Robert Solow

Robert Merton Solow, GCIH (/ˈsoʊloʊ/; born August 23, 1924) is

Robert Solow
an American economist whose work on the theory of economic
growth culminated in the exogenous growth model named after
him.[28][29] He is currently Emeritus Institute Professor of
Economics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where he
has been a professor since 1949.[30] He was awarded the John
Bates Clark Medal in 1961,[31] the Nobel Memorial Prize in
Economic Sciences in 1987,[32] and the Presidential Medal of
Freedom in 2014.[33] Four of his PhD students, George Akerlof,
Joseph Stiglitz, Peter Diamond and William Nordhaus later
received Nobel Memorial Prizes in Economic Sciences in their Solow in 2008
own right.[34][35][36] Born Robert Merton
Solow
Biography August 23, 1924
Brooklyn, New
Robert Solow was born in Brooklyn, New York, into a Jewish York City, U.S.
family on August 23, 1924, the oldest of three children. He
regarded his parents as being very intelligent despite their not Academic career
being able to attend college due to the necessity to work.[37] He Institution Massachusetts
was well educated in the neighborhood public schools and Institute of
excelled academically early in life.[38] In September 1940, Solow Technology
went to Harvard College with a scholarship at the age of 16. At
Field Macroeconomics
Harvard, his first studies were in sociology and anthropology as
well as elementary economics.[38] School or Neo-Keynesian
tradition economics
In 1941, Solow left the university and joined the U.S. Army.
Alma mater Harvard University
Because he was fluent in German, the Army put him on a task
(AB, AM, PhD)
force whose primary purpose was to intercept, interpret, and send
Columbia
back German messages to base.[39] He served briefly in North
Africa and Sicily, and later in Italy until he was discharged in University

August 1945.[38][40] Shortly after returning, he proceeded to marry Doctoral Wassily Leontief
his girlfriend, Barbara Lewis, whom he had been dating for six advisor
months.[39] Doctoral George Akerlof[1]
students Mario
He returned to Harvard in 1945, and studied under Wassily
Leontief. As Leontief's research assistant he produced the first set Baldassarri[2]
of capital-coefficients for the input–output model. Then he became Francis M. Bator[3]
interested in statistics and probability models. From 1949 to 1950, Charlie Bean[4]
he spent a fellowship year at Columbia University to study Alan Blinder[5]
statistics more intensively. During that year he also worked on his Vittorio Corbo
Ph.D. thesis, an exploratory attempt to model changes in the size Peter Diamond[6]
distribution of wage income using interacting Markov processes Avinash Dixit[7]
for employment-unemployment and wage rates.[38] Alain Enthoven[8]
Ray Fair[9]
In 1949, just before going off to Columbia, he was offered and Ronald Findlay[10]
accepted an assistant professorship in the Economics Department Robert J.
at Massachusetts Institute of Technology. At M.I.T. he taught Gordon[11]
courses in statistics and econometrics. Solow's interest gradually Robert Hall[12]
changed to macroeconomics. For almost 40 years, Solow and Paul Michael
Samuelson worked together on many landmark theories: von
Intriligator[13]
Neumann growth theory (1953), theory of capital (1956), linear
programming (1958) and the Phillips curve (1960). Katsuhito Iwai[14]
Ronald W.
Solow also held several government positions, including senior Jones[15]
economist for the Council of Economic Advisers (1961–62) and Arnold Kling
member of the President's Commission on Income Maintenance Meir Kohn
(1968–70). His studies focused mainly in the fields of employment Glenn Loury[16]
and growth policies, and the theory of capital. Herbert
In 1961 he won the American Economic Association's John Bates Mohring[17]
Clark Award, given to the best economist under age forty. In 1979 William
he served as president of that association. In 1987, he won the Nordhaus[18]
Nobel Prize for his analysis of economic growth[38] and in 1999, George Perry[19]
he received the National Medal of Science. In 2011, he received an Robert Pindyck
honorary degree in Doctor of Science from Tufts University. Arjun Kumar
Sengupta[20]
Solow is the founder of the Cournot Foundation and the Cournot Steven Shavell[21]
Centre. After the death of his colleague Franco Modigliani, Solow
Eytan
accepted an appointment as new Chairman of the I.S.E.O Institute,
an Italian nonprofit cultural association which organizes Sheshinski[22]
international conferences and summer schools. He is a founding Jeremy Siegel[23]
trustee of the Economists for Peace and Security.[41] Joseph Stiglitz[24]
Harvey M.
Solow's past students include 2010 Nobel Prize winner Peter Wagner[25]
Diamond, as well as Michael Rothschild, Halbert White, Charlie Martin
Bean, Michael Woodford, and Harvey Wagner. He is ranked 23rd Weitzman[26]
among economists on RePEc in terms of the strength of Halbert White[27]
economists who have studied under him.[42][43]
Other notable Mario Draghi
Solow was one of the signees of a 2018 amicus curiae brief that students
expressed support for Harvard University in the Students for Fair Influences Paul Samuelson
Admissions v. President and Fellows of Harvard College lawsuit.
Signers of the brief include Alan B. Krueger, George A. Akerlof, Contributions Exogenous growth
Janet Yellen, and Cecilia Rouse.[44] model
Awards John Bates Clark
Solow is a Democrat, supporting Joe Biden's Inflation Reduction Medal (1961)
Act of 2022 [45] Nobel Memorial
Prize in Economic
Solow's model of economic growth Sciences (1987)
National Medal of
Solow's model of economic growth, often known as the Solow– Science (1999)
Swan neo-classical growth model as the model was independently Presidential Medal
discovered by Trevor W. Swan and published in "The Economic of Freedom
Record" in 1956, allows the determinants of economic growth to
(2014)
be separated into increases in inputs (labour and capital) and
technical progress. The reason these models are called
"exogenous" growth models is the saving rate is taken to be Information (https://ideas.repec.org/
exogenously given. Subsequent work derives savings behavior e/pso18.html) at IDEAS / RePEc
from an inter-temporal utility-maximizing framework. Using his
model, Solow (1957) calculated that about four-fifths of the growth in US output per worker was
attributable to technical progress.

Solow also was the first to develop a growth model with different
vintages of capital.[46] The idea behind Solow's vintage capital
growth model is that new capital is more valuable than old (vintage)
capital because new capital is produced through known technology.
He first states that capital must be a finite entity because all of the
resources on the earth are indeed limited.[39] Within the confines of
Solow's model, this known technology is assumed to be constantly
improving. Consequently, the products of this technology (the new
capital) are expected to be more productive as well as more
valuable.[46] The idea lay dormant for some time perhaps because
Dale W. Jorgenson (1966) argued that it was observationally
equivalent with disembodied technological progress, as advanced
earlier in Solow (1957). It was successfully advanced in subsequent
research by Jeremy Greenwood, Zvi Hercowitz and Per Krusell
Bill Clinton awarding Solow the
(1997), who argued that the secular decline in capital goods prices
National Medal of Science in 1999
could be used to measure embodied technological progress. They
labeled the notion investment-specific technological progress.
Solow (2001) approved. Both Paul Romer and Robert Lucas, Jr. subsequently developed alternatives to
Solow's neo-classical growth model.[46]

To better communicate the meaning behind his work, Solow used a graphical design to illustrate his
concepts. On the x-axis he puts capital per worker and for the y-axis he uses output per worker. The reason
for graphing capital and output per worker is due to his assumption that the nation is at full employment.
The first (top) curve represents the output produced at each given level of capital. The second (middle)
curve shows the depreciating nature of capital which remains constantly positive. The third curve (bottom)
conveys savings/investment per worker. As the old machinery wears down and breaks, new capital goods
must be bought to replace the old. The point where the two lines meet is known as the steady state level,
which means that the nation is producing just enough to be able to replace the old capital. Countries that are
closer to the steady state level, on the left side, grow more slowly when compared to countries closer to the
vertex of the graph. However, when countries are to the right of the steady state level, they are not growing
because all the returns they create needs to go to replacing and repairing their old capital.[47]

Since Solow's initial work in the 1950s, many more sophisticated models of economic growth have been
proposed, leading to varying conclusions about the causes of economic growth. For example, rather than
assuming, as Solow did, that people save at a given constant rate, subsequent work applied a consumer-
optimization framework to derive savings behavior endogenously, allowing saving rates to vary at different
points in time, depending on income flows, for example. In the 1980s efforts have focused on the role of
technological progress in the economy, leading to the development of endogenous growth theory (or new
growth theory). Today, economists use Solow's sources-of-growth accounting to estimate the separate
effects on economic growth of technological change, capital, and labor.[46]
As of 2022, Solow is still an emeritus Institute Professor in the MIT economics department, and previously
taught at Columbia University.[48]

MIT Economics (1960–1979)

In the early 1960s the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) was the home of the "growthmen". Its
leading light, Paul Samuelson, had published a pathbreaking undergraduate textbook, Economics: An
Introductory Analysis. In the sixth edition of Economics, Samuelson (1964) added a "new chapter on the
theory of growth". Samuelson drew on the work on growth theory of his younger colleague Robert Solow
(1956)—an indication that growthmanship was taking an analytical turn. The MIT economists were thus
growthmen in two senses: in seeing growth as an absolutely central policy imperative and in seeing the
theory of growth as a focus for economic research. What the MIT growthmen added was a distinctive style
of analysis that made it easier to address the dominant policy concerns in tractable formal models. Solow's
(1956) model was the perfect exemplar of the MIT style. It provided the central framework for the
subsequent developments in growth theory and secured MIT as the center of the universe in the golden age
of growth theory in the 1960s (Boianovsky and Hoover 199–200).[49]

Honors
Grand-Cross of the Order of Prince Henry, Portugal (27 September 2006)[50]
Member, American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1956)[51]
Member, United States National Academy of Sciences (1972)[52]
Member, American Philosophical Society (1980)[53]

Publications

Books
Dorfman, Robert; Samuelson, Paul; Solow, Robert M. (1958). Linear programming and
economic analysis (https://archive.org/details/linearprogrammin0000dorf). New York:
McGraw-Hill.
Solow, Robert M. (1970-10-15). Growth Theory: An Exposition (1970, second edition 2006).
Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195012958.
Solow, Robert M. (1990). The Labor Market as a Social Institution. Blackwell. ISBN 978-
1557860866.

Book chapters
Solow, Robert M. (1960), "Investment and technical progress", in Arrow, Kenneth J.; Karlin,
Samuel; Suppes, Patrick (eds.), Mathematical models in the social sciences, 1959:
Proceedings of the first Stanford symposium, Stanford mathematical studies in the social
sciences, IV, Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, pp. 89–104,
ISBN 9780804700214.
Solow, Robert M. (2001), "After technical progress and the aggregate production function", in
Hulten, Charles R.; Dean, Edwin R.; Harper, Michael J. (eds.), New developments in
productivity analysis, Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press, pp. 173–78,
ISBN 9780226360645.
 Solow, Robert M. (2009), "Imposed environmental standards and international trade", in
Kanbur, Ravi; Basu, Kaushik (eds.), Arguments for a better world: essays in honor of
Amartya Sen | Volume II: Society, institutions and development, Oxford New York: Oxford
University Press, pp. 411–24, ISBN 9780199239979.

Journal articles
Robert Merton Solow (Jan 1952). "On the Structure of Linear Models". Econometrica. 20 (1):
29–46. doi:10.2307/1907805 (https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1907805). JSTOR 1907805 (http
s://www.jstor.org/stable/1907805).
Solow, Robert M. (1955). "The Production Function and the Theory of Capital". The Review
of Economic Studies: 103–107.
Solow, Robert M. (February 1956). "A contribution to the theory of economic growth" (http://pi
ketty.pse.ens.fr/files/Solow1956.pdf) (PDF). Quarterly Journal of Economics. 70 (1): 65–94.
doi:10.2307/1884513 (https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1884513). hdl:10338.dmlcz/143862 (http
s://hdl.handle.net/10338.dmlcz%2F143862). JSTOR 1884513 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/1
884513).
Solow, Robert M. (1957). "Technical change and the aggregate production function" (https://s
emanticscholar.org/paper/42607bb3d65c74eb44364a379d5496e69567e323). Review of
Economics and Statistics. 39 (3): 312–20. doi:10.2307/1926047 (https://doi.org/10.2307%2F
1926047). JSTOR 1926047 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/1926047). S2CID 153438644 (http
s://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153438644). Pdf. (http://faculty.georgetown.edu/mh5/cl
ass/econ489/Solow-Growth-Accounting.pdf)
Solow, Robert M. (May 1974). "The economics of resources or the resources of economics".
The American Economic Review: Papers and Proceedings. 64 (2): 1–14. JSTOR 1816009
(https://www.jstor.org/stable/1816009).
Solow, Robert M. (September 1997). "Georgescu-Roegen versus Solow/Stiglitz". Ecological
Economics. 22 (3): 267–68. doi:10.1016/S0921-8009(97)00081-5 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2
FS0921-8009%2897%2900081-5).

See also: Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen and Joseph Stiglitz.

Solow, Robert M. (November 2003). "Lessons learned from U.S. welfare reform" (https://web.
archive.org/web/20150516014606/http://www.centre-cournot.org/lessons-learned-from-u-s-w
elfare-reform#more-276). Prisme. 2. Archived from the original (http://www.centre-cournot.or
g/lessons-learned-from-u-s-welfare-reform#more-276) on 2015-05-16.
 Solow, Robert M. (Spring 2007). "The last 50 years in growth theory and the next 10". Oxford
Review of Economic Policy. 23 (1): 3–14. doi:10.1093/oxrep/grm004 (https://doi.org/10.109
3%2Foxrep%2Fgrm004).

See also
List of economists
List of Jewish Nobel laureates
Backstop resources
Basic income
Growth accounting
Solow Growth Model
Solow residual
Guaranteed minimum income

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External links
Robert M. Solow (https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/701) on Nobelprize.org
Video Interview with Solow from NobelPrize.org (http://nobelprize.org/mediaplayer/index.ph
p?id=409)
Articles (http://www.nybooks.com/authors/162) written by Solow for the New York Review of
Books
Robert M. Solow – Prize Lecture (http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economics/laureates/19
87/solow-lecture.html)
Toye, John (2009). "Solow in the Tropics" (http://johntoyedotnet.files.wordpress.com/2012/0
3/solowinthetropics2009.doc). History of Political Economy. 41 (1): 221–40.
doi:10.1215/00182702-2009-025 (https://doi.org/10.1215%2F00182702-2009-025).
IDEAS/RePEc (https://ideas.repec.org/e/pso18.html)
Robert M. Solow Papers, 1951–2011 and undated (http://library.duke.edu/rubenstein/finding
aids/solowrm/). Rubenstein Library, Duke University.
"Robert Merton Solow (1924– )" (http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/bios/Solow.html). The
Concise Encyclopedia of Economics. Library of Economics and Liberty (2nd ed.). Liberty
Fund. 2008.
Appearances (https://www.c-span.org/person/?1258) on C-SPAN
Robert M. Solow (https://web.archive.org/web/20160115024020/http://mit150.mit.edu/infinite
-history/robert-m-solow) at MIT Infinite History (http://mit150.mit.edu/infinite-history)
Biography of Robert M. Solow (https://www.informs.org/content/view/full/268403) from the
Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences
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