Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION

WORK STUDY
Higher productive in organisations leads to national prosperity and better standard of living for the whole community. This has motivated several works on productivity improvement at different levels. Consequently,today we have a significant body of literature on the subject. The object of this chapter is to discuss some productivity improvement techniques at the enterprise level.

Work study was also widely known for as time and motion study as its stands today ,provides us with as scientific approach to investigate into all forms of work, with a view to increase the productivity .While many techniques are available to increase the productivity that qualify as scientific approach, not all of them fall under domain of work study .while the many techniques for raising productivity are valuable today that qualify as a scientific approach, not all of them fall under domain of work study .Method study and work measurement are the two that are covered in work study.

DEFINITION:
The definition of work study as given in the British standard glossary is as follows:

Work study is a generic term for these techniques, particularly method study and work measurement, which are used in the examination of human work in all its context, and which leads systematically to the investigation of all the factors which affected the efficiency of the situation being reviewed, in order to affect improvement.

WORK STUDY
Classification of work study
Work Study is the systematic examination of the Methods of carrying on activities so as to Improve the effective use of resources and to set up standards of performance for the activities being carried out.

Fig.(1.1) Work study

Chapter 2
METHOD STUDY

Resource requierd to produce goods and services would be from the following:

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

Man Materials Machine Technology Time .

They are to be deployed in the most effective and efficient manner.This process of deployment is a continuous one since the best available combination of the resource at some point would not necessarily coincide with the best available combination at some later point of time.

This imphasises that there is a continuing need for analysising existing working methods to develop more efficient working methods for the future. cost. It is concerd with the reduction of the work content of a job or operation. It is used for examintion of human work in all its contexts. But method study is used to examine the ways of doing work.and for reducing the

Method study examines the way a task (changing the clutch on a car, preparing a flower bed for planting, cleaning a hotel room) is done. The industrial engineer has an eye on operational

efficiencies and costs, quality of processes, service reliability, staff safety etc. Method study techniques are applicable from factory/workshop manufacturing to cabin crew activities on an international flight and office clerical work.

Method Study: Early Applications

Method Study: Early Applications

Gilberts Bricklaying Improvement Frank Gilbert designed a special

movements needed from 18 to 5 and in one case to 2. The workers productivity increased from laying 120 bricks per hour to laying 350bricks per hour.

Fig.(1.2)

Chapter 3

Work Measurement

Work measurement provides management with a means of measuring the time taken in the performance of an operation or a series of operations in such a way that ineffective time is shown up and can be separated from effective time. Work measurement is the application of techniques designed to establish the time for a qualified worker to carry out a task at a defined rate of working

Work measurement is the application of techniques designed to establish the time

for a qualified worker to carry out specified jobs at a defined level of performance. We have seen how total time to manufacture a product is increased by: adding undesirable features to product, bad operation of the processes, and

ineffective time added because of worker and management.

Techniques for WM

Time study Activity sampling; and rated activity sampling Synthesis from standard data Pre-determined motion time system

Estimating Analytical estimating Comparative estimating.

Chapter 4 OBJECTIVE OF METHOD STUDY

Improvement of processes and procedure. Improvement in the design of plant and equipment. Improvement of plant layout. Improvement inn the use of men,materials and machines. Efficient mterials handling. Improvement in the flow of production and processes. Economy in human efforts and the reduction of unnecessary fatigue. Method standarisation. Improvement in safety standards. Development of a better physical working environment.

Chapter 5 Work content

The work content of a job or operation is defined as: basic time+ relaxation allowance+ any allowance for additional work (e.g. the part of relaxation allowance that is work related).

Standard time is the total time in which a job should be completed at standard performance i.e. work content, contingency allowance for delay, unoccupied time and interference allowance.

Allowance for unoccupied time and interference may not be frequently included in the standard time calculations; however, the relaxation allowance is.

Chapter 6

BASIC PROCEDURE

Basic procedure for method study:

Select the job or process to be studied. Record from direct observation that happens using the most suitable recording techniques for most convenient analysis. Examine the recorded facts critically and challenge everything that is done. Develop the most economic method,taking in to account all the circumstances. Install the new method as agreed standard practice with the time allowed. Maintain the new standard practice by proper control procedure.

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Chapter 7

APPLICATION OF THESE PROCEDURES ON SHOE PACKING...........

SELECTION:
When a study is considering whether a method study investigation of a particular jobshould be carried out,certain factor is kept in mind.These are: Economic considerations Technical considerations

Human concederations

Select the project to be studied - consider:

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RECORD.......

The next step in the basic procedure,after selecting the the work to be stydied ,is to record all the facts relating to the existing method.the success of the whole procedure depends on the accuracy with which the facts are recorded,because they will provide the basis both the critical examination and the development of the improved method. It is therefore essential that the record be clear concise.

He usual way of recoeding facts is to write them down. Unfortunately,this method is not suited to the recording of the complicated processes which are so common in modern industry.This is particularly so when an excat record is rquired of every minute detail of a process or operation.To describe exactly everthing that is done in even a very simple job which takes perhaps only a few minutes to perform would probably result in several pages of closely written script,which would require careful study before anyone reading it could be quit sure that he had grasped all the detail.

To overcome this difficulty other techniques or tools of recordoing have been developed, so that detailed information may be recorded precisely and at the same time in a standard form, in order that it may be readily understood by all method study men, in whatever country or factory they may be woprking.

The most commonly used of these recording techniqes are charts and diagrams.There are several type of charts and diagrams........... 1) Charts indicating sequence (order) but not time: operation (outline) process chart flow process chart two-hand process chart 2) Charts using a time scale (interaction of events shown better)
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multiple activity chart (worker-machine chart, gang chart) simo (simultaneous motion) chart operator process (two-hand process) chart 3) Diagrams indicating movement flow (string) diagram travel chart chronocyclegraph, motion analysis (Vision 3000)

PROCESS CHART-:
standard (ASME) symbols to represent typical activities; record sequence of flow for worker, material or machines (one at a time)

PROCESS CHART SYMBOLS-:

o operation: steps in a process of modifying a material, part or product [] inspection: for quality (test) or quantity (count); doesn't change shape or move product => transport: movement of workers, material or equipment from one operation to another; not if movement is part of an operation D temporary delay: work waiting between operations, V permanent storage - controlled, authorization needed to put/retrieve part into storage

TWO HANDED PRCESS CHART-:

When aiming to make a process more efficient, record the time taken for each action, then improve those that take most time.

A Two-Handed Process Flow Chart individually shows the movement of each hand in a manual process, as in Fig. 1. It is typically used when analyzing a manual assembly process, to help make it easier to perform.

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EXAMINE...........

The questuioning techniqes is the means by which the critical examinatio is conducted, each activity being subjected in turn to a systematic and progressive series questions. These questions are.....

PURPOSE-: What is done? PERSON-:Who does it? PLACE-:Where is it done? MEANS-:How is it done?

SEQUENCE-:When is it done?

Thoses facts are better for the purpose cann take and put in ordered sequence using the techniques. components are... Pair of shoe Size label Plastic thimble Shoe care card Branded tissue paper Normal tissue paper Polythene Box.

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DEVELOP

The most practical, economic and effective method,having due regard to all contigent
circumstances. Once these question have been asked and answered, it is fairly easy to find a satisfactory solution to the problem.Table(2) shows one possible solution.It will be seen that when he engaged his both hand at a time then the no of steps will be reduced.The no of operation and and movements has been reduced from 37 to 24,as a result of which an increase in productivity.The new method can be carried out without looking closely at the work,so that the workers can be trained more easily and become less fatigued.

INSTALL
The final stage the basic procedure are perhaps the most difficult of all it is at this point that active support is required from the management and trade union alike. It is here that the personal qualities of work study man, his ability to explain clearly and simply what he has trying to do and his gift for getting along with other people and winning the trust become of the greatest importance. Installation is divided in to five stages; Gaining acceptance of the change by the departmental supervision Gaining approval of the change by the management Gaining acceptance of the change by the worker involved and their representatives Restrain the workers to operate the new methods

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Maintaining close contact with the progress of the job until satisfied that it is running as intended

MAINTAIN
It is important that, when a method is installed, it should be maintained in its specified form, and that worker should not be allowed to slip back in to old methods, or introduced elements not allowed for, unless there is very good region for doing so.

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Chapter 8 Conclusion
In this and the preceding chapters an attempt has been made to explain and illustrate some of the more common method of improving productivity through the saving of wasted effort time, and by reducing the work content of the process.In the case of shoe packing a bottleneck is developed due to the unnecessary steps which is used in packing.By using method study procedures,we can remove bottleneck and developing a improved method. Low production is the main cause of bottleneck.All these are powerful tools for reducing ineffective time and for raising productivity.

REFERENCE

INDIAN ADAPTATION... Introduction to work study from ILO publication.

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