BULL. AUSTRAL. M A T H . S O C .

47HO9, 47H10
VOL. 43 (1991) [153-159]

WEAK AND STRONG CONVERGENCE TO FIXED POINTS OF

ASYMPTOTICALLY NONEXPANSIVE MAPPINGS

J. SCHU

Let T be an asymptotically nonexpansive self-mapping of a closed bounded and

convex subset of a uniformly convex Banach space which satisfies Opial's con-
dition. It is shown that, under certain assumptions, the sequence given by
xn+t — a n T n ( z n ) + (1 — ctn)xn converges weakly to some fixed point of T. In ar-
bitrary uniformly convex Banach spaces similar results are obtained concerning the
strong convergence of ( i n ) to a fixed point of T, provided T possesses a compact
iterate or satisfies a Frum-Ketkov condition of the fourth kind.

0. INTRODUCTION

In 1972, K. Goebel and W.A. Kirk [2] introduced the class of asymptotically non-
expansive mappings and proved that every asymptotically nonexpansive self-mapping
of a nonempty closed bounded and convex subset of a uniformly convex Banach space
has a fixed point. After this, several authors have been concerned with the iterative
construction of a fixed point of an asymptotically nonexpansive mapping T as the weak
limit of the sequence (Tnx)neN of iterates, assuming that T is (weakly) asymptotically
regular (see for example [1, 3 , 4, 6]).
Let E be a uniformly convex Banach space satisfying Opial's condition, 0 ^ A C E
closed bounded and convex and T : A —> A asymptotically nonexpansive. Using a
demiclosedness result of J. Gornicki [3], we shall show that, under certain conditions,
the modified Mann-iteration process z n +i = anTn(xn) + (1 — an)xn converges weakly
to some fixed point of T. We emphasise that no asymptotic regularity condition is
posed on T . This result, together with two further theorems concerning the strong
convergence of ( x n ) to some fixed point of T, are given in section 2, while section 1
contains several lemmas needed in the sequel.

PRELIMINARIES. A normed space (E, \\-\\) is called uniformly convex if for each e > 0
there is a 6 > 0 such that if x,y € E with ||x||, \\y\\ < 1 and \\x — y\\ ^ e it follows that
||z + 2/|| < 2(1 —£). (.EM|-||) is said to satisfy Opial's condition if for each sequence

Received 19th March, 1990.

Thanks are due to Professor J. Reinermann for his interest in this paper.
Copyright Clearance Centre, Inc. Serial-fee code: 0004-9729/91 SA2.00+0.00.

153

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 154 J. Schu [2]

(x n ) G 25N weakly converging to a point x E E and for all y G E it follows from y ^ x

that liminf ||x n - x|| < liminf ||x n — y\\.
Let A be a subset of E, (Jfcn) G [1, oo)N and £ > 0. A mapping T : A -* Ais called
asymptotically nonexpansive with sequence (fcn) if lim(fcn) = 1 and ||T n x — T n y|| ^
fcn||z — y\\ for all n G N and all x,y G A. T is called uniformly L-Lipschitzian if
\\Tnx-Tny\\ < L | | x - y | | for all n 6 N and all x,y G A, and T is said to be compact if
it maps bounded sets into relatively compact ones. Furthermore, a mapping F : A —> E
is said to be demiclosed with respect to y 6 E if for each sequence (xn) £ J4.N and
each x G E it follows from (xn)—-x and ]imF(xn) = y that x & A and .F(x) = y • For
abbreviation we denote the fixed point set of T by Fix(T) and the diameter of A by
diam(A).
Finally, a sequence (an) G [0,1]N is said to be bounded away if e < an ^ 1 — e
for all n G N and some e > 0.
In what follows we shall deal with the iteration process

(M) x n + 1 = anTn(xn) + (1 - an)xn.

1. AUXILIARY RESULTS

LEMMA 1 . 1 . Let (E,\\-\\) be a normed space, 0 ^ A C E convex and T : A ^ A

oo
asymptotically nonexpansive with sequence (fcn) G [l,oo) tor which fj kv converges.
v=l
oo
N
For n G N set cn - \[ K- Suppose that xx G A, ( a n ) G [0,l] and tiat (x n ) is
l/=n
given by (M). Then
(1) ll^n+i - x\\ ^ fcn ||x n - x|| for aJi x G Fix(T) and all n G N;
(2) | | x n + m - x | | < c n | | x n - x | | for all x G Fix(T) and all n, m G N.

PROOF: For z G Fix(T) and n G N we have

||*n+i - x\\ = ||x n + 1 - anTnx - (1 - a n )x||

^ a n ||T n x n - T"x|| + (1 - an) ||x B - x||
^ («nfcn + (1 - On)) ||iBn - x\\ < fcn ||x n - x\\ ,

which establishes (1). To show (2), fix x G Fix(T) and n,m G N. Then, by (1),

( II
n+m-l \

*.)ll»»-*ll<e»||* B -«||.
"=n y
D
The following lemma was motivated by the method of proof of Theorem 1.1 of [6]
(S.K. Samanta).

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 [3] Weak and strong convergence 155

LEMMA 1 . 2 . Let (E, \\-\\) be a normed space, B ^ i c B bounded and convex

and T : A —* A asymptotically nonexpansive with sequence (Jfcn) G [l,oo) for which
X) (fcn - 1) < oo- Suppose that xxeA, ( a n ) G [0,1] N and t i a t (xn) is given by (M).
n=l
Then lim n _ oo ||x n — x|| exists for each x G Fix{T).
oo oo
PROOF: Since J3 (^n — 1) < oo, it follows that \[ kv converges. Thus, if we set
71=1 «/=l
OO
n
cn = Yl kv for aH 6 N, we have lim(cn) = 1. Fix x G Fix(T) now. Since A is
bounded, we may choose ip : N —• N strictly increasing such that d = limHx^ — x||
exists. Then, for each e > 0, there is an no G N such that for all n ^ no

(a) (cn-l)diam{A)<e, (b) cVn(e + d) < 2e + d and (c) \\\xVn - x\\ - d\ < e.

Additionally, for each q G N there exists some integer j q ^ no such that ipjq > q + <fino •
Thus, for arbitrary q G N , we have <pjq — (<pno + q) G N , and it follows from (c) and
Lemma 1.1 that

d — e< x w . —x = x,,. _/„_ .,\./.._ ,,\ —x

say. Since ifn^ + q~^ no and cVrlQ+q ^ 1, a further application of Lemma 1.1 together
with (a), (b) and (c) leads to

6 < e + \\xVno+q -
,

Hence d— 2e ^ z V n o + , — x ^ d + 2e, and so we have shown that \\\xm — i|| — d| ^ 2e

for all m > y?,^ + 1. Thus lim m _ oo \\xm — x\\ = d. D
LEMMA 1 . 3 . (compare [8, p.484]) Let (£,||-||) be a uniform/v convex Ba-
nach space, 0 < 6 < c < l , a ^ 0 , (t n ) G [6,c]N and (x n ),(y n ) G £ N suci
that limsup||a;n|| < a, limsup||y n || < o and lim||< n s n + (1 - t n )y n || = o. Tien

LEMMA 1 . 4 . (see [7, Lemma 1.2]) Let (E, \\-\\) be a normed space, 0 ^ A C
convex, T : A —• A uniformly L-Lipschitzian for some L > 0, (a n ) £ [0»l]N
asi G i4. Suppose that (sen) is given by (M), and set cn = ||T n x n - x n || for all n G N.
TAen ||x n - Txn\\ < cn + Cn.jZ^l + 3 1 + 2L2) for all n G N.
Now we are in a position to prove a lemma which, together with Lemma 1.2, is
essential for the results of Section 2.

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 156 J. Schu [4]

LEMMA 1 . 5 . Let (JE, ||-||) be a uniform// convex Banach space, 0 ^ A C E

closed bounded and convex, T : A —» A asymptotically nonexpansive with sequence
OO

(Jfen) G [1, oo) N for which £ (fc« - 1) < oo and (a n ) 6 [0,1]N bounded away. Suppose
n=l
i £ A and that (xn) is given by (M). Then lim||x n - Tx n || - 0.
PROOF: It follows from Theorem 1 of [2] that T has a fixed point i in 4 .
Then d — lim||x n — x|| is well-defined by Lemma 1.2 and limsup ||T n x n — x|| ^ d
because lim(ifcn) = 1 and ||T n x n - x\\ = ||T"x n - Tnx\\ «S kn \\xn - x\\ for all n G N.
Additionally, ]im\\ctn(Tnxn - x ) + ( 1 - a n )(x n - x)|| = lim||x n+1 - x\\ = d, so that
lim||r™z n — x n || = 0 by Lemma 1.3. Now, since every asymptotically nonexpansive
mapping is also uniformly L-Lipschitzian for some L > 0, it follows from Lemma 1.4
that l i m | | T j B n - * B | | = 0 . D
Note that the above property "lim||T n x n — x n || = 0" is a kind of asymp-
totic regularity condition. Indeed, denoting anTn + (1 — a n )id by 5 n , we have
| | S n x n - S n _ i X n _ i | | = ||sen+i - 3n|| = an\\Tnxn-xn\\ with e ^ an < 1 - e
n
for some e > 0 independent of n. Hence lim ||T a;n — x n || = 0 if and only if
limllSnSn-Sn-iXn.ill = 0 .
Before we state our main results we need one further lemma which is due to J.
Gornicki.
LEMMA 1 . 6 . (see [3, Lemma 4]) Let (E, \\-\\) be a uniformly convex Banach
space satisfying Opial's condition, 0 ^ A C E closed and convex and T : A —» A
asymptotically nonexpansive. Then id — T is demiclosed with respect to zero.

2. MAIN RESULTS

THEOREM 2 . 1 . Let (E, \\-\\) be a uniformly convex Banach space satisfying

Opial's condition, 0 ^ A C E closed bounded and convex and T : A —> A asymp-
OO

totically nonexpansive with sequence (fcn) G [l)Oo) for which 53 (^n — 1) < °°-
n=l
Suppose that Xi G A and (a n ) G [0,l] N is bounded away. Then the sequence (x n )
given by x n +i = anTn(xn) + (1 — an)xn converges weakly to some fixed point of T.
PROOF: Consider two subsequences {xVn) and (x^ n ) of (x n ) which are weakly
convergent to some points x and z in A, respectively. Since lim||x n — Tx n || = 0 by
Lemma 1.5 and id — T is demiclosed with respect to zero by Lemma 1.6, it follows
that Tx = x and Tz = z. Now we are allowed to apply Lemma 1.2 which provides us
with the existence of a = lim ||x n — x|| and b = lim||x n — z||. Assuming that i / z
and taking into account the fact that (xVn)—*x and (x^n)—<-z, it follows from Opial's

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 [5] Weak and strong convergence 157

condition that

a = liminf \\xVn — x|| < liminf \\xVn — z\\ = b

= liminf ||x^ n — z\\ < liminf ||x^ n — x\\ = a,

which is a contradiction. Hence x = z.

This, together with the weak compactness of A (note that every uniformly convex
Banach space is reflexive), shows that (x n ) possesses exactly one weak cluster point,
from which it follows that (x n ) converges weakly to some y € A. Repeating the
argument above we see that Ty = y. U
Our next theorem is a generalisation of Theorem 1.5 of [7], where E was assumed
to be a Hilbert space.
THEOREM 2 . 2 . Let (E,\\-\\) be a uniformly convex Banach space, 0 ^ A C E
closed bounded and convex, T : A —> A asymptotically nonexpansive with sequence
(kn) e [l,oo) N for which £ (K - 1) < °°, (<*n) G [0,l] N bounded away and xx e A.
71=1

.Furthermore, suppose that Tm is compact for some m £ N . Then the sequence (x n )

given by x n +i = <xnTn(xn) + (1 — a n ) x n converges strongly to some fixed point of T.
PROOF: Since lim ||Tx n — x n || = 0 by Lemma 1.5, it follows from the estimation

m-l
m
\\T
II-1 (r\xn) \ — r II«&
— -Cnll V^ II\\Tv+1(rv n>\ — T"(r
< 2_j \ n>\\\\\+ 4-
H \\Tr
n —n llr II

m-l

v=l

that linin^oo ||T m (x n ) — x n || =: 0. Furthermore, as a consequence of the compactness

of Tm, we may choose some subsequence (xVn) of (x n ) and some x € A such that
lim n _. < x>2 lm (x v , n ) — x. It follows from the estimation ||x Vn — x|| ^ \\xVn — Tm(xVn)\\
+ I I T " " ^ ^ ) — x\\, together with the observations above, that lim(x v , n ) = x, which in
turn implies that Tx — x, taking into account that lim ||Tx n — x n || = 0 . Consequently
a = lim||x n — x|| exists by Lemma 1.2. Since lim(x ¥>n ) = x , we conclude that a = 0. U
We close this section with a result analogous to one given by W.V. Petryshyn and
T.E. Williamson for (conditionally quasi-) nonexpansive mappings satisfying a Frum-
Ketkov condition of the fourth kind (Theorem 3.3 of [5]).
LEMMA 2 . 3 . (see [5, Lemma 3.1]) Let (E, \\-\\) be a normed space, 0 ^ A C E
closed and convex, 0 ^ K C E compact and convex, c G [0,1) and T : A —» A such
that
dist{Tx, K)^c diat{x, K) for all x £ A.

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 158 J. Schu [6]

Suppose that A G (0,1), and define T\ = XT + (1 - A)id and cx = Ac + (1 - A). Then

diat(Tx(x), K) < cx dist(x, K) for all x £ A.

THEOREM 2 . 4 . Let (E,\\-\\) be a uniformly convex Banach space, 0 £ A C E

closed bounded and convex, T : A —» A asymptotically nonexpansive with sequence
(jfcn) 6 [l,oo) N - for which £ (Jbn - 1) < oo, (a n ) G [0,l] N bounded away and xx G A.
n=l
Furthermore, suppose that there exists a nonempty compact and convex subset K of
E and some c 6 (0,1) such that

dist(Tx,K) < c diat(x, K) for all x e A.

Then the sequence (xn) given by xn+i = anTn(a:n) + (1 - an)a;n converges strongly
to some fixed point of T.
PROOF: For n G N and x G A we have dist(Tnx,K) ^ cndist(x,K) and, conse-
quently, by Lemma 2.3,

dist{anTnx + (1 - an)x,K) < (a n c n + (1 - a n )) dist(x,K)

< (c n + 1 - e) disf(iB, K)

for some e > 0 independent of n and x. Since c G (0,1), there is an no G N such

that c™ + 1 — e < 1 — e/2 for all n > n 0 . Hence, for n ^ n 0 , we have dtai(:c n+1 , if)
^ (1 - e / 2 ) dia*(xn,iiQ and thus dis<(a;n+1, K) < (1 - e/2)n+1"n°«fi«<(xno,ii:), from
which we conclude that Iim7l_<x) dist(xn, K) = 0. Since K is compact, this is easily
seen to imply that (xn) possesses some strongly convergent subsequence (xVn). The
rest of the proof is identical to the related part of the proof of Theorem 2.2. D

REFERENCES

[1] S.C. Bose, 'Weak convergence to the fixed point of an asymptotically nonexpansive map',
Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 68 (1978), 305-308.
[2] K. Goebel and W.A. Kirk, 'A fixed point theorem for asymptotically nonexpansive map-
pings', Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 35 (1972), 171-174.
[3] J. G6rnicki, 'Weak convergence theorems for asymptotically nonexpansive mappings in
uniformly convex Banach spaces', Comment. Math. Univ. Carolin. 30 (1989), 249-252.
[4] G.B. Passty, 'Construction of fixed points for asymptotically nonexpansive mappings',
Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 84 (1982), 212-216.
[5] W.V. Petryshyn and T.E. Williamson, Jr., 'Strong and weak convergence of the sequence
of successive approximations for quasi-nonexpansive mappings', J. Math. Anal. Appl. 43
(1973), 459-497.

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 [7] Weak and strong convergence 159

[6] S.K. Samanta, 'Fixed point theorems in a Banach space satisfying Opial's condition', /.
Indian Math. Soc. 45 (1981), 251-258.
[7] J. Schu, 'Iterative construction of fixed points of asymptotically nonexpansive mappings',
J. Math. Anal. Appl. (to appear).
[8] E. Zeidler, Nonlinear Functional Analysis and its Applications I, Fixed-Point Theorems
(Springer-Verlag, New York, Heidelberg, Tokyo, 1986).

RWTH Aachen
Lehretuhl C fur Mathematik
Templergraben 55
D-5100 Aachen
Federal Republic of Germany

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