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Art of Problem Solving

problemas del teorema del binomio

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72 views3 pages

Art of Problem Solving

problemas del teorema del binomio

Uploaded by

eleslus
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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2/6/2021 Art of Problem Solving

Binomial Theorem
The Binomial Theorem states that for real or complex , , and non-negative integer ,

where is a binomial coefficient. In other words, the coefficients when is expanded and like

terms are collected are the same as the entries in the th row of Pascal's Triangle.

For example, , with coefficients , ,

, etc.

Contents
1 Proof
1.1 Proof via Induction
2 Generalizations
2.1 Proof
3 Usage
4 See also

Proof
There are a number of different ways to prove the Binomial Theorem, for example by a straightforward application of mathematical
induction. The Binomial Theorem also has a nice combinatorial proof:

We can write . Repeatedly using the distributive property, we see

that for a term , we must choose of the terms to contribute an to the term, and then each of the other
terms of the product must contribute a . Thus, the coefficient of is the number of ways to choose objects from a set of

size , or . Extending this to all possible values of from to , we see that ,

as claimed.

Similarly, the coefficients of will be the entries of the row of Pascal's Triangle. This is explained further in the Counting
and Probability textbook [AoPS].

Proof via Induction

Given the constants are all natural numbers, it's clear to see that . Assuming that

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Therefore, if the theorem holds under , it must be valid.


(Note that for )

Generalizations
The Binomial Theorem was generalized by Isaac Newton, who used an infinite series to allow for complex exponents: For any real or
complex , , and ,

Proof

Consider the function for constants . It is easy to see that

. Then, we have .

So, the Taylor series for centered at is

Usage
Many factorizations involve complicated polynomials with binomial coefficients. For example, if a contest problem involved the
polynomial , one could factor it as such:
. It is a good idea to be familiar with binomial expansions, including knowing
the first few binomial coefficients.

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See also
Combinatorics
Multinomial Theorem

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