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Skin Cancer Detection Using Machine Learning

This document discusses research on machine learning and deep learning approaches for skin cancer classification. It reviews several existing methods that use features like color, texture, shape and asymmetry to classify images of lesions. Specifically, it examines approaches that use the ABCD criteria and finds they can achieve high accuracy but are prone to errors. Deep learning methods have also been able to automatically detect patterns with 88% accuracy. Overall, combining multiple features through techniques like support vector machines or K-nearest neighbors has achieved sensitivities and specificities over 90% for classifying melanoma.

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irfan khan
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32 views3 pages

Skin Cancer Detection Using Machine Learning

This document discusses research on machine learning and deep learning approaches for skin cancer classification. It reviews several existing methods that use features like color, texture, shape and asymmetry to classify images of lesions. Specifically, it examines approaches that use the ABCD criteria and finds they can achieve high accuracy but are prone to errors. Deep learning methods have also been able to automatically detect patterns with 88% accuracy. Overall, combining multiple features through techniques like support vector machines or K-nearest neighbors has achieved sensitivities and specificities over 90% for classifying melanoma.

Uploaded by

irfan khan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CHAPTER 02

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 OVERVIEW
In this chapter, we will discuss some of the existing research on skin cancer classification which
helps dermatologist and doctors in the classification of skin diseases. In this section we further
discuss the current research on machine learning and deep learning-based detection and
classification of types of skin cancer.

2.2 LITERATURE REVIEW


For the classification of melanoma disease, various approaches including the ABCD-E scheme
[11, 12] a checklist of 7-points [[13], [14]], and a 3-point checklist [15] were used in different
systems. In, researchers proposed that the computational cost of extracted features from the ABCD
scheme is less expensive as compared with the checklist of 7-point. It is also observed that ABCD
achieved a high consistency rate with clinical diagnosis. Therefore, mostly CAD systems for the
diagnosis of melanoma utilized the ABCD scheme for feature extraction. However, this approach
is more prone to nevias melanomas during classification [16]. Mokrani et al. combined the color
asymmetry and dermoscopic structure with features extracted from ABCD and attained 91.25%
sensitivity. In [17], a transfer learning approach was used for medical images to extract the features
from the MRI and then they utilized a support vector machine for classification. This technique
was useful to reduce the false positives. In [18], a deep learning-based framework was used to
automatically detect dermoscopic patterns and achieved 88% accuracy. Moussa et. al. [19] also
utilized this scheme without considering color features as it requires more computational resources
and achieved 89% accuracy using KNN.

This is noticeable that ABCD rubrics are subjective which results in a high inter as well as intra-
observer bias [20]. Therefore, a high-quality initiative feature technique was utilized to represent
the asymmetry characteristic of ABCD rubrics skin cancer images [21]. The proposed system
achieved 86% performance accuracy. Amelard et. al. [22] extended his findings by adding new
high-quality initiative features for distinct color channels and achieved 94% accuracy. The color
features can be extracted using statistical values of color channels. Few other colors extracted

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approaches include color’s irregularity, centroid distance, and LUV histogram distance [19, 23-
25]. In another group of researchers classifies melanoma skin cancer based on local and global
features. They achieved 93% accuracy by combining textual features with color features.

Some other researchers utilized the same approach but in addition to textual and color features,
they also utilized shape-based features. Ganster et. al. [26]used the KNN classifier along with
colored and shaped features from lesion skin. For training, 5300 images were taken and obtained
87% sensitivity and 92% specificity. Rubegni et. al. [27] used textual and geometrical features as
well and achieved the same sensitivity and specificity of 96%. Used a feature vector of shape,
texture, and color features with SVM and achieved 93% sensitivity and 92% specificity.
Almansour et. al. [28] utilized the SVM classifier with color and textual features and attained 90%
performance accuracy. The textual feature of the image represents the spatial distribution of pixel
intensity levels. Textural features show intensity levels’ underlying pattern and layout and serve
as one of the most discriminative features for object or ROI detection. The textural features are
generally used for skin cancer analysis as it calculates structural irregularity between nevus and
melanoma cancer classification [29]. It has been observed that the computerized examination is
getting popular. Epilu-computerized microscopy (ELM) based method was proposed to enhance
the initial diagnosis of a melanoma classification scheme for the computerized analysis. ROI was
extracted by utilizing the segmentation algorithms and the merged featured approach was utilized
based on the shape and radiometric features. K Nearest Neighbor was utilized and attained 87%
and 92% sensitivity and specificity respectively. The automated analysis of data for the melanoma
initial recognition scheme [30] achieved 80% for both specificity and sensitivity utilizing
asymmetry and boundary descriptor with Support Vector Machine as a classifier.

Iyatomi et. al. [31] utilized a similar technique and achieved 100% specificity and 95% sensitivity.
In [32], researchers achieved 91% and 88.2% specificity and sensitivity respectively trained over
120 cancer images. In the researcher utilized active contour and watershed methods for the
segmentation. They extracted shape, color, and texture related features. This proposed architecture
was trained on 50 DermIS datasets and attained 80% performance accuracy. A new CAD technique
of early identification of melanoma was proposed for web and android phone applications. All the
images were taken from high definition cameras rather than utilizing any repository [33]. The
proposed system utilized digital cameras with context information like kind of skin, span, and all

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the affected parts of the body. The proposed architecture also tried to remove the Dermoscopic
ADCD compatible features. This attribute was then classified in numerous phases including a pre-
processing phase for selection of association-based attributes. This scheme attained 68%
specificity and 94% sensitivity on 45 nevus and 107 melanoma skin cancer datasets.

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