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    Morphology - Slides Lecture 3-1

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    Morphology Lecture 3 discusses various word-formation processes in English including compounding, derivation, blending, backformation, hypocorism, acronyms, and coinage. Compounding involves combining two free morphemes to form a new word like cranberry or elderberry. Derivation adds affixes to change parts of speech or meaning, such as -ity or un-. Blending combines parts of two words. Backformation removes affixes to form new parts of speech. Hypocorism uses diminutive suffixes like -y. Acronyms form words from initial letters. Coinage invents new terms not derived from existing words.

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    Morphology - Slides Lecture 3-1

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    Morphology Lecture 3 discusses various word-formation processes in English including compounding, derivation, blending, backformation, hypocorism, acronyms, and coinage. Compounding involves combining two free morphemes to form a new word like cranberry or elderberry. Derivation adds affixes to change parts of speech or meaning, such as -ity or un-. Blending combines parts of two words. Backformation removes affixes to form new parts of speech. Hypocorism uses diminutive suffixes like -y. Acronyms form words from initial letters. Coinage invents new terms not derived from existing words.

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    Morphology Lecture 3 discusses various word-formation processes in English including compounding, derivation, blending, backformation, hypocorism, acronyms, and coinage. Compounding involves combining two free morphemes to form a new word like cranberry or elderberry. Derivation adds affixes to change parts of speech or meaning, such as -ity or un-. Blending combines parts of two words. Backformation removes affixes to form new parts of speech. Hypocorism uses diminutive suffixes like -y. Acronyms form words from initial letters. Coinage invents new terms not derived from existing words.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    25 views12 pages

    Morphology - Slides Lecture 3-1

    Uploaded by

    baby walnut
    Morphology Lecture 3 discusses various word-formation processes in English including compounding, derivation, blending, backformation, hypocorism, acronyms, and coinage. Compounding involves combining two free morphemes to form a new word like cranberry or elderberry. Derivation adds affixes to change parts of speech or meaning, such as -ity or un-. Blending combines parts of two words. Backformation removes affixes to form new parts of speech. Hypocorism uses diminutive suffixes like -y. Acronyms form words from initial letters. Coinage invents new terms not derived from existing words.

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    Morphology

    Lecture 3
    Word-formation processes
    cranberry morphemes – bound root morphemes whose distribution is restricted to just one
    (compound) word

    cranberry huckleberry elderberry waxberry

    cranberry (? + N) huckleberry (? + N) elderberry (N + N) waxberry (N + N)

    The forms ‘cran-’ and ‘huckle-’ never occur in English as independent words (free morphemes) or
    even as bound morphemes – they are called cranberry morphemes
    Word-formation processes
    Derivation – a morphological process that forms a word with a meaning and/or lexical category
    distinct from that of its base through the addition of an affix

    Some derivational morphemes of English. Complete the table with the missing information.

    non- noun negation


    adjective
    -ity adjective changes to noun
    -un verb reverses action
    adjective opposite quality
    -ous noun changes to adjective
    re- verb repeat action
    -able verb changes to adjective
    We often find more than one derivational morpheme added to a word. For each of the words below,
    identify the processes involved in their formation. For each process, identify the base and the attached
    derivational morpheme. What is the root in each of the analysed words? Use labelled bracketings to
    show the internal structure of the following words.

    preshrinkage unlockable unlockable able to be


    unlockable (ambiguous) unlocked
    unlock lockable
    unable to be
    locked
    un- lock -able un- lock -able

    [shrink]V
    prishrinkage [lock]V [lock]V
    [pre-[shrink]V]V
    [un-[lock]V]V [[lock]V-able]A
    preshrink
    [[pre-[shrink]V]V-age]N
    [[un-[lock]V]V-able]A [un-[[lock]V-able]A]A
    pre- shrink -age
    indecipherability

    indecipherability

    [cipher]N
    indecipherable
    [de-[cipher]N]V

    [[de-[cipher]N]V-able]A
    decipherable
    [in-[[de-[cipher]N]V-able]A]A
    decipher
    [[in-[[de-[cipher]N]V-able]A]A-ity]N

    in- de- cipher -able -ity


    Word-formation processes
    Blending – a process of reduction which involves taking only the beginning of one word and joining it
    to the end of the other word

    Word Derived from Word Derived from

    mimsy miserable + flimsy smog smoke + fog

    slithy slimy + lithe brunch breakfast + lunch

    gasohol gasoline + alcohol urinalysis urine + analysis

    biopic edutainment education +


    biography + picture
    entertainment
    motel motor + hotel glitterati glitter + literati
    telecast television + broadcast heliport helicopter + airport
    frenemy friend + enemy compfusion computer + confusion
    Word-formation processes
    Backformation – a process whereby a word of one type (usually a noun) is reduced to form another
    word of a different type (usually a verb)

    Word Derived from Word Derived from

    peddle peddler babysit babysitter

    enthuse enthusiasm donate donation

    opt option intuit intuition

    televise television assassinate assassination


    burgle burglar sculpt sculptor
    edit editor / edition housekeep housekeeper

    If there is a noun ending in ‘-er’, then we can He was enthusing over a wonderful restaurant he’d been to.
    create a verb for what the noun ‘-er’ does. He intuited that I was worried about the situation.
    Word-formation processes

    Hypocorism – a reduced form of a word with ‘-y’ or ‘-ie’ added to the end

    Word Derived from Word Derived from

    barbie barbecue sangie sandwich

    Aussie Australian prostie prostitute

    hankie handkerchief mouthie mouth

    movie moving pictures Chrissy pressies Christmas presents

    telly television
    Word-formation processes

    Acronyms – new words formed from the initial letters of a set of other words

    alphabetisms – pronounced as a set of letters initialisms – pronounced as single words

    DVD digital versatile disc

    BBC British Broadcasting Corporation

    NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization

    NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration

    UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

    MERS Middle East Respiratory Syndrome


    Word-formation processes

    some acronyms lose capital letters

    laser light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation

    radar radio detecting and ranging

    scuba self-contained underwater breathing apparatus

    nimby not in my back yard

    dinky dual income no kids (yet)

    This followed a nimby campaign against the noise made by the wind farm.
    This area is too expensive for most people to live in, but it's particularly popular with dinkies.

    ATM automatic teller machine


    - What’s your PIN number?
    PIN personal identification number - Where is the nearest ATM machine?
    Word-formation processes
    Word-formation processes

    Coinage – the invention of totally new terms

    kleenex ‘paper tissue, handkerchief’ nylon (on the pattern of cotton and rayon)
    vaseline (petrolatum) teflon (tetra-fluoro-ethylene)
    jello (Jell-O) scofflaw

    • scofflaw

    - one who habitually violates the law or fails to


    answer court summons

    - it was the winning entry in a national contest during


    Prohibition to coin a word to characterize a person
    who drinks illegally
    Typical sources of coinages – invented trade
    names for one company’s products which - it was chosen from more than 25,000 entries ($200
    become general terms for different brands of winning prize)
    these types of products

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