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Product Improvement Task

The document discusses a circuit designed for multi-color LED flashing using two PNP transistors (Q1 and Q2) and capacitors (C1 and C2). It provides steps to: 1) Calculate the LED flashing frequency based on the circuit's time period. 2) Change the flashing frequency to approximately 1.5 seconds. 3) Explain how changing resistor and capacitor values impacts the flashing frequency by altering capacitor charging and discharging times.

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Narayana Sai Jawahar
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31 views5 pages

Product Improvement Task

The document discusses a circuit designed for multi-color LED flashing using two PNP transistors (Q1 and Q2) and capacitors (C1 and C2). It provides steps to: 1) Calculate the LED flashing frequency based on the circuit's time period. 2) Change the flashing frequency to approximately 1.5 seconds. 3) Explain how changing resistor and capacitor values impacts the flashing frequency by altering capacitor charging and discharging times.

Uploaded by

Narayana Sai Jawahar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Assignment – Intern Product Improvement

Assignment 1 Report:-
About:-
A 4s LiPo battery refers to a lithium polymer (LiPo) battery pack composed of four individual cells
connected in series. Each cell in the battery has a nominal voltage of around 3.7 volts. When these
cells are connected in series, their voltages add up, resulting in a total nominal voltage of
approximately 14.8 volts (3.7V x 4).

The "s" in "4s" represents the series connection of the cells. In a series connection, the positive
terminal of one cell is connected to the negative terminal of the next cell, and so on. This
configuration increases the overall voltage of the battery pack while keeping the capacity (measured
in milliampere-hours or mAh) the same as a single cell.

Uses:- Remote-controlled vehicles, Drones, Portable electronics.

Conceptual block diagram:-

Block Diagram
Circuit Design:-
The circuit design will consist of the following components:

1. Battery Pack: A 4s to 6s lithium polymer (LiPo) battery pack.

2. Voltage Measurement Circuit: This circuit will measure the individual cell voltages as well as the
total voltage of the battery pack. It will consist of voltage dividers and analog-to-digital converters
(ADCs) to convert the voltages to digital signals.

3. Microcontroller: A microcontroller will be used to interface with the voltage measurement circuit,
read the digital signals, and perform necessary calculations. It will also control the LED display.

4. LED Display: An LED screen will be used to display the voltage readings.

Final Schematic:-

Final Schematic of 6S Lipo


Bill of Materials:-
1. 4s to 6s LiPo battery pack

2. Resistors

3. Analog-to-digital converters (ADCs)

4. Microcontroller

5. LED display module

6. Capacitors

7. Probes

8. Power supply.
Assignment 2 Report:-
About:-
The given circuit is designed for multi-color LED flashing. It consists of two transistors (Q1 and Q2),
capacitors (C1 and C2), resistors (R1, R2, R3, and R4), and an LED (BLLED). The transistors Q1 and Q2
are PN2907 PNP transistors.

1. Simulating the Circuit and Calculating LED Flashing Frequency:


To calculate the LED flashing frequency, we need to determine the time period of each flash. The
time period is the reciprocal of the frequency.

The time period (T) can be calculated using the formula T = 1 / F.

2. Changing the LED Flashing Frequency to 1.5 Seconds (approximately):


To change the flashing frequency to approximately 1.5 seconds, we need to calculate the new
frequency. From the above formula T = 1 / F

F=1/T (T=1.5SEC)

F = 1 / 1.5 S

F = 0.67HZ (Similarly).

3. Explaining the Working of the Circuit:


The given circuit is designed for multi-color LED flashing. It consists of two transistors (Q1 and Q2),
capacitors (C1 and C2), resistors (R1, R2, R3, and R4), and an LED (BLLED). The transistors Q1 and Q2
are PN2907 PNP transistors.

The operation of the circuit can be summarized as follows:

- Q1 and Q2 form a bistable multivibrator.

- Initially, assume Q1 is ON and Q2 is OFF.

- When Q1 is ON, current flows through R1, Q1, and R2, keeping Q2 OFF.

- C1 charges through R2.

- As C1 charges, the voltage at the base of Q2 increases.

- Once the voltage at the base of Q2 reaches a threshold level, Q2 turns ON.

- Q2 being ON creates a low-impedance path for C1 to discharge rapidly.

- As C1 discharges, the voltage at the base of Q2 decreases.- Once the voltage at the base of Q2 falls
below a threshold level, Q2 turns OFF, and the cycle repeats.

- The ON and OFF states of Q1 and Q2 control the flashing of the BLLED.
4. Impact of Circuit Changes on LED Flashing Frequency:
To determine the impact of circuit changes on the LED flashing frequency, we need to identify the
components responsible for controlling the frequency. In the given circuit, the frequency primarily
depends on the values of R2, C1, R3, C2, and the characteristics of the transistors Q1 and Q2.

By modifying the values of R2, C1, R3, and C2, we can alter the charging and discharging times of the
capacitors and thereby change the flashing frequency of the LED.

5. Calculations:-
All the calculations for the above circuit diagram are attached in the below file calculations.pdf.

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