Basic Network Technology

IP Address Introduction
Main Content

IP Address Introduction
 Course Description
• Features
• Illustrating project cases based on the learning and growth of a rookie engineer
"Tom", helping trainees better get started.

• Focusing on pragmatic knowledge and attaching emphasis to configuration cases,

for quick configuration by the trainees in similar future projects.

• Providing clear knowledge, and enabling trainees to master key points through
review and practice.
 Common Technology Courses
• Graduate Tom joined a network company. He had little knowledge about networks and was eager to learn more.
• His supervisor Mike let him participate in a recent project so that he could learn network knowledge through
practice.

Layer-2 switch

F0/1 F0/2
192.168.1.10/24 192.168.1.11/24

Technical team Technical team

Jack Bob

• The figure above shows a part of the project topology, provided with relevant IP addresses. The customer raised a
requirement: Jack from the technical team needs to be capable of accessing another team member Bob's FTP
server. For this, Tom needed to configure the IP addresses.
• After understanding the customer's requirement, Tom thought it was easy and found an IPv4 address course for
learning.
 Introduction to IPv4 Addresses
• Introduction to IPv4 Addresses
• IPv4 addresses are Internet-layer addresses. They are similar to phone numbers and used to identify nodes on networks.

• For ease of writing and expression, an IPv4 address is divided into four octets separated by dots.

• Each octet ranges from 0 to 255.

• Example: 192.168.1.2
• Subnet and Classification of Major Classful Networks
• There are a huge number of IP addresses on networks. For the ease of management, an IP address consists of network bits and
hosts bits, just as our phone numbers are constituted by area codes and numbers.

• The address 192.168.1.2 can be decomposed into:

Network bits: 192.168.1.0

Host bits: 2

Combined: 192.168.1.2

• Network bits identify a network. IP addresses with the same network bits belong to the same network.
 Introduction to IPv4 Addresses
• Classification of IPv4 Addresses
• IP addresses are classified into five classes (A, B, C, D, and E) in classful network architecture, to divide the networks and identify
network bits and host bits.

• Class A: The first octet of a class A IPv4 address contains network bits and ranges from 1 to 127 (0 is reserved).

Network bits Host bits Host bits Host bits

1-127
• Example: 10.1.1.10 (10 on the left indicates network bits and the remaining octets indicate host bits).

• Class B: The first two octets of a class B IPv4 address contain network bits and the first octet ranges from 128 to 191.

Network bits Network bits Host bits Host bits

128-191
• Example: 172.16.3.2 (172.16 indicates network bits and the remaining octets indicate host bits).
 Introduction to IPv4 Addresses
• Classification of IPv4 Addresses
• Class C: The first three octets of a class C IPv4 address contain network bits and the first octet ranges from 192 to 223.

Network bits Network bits Network bits Host bits

192-223
• Example: 192.9.3.10 (192.9.3 indicates network bits and the remaining octet indicates host bits).

• Class D IP addresses are used for multicast and do not support subnetting. The first octet of a class D IP address ranges from 224 to
239.

Multicast Multicast Multicast Multicast

224-239
• Example: 224.1.1.9

• Class E addresses are reserved currently. The first octet of a class E address ranges from 240 to 255.
 Introduction to IPv4 Addresses
• Subnet Mask
• A subnet mask is used to clearly represent the network bits and host bits of an IP address.

• Similar to IP addresses, a subnet mask contains four octets in decimal notation. Each octet ranges from 0 to 255 and the
octets are separated by dots.

• Subnet mask parts correspond to octets of an IP address. Subnet masks use 255 to indicate network bits in an IP address
and use 0 to indicate host bits.

• For example, 10.1.1.2 255.0.0.0 is understood as follows:

IP address 10. 1. 1. 2
Subnet mask 255. 0. 0. 0

• The IP address corresponds to the subnet mask. According to the subnet mask, 10 indicates network bits and the
remaining octets indicate host bits.

• Note: Only the basic notation of subnet masks is illustrated here to help beginners understand subnet masks. Detailed
rules will be explained in subsequent slides.
 Introduction to IPv4 Addresses
• Subnet Mask
• For ease of writing, "/number" is often appended to the end of an IP address to represent a subnet
mask. For example, "255.255.255.0" can also be expressed as "/24", because 255 is equal to eight 1s in
binary notation and three 255s are twenty-four 1s.
• For example, the two expressions below have the same meaning:

• 192.168.10.1 255.255.255.0

• 192.168.10.1/24

• In a network segment, the first host bit and the last host bit have special meanings and cannot be used.

• For example, for the 192.168.10.0/24 network segment,

• 192.168.10.0 indicates this network segment.

• 192.168.10.255 indicates the broadcast address of this network segment.

• They cannot be allocated to users. Therefore, the actual available IP address range of this network segment is
192.168.10.1 to 192.168.10.254.
 Introduction to IPv4 Addresses
• Special IPv4 Addresses

• Local loopback address: 127.0.0.1, used to test whether a local network functions properly.

• Public and private addresses

• IPv4 addresses can be classified into public addresses and private addresses based on whether they can be
used to transmit data on the Internet. Public addresses can be exposed to the Internet while private addresses
are only used inside organizations. Public addresses need to be requested from ISPs while private addresses
can be used randomly.

• Private addresses are classified into three address segments:

• Class A addresses: 10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255

• Class B addresses: 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255

• Class C addresses: 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255

• Except private addresses and loopback addresses, Class A, B, and C IP addresses are all public addresses.
 Introduction to IPv4 Addresses
• Summary & Configuration of PCs of the Technical Team
• After study, Tom learned that 192.168.1.10/24 is a class C IP address and the network bits is 192.168.1.0.

• 192.168.1.10 and 192.168.1.11 share the same network bits and they belong to the same network segment.

• Then, Tom connected PCs to the switch and configured the IP addresses on the two PCs.
 Introduction to IPv4 Addresses
• Problems
• After configuration, Jack reported that he failed to log in to Bob's FTP server. However, Tom failed to locate the cause after checking
the configuration. He then asked the manager for help. The manager soon confirmed that the problem was not caused by the
network and then checked the configuration on the FTP server. It was found that the FTP service was disabled on the server.

• Tom admired the manager for locating the cause so quickly and then humbly asked the manager for advices. The manager told Tom
that the network technologies were interconnected and this was a small problem. To troubleshoot a fault rapidly, it is necessary to
understand the theories of communication between devices. Tom then began with TCP/IP.

How do PCs communicate with each

other?
What are the functions of a layer-2
switch?
Layer-2 switch
? F0/1 F0/2
192.168.1.10/24 192.168.1.11/24
?

Technical team Technical team

Jack Bob
THANKS
Ruijie Networks Co., Ltd.
Address: Floor 11, East Wing, Zhongyipengao Plaza, No. 29 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, China
Post Code: 100036
Tel: (8610) 5171-5996
Fax: (8610) 5171-5872

www.ruijienetworks.com