—_— ee SSS pe eee [Se SSS |e ee. ee ae eee a In this unit, students will learn how to 28 define ratio, proportions and variations (direct and inverse). 2s find 3", 4", mean and continued proportion. 2 apply theorems of invertendo, alternendo, componendo, dividendo and componendo & dividendo to find proportions. & define joint variation. & solve problems related to joint variation. & use k-method to prove conditional equalities involving proportions. & solve real life problems based on variations. 8)3.1 Ratio, Proportions and Variations 3.1(i) Define (a) ratio, (6) proportion and (c) variations (direct and inverse). (a) Ratio A relation between two quantities of the same kind (measured in same unit) is called ratio. If a and b are two quantities of the same kind and b is not zero, then the ratio of a and bis written as a : b or in fraction 5 8, if a hockey team wins 4 games and loses 5, then the ratio of the games won to games lostis 4:5 orin fraction S Remember that: (® The order of the elements in a ratio is important. (i) In ratio a: b, the first term a is called antecedent and the second term b is called consequent A ratio has no units CTD Find the ratio of (i) 200gm to 700 gm Gi Tkm to 600m NMP) Ratio of 200gm to 700 gm 200_2 200 : 700 = 599 = 5 =2: Where 2 : 7 is the simplest (Lowest) form of the ratio 200 : 700, (i) Ratio of tkm to 600m Since 1km= 1000m_ or Tkm: 600m = 1000:600 1000 | 600 _ 9.6 00? 100 = 10:6=5:3 (EEDTED Find a, if the ratios a+ 3: 7+ a and 4: 5 are equal QAM Since the ratios a +3: 7-+a and 4: 5 are equal. in fraction formFRETTTEED tr 2 is added in each number of the ratio 3 : 4, we get a new ratio 5 : 6. Find the ‘numbers GAIMMD Because the ratio of two numbers is 3: 4. ‘Multiply cach number of the ratio with x. Then the numbers be 3x, 4x and the ratio becomes 3x:4x. Now according to the given condition 3xt2_5 ax 6(3x +2) =S(4e +2) > 18+ 12=20r+ 10 18x-20r=10-12 > -2v=-2 > x=1 ‘Thus the required numbers are 3x=3(1)=3 and 4x=4(1) =4. ETE Find the ratio 3a + 4b : Sa + Thifa:b=5:8, aT = a_5 SEMIN Given that a: b=5:8 or 5=§ 3a+4b Now 3a44b:Sa+7b=37 575 st Boal a+ 7b = -(a\.,/(b) (Dividing numerator and denominator by b) m5 s(5)+7(5) 2G ( “sQ)+10) *) cis 15,4 15432 28 25 = 5456 “BI gt7 8 Hence, 3a44b:5a+7b=47:81 (b) Proportion A proportion is a statement, which is expressed as an equivalence of two ratios. If two ratios a : b and ¢ : d are equal, then we can write @: b= 0: d Where quantities a, d are called extremes, while b, ¢ are called means. Symbolically the proportion of a, b, ¢ and d is written as, a:bne:d rbse:dor ois gals je, ad= This shows that, Product of extremes = Product of means. Find x, if 60m : 90m :: 20kg : x kg Given that 60m : 90m :: 20kg : x kg 60: 90=20: x 30 ie, xis 30 kg EDITED Find the cost of 15kg of sugar, if 7 kg of sugar costs 560 rupees. Let the cost of 15kg of sugar be x-rupees. Then in proportion form 15kg : Tkg :: Rs..x: Rs, 560 15:7 =x: 560 Product of extremes = Product of means 15 x 560 = 7x Tx = 15 x 560 = 152560 5) 1200 Thus, x =Rs. 1200. Seat —— 1, Express the following as a ratio a : b and as a fraction in its simplest (lowest) form. @ Rs. 750, Rs. 1250 (i) 450em, 3m Git) 4kg, 2kg 750gm () 27min, 30 sec, 1 hour @) 75°, 225° 2, In a class of 60 students, 25 students are girls and remaining students are boys. Compute the ratio of (boys to total students (i) boys to girls 3. If3(4x— Sy) = 2x—7y, find the ratio: y. Find the value of p, if the ratios 2p + 5 : 3p +4 and 3 :4 are equal If the ratios 3x-+ 1: 6+ 4x and 2: 5 are equal. Find the value of x.‘Two numbers are in the ratio 5: 8. If 9 is added to each number, we get a new ratio 8: 11. Find the numbers. 7. If 10 is added in each number of the ratio 4 -13, we get anew ratio 1 : 2. ‘What are the numbers? 8. Find the cost of 8kg of mangoes, if Skg of mangoes cost Rs. 250. 9, Ia: b=7:6, find the value of 3a + 5b: 7b - Sa. 10. Complete the following: @ 98-5 then de= Sa_15b (i) =F then ay = (id) we BP then Sy = 11, Find x in the following proportions. () Bx-2:4::2e4327 wi xo35 xe1 4 mea |) id) ) 0 Sax: Mx 16-3: 25-4 (©) Variation: ‘The word variation is frequently used in all sciences, There are two types of variations: (i) Direct variation Gi) Inverse variation, () Direct Variation If two quantities are related in such a way that increase (decrease) in one quantity ‘causes increase (decrease) in the other quantity, then this variation is called direct variation. In otherwords, if a quantity y varies directly with regard to a quantity x. We say that y ke. ie, 2= hk. is directly proportional to x and is written as y s x or ‘The sign « read as “varies as” is called the sign of proportionality or variation, while 40s known as constant of variation. eg, (Faster the speed of a car, longer the distance it covers (i) ‘The smaller the radius of the circle, smaller the circumference is Find the relation between distance d of a body falling from rest varies directly as the square of the time 1, neglecting air resistance. Find k, if d = 16 feet for r= 1 sec. Also derive a relation between d and t. Since dis the distance of the body falling from rest in time 1 ‘Then under the given condition daeSince d= 16 feet and r= | sec ‘Then equation (i) becomes 16=k (1)? ie, k=16 putineg.@) d= 16F Which is a relationship between the distance d and time t. Activity: From the above example: @ Find time 1, when d = 64 feet (i_Find distance d, when t= 3 sec If y varies directly as x, find (a) the equation connecting x and y. (b) the constant of variation k and the relation between x and y, whenx=7 and (€) the value of y, when x= 21 (a) Given that y varies directly as x. Therefore y= x,ie, y=kx, where kis constant of variation in equation @ 6 Weget 6=7k => k= Putin eg. () y= 4x @) (©) Now put x = 21, in equation (ii) Then y Sen-1s 782 Given that A varies directly asthe square of rand A=" cm?, when r= 9em, Ifr= 14cm, then find A Since A varies directly as square of r 2 Aw or A=kr @ 1182 _ 1 @Put and r =14em in eq. (i) A=? ge =72xc14% 14 = 616 em? If y varies directly as cube of x and y= 81 when. ee that y varies directly as cube of x. ie, yew or y=ks (@ (where kis constant) Puty=81 and x=3in (i) 81=kG)) = 2k=81 > k=3 Now put k=3 and x= 5 in eq. (i) Loa = 3, so evaluate y when x= 5. (ii) Tnverse Variation If two quantities are related in such a way that when one quantity increases, the other decreases is called inverse variation, In otherwords, if 2 quantity y varies inversely with regard to quantity x. We say that y k i 1 is inversely proportional tox or y vaties inversely as x and is written as y = ot y= , where k #0 is the constant of variation. a [Ep If y varies inversely as x and y = 8, when x=4, Find y, when x= 16. SEED Since y varies inversely as x, therefore yet or @ > ey) Putting y = 8 and x in (ii) k=0)0) =@)G)=32 Now put k= 32 and x= 16 in (i) => ye 16, when x=, so find x, when y = 100, fy varies inversely as x? and y = 16, ‘Since y varies inversely as x2, therefore @ Now put k= 400 and y = 100 in (i)fy varies directly as x, and y (@ yin terms of x (ii) xwhen y=28 2 If y x, and y=7 when x =3 find @ yim terms of x (x when y=35 and y when x= 18 3 If R « T and R = 5 when T = 8, find the equation connecting R and T. Also find R when T = 64 and T when R = 20. 4. IfRe TP and R=8 when T= 3, find R when T=6. 5, Tf Vex R8 and when R = 3, find R when V = 625. 6. If w varies directly as w* and w = 81 when Find w when u = 5, 7. 8. Ify varies inversely as x and y = 7 when x= 2, find y when x = 126. Iya tand y =4 when x= 3, find x when y =24 9. Iweebandw=5 when 2=7, find w when 2 = "4° 10. Awband A=2.when r=3, find r when A =72. 11, aeefyand a=3 when b= 4, find a when b= 8, 12, Vehand V=5 when r=3, find Vwhen r= 6 and r when V= 320 1 13. moc 23 and m=2 when n=4, find m when n = 6 and n when m= 432, 3.1(ii) Find 3", 4", mean and continued proportion: We are already familiar with proportions that if quantities a, b, c and d are in proportion, then a:b:0:d ie, product of extremes = product of means Third Proportional Ifthree quantities a, b and c are related as a: b:: bc, then c is called the third proportion. (GEEDV TED Find a third proportional of x + y and x? — y2. Let che the third proportional, then xty:@-y2ax—ytre erty) = 02-99) (2 -y9)9G?) _ OH) a-y ety) x+y (ty) €= (2-99) e-y) = (x+y) YP Fourth Proportional If four quantities a, 6, ¢ and d are related as aibse:d ‘Then dis called the fourth proportional. (EATED Find fourth proportional of a? - 63, a+ b and a? + ab +B? QED Let x be the fourth proportional, then (a6): (a+) (2+ ab +0) :x ie, x (a—b')= (a+b) (a? + ab +b?) (a+b) (@+ab+b2) (a+) (a? + ab +b%) a-b = (a= 6) (a? + ab +B) © ‘Mean Proportional If three quantities a, b and c are related as a:b :: b= c, then b is called the mean proportional. (GREENTED Find the mean proportional of 9p%q! and r*. QED Let m be the mean proportional, then 9p%q4: ms: m8 or om. m= 9pSq4 (r8) m= 9p%qtrs mat 9pige = + 3piert Continued Proportion I three quantities a, b and c are related as a:bubre , ‘where a is first, b is the mean and c is the third proportional, then a, b and ¢ are in continued proportion. (SEMTILED Find p, if 12, p and 3 are in continued proportion. QEMMED since 12, p and 3 are in continued proportion. I2:p=p:3 ie, p-p=(12)G) => pr=36 Thus, p=+6a 302 i) @-Ba-b () — &-yPe-y Bag _p-q Peg’ P- pate ©) ety taay 2? o) 2. Find a fourth proportional to @ 5,815 (i) 4x4, 208, 18x it) 150568, 10429, 210°? (oy) = Le +24, = 3), 5x4 4008 ©) +e PP ppg P 0) PPO PIE DP) P +E P—@ 3. Find a mean proportional between @ 20, 45, (ii) 20x3y9, Sx?y Git) 1Sp4gr3, 135q5r7 fe) e-y, D 4. Find the values of the letter involved in the following continued proportions. @ ‘S,p.45 (ii) 8x, 18 (ii) 12, 3p -6,27 (iv) 7,m=3,28 3.2 Theorems on Proportions If four quantities a, b, ¢ and d form a proportion, then many other useful properties may be deduced by the properties of fractions. (1) Theorem of Invertendo Ita: b=c:d,thenb:a=d:e (SENT ICED If 3m : 2n =p : 2g, then 2n:3m=2q:p GETIND since 3m: 2n =p: 29 : 3m_p 2n ~ 2g By invertendo theorem 2n 2g 3m p ie, 2n:3m=2g:p Q) Theorem of Alternando Ifa:b=c:d,thena:c=b:d EDT 3p 1: 2g = 5r: 7s, then prove that 3p + 1: Sr= 2g 27s GEMM Given that 3p + 1: 2g = Sr: 7s2g “7s By alternando theorem 3p+1_2¢ Sr 77s Thus, 3p+1:Sr=2g:7s @) Theorem of Componendo Mea:bse:d,then @ — atb:b=c+d-d and (i) asatb=eretd RET mn +3 sn =p: q-2, then mtns3 +q-2:q-2 SEM sons n=piq-2 m+3__p mn ~g-2 By componendo theorem (m+3)+n_p+(q-2 no q-2 m+n+3_ptg-2 ™ g-2 Thus m+n+3:n=p+q-2:q-2 (4) Theorem of Dividendo If a:b=e:d,then @ a-b:b=c-d:d Wi) a:a-b=c:0e-d Gams. n-2=2p43:3g41, Then m-n+3:n-2 —3g+2:3q+h BMD civen that m:n 22 2p 43: 3941 m+1_2p4+3 ‘Then n-2~3q41 By dividendo theorem m _2p= 342 n-2 > 3g+l Thus m—n+3:n-2=2p-3q42:3q+1 ‘Theorem of Componendo-dividendoThus SEND rm n= ‘Then prove that 3m +n: 3m—7n = 3p +7q : 3p -7q AMM since min=pig Maliplying both sides by >. we get 3m_» In 7g ‘Then using componendo-dividendo theorem 3m+In_3p+7q 3m ip —7q 3m-47n:3m— n= 3p +74: 3p—79 (SEMIN Sm + 3: Sm—3n = Sp +3q : Sp - 3g, then show that_m:n=p:q Given that Sm-+3n: 5m—3n=Sp +3q:Sp—3q By componendo-dividendo theorem (Sm +3n) + (Sm—3n) _(Sp + 3g) + (5p ~ 34) (Sm + 3n)—(Sm—3n) ~ (Sp +3q)— (Sp — 34) Sm+3n+5m=3n_Sp+3q+Sp—3q Sm 3n—Sm+3n Sp+3q—Sp+3q 10m _10p, 6n > 6q Multiplying both sides by $ mp nog m:n=p:q (CGREETTEED Using theorem of componendo-dividendo, find the value of m+3p m+29 Sq Sptmaag m—MMMM since m= 5, OF me eg @ By componendo-dividendo theorem m+3p_2g+p+g)_2g+ptq m—3p—2q-(p+q)24-p-4 m+3p_p+3q m-3p" q-p Again from eq. (), we have me. 2q>pr4 By componendo-dividendo theorem m+2q_3p+p+g)_3p+ptq m—2q~3p-(p+q) 3p-P—4 m+2q_dp+q m-2q~2p-q ‘Adding (ii) and (ii) mi3p mt2g_ abate ote p+3q, dpa m—3p* m-2q~ 2p-q-” p-q” wP-|q +34) Op-g)+(p~ 4) Gp +a) (-4) 2p-9) 2p? = Spy + 3q? + 4p*=3pq— a (@-a@p-9@) 2p? 8pq +242 _ 2p? 4pq +g") ~(p-D2p-g P-4g)2p-9) GENTTED Using theorem of commnnentoiende solve the equation Vee3 +yr=3 Ve3-\k-3 3 wi ii) mm «. tion is eS eve=3_4 GEUTITED civen equation is YES NESS = By componendo-dividendo theorem ea3 + ye—3 +e 3-3x+3=49(x-3) > x+3=49x- 147 => x-49x=-147-3 150 48 —48x=-150 = 48x=150 = x= Ge+32-G-5P 4 5 ‘Using componendo-dividendo theorem, solve the equation (“335 (P= Solution Get 3h == SP 4 SLND Given equations EEF G5)“ By componendo-dividendo theorem (et 3) = (r= 5)? + 4 3) He? (+3) 5)? 3-5) 2x43)? _ 9 20=5P 1 Taking square root or The solution set is (3, 9) —— EXERC 1. Provethat_ = a:b=e:d,if dat Sb _4e+5d 2a+9b 2c+9d © Ga=5b~ c= 5d () Ya=9b~ 2=9d atebP 4d a@e4bed adap Gt) P= bP Od a ee () pat gb: pa qb=pe+ qd: pe-gd atbtced a-bt+e-djy 24#3b+2043d 2a 3b420—3d (i) a4 36-20 3d~ 2a~3b-2e+3d 2. Using theorem of componendo-dividendo xedy xed xa2ytx-22' BP yar (Find the value of (i) Find the value of "> i x= 6a_x46b _ lab Gi) Find the value of Tgq—"— gp «if «=p xo3y_a+3 _ 3x Gy) Find the value of [35 —Toae > if x= 75 So3p s43q 4, Opa () Find the value of 3p +539 > ifs =7 00 (-2? ye 12 i) Sove Cie grains (vii) Solve (vill) Solve E82 Ve =o Verspeye—p 3 (e+5P-G-3) 13, (et5P+@-3p 14 3.3.4) Joint variation A combination of direct and inverse variations of one or more than one variables, forms joint variation Iva variable y varies directly as x and varies inversely as z Then yar and yo! (ix) Solve. In joint variation, we write it as yey x ie, yaks Where k# 0 is the constant of variation,For example, by Newton’s law of gravitation, if one body attracts another with a force (G), that varies directly as the product of their masses (m,), (m,) and inversely as the square of the distance (d) between them. m ie, Gx or G=k TAT where ks the constant 334i) Problems related to joint variation. Procedure to solve the problems related to joint variation is explained through examples. Iy varies jointly as x? and z and y= 6 when x = 4,2=9. Write y ae a function ‘of x and z and determine the value of y, when x=—8 and z= 12. Since y varies jointly as x? and z, therefore yeexte ie, yekee @ Pu y=6,x=4,2=9 KAP) 6 1 Texan = k=39 Purk=gzin eq), y=pys%2 Now put x=-8, 2= 12 in the above equation, yeoman p vaties jointly as q and 72 and inversely as s and #, p = 40, when = 3, 1= 2, Find p in terms of qr and 1. Also find the value of p when q =~2,r and e HMM Given thar pa ae nO) Put = p=40,q=8,r=5,s=3andr=2 =, BOGE 40=k 307 40x3 x 8x25 BR S ‘Then eq. (i) becomes 12 gr POS stNow for g=~2, r=4, s=3 and 1=—1, we have 12 24" 128, P= My Ss SS" TOE 1 If-s varies directly as u? and inversely as v and s = 7 when u = 3, v = 2. Find the value. of s when « and v = 10. 2. If'w varies jointly as x, y? and z and w = 5 when x = 2, y= 3, z= 10. Find w when x=4,y=Tand 2=3. 3, If y varies directly as x° and inversely as 2? and 1, and y = 16 when 1= 3, Find the value of y when x= 2, 2=3 and r= 4. 4, fu varies drety a x and inversely asthe product ye, and w= 2 when x=8,y=7, z=2. Find the value of u when x= 5. I'v varies directly as the product xy* and inversely as bedef kbsd+p beds} LHS. =RHS. @h+Cd+ef atcre abe + cb + ef be def LHS. = =k RHS. Thus, 1. a:b=e:4,(a,b,c,d#0), then show that 4a-9b 4e-9d 6a-Sb_60~Sd Oar 9e=tex9d = Gan Sb=6e4 5d z ai) 5=\/are Gv) ah e8: B+ =abed: bid () pad) gb: ple +d) + qdact ce+ea @ bargep ii) 3.4(ii) Real life problems based on variation ‘The strength “s” of a rectangular beam varies directly as the breadth b and the square of the depth d. If 2 beam 9cm wide and 12cm deep will support 1200 1b. What weight beam of 12cm wide and 9em deep will support? GET By the joint variation, we haves « bd? ie, $= kb @ Put = 1200, b=9 and d= 12 (9) (12)? = 1200, x —1200__ 25 9x 144" 27 25, Putin eg. i) s= 5p bd? Now for b = 12 andd=9 25 25(12) (9) (9) 3 aa op - MLB) soo EEDIIED The current in a wire varies directly as the electromotive force E and inversely 2 the resistance R. I J = 32 amperes, when E = 128 volts and R = 8 ohms. Find J, when B= 150 volts and R = 18 ohms, E EON ts joint vation, wehave 14, ie. For 1=32, E= 128 and R= 8, @ (128) _ 32x8 3220 Ap tk > ka? Putineg. @) = Now for £= 150 and R= 18 2150) _ 50 =o sy amp.SS" 9 Sok RPS The surface area A of a cube varies directly as the square of the length / of an edge and A = 27 square units when / = 3 units. Find () A when = 4 units (i) when A = 12 sq, units The surface area S of the sphere varies directly as the square of radius r, ‘S=16when r = 2. Find r when S = 36. In Hook’s law the force F applied to stretch a spring varies directly as the amount of elongation Sand F = 32ib when S = 1.6 in. Find (i) S when F = 50 Ib (ii) F when S=0.8in. The intensity J of light from a given source varies inversely as the square of the distance d from it. If the intensity is 20 candlepower at a distance of 12f1. from the source, find the intensity at a point 8ft. from the source. The pressure P in a body of fluid varies directly as the depth d. If the pressure exerted on the bottom of a tank by a column of fluid Sft. high is 2.25 Ib/sq. in, how deep must the fluid be to exert a pressure of 9 Ib/sq. in? Labour costs ¢ varies jointly as the number of workers n and the average number of days d. If the cost of 800 workers for 13 days is Rs. 286000, then find the labour cost of 600 workers for 18 days. The supporting load c of a pillar varies as the fourth power of its diameter d and inversely as the square of its length /. A pillar of diameter 6 inch and of height 30 feet will support a load of 63 tons. How high a 4 inch pillar must be to support a load of 28 tons? The time T required for an elevator to lift a weight varies jointly as the weight w and the lifting depth d varies inversely as the power p of the motor. If 25 sec. are required for a 4hp motor to lift 500 Ib through 40 ft, what power is required to lift 800 Ib, through 120 ft in 40 sec.? ‘The kinetic energy (K.E.) of a body varies jointly as the mass “m” of the body and the square of its velocity “v". If the kinetic energy is 4320 fvlb when the mass is 45 Ib and the velocity is 24 ft/sec, determine the kinetic energy of a 3000 Jb automobile travelling 44 ft/sec. MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISE - 3 Multiple Choice Questions Four possible answers are given for the following questions. Tick (“) the correct answer. Inaratioa: b, aiscalled (@) relation (b) antecedent (©) consequent (@) None of these(@) relation (b) antecedent (©) consequent (a) None of these Ina proportion a : b (a) means ‘extremes (©) third proportional (@)__ None of these (iv) Ina proportion a (a) means ‘extremes (©) fourth proportional (@)__ None of these (¥) In continued proportion @ : b = b : ¢, ac = b?, b is said to be proportional between a and ¢, (a) third (b) fourth (©) means (None of these (vi) Incontinued proportion a: b=: ¢, cis said to be___ proportional to a and b. (a) third (b) fourth (© means (@)__ None of these (vii) Find xin proportion 4 sx ::5: 15 % 3 @) 12 (viii) (b) u=k? (dd) w=1 wo got & yas @) y=ke ow ® (a) (xi) The third proportional of x2 and y? is @ % © © §(xiii) (xiv) (xv) @ (i) (ai) dv) w) (wi) (ii) (viii) (x) The fourth proportional w of x: y2:v: wis @ 2 &) © ov @ If a:b=x:y, then alternando property is @ 4% &) @ ee @ Ifa: b=x:y, then invertendo property is b @ {5 ) box © BP @ € > then componendo property is aie @ aera ) o # @ Write short answers of the following questions. Define ratio and give one example. Define proportion. Define direct variation, Define inverse variation. State theorem of componendo-dividendo. Find x, if 6:42:35. If.x and y? varies directly, and x = 27 when y = 4. Find the value of y when x = 3 If wand v varies inversely, and w = 8, when v = 3. Find vy when w = 12. Find the fourth proportional to 8, 7, 6. Find a mean proportional to 16 and 49. Find a third proportional to 28 and 4. Wy and y= 28 when x =7, 2= 2, then find y. Iz « xy and z = 36 when x = 2, y=3, then find z. Iw «4 and w=2 when v=3, then find w.w Gi) (iii) @) o wi) (vii) wii) x) &) (xi) (xii) xii) (iv) Fill in the blanks jo tt G2 + xy +») The simplest form of the ratio SS Inatatiox: y; xis called Ina ratio a:b; bis called Ina proportion a: b ::x: y; a and y are called Ina proportion p : g:: m:n; q and m are called _ In proportion 7 : 4 ::p :8,p 166: m:: 9 12, then m If.x and y varies directly, then x= __ If vaties directly as w, then u? If w varies inversely as p?, then A third proportional of 12 and 4, is ‘The fourth proportional of 15, 6, 5 is The mean proportional of 4mm?n and p® is. The continued proportion of 4, m and 9 is, —— LON AES = A telation between two quantities of the same kind is called ratio. A proportion is a statement, which is expressed as equivalence of two ratios. If two ratios a: b and ¢ : d are equal, then we can write a:b d “a as If wo quantities are related in such a way that increase (decrease) in one quantity causes increase (decrease) in the other quantity is called direct variation. If two quantities are related in such a way that when one quantity increases, the other decreases is called inverse variation. Theorem on proportions (1) Theorem of Invertendo Ia:b=e:d,thenb:a=dic (2) Theorem of Alternando Ifa:b=e:d,thena:c=bid 3) Theorem of Componendo Ie a:b=e:d,then @ — atb:b=ctd:d Wi) aratb=cre+di) ‘Theorem of Componendo-dividendo If a:b=e:d, then atb:a-b=c+die-d ‘A combination of direct and inverse variations of one or more than one variable forms joint variation. K-Method, @ ‘then a=bk and c=dk 0) ky then a=bk,c=dkand e=/k