Experiment No.

4
Understanding IP addresses and Subnetting in advance
version

OBJECTIVES
 Familiarization with Subnetting
 Learn to identify which Class Full and Class less IP
 Learn to select an appropriate Classes of IP

EQUIPMENT
1. One 0.6 to .9 m (2 to 3 ft) length of Cat-5 cable per team
2. Four RJ-45 connectors
3. RJ-45 crimping tools to attach the RJ-45 connectors to the cable ends
4. Stripper tool
5. Ethernet cabling continuity tester which can test straight-thru or crossover
type cables

Technology Description
Classification of IP address
• Sub netting
• Super netting
Classification of IP address

As show in figure we teach how the Ip addresses are classified and when they are
used.

Class Address Range Supports

Class A 1.0.0.1 to 126.255.255.254 Supports 16 million hosts on each of 127

networks.
Class B 128.1.0.1 to 191.255.255.254 Supports 65,000 hosts on each of 16,000
networks.
Class C 192.0.1.1 to 223.255.254.254 Supports 254 hosts on each of 2 million
networks.
Class D 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255 Reserved for multicast groups.
Class E 240.0.0.0 to 254.255.255.254 Reserved.

Address - The unique number ID assigned to one host or interface in a network.

Subnet - A portion of a network that shares a particular subnet address.
Subnet mask - A 32-bit combination used to describe which portion of an address
refers to the subnet and which part refers to the host.
Interface - A network connection.
Supernetting
Supernetting is the opposite of Subnetting. In subnetting, a single big network is
divided into multiple smaller subnetworks. In Supernetting, multiple networks are
combined into a bigger network termed as a Supernetwork or Supernet.

Supernetting is mainly used in Route Summarization, where routes to multiple

networks with similar network prefixes are combined into a single routing entry,
with the routing entry pointing to a Super network, encompassing all the networks.
This in turn significantly reduces the size of routing tables and also the size of routing
updates exchanged by routing protocols.

How to supernet a network?

Combining these networks into one network: (A summarized route)
• 192.168.0.0/24
• 192.168.1.0/24
• 192.168.2.0/24
• 192.168.3.0/24
Step 1: Write all the IP Addresses in binary like so:
• 192.168.0.0/24
11000000.10101000.00000000.00000000
• 192.168.1.0/24
11000000.10101000.00000001.00000000
• 192.168.2.0/24
11000000.10101000.00000010.00000000
• 192.168.3.0/24
11000000.10101000.00000011.00000000
Step 2: Find matching bits from left to right
• 11000000.10101000.00000000.00000000
• 11000000.10101000.00000001.00000000
• 11000000.10101000.00000010.00000000
• 11000000.10101000.00000011.00000000
Step 3: Re write the matching numbers and add the remaining zeros, because you are
converting network bits into host bits. This will be your NEW NETWORK ID, the
route that you will be advertising. (A summarized route)
11000000.10101000.00000000.00000000 = 192.168.0.0
Step 4: Find the new subnet mask. Put “1s” in the matching networking part, and all
zeros in the host part.
11111111.11111111.11111100.00000000
This your new subnet mask 255.255.252.0
Your new summarized route is 192.168.0.0/22

In the picture above we have one huge network: 10.0.0.0/24. All hosts on the network are
in the same subnet, which has the following disadvantages:

A single broadcast domain all hosts are in the same broadcast domain. A broadcast sent
by any device on the network will be processed by all hosts, creating lots of unnecessary
traffic. Network security each device can reach any other device on the network, which
can present security problems. For example, a server containing sensitive information
shouldn’t be in the same network as user’s workstations. Organizational problems in a
large network, different departments are usually grouped into different subnets. For
example, you can group all devices from the accounting department in the same subnet
and then give access to sensitive financial data only to hosts from that subnet.
Differences between IPv4 and IPv6
The Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) is a protocol for use on packet-switched Link
Layer networks (e.g., Ethernet).  IPv4 provides an addressing capability of
approximately 4.3 billion addresses.
The Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) is more advanced and has better features
compared to IPv4.  It has the capability to provide an infinite number of addresses.  It
is replacing IPv4 to accommodate the growing number of networks worldwide and
help solve the IP address exhaustion problem.
One of the differences between IPv4 and IPv6 is the appearance of the IP addresses. 
IPv4 uses four 1 byte decimal numbers, separated by a dot (i.e. 192.168.1.1), while
IPv6 uses hexadecimal numbers that are separated by colons
(i.e. fe80::d4a8:6435:d2d8:d9f3b11). 

Below is the summary of the differences between the IPv4 and IPv6:

Advantages of IPv6 over IPv4:

  IPv6 simplified the router’s task compared to IPv4.
 IPv6 is more compatible to mobile networks than IPv4.
 IPv6 allows for bigger payloads than what is allowed in IPv4.
 IPv6 is used by less than 1% of the networks, while IPv4 is still in use by the
remaining 99%.

Exercise:
Sub netting.

Why we Develop sub netting and how to calculate subnet mask and how to identify
subnet address.

An Internet protocol (IPv4) address consists of 32 bits, separated into four 8-bit binary
words. When calculating subnet bits, you are attempting to determine the number of
hosts available in a subnet based upon the subnet mask. This mask, or the mask bits,
display how many hosts are available in the binary IP address. For example, a 24-bit
mask leaves 255 hosts open since 24 bits out of the maximum 32 bits leaves an 8-bit
binary word, which, when converted to decimal, has a maximum value of 255.
Grasping subnet bits can be difficult without an understanding of binary, but it is
possible with some effort.

Step 1

Write down your IP address and subnet mask. Since most home network addresses
will be in the 192.168.0.1 to 192.168.0.255 range and their subnet masks will be
255.255.255.0, you can start with these numbers if you do not know your own.

Step 2

Convert the subnet mask into binary. Use an online calculator if you need to (see
Resources). A subnet mask of 255.255.255.0 will be
11111111.1111111111111111.00000000 in binary. If you count the ones you will see
that there are 24. This makes the mask bits 24. You can refer to your network as
192.168.0.1/24 with this schema.

Step 3

Calculate the subnet bits by looking at the final 8-bit binary word of the 32-bit binary subnet
mask. If the final 8-bit binary word is 10000000, then there is one subnet bit and therefore 25
mask bits. If it is 11000000, then there are two subnet bits and therefore 26 mask bits. This
continues on down to six subnet bits, where you have reached the minimum network size of
two hosts and a single broadcast address.

Super netting
Why we develop super netting and how to calculate supernet mask and how to identify
supernet

Supernetting is the opposite of Subnetting. In Subnetting, a single big network is

divided into multiple smaller sub networks. In Supernetting, multiple networks are
combined into a bigger network termed as a Super network or Super net. 

Supernetting is mainly used in Route Summarization, where routes to multiple

networks with similar network prefixes are combined into a single routing entry, with
the routing entry pointing to a Super network, encompassing all the networks. This in
turn significantly reduces the size of routing tables and also the size of routing updates
exchanged by routing protocols. 

More specifically, 

 When multiple networks are combined to form a bigger network, it is

termed super-netting 
 
 Super netting is used in route aggregation to reduce the size of
routing tables and routing table updates 
 

There are some points which should be kept in mind while super netting: 

1. All the Networks should be contiguous. 

 
2. The block size of every network should be equal and must be in form
of 2n. 
 

First Network id should be exactly divisible by whole size of supernet. 

Rubrics Evaluation Criteria

PLO
Criteria Beginning (1) Developing (2) Accomplished (3) Exemplary (4)
No.

With instructor/
With instructor/
Apply Student is unable to apply supervisor’s Student is able to apply all
supervisor’s guidance,
Procedural described procedure to guidance, student is procedural knowledge to
student is able to apply
Knowledge perform activity despite able to apply all independently perform
1 some of the described
to perform instructor/ supervisor’s described procedure activity without instructor/
procedure to partially
an activity guidance. to fully perform supervisor’s guidance.
perform activity.
activity.

Student has shown little to With instructor/

With instructor/
Follow no regard for personal and supervisor’s guidance, Student has followed all
supervisor’s
personal and equipment safety student followed some of safety rules and protocols
6 guidance, student
equipment regulations despite the personal and without instructor/
followed all safety
Safety Rules instructor/ supervisor’s equipment safety supervisor’s guidance.
rules.
guidance. regulations

Student is able to Student is able to

Effectively Student is unable to
Student is able to partially effectively effectively and
document/ effectively document/
document/ communicate document/ independently document/
10 communicat communicate performed
performed activities with communicate communicate performed
e performed activities despite
guidance. performed activities activities form without any
activities guidance.
with guidance. guidance.

Understanding IP addresses and Subnetting in

Activity Name  advance version

Group No.  07

Student Roll No.  8015 8017 8018 8025

CL PL Domain + Awarded Score (out of 4 for each cell)

No. O O Taxonomy Criteria
(Absent student will get zero mark)

Apply Procedural Knowledge to perform an

1 4 1 P3
activity

Total