boards would also be included by this definition.

Disputed Document – is the term given when there is an argument or controversy

on the document.

Standard (Standard Document) – these are condensed and compact set of

authentic specimen which, if adequate and proper, should contain a cross section of the
material from a known source. In handwriting, a standard consist of the known handwriting
of a person.

Exemplar – a term used by some document examiners and attorneys to

characterize known material. Standard is the older term

Holographic Document – any document completely written and signed by one

person; also known as holograph.

Reference Collection – Material compiled and organized by the document

examiner to assist him in answering special questions. Reference collections of
typewriting, check writing specimen, inks pens, pencils, and papers are frequently
maintained.

Questioned Document Examination or Q.D.E. – is a term used to refer to the act

of making a close and critical study of any document-questioned, disputed or attacked,
necessary to discover the facts about them.

During the examination of the document, various techniques which include

microscopic, visual, photographic, chemical, ultra violet, infra-red examination are utilized

Comparison – a process or act undertaken in Q.D.E. in which two or more items

are set side by side (juxta position) to weigh their identifying qualities. Comparison of
items may not only refer to visual but also the mental act in which the element of one item
is related to the counterparts of the other.

Collation – is an ordering or assembling of detailed results of critical comparison of

questioned documents; or a unified result of detailed comparison different items or forms
of information.

Opinion – is a technical term used in Q.D.E. which refers to the document

examiner’s conclusion.

Actually in court, the expert witness does not only express an opinion but
demonstrates as well the reasons for arriving at this opinion.

Natural Variation – refers to the normal or usual deviations found between

repeated specimen of any individual handwriting or in the product of any type writer.
 Natural writing – refers to any specimen of writing executed normally without any
attempt to control or alter its identifying habits and its usual quality or execution.

Forensic Document Examiner – refers to anyone who examines adequate

exemplars of documents and provides conclusions, reasons, and photographic
demonstrations in court so that the court can make its own determination in giving
appropriate decision.

KINDS OF DOCUMENT

Under the Philippine law, the following are the kinds of document:

1. Public Document – notarized by a notary public or competent public official

with solemnities required by law.

2. Official Document – issued by the government or its agents or its officers

having the authority to do so and the offices, which in accordance with their creation, they
are authorized to issue and be issued in the performance of their duties.
3. Private Document – executed by a private person without the intervention of
a notary public or of any person legally authorized, by which documents, some disposition
or agreement is proved, evidenced or set forth.

4. Commercial Document – executed in accordance with the Code of

Commerce or any Mercantile Law, containing disposition of commercial rights or
obligations.

5. Electronic Document (E-Documents) – exist only in electronic form such

as data stored in a computer, network, back-up, archive or other storage media. Examples
of documents subject to e-discovery are e-mails, voicemails, instant messages, e-
calendars, audio files, data on handheld devices, animation, metadata, graphics,
photographs, spreadsheets, websites, drawings and other types digital data.

WRITINGS WHICH DO NOT CONSTITUTE DOCUMENTS (Based on some Supreme

Court Rulings)

1. A draft of a Municipal payroll which is not yet approved by the proper authority
(people vs. Camacho, 44 Phil. 484).
2. Mere blank forms of official documents, the spaces of are not filled up (People vs.
Santiago, CA, 48 O.G. 4558)
3. Pamphlets or books which do not evidence any disposition or agreement are not
documents but are mere merchandise (People vs. Agnis, 47 Phil. 945).

CLASSES OF QUESTIONED DOCUMENTS

1. Documents with questioned signatures

2. Questioned documents alleged to have been containing fraudulent alterations

3. Questioned or disputed holographic wills.

  Holographic Will – will entirely written in the handwriting of the testator
 Notarial Will – signed by the testator acknowledge before a notary public with 3
witnesses.

4. Documents investigated on the questions of typewriting.

 With a view of ascertaining their source
 With a view of ascertaining their date
 With a view of determining whether or not they contain fraudulent alterations or
substituted pages.

5. Questioned documents on issues of their age or date.

6. Questioned documents on issues of materials used in their production.

7. Documents or writings investigated because it is alleged that they identify

some persons through handwriting.
 Anonymous and disputed letters; and
 Superscriptions, registrations and miscellaneous writings.

8. Genuine documents erroneously or fraudulently attacked.

THE FORENSIC DOCUMENT EXAMINER

One task of a forensic document examiner is to determine if a questioned item

originated from the same source as the known item(s), then presents his opinion in
court as an expert witness. A forensic document examiner examines handwritings and
signatures, typewriters, photocopiers, laser printers, fax machines, check writers, rubber
stamps, price makers, label makers, printing process, ink, pencil, alterations (additions,
erasures, obliterations, substitution, etc.), indentations, sequence of strokes and physical
matching. Other tasks include the following: (next page)

 Determining what has happened to a document;

 Determining when a document was procured; and
 Deciphering information on the document that has been obscured,
obliterated or erased

TRAITS OF A DOCUMENT EXAMINER

A document examiner should possess certain traits that would enable him /her to
function in a manner worthy of the client’s trust. His/her traits shall include:

 Excellent eyesight – required in order to see fine details of the material

he/she examines.
 Pass a form of blindness test – in order to ensure he is not suffering from
the condition of being unable to tell apart two similarly-appearing, yet different items.
 Normal color perception – in order to differentiate and avoid confusion in
color shades.
  Bachelor of Science Degree – in order to work in an objective manner
bestowing necessary biological, physical and chemical knowledge.
 Training and Apprenticeship – in order to perform with great confidence,
efficiency and effectiveness.

RESPONSIBILITIES OF A QD EXAMINER SERVING AS AN EXPERT WITNESS

A QD Examiner is responsible for proper examination of questioned and standard

specimen. He is expected to perform his task scientifically and without the influence of
parties who have interest in the case. The results of his examination shall serve as basis of
the court in giving resolution to the case hence, skills, competence, professionalism, trust
and confidence is laid upon him. The following are responsibilities of a QD Examiner who
serves as an expert witness in the courts of law:

 Strive constantly to improve professional standing – this can be done by

association with others of the same profession, keeping abreast of the literatures and by
engaging in research and development.

 Must be certain of his technical conclusion – validity of a conclusion is

affirmed by thorough examination of the data submitted for examination and additional
supporting evidence is uncovered.

 Must avoid outside influences – the document examiner must not allow
himself to be influenced by the opinion of over zealous investigators or over-anxious
clients. His conclusions must be based solely and entirely on the findings deduced from
the examination performed.

 Must be fair and impartial on the witness stand – it is his duty to present
the facts as they exist. All questions from both sides of the counsel table must be
answered accurately and without evasion. Cross-examination by opposing counsel should
be welcomed, not feared. More often than not, the competent expert can establish his
position even more firmly during cross-examination.

 Must protect the innocent – by far the most important decisions are made
in the laboratory, not in the courtroom. The examiner must never lose sight of the
important fact that he must not only work convict the guilty, but he must strive with equal
vigor to clear the innocent.

GENERAL PRINCIPLES IN QUESTIONED DOCUMENT EXAMINATION

The following principles in QDE must be noted, that:

 Documents are questioned, disputed, and attacked on many grounds for

various reasons;

 Documents should be preserved, handled and cared for in a manner that will
not impair the slightest degree of its value as evidence;
 Documents must be protected; and
 Questioned Document Examination observes phases of specific approaches
GENERAL PRINCIPLES IN THE CARE, HANDLING AND PRESERVATION OF QD

From the moment that the genuineness of the document is questioned, it should be
handled and cared for, in a manner that will not impair in the slightest degree its
evidentiary value. The exact physical condition of every part of a suspected document
should be carefully observed in detail and made a matter of definite written record and
thereafter the documents should be preserved as far as possible in exactly the same
condition as it was first suspected.

The following necessary negative direction must be observed:

1. A disputed document should not be cut, torn or in any matter mutilated in the
slightest degree;
2. It should not be touched with eraser of any kind, nor with pen, pencil or sharp
instrument of any character;
3. It should not be folded in any manner;
4. It should not be folded and unfolded;
5. It should not be wet, and except by special permission, no chemicals should be
applied to papers of the opposing party in any manner that will injure or deface them;
6. Sharp pointed dividers or measuring instruments should not be put upon a
questioned writing except with the greatest care and only by the skilled in the use of these
instruments;
7. Those examining it should not be allowed to point closely at letters or any part of it
with a pencil;
8. A direct tracing should not be made by anyone at any time; and
9. It should not be underscored with a pencil

PROTECTING THE DOCUMENTS

Documents submitted for examination must be given due protection in order to

preserve its original condition. It shall never be regarded as an ordinary piece of paper and
shall not be threatened to any damage or contamination. To give the document protection,
the following are always observed:

1. A folded document of any kind that is being investigated should be unfolded and
kept in a celluloid cover.
2. Place it between sheets of thin, transparent celluloid.

PHASES OF SCIENTIFIC APPROACHES IN Q.D.E.

Questioned document examination usually observes scientific approaches in

examining disputed writings. Although there are no specific approaches, the following are
always observed:

1. Recognition of handwriting characteristics – the process of recognizing

handwriting characteristics takes time and ability of the examiner to distinguish what are
the style and individual characteristics. Sufficient time element is required to gain
familiarization – mentally and visually, the individual characteristics of the writer.
Familiarization offers ability in distinguishing characteristics which are normal and
disguised.

2. Comparison of handwriting characteristics – in comparing questioned with the

standard exemplars, point of similarities and points of dissimilarities are noted for later
evaluation. In comparison, make allowance for the presence of natural variations in
handwriting.

In the actual process of comparison between questioned and standard writings, the
general appearance of the questioned might be likened to the general appearance of the
faked at a distance, especially if it is a case of good imitation or a well defined tracing.
The distinguishing physical characteristics or features of the imitated document can
be mistaken as the highly individualized characteristics or writing habits of a known writer
shown by his exemplars. Careful examination and determination by the examiner through
use of instrumentation shall be exercised and utilized to its fullest extent in order to avoid
confusion and dissolution.

3. Evaluation of handwriting characteristics for opinion purposes – after

comparison, evaluate or weigh the significance and number of points of similarities and
points of dissimilarities of handwriting characteristics as it will become the sole basis of
conclusion.

4. Findings/Conclusions – the examiner should offer findings or conclusions based

on the results of the examined documents together with photographic presentations.
Constitution - written instrument enacted by direct action of the people by which the
fundamental powers of the government are established, limited and defined, and by which
those powers are distributed among the several departments for their safe and useful
exercise for the benefit of the body politic. It is the fundamental law of the land.

PURPOSE OF CONSTITUTION:
 To prescribe the permanent framework of a system of government,
 To assign to several departments their respective powers and duties, and
 To establish certain first fixed principles on which government is founded.

ESSENTIAL PARTS OF THE CONSTITUTION

 1. CONSTITUTION OF LIBERTY (Articles II, III, IV, V & XII) this part sets forth
the fundamental civil and political rights of the citizens and imposing limitations on the
powers of the government.
2. CONSTITUTION OF GOVERNMENT (Articles VI to XI) this includes the
provisions outlining the organization of the government and enumerating its powers.
3. CONSTITUTION OF SOVEREIGNTY (Article XVII) this contains the
provisions pointing the mode or procedure in accordance with which formal changes in the
fundamental law of the land may be brought about.

Previous Constitutions prior to the enactment of the 1987 Philippine Constitution

 Commonwealth Constitution of 1935
 Constitution of 1973
 Freedom Constitution of 1986

The 1987 Philippine Constitution was drafted by a Constitutional Commission

(CONCOM) appointed by the late President Corazon C. Aquino through Proclamation No.
9.
Significant Features of the 1987 Philippine Constitution
The Constitution establishes the Philippines as a “Democratic and Republican
State”, where “sovereignty resides in the people and all government authority emanates
from them”.

CLASSIFICATION OF CONSTITUION
Constitutions are classified into Written and Unwritten, Evolved and Enacted &
Rigid and Flexible.

Written Constitution - when the “precepts are embodied in one document or set
of documents”.

Unwritten Constitution - “consists of rules which have been integrated into single
concrete form but scattered in various sources”. It can be found in statutes of fundamental
character, judicial decisions, commentaries of publicists, customs and traditions and
certain common law principles.
ESSENTIAL QUALITIES OF A WRITTEN CONSTITUTION

 BROAD – It covers all persons and things within the territory of the state. It
also embodies the past, to reflect the present and to anticipate the future.
 BRIEF – It confines to basic principles to be implemented with legislative
details more adjustable to change and easier to amend.
 DEFINITE – It is clear, not ambiguous and not confusing.

Evolved or Cumulative – it is the result of political evolution, not done at any

specific time but changing by accretion rather than a systematic method.

Enacted or Conventional – is formally “struck off” at a definite time and place

following a conscious or deliberate effort taken by a constituent body or ruler.
 Rigid or Un-elastic – it is rigid when it can only be amended by a “formal and
usually difficult process”.
Flexible or Elastic – can be changed by ordinary legislation.

BRANCHES OF GOVERNMENT

The government of the Philippines is composed of the three branches which are co-
equal but each is supreme in its own sphere. The essence of having three co-equal
branches is for checks and balances.

Below are the branches or departments of the Philippine Government.

EXECUTIVE BRANCH – Consists of the President and the Vice President, who are
elected by direct popular votes and serve for a term of six (6) years. The President
appoints his cabinet to help him administer the functions of the government.

LEGISLATIVE BRANCH – Consists of the Upper House (Senate) and the Lower House
(House of Representatives). The Senate President is the head of the Upper House; while
the Lower House is led by the Speaker.

JUDICIARY BRANCH – Consists of the systems of courts, with the Supreme Court as the
highest and headed by the Chief Justice.

The Doctrine of Separation of Powers

The three branches of the government are co-equal bodies, each can not intervene
in the domain of another. The legislature limits itself in making laws, the executive branch
in implementing and the judicial branch in interpreting and applying the laws. These
branches cannot delegate the powers vested or conferred to them. The rule is “potestas
delegate non delegare potest” (what is delegated cannot be delegated).

The Systems of Checks and Balances

Though the three branches of government are independent and separate with each
other, each stands to check each other and thereby balancing the power. If one branch
becomes powerful it will become tyrannical and despotic. If this happens there will be a
mockery of democracy.
 HEADSTART COLLEGE OF COTABATO
Criminology Internship Course
Main: Datu Balabaran, MB Tamontaka, Cotabato City
Annex: Japal Guiani Sr., Street, Cotabato City
Tel No. 421- 6571 / 421 – 7338

November 27, 2018

PSSUPT JOSHUA F ALEJANDRO

Regional Chief
Highway Patrol Group-ARMM
PC Hill, Cotabato City
Dear Sir:

Greetings of Peace!

Please be informed that in partial fulfillment of the BS Criminology course as

prescribed by the Commission on Higher Education (CHED), our Criminology Interns
Class “Y” 2018-2019 have to undergo an On the-Job-Training in different Law
Enforcement Agencies in this city and your sound office is unanimously chosen as one by
the HCC Criminology Department. The class is composed of Six (6) groups of which per
group have 36 members and their duty will be on a rotation basis.

In this regard, may I have the honor to request permission from your good office to
allow our Criminology Interns to undergo the above-mentioned activity from December 3,
2018 to January 25, 2019. Said interns will be required to report from 7:30 AM to 11:30
AM then 1:00 PM to 4:30 PM from Monday to Friday. Hereunder is the proposed
schedule of the OJT with corresponding group for your approval.

Duration Group

December 3-7, 2018 Group 6

December 10-14, 2018 Group 1
December 17-21, 2018 Group 2
January 7-11, 2019 Group 3
January 14-18, 2019 Group 4
January 21-15, 2019 Group 5

Furthermore, humbly request that the undersigned be furnished a copy of the

Performance Rating Report (PRR) to serve as basis in giving them grades. Attached
herewith are format of PRR and Roster of Criminology Interns for guidance and reference.

Looking forward for your favorable consideration on this matter.

Thank you and more power.

Very truly yours,

JOY B. BULOSAN, MA.Ed.

School President
 HEADSTART COLLEGE OF COTABATO
Criminology Internship Course
Main: Datu Balabaran, MB Tamontaka, Cotabato City
Annex: Japal Guiani Sr., Street, Cotabato City
Tel No. 421- 6571 / 421 – 7338

November 27, 2018

PSSUPT SAJID B HASAN

Regional Chief
Regional Crime Laboratory Office-ARMM
PC Hill, Cotabato City

Dear Sir:

Greetings of Peace!

Please be informed that in partial fulfillment of the BS Criminology course as

prescribed by the Commission on Higher Education (CHED), our Criminology Interns
Class “Y” 2018-2019 have to undergo an On the-Job-Training in different Law
Enforcement Agencies in this city and your sound office is unanimously chosen as one by
the HCC Criminology Department. The class is composed of Six (6) groups of which per
group have 36 members and their duty will be on a rotation basis.

In this regard, may I have the honor to request permission from your good office to
allow our Criminology Interns to undergo the above-mentioned activity from December 3,
2018 to January 25, 2019. Said interns will be required to report from 7:30 AM to 11:30
AM then 1:00 PM to 4:30 PM from Monday to Friday. Hereunder is the proposed
schedule of the OJT with corresponding group for your approval.

Duration Group

December 3-7, 2018 Group 5

December 10-14, 2018 Group 6
December 17-21, 2018 Group 1
January 7-11, 2019 Group 2
January 14-18, 2019 Group 3
January 21-15, 2019 Group 4

Furthermore, humbly request that the undersigned be furnished a copy of the

Performance Rating Report (PRR) to serve as basis in giving them grades. Attached
herewith are format of PRR and Roster of Criminology Interns for guidance and reference.

Looking forward for your favorable consideration on this matter.

Thank you and more power.

 Very truly yours,

JOY B. BULOSAN, MA.Ed.

School President

HEADSTART COLLEGE OF COTABATO

Criminology Internship Course
Main: Datu Balabaran, MB Tamontaka, Cotabato City
Annex: Japal Guiani Sr., Street, Cotabato City
Tel No. 421- 6571 / 421 – 7338

November 27, 2018

PSSUPT JAMES E GULMATICO

Regional Chief
Criminal Investigation and Detection Group-ARMM
PC Hill, Cotabato City

Dear Sir:

Greetings of Peace!

Please be informed that in partial fulfillment of the BS Criminology course as

prescribed by the Commission on Higher Education (CHED), our Criminology Interns
Class “Y” 2018-2019 have to undergo an On the-Job-Training in different Law
Enforcement Agencies in this city and your sound office is unanimously chosen as one by
the HCC Criminology Department. The class is composed of Six (6) groups of which per
group have 36 members and their duty will be on a rotation basis.

In this regard, may I have the honor to request permission from your good office to
allow our Criminology Interns to undergo the above-mentioned activity from December 3,
2018 to January 25, 2019. Said interns will be required to report from 7:30 AM to 11:30
AM then 1:00 PM to 4:30 PM from Monday to Friday. Hereunder is the proposed
schedule of the OJT with corresponding group for your approval.

Duration Group

December 3-7, 2018 Group 4

December 10-14, 2018 Group 5
 December 17-21, 2018 Group 6
January 7-11, 2019 Group 1
January 14-18, 2019 Group 2
January 21-15, 2019 Group 3

Furthermore, humbly request that the undersigned be furnished a copy of the

Performance Rating Report (PRR) to serve as basis in giving them grades. Attached
herewith are format of PRR and Roster of Criminology Interns for guidance and reference.

Looking forward for your favorable consideration on this matter.

Thank you and more power.

Very truly yours,

JOY B. BULOSAN, MA.Ed.

School President

HEADSTART COLLEGE OF COTABATO

Criminology Internship Course
Main: Datu Balabaran, MB Tamontaka, Cotabato City
Annex: Japal Guiani Sr., Street, Cotabato City
Tel No. 421- 6571 / 421 – 7338

November 27, 2018

J/CINSP BRIAN M SISON

Jail Warden
Cotabato City Jail
Rajah Tabunaway Boulevard
Poblacion 5, Cotabato City

Dear Sir:

Greetings of Peace!

Please be informed that in partial fulfillment of the BS Criminology course as

prescribed by the Commission on Higher Education (CHED), our Criminology Interns
Class “Y” 2018-2019 have to undergo an On the-Job-Training in different Law
Enforcement Agencies in this city and your sound office is unanimously chosen as one by
the HCC Criminology Department. The class is composed of Six (6) groups of which per
group have 36 members and their duty will be on a rotation basis.

In this regard, may I have the honor to request permission from your good office to
allow our Criminology Interns to undergo the above-mentioned activity from December 3,
2018 to January 25, 2019. Said interns will be required to report from 7:30 AM to 11:30
AM then 1:00 PM to 4:30 PM from Monday to Friday. Hereunder is the proposed
schedule of the OJT with corresponding group for your approval.

Duration Group

December 3-7, 2018 Group 3

December 10-14, 2018 Group 4
December 17-21, 2018 Group 5
January 7-11, 2019 Group 6
January 14-18, 2019 Group 1
January 21-15, 2019 Group 2

Furthermore, humbly request that the undersigned be furnished a copy of the

Performance Rating Report (PRR) to serve as basis in giving them grades. Attached
herewith are format of PRR and Roster of Criminology Interns for guidance and reference.

Looking forward for your favorable consideration on this matter.

Thank you and more power.

Very truly yours,

JOY B. BULOSAN, MA.Ed.

School President

HEADSTART COLLEGE OF COTABATO

Criminology Internship Course
Main: Datu Balabaran, MB Tamontaka, Cotabato City
Annex: Japal Guiani Sr., Street, Cotabato City
Tel No. 421- 6571 / 421 – 7338

November 28, 2018

F/SSUPT SHIRLEY SAUSAL TELERON, CE, MGM
Regional Director, BFP-ARMM
004 Don Abelardo Street
Poblacion 4, Cotabato City

Dear Maam:

Greetings of Peace!

Please be informed that in partial fulfillment of the BS Criminology course as

prescribed by the Commission on Higher Education (CHED), our Criminology Interns
Class “Y” 2018-2019 have to undergo an On the-Job-Training in different Law
Enforcement Agencies in this city and your sound office is unanimously chosen as one by
the HCC Criminology Department. The class is composed of Six (6) groups of which per
group have 36 members and their duty will be on a rotation basis.

In this regard, may I have the honor to request permission from your good office to
allow our Criminology Interns to undergo the above-mentioned activity from December 3,
2018 to January 25, 2019. Said interns will be required to report from 7:30 AM to 11:30
AM then 1:00 PM to 4:30 PM from Monday to Friday. Hereunder is the proposed
schedule of the OJT with corresponding group for your approval.

Duration Group

December 3-7, 2018 Group 2

December 10-14, 2018 Group 3
December 17-21, 2018 Group 4
January 7-11, 2019 Group 5
January 14-18, 2019 Group 6
January 21-25, 2019 Group 1

Furthermore, humbly request that the undersigned be furnished a copy of the

Performance Rating Report (PRR) to serve as basis in giving them grades. Attached
herewith are format of PRR and Roster of Criminology Interns for guidance and reference.

Looking forward for your favorable consideration on this matter.

Thank you and more power.

Very truly yours,

JOY B. BULOSAN, MA.Ed.

School President
 HEADSTART COLLEGE OF COTABATO
Criminology Internship Course
Main: Datu Balabaran, MB Tamontaka, Cotabato City
Annex: Japal Guiani Sr., Street, Cotabato City
Tel No. 421- 6571 / 421 – 7338

January 22, 2019

PSSUPT MICHAEL FORRO LEBANAN

Acting City Director, Cotabato City Police Office
PC Hill, Cotabato City

Dear Sir:

Greetings of Peace!

Please be informed that in partial fulfillment of the BS Criminology course as

prescribed by the Commission on Higher Education (CHED), our Criminology Interns
Class “Y” 2018-2019 have to undergo an On the-Job-Training in different Law
Enforcement Agencies in this city and your sound office is unanimously chosen as one by
the HCC Criminology Department. The class is composed of Two Hundred Fourteen
(214) Criminology Interns.

In this regard, may I have the honor to request permission from your good office to
allow said interns to undergo the above-mentioned activity from January 28, to February
8, 2019. They will be required to report from 7:30 AM to 11:30 AM then 1:00 PM to 4:30
PM from Monday to Friday.

Furthermore, humbly request that the undersigned be furnished a copy of the

Performance Rating Report (PRR) to serve as basis in giving them grades. Attached
herewith are format of PRR and Roster of Criminology Interns for guidance and reference.

Looking forward for your favorable consideration on this matter.

Thank you and more power.

Very truly yours,

JOY B. BULOSAN, MA.Ed.

School President
 HEADSTART COLLEGE OF COTABATO
Criminology Internship Course
Main: Datu Balabaran, MB Tamontaka, Cotabato City
Annex: Japal Guiani Sr., Street, Cotabato City
Tel No. 421- 6571 / 421 – 7338

PARENT’S/GUARDIAN’S CONSENT

TO WHOM IT MAY CONCERN:

This is to allow my son/daughter ______________________________________ to

undergo Practicum Courses: Community Immersion at __________________________
_____________________________________ on November 26-30, 2018 and On-the-Job
Training in different Law Enforcement Agencies (BJMP, BFP, CIDG-ARMM, PNP Crime
Laboratory Office-ARMM,HPG, NBI-ARMM and Cotabato City Police Office) on December
3, 2018 to February 8, 2019 this Second Semester, School Year 2018-2019 from 7:30-
11:30 am then 1:00-4:30 pm (excluding Saturdays and Sundays).

That I will provide full support and guidance to my son/daughter to abide by and
conform to the rules and policies agreed upon by the concerned barangay and agencies
respectively.

Signed by:

_______________________________________
Parent’s/Guardian’s Name and Signature
 Date:__________________________________

Approved by:

SAM B ANONG, RCrim

Program Head, Criminology Department

Noted by:

PROF. JOY B. BULOSAN, MA.Ed.

School President