INTERNATIONAL Iso STANDARD 37123 First edition 2019-12 Sustainable cities and communities — Indicators for resilient cities Villes et communautés territoriales durables — Indicateurs de performance pour les villes résilientes Reference number AE 180 37123:2019(E) Tso © 180 2019ISO 37123:2019(E) 3 A COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT © 1502019 All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting ‘on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO's member body in the country of the requester. 180 copyright office CP 401 + Ch.de Blandonnet 8 CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva Phone: #4122749 01 11 Fax: +4122 749 09.47 Email: [email protected] Website: wwwwiso.org Published in Switzerland (© 150 2019 ~All rights reserved3 ISO 37123:2019(E) Contents Foreword Introduction. 1 Scope 2 Normative references 3 Terms and definitions 4 City indicators 5 Economy 5.1 Historical disaster losses as a percentage of city product. 5.1.1 General 5.1.2 _ Indicator requirements, 5.1.3 Data sources, 1 1 1 3 4 4 4 4 5 5.2 Average annual disaster loss as a percentage of city product 5 5.2.1 General 5 5.2.2 _ Indicator requirements. 5 5.2.3 Data sources. 5 5.2.4 _ Data interpretation 6 5.3 Percentage of properties with insurance coverage for high-risk hazards. 6 53.1 General 6 5.3.2 _ Indicator requirements. 6 5.3.3 Data sources. 6 5.34 _ Data interpretation 6 5.4 Percentage of total insured value to total value at risk within the city. 7 54.1 — General 7 5.4.2 _ Indicator requirements. 7 5.4.3 Data sources. 7 5.4.4 — Data interpretation 7 5.5 Employment concentration 8 5.5.1 General 8 5.5.2 _ Indicator requirements. 8 5.5.3 Data sources, 8 5.54 _ Data interpretation. 8 5.6 Percentage of the workforce in informal employment 8 5.6.1 General 8 5.6.2 Indicator requirements. 9 5.6.3 Data sources. 9 5.6.4 Data interpretation 9 5.7 Average household disposable income. 9 5.7.1 General 9 5.7.2 Indicator requirements, 9 5.7.3. Data sources. 10 Education 10 6.1 Percentage of schools that teach emergency preparedness and disaster risk reduction...10 6.1.1 General 10 6.1.2 Indicator requirements 10 6.1.3 — Datasources. 10 6.2 Percentage of population trained in emergency preparedness and disaster risk reduction. u 62.1 General u 6.2.2 Indicator requirements 1 62.3 Datasources, u 6.3 Percentage of emergency preparedness publications provided in alternative languages. 11 63.1 General © 1S0 2019 ~All rights reserved3 ISO 37123:2019(E) 6.3.2 Indicator requirements 63.3 Data sources. 64 — Educational disruption 64.1 — General 64.2 Indicator requirements 643 Data sources. 7 Energy. 7.1 — Number of different electricity sources providing at least 5 % of total energy supply capacity 7.1.1 General 7.1.2 Indicator requirements 7.13 Data sources. 7.14 Data interpretation 7.2 Electricity supply capacity as a percentage of peak electricity demand 7.21 — General 7.2.2 Indicator requirements 7.2.3 Data sources. 7.3. Percentage of critical facilities served by off-grid energy services. 7.3.1 — General 7.32 Indicator requirements 73.3. Data sources. 8 Environment and climate change 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 Magnitude of urban heat island effects (atmospheric) 8.11 — General 8.1.2 — Indicator requirements 8.13 Data sources. 8.14 — Data interpretation Percentage of natural areas within the city that have undergone ecological evaluation for their protective services. 8.21 General 8.2.2 _ Indicator requirements 8.23 Data sources. Territory undergoing ecosystem restoration as a percentage of total city area 83.1 General 8.3.2 Indicator requirements 8.3.3 Data sources. 8.3.4 Datainterpretation Annual frequency of extreme rainfall events. 84.1 General 84.2 — Indicator requirements 8.4.3 _ Data sources. Annual frequency of extreme heat events 85.1 General 85.2 Indicator requirements 8.5.3 _ Data sources. Annual frequency of extreme cold events 8.6.1 General 8.6.2 Indicator requirements 8.6.3 Data sources. Annual frequency of flood events 8.7.1 General 8.7.2 Indicator requirements 8.7.3 Data sources. Percentage of city land area covered by tree canopy. 88.1 — General 8.8.2 _ Indicator requirements 883 Data sources. (© 150 2019 ~All rights reserved3 ISO 37123:2019(E) 8.9 Percentage of city surface area covered with high-albedo materials contributing to the mitigation of urban heat islands 89.1 General 8.9.2 Indicator requirements 8.9.3 Datasources, 9 Finance 9.1 Annual expenditure on upgrades and maintenance of city service assets as a percentage of total city budget. 9.1.1 General 9.1.2 Indicator requirements 9.13 Data sources, 9.2 Annual expenditure on upgrades and maintenance of storm water infrastructure as a percentage of total city budget. 921 General 9.2.2. Indicator requirements 9.23 _ Data sources, 9.3 Annual expenditure allocated to ecosystem restoration in the city’s territory as a percentage of total city budget. 9.3.1 General 9.3.2 Indicator requirements 9.3.3 Data sources. 9.3.4 Data interpretation 9.4 — Annual expenditure on green and blue infrastructure as a percentage of total city budget. 9.4.1 General 9.4.2 Indicator requirements 9.43 Datasources, 9.4.4 — Data interpretation 9.5 Annual expenditure on emergency management planning as a percentage of total city budget 95.1 General 9.5.2. Indicator requirements 953 Data sources, 9.6 Annual expenditure on social and community services as a percentage of total city budget. Sot General 9.6.2 Indicator requirements 9.6.3 Datasources. 9.64 _ Data interpretation 9.7 Total allocation of disaster reserve funds as a percentage of total city budget. 9.7.1 General 9.7.2 Indicator requirements 9.73 Datasources. 9.74 Data interpretation 10 Governance 10.1 10.2 103 Frequency with which disaster-management plans are updated. 10.1.1 General 10.1.2. Indicator requirements, 10.1.3 Data sources. Percentage of essential city services covered by a documented continuity plan 10.2.1 General 10.2.2 Indicator requirements, 10.2.3 Data sources. 10.2.4 Data interpretation. Percentage of city electronic data with secure and remote back-up storage. 10.3.1 General 10.3.2 Indicator requirements © 1S0 2019 ~All rights reserved3 ISO 37123:2019(E) 10.4 10.3.3 Data sources. Percentage of public meetings dedicated to resilience in the city. 10.4.1 General Indicator requirements. 10.4.3 Data sources 10.5 Number of intergovernmental agreements dedicated to planning for shocks as percentage of total intergovernmental agreements. 10.5.1 General Indicator requirements. 10.5.3 Data sources. 10.6 Percentage of essential service providers that have a documented business continuity plan 10.6.1. General 10.6.2 Indicator requirements 10.6.3 Data sources. 10.64 Data interpretation 11 Health. 11.1 _ Percentage of hospitals equipped with back-up electricity supply. 111.1 General 11.1.2 Indicator requirements 1113 Data sources. 11.2 _ Percentage of population with basic health insurance 11.2.1 General. 11.2.2 Indicator requirements 3 Data sources 11.3 _ Percentage of population that is fully immunized 1 General 113.2 Indicator requirements 11.3.3 Data sources 114 Number of infectious disease outbreaks per year 114.1 General 11.4.2 Indicator requirements 11.4.3 Data sources 11.44 Data interpretation 12 Housing 12.1 Capacity of designated emergency shelters per 100 000 population. 12.1.1 General. 12.1.2 Indicator requirements 12.1.3 Data sources 12.2 Percentage of buildings structurally vulnerable to high-risk hazards. 12.2.1 General. 12.2.2 Indicator requirements, 12.2.3 Data sources 12.3 Percentage of residential buildings not in conformity with building codes and standards 123.1 General. 12.3.2 Indicator requirements, 123.3 Data sources 124 Percentage of damaged infrastructure that was “built back better” after a disaster. 124.1 General. 124.2 Indicator requirements 124.3 Data sources 12.4.4 Data interpretation 12.5 Annual number of residential properties flooded as a percentage of total vi residential properties in the city. 125.1 General. 12.5.2 Indicator requirements (© 150 2019 ~All rights reserved3 126 ISO 37123:2019(E) 12.5.3 Data sources Percentage of residential properties located in high-risk zones 12.6.1 General 12.6.2 Indicator requirements. 12.63 Data sources. 13 Population and social conditions. 13.1 13.2 13.3 134, 13.5 Vulnerable population as a percentage of city population. 13.1.1 General 13.1.2 Indicator requirements, 13.13 Data sources, 13.14 Data interpretation. Percentage of population enrolled in social assistance programmes. 13.2.1 General 13.2.2 Indicator requirements. 13.2.3 Data sources. Percentage of population at high risk from natural hazards. 13.3.1 General 13.3.2 _ Indicator requirements. 13.3.3 Data sources. Percentage of neighbourhoods with regular and open neighbourhood association meetings 13.4.1 General 13.4.2 Indicator requirements. 13.43 Data sources. Annual percentage of the city population directly affected by natural hazards. 13.5.1 General 13.5.2 Indicator requirements. 13.5.3 Data sources. 14 Recreation 15 Safety 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 Percentage of city population covered by multi-hazard early warning system. 15.1.1 General 15.1.2 Indicator requirements, 15.1.3 Data sources, Percentage of emergency responders who have received disaster response training 15.2.1 General 15.2.2 Indicator requirements, 15.23. Data sources. Percentage of local hazard warnings issued by national agent received in a timely fashion by the city. 15.3.1 General 15.3.2 Indicator requirements 15.3.3 Data sources. Number of hospital beds in the city destroyed or damaged by natural hazards per 100 000 population 15.4.1 General 15.4.2. Indicator requirements. 15.4.3 Data sources. annually that are 16 Solid waste 16.1 Number of active and temporary waste management sites available for debris and rubble per square kilometre. 16.1.1 General 16.1.2 Indicator requirements, 16.13 Data sources. 17 Sport and culture © 1S0 2019 ~All rights reserved 45 45 45 45 453 ISO 37123:2019(E) 18 19 20 21 22 23 Telecommunication 18.1 Percentage of emergency responders in the city equipped with specialized communication technologies able to operate reliably during a disaster event 18.1.1 General. 18.1.2 Indicator requirements, 18.1.3 Data sources ‘Transportation. 19.1 Number of evacuation routes available per 100 000 population. 19.1.1 General 19.1.2 Indicator requirements, 19.13 Data sources. Urban/local agriculture and food security. 20.1 20.2 Percentage of city population that can be served by city food reserves for 72 hours in an emergency, 20.1.1 General 20.1.2 Indicator requirements 20.13 Data sources. Percentage of the city’s population living within one kilometre of a grocery store 20.2.1 General Indicator requirements. 20.2.3 Data sources. Urban planning 21 212 213 214 215 21.6 Percentage of city area covered by publicly available hazard maps 1 General 21.1.2 Indicator requirements 3. Data sources, Pervious land areas and public space and pavement built with porous, draining materials as a percentage of city land area 21.2.1 General 4 Data interpretation Percentage of city land area in high-risk zones where risk-reduction measures have been implemented 21.3.1 General 21.3.2 Indicator requirements. 213.3 Data sources. Percentage of city departments and utility services that conduct risk assessment in their planning and investment 21.4.1 General 21.4.2 Indicator requirements 21.4.3. Data sources. Annual number of critical infrastructures flooded as a percentage of critical infrastructure in the city. 215.1 General Indicator requirements. 215.3. Data sources. Annual expenditure on water retention measures as a percentage of city prevention measures budget. 21.6.1 General 2 Indicator requirements. 21.63. Data requirements. Wastewater, Water 23.1 Number of different sources providing at least 5 % of total water supply capacity. 23.1.1 General (© 150 2019 ~All rights reserved23.2 ISO 37123: 23.1.2 Indicator requirements 23.13 Data sources. 23.14 Data interpretation Percentage of city population that can be supplied with drinking water by alternative methods for 72 hours. 23.2.1 General 23.2.2 Indicator requirements, 23.23 Data sources. 24 — Reporting and record maintenance. Annex A (informative) Typology of city hazards Annex B (informative) Mapping ISO 37123 indicators to the risk-management process Annex € (informative) Mapping ISO 37123 indicators to the disaster-management process. Annex D (informative) UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction Annex E (informative) Mapping of ISO 37123 indicators to ISO 37101 issues and purposes. Bibliography © 1S0 2019 ~All rights reserved 019(E) 54 54 54 54 54 54 55 56 57 60 62 74 82ISO 37123:2019(E) Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. ‘The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the different types of [SO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives). Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on the 150 list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents). Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not constitute an endorsement. For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about SO’s adherence to the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see www.iso.org/ iso/foreword,html. ‘This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 268, Sustainable cities and communities. Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members. html. 3 x (© 150 2019 ~All rights reservedISO 37123:2019(E) Introduction Cities need indicators to establish their baseline, and measure and evaluate their performance. However, existing indicators are often not standardized, consistent or comparable over time or across cities. To address these challenges, a new series of International Standards is being developed to provide standardized indicators that enable a uniform approach to what is measured, and how that measurement is to be undertaken. ‘The first standard in this series, 180 37120, has quickly become the international reference point for sustainable city indicators. While ISO 37120 contains a number of indicators of relevance to a city’s resilience planning and assessment, the need for additional indicators for resilient cities has been identified, reflected in this document, as has the need for additional indicators for smart cities, developed in ISO 37122. A resilient city is able to prepare for, recover from and adapt to shocks and stresses. Cities are increasingly confronted by shocks, including extreme natural or human-made events which result in loss of life and injury, material, economic, and/or environmental losses and impacts. These shocks can include but are not limited to floods, earthquakes, hurricanes, wildfires, volcanic eruptions, pandemics, chemical spills and explosions, terrorism, power outages, financial crises, cyber-attacks and conflicts. A resilient city is also able to manage and mitigate ongoing human and natural stresses in a city relating to environmental degradation (e.g, poor air and water quality), social inequality (e.g, chronic poverty and housing shortages) and economic instability (e.g. rapid inflation and persistent unemployment) that cause persistent negative impacts in a city. A city's preparedness can be characterized by developing a detailed understanding of the risks to the city, by taking action to reduce vulnerability and exposure, and by enhancing the awareness and participation of individuals, households and businesses. A resilient city is able to recover from shocks and stresses in a timely and efficient manner, wi a focus on ensuring the continuity or rapid restoration of city services such as electricity, water, telecommunications, waste management, sanitation, food distribution, financial services and access to emergency services. A resilient city is also a city that understands the necessity to adapt its systems and processes to ensure that they are as robust as possible in the face of shocks and stresses, building back better following extreme events, while focusing on the goal of restoring and ensuring long-term prosperity. Resilience is both a core component and an essential enabler of sustainable development. This document is focused on resilience measurement as a major contribution to the sustainability of a city. ‘The structure of the family of city indicators standards for sustainable cities and communities reflects this relationship between sustainable development, resilient development and smart development (see Figure 1). Progress and transformation towards sustainable development through maintaining and improving city services and quality of life in the face of shocks and stresses is a core component of a resilient city. ‘This document is therefore intended to be implemented in conjunction with ISO 37120. © 1S0 2019 ~All rights reserved xiISO 37123:2019(E) Sustainable cities and communities ISO 37120 Tors mse een RTS Aoan eye U 72 OR YEU] Tele Oe Oe Te eee oe Sutlaealtt cy I Cntee le) Figure 1 — Sustainable cities and communities — Relationships within the family of city indicators standards The indicators in this document have been selected to make reporting as simple and inexpensive as possible, and therefore reflect an initial platform for reporting. The indicators have been developed to help cities: a) prepare for, recover from and adapt to shocks and stresses; b)_ learn from one another by allowing comparison across a wide range of performance measures, and by sharing good practices. is document can be used to track and monitor progress towards a resilient cit through the development of a city resilience strategy or when applying a city management system such as ISO 37101. While the indicators are structured around ISO themes that correspond to different sectors and services provided by cities, itis noted that the indicators can also be organized according to the risk management process (Annex B), the disaster management process (Annex C), the Sustainable Development Goals and the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (Annex D) and the ISO 37101 issues and purposes (Annex E). Furthermore, the typologies of hazards (Annex A) can assist cities in identifying the potential hazards that they face, which is relevant to many of the indicators contained in this document. Itis also provided as a guide for helping identify peer cities facing similar hazards. This document will support any and all global agreements that support sustainability and resilience. 2 Agreements currently in place include, but are not limited to: the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk } Reduction!2J, the New Urban Agenda, the 2030 Agenda (i.e. the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals!22I) and the Paris Agreement. 5 A city which conforms to this document does so in regard to measurement of indicators for city resilience in conformity with the definitions and methodologies as set out in this document, and may only claim conformity to that effect. This document does not provide a value judgement, threshold or target numerical value for the indicators, therefore conformity with this document does not confer a status in this regard. It is acknowledged that cities may not have direct influence or control over factors governing some of these indicators, but the reporting is important for meaningful comparison and provides a general indication of resilience. In this document, the following verbal forms are used: — “shall” indicates a requirement; xi (© 150 2019 ~All rights reservedISO 37123:2019(E) — “should” indicates a recommendation; — “may” indicates a permission; — “can” indicates a possibility or a capability. The terminology used within this document is outlined in the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) Terminology Document, available at _https://www,preventionweb.net/files/50683 -oiewgreportenglish.pdf 3 © 1S0 2019 ~All rights reserved xiINTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 37123:2019(E) Sustainable cities and communities — Indicators for resilient cities 1 Scope This document defines and establishes definitions and methodologies for a set of indicators on resilience incities, ‘This document is applicable to any city, municipality or local government that undertakes to measure its performance in a comparable and verifiable manner, irrespective of size or location. Maintaining, enhancing and accelerating progress towards improved city services and quality of life is fundamental to the definition of a resilient city, so this document is intended to be implemented in conjunction with 180 37120. This document follows the principles set out in ISO 37101, and can be used in conjunction with this and other strategic frameworks. 2 Normative references The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. 180 37101, Sustainable development in communities — Management system for sustainable development — Requirements with guidance for use 1S0 37120, Sustainable cities and communities — Indicators for city services and quality of life 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the terms and de! following apply. jons given in ISO 37101 and ISO 37120 and the ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses: —_ ISO Online browsing platform: available at https://www.iso.org/obp — IEC Electropedia: available at http://www.electropediaorg/ 3A critical infrastructure physical structures, facilities, networks and other assets which provide services that are essential to the social and economic functioning of a community or society Note 1 to entry: Examples of critical infrastructure can include, but are not limited to, power generation, transmission and distribution, water treatment, distribution and drainage, wastewater and storm water infrastructure, transportation, gas supply and distribution, telecommunications infrastructure, educational facilities, hospitals and other health facilities © 1S0 2019 ~All rights reserved 1ISO 37123:2019(E) 3.2 disaster serious disruption to a city or community due to hazardous events interacting with conditions of exposure, vulnerability and capacity, leading to human, material, economic and/or environmental losses and impacts Note 1 to entry: Disasters can be frequent or infrequent, depending on the probability of occurrence and the return period of the relevant hazard. A slow-onset disaster is one that emerges gradually over time, for example through drought, desertification, sea level rise, subsidence or epidemic disease, A sudden-onset disaster is one triggered by a hazardous event that emerges quickly or unexpectedly, often associated with earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, flash floods, chemical explosions, critical infrastructure failures or transport accidents. 3.3 hazard phenomenon, human activity or process that can cause loss of life, injury or other health impacts, property damage, social and economic disruption or environmental degradation Note 1 to entry: Hazards include biological, environmental, geological, hydro-meteorological and technological processes and phenomena. Biological hazards include pathogenic’ microorganisms, toxins and bioactive substances (e.g. bacteria, viruses, parasites, venomous wildlife and insects, poisonous plants, mosquitoes carrying disease-causing agents). Environmental hazards can be chemical, natural, radiological or biological, and are created by environmental degradation, physical or chemical pollution in the air, water and soil. However, many of the processes and phenomena that fall into this category can be “drivers” of hazard and risk rather than hazards themselves (e.g. soil degradation, deforestation, biodiversity loss, sea level rise). With respect to drinking ‘water, ‘hazard’ can be understood as a microbiological, chemical, physical or radiological agent that causes harm to human health. Geological or geophysical hazards originate from internal earth processes (e.g. earthquakes, volcanic activity, landslides, rockslides, mud flows). Hydro-meteorological hazards are of atmospheric, hydrological or oceanographic origin (e.g. cyclones, typhoons, hurricanes, floods, drought, heatwaves, cold spells, coastal storm surges). Hydro-meteorological conditions can also be a factor in other hazards such as landslides, wildland fires and epidemics. Technological hazards originate from industrial or technological conditions, dangerous procedures, infrastructure failures or specific human activities (e.g. industrial pollution, nuclear radiation, toxic waste, dam failures, transport accidents, factory explosions, fires, chemical spills). 34 hazard map map developed to illuminate areas that are affected or vulnerable to a particular hazard (e.g. earthquakes, landslides, rockslides) 3.5 drinking water water intended for human consumption Note 1 to entry: The term potable water is used instead of drinking water in ISO 37120 because this document was published before ISO 24513, Both terms can be used interchangeably but potable water is deprecated according to ISO 24513, [SOURCE: ISO 24513:2019, 3.2.2.1, modified — Note 1 to entry replaced.] 3.6 resilience adaptive capacity of an organization in a complex and changing environment Note 1 to entry: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) defines resilience as “the ability of a system and its component parts to anticipate, absorb, accommodate, or recover from the effects of a hazardous event ina timely and efficient manner, including through ensuring the preservation, restoration, or improvement of its essential basic structures and functions."12] Note 2 to entry: Resilience is the ability of an organization to resist being affected by an event or the ability to return to an acceptable level of performance in an acceptable period of time after being affected by an event. Note 3 to entry: Resilience is the capability of a system to maintain its functions and structure in the face of internal and external change and to degrade gracefully when this is necessary. 2 (© 150 2019 ~All rights reservedISO 37123:2019(E) [SOURCE: ISO Guide 73:2009, 3.8.1.7, modified — Notes 1, 2 and 3 to entry have been added.] 37 resilient city city able to prepare for, recover from and adapt to shocks and stresses Note 1 to entry: A resilient city can resist, absorb, accommodate, adapt to, transform and recover from the effects, of disasters and shocks in a timely and efficient manner, including through the preservation and restoration of essential basic structures and services in a sustainable way, and through risk-management practices. It involves stakeholders and especially citizens in disaster risk reduction through co-creation processes; reduces vulnerability and exposure to natural and human-made disasters; and increases its capacity to respond to disasters, shocks and other unforeseen chronic stresses through enhanced preparedness. Note 2 to entry: A resilient city is still able to thrive regardless of the hazards, shocks and stresses it faces. It has a focus on lesson learning, continuous improvement and building back better after disasters. 3.8 shock natural or human-made event that causes a disaster EXAMPLE Flood, earthquake, volcanic eruption, hurricane, wildfire, pandemic, chemical spill or explosion, terrorism, power outage, financial crisis, cyber-attack and conflict. 39 stress underlying human and natural pressure or tension that causes persistent negative impacts in a city relating to environmental degradation (e.g. poor air and water quality), social inequality (e.g. chronic poverty and housing shortages) and economic instability (e.g. rapid inflation and persistent unemployment) 3.10 vulnerability susceptibility of individuals, households, businesses, assets or systems in a city to the impacts of hazards, as determined by physical, social, economic and environmental factors, processes and conditions 3.11 risk effect of uncertainty on objectives Note 1 to entry: An effect is a deviation from the expected — positive or negative. Note 2 to entry: Uncertainty is the state, even partial, of deficiency of information related to understanding or knowledge of an event, its consequence or likelihood. Note 3 to entry: Risk is often characterized by reference to potential “events" (as defined in ISO Guide 73:2009, 3.5.1.3) and “consequences” (as defined in ISO Guide 73:2009, 3.6.1.3), or a combination of these, Note 4 to entry: Risk is often expressed in terms of a combination of the consequences of an event (including changes in circumstances) and the associated “likelihood (as defined in ISO Guide 73:2009, 3.6.1.1) of occurrence. [SOURCE: ISO 37100:2016, 3.4.12] 3.12 high-risk hazard hazard for which there is a likelihood of extreme event(s) based on hazard maps created by the city that could significantly affect many properties in the city and/or have a major impact on the city 4 City indicators This document contains adapting to shocks and stresses. tors designed to assist cities in preparing for, recovering from and © 1S0 2019 ~All rights reserved 3ISO 37123:2019(E) To reduce vulnerability to shocks and stresses, these indicators will support cities in engaging all sectors, stakeholders and populations; apply collaborative leadership models and methods; work across disciplines and city systems; and use data information and appropriate technologies. The indicators can improve resilience in cities by promoting and enabling inclusive and collaborative approaches to governance at all levels (neighbourhood, district, city, metropolitan area, region, state/province, country). This involves long-term risk management of critical networks and their interactions and potential failures, This document shall be implemented in conjunction with ISO 37120. The indicators are classified into themes according to the different sectors and services provided by a city, in alignment with ISO 37120. ‘The classification structure is used solely to denote the services and area of application of each type of indicator when reported on by acity. This classification has no hierarchical significance and is organized alphabetically according to themes. All indicators shall be compiled and reported on an annual basis In some cases, it is difficult to define simple, quantitative metrics to measure the performance of systems and processes that are in place for managing resilience at the city level. However, it has been agreed that these systems and processes are core components of city resilience, and thus warrant inclusion in the document. Some indicators are thus defined so as to reflect the minimum characteristics or performance requirements for these systems and processes, which can then be objectively verified. Itis important to review the results of multiple types of indicators across themes; to focus on a single indicator can lead to a distorted or incomplete conclusion. Elements of aspiration shall also be taken into consideration in the analysis. Furthermore, it is also important to acknowledge potential antagonistic effects of the outcome of particular indicators, either positive or negative, when analysing results. For data interpretation purposes, cities shall take into consideration contextual analysis when interpreting results. The local institutional environment may affect the capacity to apply indicators. Furthermore, itis important also to note that each city will face a unique set of shocks and stresses, as well as having a unique set of assets and resources to manage and address these shocks and stresses. In this context, it is important that caution is taken in applying these indicators to make comparison between cities to ensure a full understanding of these relevant contextual factors, including, for example, risk profiles. Some aspects of resilience may also be the responsibility of the private sector, other levels of government or individuals themselves. 5 Economy 5.1 Historical disaster losses as a percentage of city product 5.1.1 General Those implementing this document should report on this indicator in accordance with the following requirements. NOTE1 Historical losses reflect direct economic losses (in monetary terms) of disasters. NOTE2_ This indicator reflects the “Economy and sustainable production and consumption” issue as defined. in [SO 37101. It can allow an evaluation of the contribution to the “Resilience” purpose of the city as defined in 1S0 37101. 5.1.2 Indicator requirements Historical disaster losses as a percentage of city product shall be calculated as the direct economic losses from disaster(s) within the city summed over a period of five years (numerator) divided by the total city product summed over the same time period (denominator). The result shall be multiplied by 100 and expressed as historical disaster losses as a percentage of city product. City product can be obtained from ISO 37120:2018, 5.9.3. 4 (© 150 2019 ~All rights reservedISO 37123:2019(E) Direct economic losses shall refer to losses (in monetary terms) that result from disasters. Such losses are associated with damage or destruction to physical, social and critical infrastructure within the city’s administrative boundary (even if not under the city’s jurisdiction). Physical infrastructure refers to the built structures, systems and assets required for a city's economy to function, including transportation networks, telecommunication services, energy grids, sewerage and waste disposal systems, water supplies, city buildings and facilities, and housing. Social infrastructure is an important subset of physical infrastructure and includes structures that accommodate social services, such as schools, universities, hospitals and prisons. Critical infrastructure refers to systems, services or assets (physical or virtual) that are vital for the welfare of society (see 3.1). 5.1.3 Data sources The data for this indicator should be sourced from damage and economic loss assessments prepared after disasters. Data may also be available from insurance industry sources. 5.2. Average annual disaster loss as a percentage of city product 5.2.1 General Those implementing this document should report on this indicator in accordance with the following requirements. NOTE1 Historical loss data does not provide a full picture of the potential economic losses that a city faces from disasters. Potential economic losses can only be appropriately assessed through modelling of potential future events (catastrophe modelling), which considers major hazards and their likelihood of occurrence, the vulnerability of the city to damage from the hazard and the economic consequence of this damage. Average annual loss is calculated from a large number of modelled scenarios considering these factors. Average annual loss is a widely used parameter in quantitative risk assessment and management, and allows estimation of the benefits of investing in risk reduction, NOTE2 This indicator reflects the “Economy and sustainable production and consumption’ issue as defined in ISO 37101. It can allow an evaluation of the contribution to the “Resilience” purpose of the city as defined in 1037101, 5.2.2 Indicator requirements Average annual disaster loss as a percentage of city product shall be calculated as the average direct economic losses from disaster(s) estimated from city-wide catastrophe modelling scenarios (numerator) divided by the total city product (denominator). The result shall be multiplied by 100 and expressed as average annual disaster loss as a percentage of city product. Direct economic losses shall refer to losses (in monetary terms) that result from disasters. Such losses are associated with damage or destruction to physical, social and critical infrastructure within the city’s administrative boundary (even if not under the city’s jurisdiction). Physical infrastructure refers to the built structures, systems and assets required for a city’s economy to function, including transportation networks, telecommunication services, energy grids, sewerage and waste disposal systems, water supplies, city buildings and facilities, and housing, Social infrastructure is an important subset of physical infrastructure and includes structures that accommodate social services, such as schools, universities, hospitals and prisons. Critical infrastructure refers to systems, services or assets (physical or virtual) that are vital for the welfare of society (see 3.1) 5.2.3 Data sources Catastrophe modelling is a complex modelling activity typically undertaken by specialist risk consulting and advisory firms. Insurance companies also undertake catastrophe modelling, © 1S0 2019 ~All rights reserved 5ISO 37123:2019(E) 5.2.4 Data interpretation Over time, average annual loss data can be used to quantify the expected benefits of investing in disaster risk-reduction measures. 5.3. Percentage of properties with insurance coverage for high-risk hazards 5.3.1 General ‘Those implementing this document should report on this indicator in accordance with the following requirements. NOTE1 Widespread insurance coverage within cities represents a crucial component of resilience due to the critical role that insurance plays in a city to rapidly recover from shocks and stresses. Insurance Improves ‘economic and fiscal outcomes through several channels. Before a disaster strikes, the pricing of insurance gives policyholders incentives to reduce their exposures through risk mitigation measures. In the aftermath of disaster, insurance transfers the fiscal burden away from taxpayers onto the private sector and into capital markets. It also limits financial contagion by restoring supply chains and stalled business operations faster, while providing needed liquidity and certainty in business and financial planning. NOTE2_ This indicator reflects the "Living together, interdependence and mutuality” as defined in ISO 37101. Itcan allow an evaluation of the contribution to the “Resilience” purpose of the city as defined in 1S0 37101. 5.3.2 Indicator requirements The percentage of properties with insurance coverage for high-risk hazards shall be calculated as the total number of properties (residential and non-residential) within the city with insurance coverage for high-risk hazards affecting the city (numerator) divided by the total number of properties (households and businesses) in the city (denominator). The result shall be multiplied by 100 and expressed as the percentage of properties with insurance coverage for high-risk hazards. Residential properties shall refer to dwellings (or structures) classified for residential use. Examples of residential properties should include, but are not limited to, single-family dwellings, mobile dwellings, semi-detached dwellings, row houses, condominiums and apartment buildings. Non-residential properties shall refer to structures classified for non-residential use. Examples of non- residential properties should include, but are not limited to, office buildings/private business buildings, hotels, restaurants, government buildings, institutional buildings (e.g. educational and health facilities), factories and other special exempt properties (e.g. non-commercial recreational spaces, places of worship, funeral homes and cemeteries). Where possible, insurance coverage data for each sector (i.e, residential and non-residential) and the hazards being insured against should be reported and listed in tables. 3 For the purposes of this indicator, high-risk hazards shall refer to hazards for which there is a likelihood of extreme event(s) based on hazard maps created by the city that could significantly affect many properties in the city and/or have a major impact on the city. This indicator covers property insurance and excludes personal or life coverage. Insurance may come from multiple public or private providers. 5.3.3 Data sources Aggregate insurance data should be sourced from public and private insurance entities and/or insurance industry associations. 5.3.4 Data interpretation It should be noted that not all residential and non-residential properties in a city may require insurance for all high-risk hazards, for example if they are located outside a flood zone (given that proper mapping 6 (© 150 2019 ~All rights reserved3 1S0 3712! :2019(E) and identification of flood zones exists). The affordability of insurance will also be a major influence on uptake of insurance within the city for residential and non-residential properties. Two key elements when considering insurance coverage for resilience are the amount of damage sustained and the speed of recovery. 5.4 Percentage of total insured value to total value at risk within the city 5.4.1 General ‘Those implementing this document should report on this indicator in accordance with the following requirements. NOTE1 An aggregate assessment of insurance levels relative to the value at risk from high-risk hazards helps to reveal potential instances of underinsurance. It also helps to educate the community, incentivise action to mitigate risks and prepare for disasters, and enhance city risk analysis and management processes. NOTE2__ This indicator reflects the "Economy and sustainable production and consumption” issue as defined in ISO 37101. It can allow an evaluation of the contribution to the "Resilience purpose of the city as defined in 150 37101 5.4.2 Indicator requirements ‘The percentage of total insured value to total value at risk within the city shall be calculated as the total insured value of all residential and non-residential properties within the city (numerator) divided by the total value of all residential and non-residential properties in the city (denominator). The result shall be multiplied by 100 and expressed as the percentage of total insured value to total value at risk within the city. Residential properties shall refer to dwellings (or structures) classified for residential use. Examples of residential properties should include, but are not limited to, single-family dwellings, mobile dwellings, semi-detached dwellings, row houses, condominiums and apartment buildings. Non-residential properties shall refer to structures classified for non-residential use. Examples of non- residential properties should include, but are not limited to, office buildings/private business buildings, hotels, restaurants, government buildings, institutional buildings (eg, educational and health facilities), factories and other special exempt properties (e.g. non-commercial recreational spaces, places of worship, funeral homes and cemeteries). Where possible, insurance coverage data for each sector (je. residential and non-residential) and the hazards being insured against should be reported and listed in tables. 5.4.3 Data sources Aggregate insurance data should be sourced from public and private insurance entities and/or insurance industry associations. 5.44 Data interpretation It should be noted that not all properties in a city may require insurance for all hazards (e.g. if they are located outside a flood zone), The affordability of insurance will also be a major influence on the uptake and level of insurance within the city. © 1S0 2019 ~All rights reserved 7ISO 37123:2019(E) 5.5 Employment concentration 5.5.1 General ‘Those implementing this document should report on this indicator in accordance with the following requirements, NOTE1 _ A diverse local economy is a key component of city resilience. Some communities can be dependent on a small number of industries for providing employment and/or local taxation revenue, rendering these communities vulnerable to chronic stresses associated with economic downturns and structural, industrial and technological changes. NOTE2 This indicator reflects the “Economy and sustainable production and consumption” issue as defined. in [SO 37101, It can allow an evaluation of the contribution to the “Resilience” purpose of the city as defined in 180 37101. 5.5.2 Indicator requirements Employment concentration shall be calculated as the number of people in the city employed in the three largest sectors of the local economy (as measured by total employment) (numerator) divided by the city’s total labour force (denominator). The result shall be multiplied by 100 and expressed as a percentage. Labour force shall refer to the sum of the total persons employed and unemployed who are legally eligible to work and who are primary residents of the city. This typically includes all working-age adults between the ages of 15 and 64, but the specific age will vary by country. ‘The sectors used for the calculation of this indicator should be defined as per the International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities, Rev.4lél or an equivalent classification, 5.5.3. Data sources Data on employment concentration should be obtained through labour force surveys or city employment assessments administered by local, regional or national authorities/statistical bodies, or the ministry or department of labour and employment. 5.5.4 Data interpretation This the city. icator should be considered in the broader context of the economic wealth and prosperity of 25.6 Percentage of the workforce in formal employment 5.6.1 General Those implementing this document should report on this indicator in accordance with the following requirements. NOTE1 Informal employment often comes with lower benefits and poorer working conditions, and poverty and informality are often found to be strongly correlated. Therefore, itis important that cities monitor informal employment to formulate effective development policies that help people transition from informal to formal employment! NOTE2 This indicator reflects the “Economy and sustainable production and consumption” issue as defined in [SO 37101, It can allow an evaluation of the contribution to the “Resilience” purpose of the city as defined in 1S0 37101. 8 (© 150 2019 ~All rights reserved3 1S0 3712! :2019(E) 5.6.2 Indicator requirements ‘The percentage of the workforce in informal employment shall be calculated as the number of people working in informal employment (numerator) divided by the city’s total workforce (denominator). ‘This result shall be multiplied by 100 and expressed as the percentage of the workforce in informal employment. Informal employment shall refer to employment where the employment relationship is, in law or in practice, not subject to national labour legislation, income taxation, social protection or entitlement to certain employment benefits (e.g. advance notice of dismissal, severance pay, paid annual or sick leave). The reasons may be non-declaration of the jobs or the employees; casual jobs or jobs of a limited short duration; jobs with hours of work or wages below a specified threshold (e.g. for social security contributions); employment by unincorporated enterprises or by persons in households; jobs where the employee's place of work is outside the premises of the employer's enterprise (e.g. outworkers without employment contract); or jobs for which labour regulations are not applied, not enforced or not complied with for any other reason. The operational criteria for defining informal jobs of employees are to be determined in accordance with national circumstances and data availability Informal employment should include own-account workers employed in their own informal sector enterprises, employers employed in their own informal sector enterprises, contributing family workers, irrespective of whether they work in formal or informal sector enterprises, members of informal producers’ cooperatives, employees holding informal jobs in formal sector enterprises, informal sector enterprises or as paid domestic workers employed by households; and own-account workers engaged in the production of goods exclusively for own final use by their household), Workforce shall refer to the sum of the total persons employed and unemployed who are legally eligible to work. 5.6.3 Data sources Data on employment should be obtained through labour force surveys or city employment assessments administered by local, regional or national authorities/statistical bodies, or the ministry or department of labour and employment. 5.6.4 Data interpretation Care is to be used in evaluating this indicator, as a low or high percentage of the workforce in informal employment may not necessarily be indicative of a more resilient city. 5.7 Average household disposable income 5.7.1 General ‘Those implementing this document should report on this indicator in accordance with the following requirements, NOTE Average household disposable income is an important determinant of consumption and an indicator to measure people's economic well-being. In addition, average household disposable income is an indicator that can be used to set a baseline measuring the disposable income residents have to support their local retailers and engage with community organizations. That said, average household disposable income can also be used to measure the ability of households to support the local economy during economic downturns, ultimately serving as an indicator of a city's economic resiliency. 5.7.2 Indicator requirements Average household disposable income shall be calculated as the total amount of income available for spending and saving after subtracting income taxes and pension contributions during the calendar year by all households within city boundaries (numerator) divided by the total number of households within © 1S0 2019 ~All rights reserved 9ISO 37123:2019(E) city boundaries (denominator). The result shall be expressed as the average household disposable income in USD. Household disposable income shall include the disposable income of all household members who are 15 years of age or older. ‘Tomake the conversion from local currency, cities aoe eee saree pose Der Uh Vesere! ener Bank: -operations, Cities should also make note ofthe rate and date of conversion, 5.7.3 Data sources Data should be gathered from the national census or a regional or local ministry, department or organization responsible for monitoring income statistics, 6 Education 6.1 Percentage of schools that teach emergency preparedness and disaster risk reduction 6.1.1 General Those implementing this document should report on this indicator in accordance with the following requirements. NOTE1 Teaching emergency preparedness and risk reduction in schools increases the coping capacity of society. It helps school administrators, instructors, students and staff to prepare for emergencies and reduce risks by protecting themselves, their property and their assets from the effects of a disaster. NOTE2 This indicator reflects the “Education and capacity building” and “Safety and security” issues as defined in ISO 37101, It can allow an evaluation of the contribution to the “Resilience” purpose of the city as defined in ISO 37101. 6.1.2 Indicator requirements The percentage of schools that teach emergency preparedness and disaster risk reduction shall be calculated as the number of schools within the city that teach emergency preparedness and disaster risk reduction (numerator) divided by the total number of schools in the city (denominator). The result shall be multiplied by 100 and expressed as a percentage of schools that teach emergency preparedness } and disaster risk reduction. Schools shall refer to primary and secondary educational institutions. Emergency preparedness and disaster risk reduction activities shall refer to training drills and awareness programmes, for example, but not limited to, evacuation simulations, practicing/rehearsing emergency protocols, testing the carrying capacity of potential evacuation routes and evaluating the response times for emergency services. 6.1.3 Data sources ‘The data from this indicator should be obtained from educational authorities, individual schools and educational institutions. 10 (© 150 2019 ~All rights reserved3 ISO 37123: 019(E) 6.2. Percentage of population trained in emergency preparedness and disaster risk reduction 6.2.1 General ‘Those implementing this document should report on this indicator in accordance with the following requirements. NOTE1 Training in emergency preparedness and disaster risk reduction enhances the response capacity of city populations. Regular and repeated training drills help to assimilate disaster awareness and responsiveness into the city population and to refresh and update emergency training and disaster protocols. NOTE2 This indicator reflects the “Education and capacity building” and” Safety and security” issues as defined in ISO 37101. It can allow an evaluation of the contribution to the “Resilience” purpose of the city as defined in ISO 37101, 6.2.2 Indicator requirements ‘The percentage of population trained in emergency preparedness and disaster risk reduction shall be calculated as the total number of people within the city trained by responsible authorities in emergency preparedness and disaster risk reduction activities in the previous 12 months (numerator) divided by the city’s total population (denominator). The result shall be multiplied by 100 and expressed as a percentage of population trained in emergency preparedness and disaster risk reduction. Emergency preparedness and disaster risk reduction activities shall refer to training drills and awareness programmes, for example, but not limited to, evacuation simulations, practicing/rehearsing emergency protocols, testing the carrying capacity of potential evacuation routes and evaluating the response times for emergency services. 6.2.3 Data sources ‘The data for this indicator should be sourced from emergency management authorities. 6.3 Percentage of emergency preparedness publications provided in alternative languages 6.3.1 General Those implementing this document should report on this indicator in accordance with the following requirements. NOTE1 Multilingual education and training activities in emergency preparedness and risk mitigation help to ensure that learning opportunities are available to all individuals, regardless of linguistic differences. It is important to distribute such publications in alternative languages in tourism centres in order to inform tourists/ non-permanent citizens. NOTE2 — Thisindicator reflects the” Safety and security” and "Living together, interdependence and mutuality” issues as defined in ISO 37101. It can allow an evaluation of the contribution to the “Resilience” and “Social cohesion” purposes of the city as defined in ISO 37101. 6.3.2 Indicator requirements ‘The percentage of emergency preparedness publications provided in alternative languages shall be calculated as the number of emergency preparedness publications provided in alternative languages within the city (numerator) divided by the total number of emergency preparedness publications published by the city (denominator). The result shall be multiplied by 100 and expressed as the percentage of emergency preparedness publications provided in alternative languages. © 1S0 2019 ~All rights reserved 1ISO 37123:2019(E) Alternative languages shall refer to other languages other than the official language spoken in the city, including those not having official or legal status with the local government. Publications shall refer to official printed materials and digital materials produced by the city government for emergency preparedness. 6.3.3 Datasources ‘The data for this indicator should be sourced from emergency management authorities. 64 Educational disruption 64.1 General ‘Those implementing this document should report on this indicator in accordance with the following requirements, NOTE1 _ Itis important that educational institutions minimize disruption and ensure continuity of education. for all children. Monitoring educational disruption as the number of lost teaching days due to extreme events can help to assess the effectiveness of minimizing disruption in educational institutionst), NOTE2 This indicator reflects the "Education and capacity building” issue as defined in ISO 37101. It can allow an evaluation of the contribution to the “Resilience” and “Attractiveness” purposes of the city as defined in 1S0 37101. 6.4.2 Indicator requirements Educational disruption shall be calculated as the number of teaching hours lost annually due to shocks or stresses, Teaching hours lost shall refer to hours when educational institutions are not operational during regular hours of teaching. Any closure of an education facility in the city shall be counted. Multiple educational facilities closed on the same calendar date shall be counted as one in order to avoid double counting. For example, if there are multiple educational facilities closed for 8 h on the same day, only 8 hours will be counted for that day and not multiplied by the number of facilities affected. 6.4.3 Data sources 3 Data on the number of teaching days lost due to shocks or stresses should be sourced from local or regional school boards or a ministry/department of education. 12 (© 150 2019 ~All rights reserved3 ISO 37123: 019(E) 7 Energy 7.1 Number of different electricity sources providing at least 5 % of total energy supply capacity 7441 General ‘Those implementing this document should report on this indicator in accordance with the following requirements. NOTE1 A diverse electricity supply mix helps ensure that alternative electricity provisions are available to the city in the event of a system failure, resulting in no or reduced power delivery or supply capacity. A diverse electricity supply system or infrastructure protects cities from generation and capacity disruption resulting from fuel or energy source disruption, and thus helps cities to mitigate and prepare for disasters and shocks. It is, however, noted that other system elements, such as the design and state of repair of transmission and distribution systems, will also influence the reliability of electricity supply and are not directly covered by this indicator. NOTE2 This indicator reflects the “Community infrastructures” issue as defined in ISO 37101. It can allow an evaluation of the contribution to the “Resilience” purpose of the city as defined in ISO 37101. 7.4.2 Indicator requirements ‘The number of different electricity supply sources providing at least 5 % of total energy supply capacity shall refer to the number of different, or separate, electricity supply sources to the city each providing at least 5 % of total energy supply capacity. NOTE The 5% threshold is used by international organizations such as the World Bank to ease calculations and to capture the major supply sources, When the number of different electricity supply sources exceed two, the percentage of electricity supply capacity of each supply source should be reported. In addition to providing the number of different electricity supply sources and supply capacity of each supply source, the number of different electricity supply sources and the total amount of electricity supplied to the city (GJ) by these electricity sources should be reported in Table 1. Table 1 Renewables (e.g. wind, solar, hydro, geothermal, tidal and biomass) Fossil fuels (e.g. coal, nat- | Mineral fuels (e.g. urani- ural gas and petroleum) | um and thorium) Number of different elec- tricity supply sources Total amount of electricity supplied to the city (GI) A different (or separate) electricity supply source shall refer to electricity supplies that are not disrupted or directly influenced by other sources. This includes electricity supplies that are sourced from fossil fuels (e.g. coal, natural gas, petroleum), mineral fuels (e.g, uranium, thorium) and renewables (e.g. wind, solar, hydro, geothermal, tidal, biomass). These sources are converted to electricity at thermal and hydroelectric power stations, PV power plants, wind farms and wave farms, tidal power stations and solar power towers. 7.13 Data sources The data for this indicator should be sourced from energy system regulators or management authori individual energy providers, electric utilities and electricity supply or service providers. © 1S0 2019 ~All rights reserved 13ISO 37123:2019(E) 7.1.4 Data interpretation While multiple, different, electricity sources contribute to city resilience in the event of a system failure, is not necessarily indicative of city resilience in all cases. 7.2. Electricity supply capacity as a percentage of peak electricity demand 7.24 General ‘Those implementing this document shall report on this indicator in accordance with the following requirements. NOTE 1 Having sufficient capacity in electricity supply allows cities to cope with predicted future growth in demand and shorter-term (temporary) demand surges stemming from shocks and stresses. Managing the supply and demand of electricity is thus critical in the continuity of essential utility services, to ensure that built systems are not overloaded and that they can maintain sufficient redundancy to absorb surges in demand. It is important that cities monitor peak electricity demand relative to available supply capacity (Le. the reserve margin) to assess the vulnerability and robustness oftheir electrical supply systems. NOTE2 This indicator reflects the "Community infrastructures” issue as defined in ISO 37101. It can allow an evaluation of the contribution to the “Resilience” purpose of the city as defined in ISO 37101. 7.2.2. Indicator requirements Electricity supply capacity as a percentage of peak electricity demand shall be calculated as the electricity supply capacity available to the city (numerator) divided by the city’s monthly peak electricity demand averaged over the calendar year (denominator). The result shall be multiplied by 100 and expressed as the electricity supply capacity as a percentage of peak electricity demand. Electricity supply capacity shall refer to the expected maximum available supply of electricity to meet projected peak demands, including reserve supplies to meet unexpected losses, interruptions or surges in demand. Peak electricity demand shall refer to the highest level of electricity needs from consumers across a specified period. Peak demand fluctuates with human activity cycles, the time of the day, the season of the year, weather extremes and industrial activity. 7.2.3 Data sources Data should be gathered from electricity distributors, city energy or environment offices and international sources such as the International Energy Agency (IEA) or the World Bank. 7.3. Percentage of critical facilities served by off-grid energy services 7.34 General ‘Those implementing this document should report on this indicator in accordance with the following requirements. NOTE Power outages of any duration are especially problematic for critical facilities, such as hospitals, fire stations, police stations, emergency services call centres, wastewater treatment plants or storage facilities for critical records. If a power outage occurs in a critical facility, this can further exacerbate the negative impacts of shocks and stress. For example, hospitals can lose heating or air-conditioning, water pressure, the ability to sterilize equipment and the use of elevators to transport patients to different floors during a power outage. ‘Therefore, power reliability is essential to critical facility operations. Off-grid energy services can help critical facilities avoid power outages and continue their operations even when the primary energy grid of the city is experiencing planned and unplanned outages, ultimately allowing critical facilities to maintain a high level of energy independence from the centralised energy grid. 14 (© 150 2019 ~All rights reserved3 1S0 3712! :2019(E) 7.3.2 Indicator requirements ‘The percentage of critical facilities served by off-grid energy services shall be calculated as the number of critical facilities in the city served by off-grid energy services (numerator) divided by the total number of critical facilities in the city (denominator). The result shall be multiplied by 100 and expressed as the percentage of critical facilities served by off-grid energy services. A critical facility shall refer to a facility that provides services and functions essential to a city, especially during and after a disaster. Categories of critical facilities include, but are not limited to, emergency response (e.g. fire, rescue and police stations), medical (e.g, hospitals, critical care facilities and outpatient clinics), emergency shelters (eg. public school buildings and school bus facilities being used as shelters in the event of an emergency), lifelines (e.g. distributive systems and related facilities necessary to provide electric power), transportation (e.g. roads, bridges, tunnels, rail lines and stations), telecommunications (e.g, telephone and cellular telephone switching centres, and antenna or relay towers), data centres (e.g. facilities and systems providing local and internet computer capability and facilities for the storage of critical information), financial institutions (e.g. central and commercia banks), major industrial commercial organizations (e.g. major employers without whom the community would not be able to sustain itself), and other related facilities and services that are essential to the well-being of the community served by these systems. Where possible, the types of critical facilities included should be indicated. This indicator shall only include those critical facilities located within the city’s administrative boundary. Off-grid energy services shall refer to both standalone energy systems and mini-energy grids that are not connected to the primary centralised energy grid for large-scale generation of energy at centralised facilities, and usually utilize battery and/or fuel cells as an energy source. Standalone energy systems shall refer to energy systems often used to power individual appliances and to users that are not connected to the primary centralised energy grid outside of the user’s premises. A mini-energy grid shall refer to a small energy grid system providing energy to users who are not connected to the primary centralised energy grid. Also, off-grid energy production includes a wide range of technologies such as, but not limited to, wind turbines or plants, photovoltaic (solar) panels, microturbines and ‘modular internal combustion engines. Examples of off-grid energy services include, but are not limited to, mini-energy grids providing power to communities (e.g. the Brooklyn Microgrid), critical fac and institutional buildings, and solar photovoltaic power generation utilizing solar panels provi energy to residential households, critical facilities and institutional buildings Cities should account for critical facilities that have the capability to operate in “island mode” in the calculation of this indicator. Island mode shall refer to the capability of a critical facility to switch from operating on the local energy grid to operating in isolation from the local energy grid. The proportion of critical facilities that are solely served by off-grid energy services and have the capability to operate in island mode should be reported, and cities should note if critical facilities that have the capability to operate in island mode data are included. 7.3.3 Data sources Data should be gathered from emergency management authorities and other authorities responsible for critical facilities. © 1S0 2019 ~All rights reserved 15ISO 37123:2019(E) 8 Environment and climate change 8.1 Magnitude of urban heat island effects (atmospheric) 8.1.1 General ‘Those implementing this document should report on this indicator in accordance with the following requirements, NOTE1 Atcity scale, urban areas are warmer, on average, than their rural surroundings. This applies to the city surface and the urban atmosphere, and it defines a phenomenon known as the “urban heat island’ effect. Heat islands are caused by retention of heat in city construction materials, reduction of wind speeds in street “canyons,” diminished evaporative cooling over impervious surfaces, and release of combustive heat from fuel use in buildings, industry and vehicles. In cities with a hot climate, or with a hot season, the heat island effect can convey serious health implications for human morbidity and mortality during prolonged heatwave events or extremely hot days or nights. The heat island effect also increases (decreases) energy demand for building cooling (heating) in hot (cold) cities or seasons. The measured magnitude of the heat island effect fluctuates with time of day, season of the year, geographic location, urban form and function, and prevailing weather conditions. NOTE2 City governments have direct control or influence over many planning and policy instruments that can influence or reduce urban heat island effects. These include urban planning policies, building codes and the designation and maintenance of green spaces. NOTE3 This indicator reflects the "Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services" and “Living and working environment” issues as defined in ISO 37101. It can allow an evaluation of the contribution to the "Preservation and improvement of the environment” and “Well-being” purposes of the city as defined in 1S0 37101 8.1.2 Indicator requirements ‘The urban heat island effect shall be calculated as the difference between mean daily air temperatures recorded simultaneously in one urban area and one non-urban area, averaged over a 12-month period. Urban area shall refer to a central part of the city in the order of several hectares, with close-set buildings, paved roads, heavy traffic flow and high population density. Non-urban area shall refer to a peripheral part of the city in the order of several hectares, with few buildings and roads, abundant natural land cover and low population density. Cities should describe the two locations of the temperature sensors (or climate stations) used to measure the heat island magnitude (e.g. park, airport, city centre, agricultural area). This is necessary to convey the local representativeness of the measured values, the physical, demographic and human activities representative of the area surrounding the two instruments (or stations) and their influence on the recorded temperatures. References to “urban climate zones” (UCZ) are helpful in this regard. World Meteorological Organization (WMO) guidelines for temperature observations in urban and non- urban areas should be followedl2] Ifavailable, cities should note the location of sensors or add a map to indicate the locations. 8.1.3 Datasources Data for this indicator should be sourced from government agencies or research institutions that operate and maintain meteorological observatories, climate stations or environmental monitoring sites in cities and their surrounding rural areas. 8.14 Data interpretation Care should be taken when interpreting data relating to the urban heat island effect, as the magnitude is sensitive to measurement height, measurement location, measurement interval, instrument type and instrument placement. Location is especially important because the heat island effect at city scale comprises many smaller local and micro-scale climates (e.g. hot and cool spots associated with small 16 (© 150 2019 ~All rights reservedISO 37123:2019(E) parks, water bodies, heat-emitting factories) throughout the city that may not be representative of the broader climate, 8.2 Percentage of natural areas within the city that have undergone ecological evaluation for their protective services 8.2.1 General Those implementing this document should report on this indicator requirements. accordance with the following NOTE1 — Ecological assets such as forests, mangroves and floodplains give protection to human settlements from hazards such as floods, heatwaves and tropical storms. Protective services are direct benefits provided by ecological assets to prevent or reduce the negative impacts of hazards on cities and their citizens. Examples of protective services include the reduction of peak storm water runoff by natural ground cover in river catchments and the attenuation of storm surges by coastal mangroves. To help a city identify and enhance the protective value of its ecological assets, the city’s natural areas can be formally evaluated for the protective services they provide. NOTE2 — This indicator reflects the “Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services” issue as defined in ISO 37101. It can allow an evaluation of the contribution to the “Preservation and improvement of environment” and “Resilience” purposes of the city as defined in ISO 37101. 8.2.2 Indicator requirements ‘The percentage of natural areas within the city that have undergone ecological evaluation for their protective services shall be calculated as the total area of publicly owned natural areas within the city that have undergone ecological evaluation for their protective services (numerator) divided by the total area of all publicly owned natural areas in the city (denominator). The result shall be multiplied by 100 and expressed as the percentage of natural areas within the city that have undergone ecological evaluation for their protective services. Natural areas shall refer to geographic spaces or zones whose distinguishing characteristics have arisen naturally, or whose predominant land cover and landscape features are otherwise natural soil, sand, water or vegetation) rather than built (ie. impermeable construction materials). Protective services are direct benefits provided by ecological assets to prevent or reduce the negative impacts of hazards on cities and their citizens. Ecological evaluation shall refer to a formal assessment or classification of the protective services provided by the ecological assets and systems in the defined area. Although outside the scope for this indicator, assessments should ideally also be undertaken to evaluate ecosystems that lie beyond the city boundary but that provide important ecological services to the city (e.g. upstream watersheds). This may require transboundary collaboration with other city governments, regulatory authorities and other stakeholders. Also outside this document's scope are ecological evaluations by private landowners using their own resources. Although privately owned ecological assets provide the same protective service as public land, they may be difficult to evaluate. 8.2.3. Data sources Ecological evaluations should be sourced from city environmental departments, external environment agencies or a combination of these and similar agencies. © 1S0 2019 ~All rights reserved 17ISO 37123:2019(E) 8.3 Territory undergoing ecosystem restoration as a percentage of total city area 8.3.1 General ‘Those implementing this document should report on this indicator in accordance with the following requirements, NOTE1 _ Ecosystem restoration is an effective way to strengthen ecological resilience and to mitigate the impacts of natural hazards. It has multiple benefits such as improved storm water management, water pollution control and reduced flooding and soil erosion. NOTE2 This indicator reflects the "Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services” and” Living and working environment” issues as defined in [SO 37101. It can allow an evaluation of the contribution to the "Preservation and improvement of the environment” and “Resilience” purposes of the city as defined in ISO 37101. 8.3.2 Indicator requirements The territory undergoing ecosystem restoration as a percentage of total city area shall be calculated as the territory undergoing ecosystem restoration within the city boundary in square kilometres (numerator) divided by the total city area in square kilometres (denominator). The result shall be multiplied by 100 and expressed as a percentage. Ecosystem restoration shall refer to the process of recovering natural and semi-natural landscape elements (ie. related to soil, water bodies and vegetation) that have been degraded, damaged or destroyed Vegetation elements for restoration vary in spatial scale from individual rows of trees to entire valley systems; water elements vary from single ponds to entire watercourses. Examples of ecosystem restoration work include reconditioning of embankments or brownfields to parks or other recreational uses. 8.3.3 Datasources Data on ecosystem restoration should be sourced from the city’s capital and public works budget. Other sources include city parks and environmental departments. 8.3.4 Data interpretation Many ecosystems around the world have undergone significant degradation and change due to unnatural (e.g. changes in the environment due to human population growth and migration) and natural (e.g. changes in the environment due to natural disasters) impacts. Ecosystem restoration is often referred to as the act of returning an ecosystem back to its original state after degradation has occurred, and is important for conserving the environment and sustainable development. That said, a city should make efforts to restore its ecosystems in order to conserve its environment and to ensure the sustainable development of the city for current and future generations, and a high value for this indicator may indicate that a city is making significant efforts to restore its ecosystems. However, there may be instances in which a large proportion of city land area does not require ecosystem restoration for a given year, perhaps because of significant ecosystem restoration efforts that have already been made in previous years and/or a large proportion of city land area does not require ecosystem restoration. Therefore, a low value for this indicator may not necessarily indicate that a city is not making an effort to restore its ecosystems, and the indicator value should be contextualized alongside a number of factors including, but not limited to, a city’s location, natural environment, and historical efforts and policies made with regard to ecosystem restoration. 18 (© 150 2019 ~All rights reserved3 1S0 3712! :2019(E) 8.4 Annual frequency of extreme rainfall events 84.1 General Those implementing this document should report on this indicator in accordance with the following requirements. NOTE __ Extreme rainfall events can cause flooding of low-lying areas (including residences, infrastructure and roads); overwhelm water sanitation systems; and damage urban lands dedicated to agriculture and forests, within the city. Monitoring extreme rainfall events enables cities to anticipate probable changes in extreme weather, and to make sound investment and budgetary decisions regarding infrastructure and service-provision responsibilities. This monitoring of these extreme rainfall events can lead to better planning, preparation for and response to these events. 8.4.2 Indicator requirements Annual frequency of extreme rainfall events shall be calculated as the number of extreme rainfall events in a given year, Extreme rainfall events shall refer to precipitation events in which 50 mm or more of rain has fallen within the city over a 24-h period, When relevant and available, more precise data at a subdivision level should be reported. 8.4.3 Data sources Data on extreme rainfall events should be sourced from local or regional meteorological organizations or departments monitoring the environment and climate change. 8.5 Annual frequency of extreme heat events 8.5.1 General ‘Those implementing this document should report on this indicator in accordance with the following requirements. NOTE During extreme heatwaves, mortality and morbidity increase among the general population, especially among vulnerable groups. This monitoring of these extreme heat events can lead to better planning, preparation for and response to these events. 8.5.2 Indicator requirements Annual frequency of extreme heat events shall be calculated as the number of extreme heat events in a given year. Extreme heat events shall refer to an extended period of time (at least 72 hours) with unusually hot weather conditions that put human health and well-being at risk, Country-specific air temperature thresholds for defining extreme heat events vary. For example, in Canada an extreme heat event may be defined as 72 hours or more with air temperatures above 30 °C/86 °F (or a specific community- based threshold), while in the USA it may be defined as temperatures above 32 °C/90 °F (or a specific community-based threshold) Those reporting on this indicator shall use their country-specific method and temperature threshold, Cities should consider the location of the air temperature measurements to convey the local representativeness of the reported values (e.g. airport, city centre). When relevant and available, more precise data at a subdivision level should be reported. © 1S0 2019 ~All rights reserved 19ISO 37123:2019(E) 8.5.3 Datasources Data on extreme heat events should be sourced from local or regional meteorological organizations or departments monitoring the environment and climate change. 8.6 Annual frequency of extreme cold events 8.6.1 General ‘Those implementing this document should report on this indicator in accordance with the following requirements. NOTE During extreme cold events, mortality and morbidity increase among the general population, especially among vulnerable groups. This monitoring of these extreme cold events can lead to better planning, preparation for and response to these events. 8.6.2 Indicator requirements ‘The annual frequency of cold events shall be calculated as the number of extreme cold events in a given year. Extreme cold events shalll refer to an extended period of time (at least 72 hours) with unusually cold weather conditions that put human health and well-being at risk. Country-specific air temperature thresholds for defining extreme cold events vary. For example, in Canada an extreme cold event may be defined as air temperatures or wind chills below -30 °C/-22 °F (or a specific community-based threshold) for at least 72 hours, while in the USA it may be defined as temperatures or wind chills below -29 °C/-20 °F (or a specific community-based threshold). Those reporting on this indicator shall use their country-specific method and temperature threshold. Cities should consider the location of the air temperature measurements to convey the local representativeness of the reported values (e.g. airport, city centre). When relevant and available, more precise data at a subdivision level should be reported. 8.6.3. Data sources Data on extreme cold events should be sourced from local or regional meteorological organizations or departments monitoring the environment and climate change. 28.7. Annual frequency of flood events 8.7.1. General ‘Those implementing this document should report on this indicator in accordance with the following + requirements. NOTE Floods are the most common natural disaster and the leading cause of natural disaster fatalities ‘worldwide. With the increasing frequency of climatic extremes, the occurrence and severity of urban flood events is intensifying. Cities can use annual flood frequency data to improve flood warning systems and to monitor and. forecast flood disasters and water resources. This monitoring of these flood events can lead to better planning, preparation for and response to these events. 8.7.2 Indicator requirements } The annual frequency of flood events shall be calculated as the number of flood events in the city in a given year. 20 (© 150 2019 ~All rights reservedISO 37123:2019(E) A flood event shall refer to an overflow of water onto normally dry land, and may include the inundation of a normally dry area caused by a significant rise in the water level of a stream, lake, reservoir or coastal region. flood event may also include pooling of water at or near the point of rainfall. Flooding isa longer-term event than flash flooding, lasting at least 72 hoursl:), 8.7.3 Data sources Data on flood events should be sourced from local or regional meteorological organizations or departments monitoring the environment and climate change. 8.8 Percentage of city land area covered by tree canopy 8.8.1 General ‘Those implemen requirements. ng this document should report on this indicator in accordance with the following NOTE1 A city’s tree canopy coverage can have numerous benefits, including reduction of daytime air temperatures in hot seasons, improving air quality and strengthening social ties among neighbours. These factors can strengthen resilience while also helping to attract businesses and residents! NOTE 2 — This indicator reflects the “Biodiversity and Ecosystem services” issue as defined in ISO 37101. It can allow an evaluation of the contribution to the “Preservation and improvement of environment”, "Well-being” and “Resilience” purposes of the city as defined in ISO 37101. 8.8.2 Indicator requirements The percentage of city area covered by tree canopy shall be calculated as the city land area covered by tree canopy (numerator) divided by the city’s total land area (denominator). The result shall be multiplied by 100 and expressed as the percentage of city land area covered by tree canopy. ‘Tree canopy shall refer to the layered biomass of tree leaves, branches and stems that obscures the underlying ground surface when viewed from above. 8.8.3 Data sources Data on tree canopy coverage should be sourced from local or regional conservation organizations or a ministry/department of environment, land use or urban planning. In addition, data should be sourced using geographic information system (GIS) tools and methods. 8.9 Percentage of city surface area covered with high-albedo materi the mitigation of urban heat islands Is contributing to 8.9.1 General ‘Those implementing this document should report on this indicator in accordance with the following requirements. NOTE 1 — Urban heat islands (defined in 8.1) affect the health and well-being of their occupants, especially sensitive people such as children or the elderly. Urban heat islands influence the local climate of the city, aggravate atmospheric pollution or have consequences on energy consumption. ‘To mitigate urban heat islands, and thus limit the health and economic consequences of urban heat islands, cities could provide the use of highly reflective materials/high-albedo materials (e.g. white or light-coloured walls, roofs and roads) on urban surfaces such as rooftops, streets, sidewalks, schoolyards and the exposed surfaces of parking lots Albedo describes the proportion of incident radiation reflected by a system. A perfect reflector would have an albedo of 1, whereas a perfect absorber would have an albedo of 0. © 1S0 2019 ~All rights reserved 21ISO 37123:2019(E) High-albedo materials have a positive impact on the localized ambient temperature and can reduce cooling energy consumption. ‘They can allow city dwellers to limit the impact of high temperatures, searing heat or extreme heat events on their health and well-being, NOTE2 The use of high-albedo materials completes the other ways to reduce heat islands, such as planting of trees, green areas, green infrastructure/green roofs, as considered in ISO 37120, as well as shading devices and. permeable pavements. NOTE3 This indicator reflects the “Health and care in the community”, “Living and working environment”, “Smart community infrastructures" and "Economy and sustainable production and consumption” issues as defined in ISO 37101. Itcan allow an evaluation of the contribution to the “Resilience” and "Well-being" purposes of the city as defined in ISO 37101 8.9.2 Indicator requirements ‘The percentage of city surface area covered with high-albedo materials contributing to the mitigation of urban heat islands shall be calculated as the total surface area of a city (such as rooftops, streets, sidewalks, schoolyards and the exposed surfaces of parking lots), excluding green spaces, built with cool pavements, clear colour permeable/draining materials with a high albedo (numerator) divided by the total surface area of the city excluding green spaces (denominator). The result shall be multiplied by 100 and expressed as the percentage of city surface area covered with high-albedo materials contributing to the mitigation of urban heat islands. NOTE Green roofs are covered in ISO 37120:2018, 21.1. 8.9.3 Data sources Information should be obtained from building owners and managers. 9 Finance 9.1 Annual expenditure on upgrades and maintenance of city service assets as a percentage of total city budget 9.1.1 General Those implementing this document should report on this indicator in accordance with the following requirements NOTE1 Upgrading and maintenance of city services helps to ensure a more resilient city. If the assets to 2 provide these services are not maintained and/or upgraded, the level of service over time is likely to decline and. to be more vulnerable to disruption during shocks and stresses. Proactively maintaining and upgrading basic services ensures public safety and provides adequacy for the future. NOTE2 This indicator reflects the “Governance, empowerment and engagement” and “Community infrastructures” issues as defined in ISO 37101. It can allow an evaluation of the contribution to the “Resilience” and “Responsible resource use” purposes of the city as defined in ISO 37101. 9.1.2 Indicator requirements Annual expenditure on maintenance and upgrades of city service assets as a percentage of total city budget shall be calculated as the annual total of all funds spent on maintenance and upgrades of assets for the provision of city services (numerator) divided by the total annual budget of the city (denominator). The result shall be multiplied by 100 and expressed as the annual expenditure on maintenance and upgrades of city service assets as a percentage of total city budget. 22 (© 150 2019 ~All rights reservedISO 37123:2019(E) Where possible, expenditure data by service type (e.g. water, waste, transport) should be included as percentage values and included separately as a table, City services will vary in each city, but usually include, though are not limited to, sanitation, water supply, waste collection, public transport, electricity and gas supply, street lighting and road maintenance, 9.1.3 Data sources Information on expenditures should be sourced from capital and maintenance budget documents which are approved annually. 9.2 Annual expenditure on upgrades and maintenance of storm water infrastructure as a percentage of total city budget 9.2.1 General Those implementing this document should report on this indicator requirements. accordance with the following NOTE1 _ Protective storm water infrastructure is critical to mitigate hazards and potential impacts of extreme precipitation events. When proactively maintained, upgraded, and managed helps to ensure public safety, and adequacy for the future, NOTE2 This indicator reflects the “Community infrastructures” issue as defined in ISO 37101. Itcan allow an evaluation of the contribution to the “Resilience” and “Responsible resource use purposes of the city as defined in ISO 37101 9.2.2 Indicator requirements Annual expenditure on upgrades and maintenance of storm water infrastructure as a percentage of total city budget shall be calculated as the annual total of all funds spent on upgrades and maintenance of storm water physical and management infrastructure (numerator) divided by the total annual budget of the city (denominator). The result shall be multiplied by 100 and expressed as the expenditure on upgrades and maintenance of storm water infrastructure as a percentage of total city budget. Storm water infrastructure shall refer to facilities and technical and organizational structures that are designed, installed and/or maintained to mitigate the effects of rainwater and snowmelt hazards in urban areas. Examples of storm water infrastructure include levees and flood barriers; flood basins; sea walls; storm drains and storm water holding tanks; storm water ditches, culverts and catchment basins. 9.2.3 Data sources Information on expenditures should be sourced from capital and maintenance budget documents which are approved annually. n in the city’s territory asa 9.3 Annual expenditure allocated to ecosystem restorat percentage of total city budget 9.3.1 General ‘Those implementing this document should report on this indicator in accordance with the following requirements, NOTE 1 _ Ecosystem restoration is an effective way to strengthen ecological resilience and to mitigate hazards, Ithas multiple benefits such as improved storm water management, water pollution control and reduced flooding and soil erosion, © 1S0 2019 ~All rights reserved 23ISO 37123:2019(E) NOTE2 This indicator reflects the “Biodiversity and ecosystem services” and “Living and working environment” issues as defined in [SO 37101. It can allow an evaluation of the contribution to the "Preservation and improvement of environment” and "Responsible resource use” purposes of the city as defined in ISO 37101. 9.3.2 Indicator requirements Annual expenditure on ecosystem restoration as a percentage of total city budget shall be calculated as the total of all funds spent annually on ecosystem restoration assets for the specific purpose of enhancing the protective and other ecosystem services that enhance the resilience of the {humerator) divided Wy the fatal sty muelget [denontnster). The reas ata ie mln by 100 ana expressed as the expenditure on ecosystem restoration as a percentage of total city capital budget Ecosystem restoration shall refer to the process of recovering natural and semi-natural landscape elements (ie. related to soil, water bodies and vegetation) that have been degraded, damaged or destroyed. 9.3.3. Data sources Data on ecosystem restoration should be sourced from the city’s capital and public works budget. Some elements of expenditure can also be sourced from the city’s parks and conservation budgets. The total city budget used in this calculation should be sourced from the city’s audited financial statements without amendment or variation. 9.3.4 Data interpretation This indicator measures specific city expenditure to support and enhance the ecosystem services. 9.4 Annual expen city budget re on green and blue infrastructure as a percentage of total 94.1 General ‘Those implementing this document should report on this indicator in accordance with the following requirements. NOTE1 Embedding green and blue infrastructure into the urban fabric is an effective way to strengthen ecological resilience and to mitigate the impacts of many hazards. These infrastructures have multiple benefits such as improved storm water management, water pollution control, and reduced flooding and soil erosion. NOTE2 This indicator reflects the “Biodiversity and ecosystem services" and “Living and working environment” issues as defined in ISO 37101. It can allow an evaluation of the contribution to the "Preservation and improvement of environment” and "Responsible resource use” purposes of the city as defined in ISO 37101. 94.2 Indicator requirements Annual expenditure on green and blue infrastructure as a percentage of total budget shall be calculated as the total of all funds spent on creating, maintaining or enhancing green and blue infrastructure assets for the specific purpose of providing infrastructure-related services for the city (numerator) divided by the total city budget (denominator). The result shall be multiplied by 100 and expressed as the expenditure on green and blue infrastructure as a percentage of total city budget. Green and blue infrastructure shall refer to all natural and semi-natural landscape elements that can be broadly defined as a strategically planned network of high-quality natural and semi-natural areas with other environmental features, which is designed and managed to deliver a wide range of infrastructure and ecosystem services and protect biodiversityl5I, Green elements are related to vegetation and vary in spatial scale from individual rows of trees to entire valley systems, and may include, but are not limited to, the following actions: greening streets, squares and roadsides; greening roofs and facades; developing urban agriculture; creating urban green corridors; replacing impermeable surfaces; implementing natural water filtration; daylighting urban rivers; and restoring embankments. Blue 24 (© 150 2019 ~All rights reservedISO 37123:2019(E) elements are related to water and vary from single ponds to entire watercourses, and may include, but are not limited to, river corridors, wetlands and other waterwaysli 94.3 Data sources Data on green and blue infrastructure should be sourced from the city’s capital and public works budget. Some elements of expenditure can also be inchided in the city's budget for parks and legally protected areas. The total city budget used in this calculation should be sourced directly from the city’s audited financial statements without amendment or variation. 9.4.4 Data interpretation Interpretation of this indicator has to be made carefully because the impact of these infrastructures on biodiversity protection depends also on the connectivity between the different infrastructures. 9.5 Annual expenditure on emergency management planning as a percentage of total city budget 9.5.1 General ‘Those implementing this document should report on this indicator in accordance with the following requirements. NOTE 1 Budgeting for emergency management planning helps cities to create a detailed plan of action so that the city can adequately respond to shocks and stresses. NOTE2 — This indicator reflects the “Governance, empowerment and engagement” and “Safety and security” issues as defined in ISO 37101. It can allow an evaluation of the contribution to the "Resilience" and “Responsible resource use” purposes of the city as defined in ISO 37101, 9.5.2 Indicator requirements Annual expenditure on emergency management planning as a percentage of total city budget shall be calculated as the total annual expenditure on emergency management planning (numerator) divided by the total annual city budget (denominator). The result shall be multiplied by 100 and expressed as the annual expenditure on emergency management planning as a percentage of total city budget. Emergency management planning shall refer to the process of assessing a city’s goals for disaster risk reduction and emergency preparedness, and creating a detailed plan of action to meet those goals so that the city can respond to shocks and stresses. Elements of emergency management planning include determining potential emergency situations and consequences of those situations (ie. through risk assessments, hazard mapping, vulnerability analysis), and identifying the necessary and appropriate responses and procedures for each emergency situation (e.g. warning systems, evacuation routes, service conduits). Emergency management planning shall exclude ongoing operational emergency service budgets for police, fire or ambulance services. 9.5.3 Data sources Information on expenditures should be sourced from budget documents which are approved annually or from the relevant city service departments. © 1S0 2019 ~All rights reserved 25ISO 37123:2019(E) 9.6 Annual expenditure on social and community services as a percentage of total city budget 9.6.1 General Those implementing this document should report on this indicator in accordance with the following requirements. NOTE1 Social and community services are widely recognized as contributing to the development of social cohesion, which is widely recognized as being fundamental to resilience. NOTE2 This indicator reflects the “Governance, empowerment and engagement” and “Living together, interdependence and mutuality” issues as defined in ISO 37101. It can allow an evaluation of the contribution to, the “Social cohesion and “Resilience” purposes of the city as defined in ISO 37101. 9.6.2 Indicator requirements Annual expenditure on social and community services as a percentage of total city budget shall be calculated as the total annual expenditure on social and community services by the city (numerator) divided by the total annual budget of the city (denominator). The result shall be multiplied by 100 and expressed as the expenditure on social and community services as a percentage of total city budget. Social and community services shall be defined as services directly provided or supported by the city with the goal of promoting or supporting individual and community resilience and well-being. This may include, but is not limited to, programmes and funding for community groups and associations, public health awareness, libraries, emergency shelters, homeless shelters, drop-in centres, community centres, civic events, community outreach, food programmes, health and human services, seniors programmes, services and outreach, and support and assistance for disadvantaged and vulnerable groups. 9.6.3 Data sources Information on expenditures on social and community services should be sourced from the annual city budget. 9.6.4 Data interpretation The provision of social and community services may also be the responsibility of other levels of government (e.g. local, regional, national) and other stakeholders, such as charities and not-for-profit ‘groups. The expenditure by the city government on these services should be interpreted in this broader context. 3 9.7. Total allocation of disaster reserve funds as a percentage of total city budget 9.7.1 General ‘Those implementing this document should report on this indicator in accordance with the following requirements, NOTE1 A disaster reserve fund is managed by the city government specifically to meet the unanticipated expenses of emergency response, recovery and reconstruction from a disaster event. The disaster reserve fund elevates a city’s preparedness for disasters. The additional benefit of disaster reserve funds held by the city allows for the dispersal of funds to support rapid resumption of services. NOTE2 This indicator reflects the "Safety and security” and "Governance, empowerment and engagement” issues as defined in ISO 37101. It can allow an evaluation of the contribution to the “Resilience” and “Responsible resource use” purposes of the city as defined in ISO 37101 26 (© 150 2019 ~All rights reservedISO 37123:2019(E) 9.7.2 Indicator requirements ‘The total allocation of disaster reserve funds as a percentage of total city budget shall be calculated as the total allocation of disaster reserve funds (numerator) divided by the total city budget (denominator). ‘The result shall be multiplied by 100 and expressed as the total allocation of disaster reserve funds as a percentage of total city budget. Disaster reserve fund shall refer to budgets managed by the city government and allocated specifically for meeting the unanticipated expenses of emergency response, recovery and reconstruction from a disaster event. 9.7.3. Data sources Information on disaster reserve funds should be sourced through the city budget. 9.7.4 Data interpretation Different jurisdictions will have different models for covering the costs of dealing with disasters, which will need to be taken into account when interpreting this indicator. 10 Governance 10.1 Frequency with which disaster-management plans are updated 10.1.1 General Those implementing this document should report on this indicator requirements. accordance with the following NOTE1 Cities need to regularly test and update the long-term adequacy of disaster-management plans to reflect relevant hazards and risks facing the community (based on current data or modelled hazard and demographic projections), and to effectively mitigate those risks. Disaster-management plans will change with urbanization and land use, shifting weather and climate patterns, and improved knowledge and technology. NOTE2 Thisindicator reflects the “Governance, empowerment and engagement” issue as defined in ISO 37101 Itcan allow an evaluation of the contribution to the “Resilience” purpose of the city as defined in ISO 37101. 10.1.2 Indicator requirements ‘The frequency with which disaster-management plans are updated shall be calculated as the total number of city-wide disaster-management plan updates that occurred in the previous 5 years (numerator) divided by five (denominator) Disaster management shall refer to the long-term organization, planning and application of measures to prepare for, respond to and recover from disaster events. Disaster-management plans should be integrated with wider regional or national responses and should stipulate which agency assumes leadership in different emergency scenarios, the response roles of different agencies, and the human and non-human resources available. Key components of a disaster-management plan are command and control; evacuations (e.g. hospitals, jails); communication systems; critical asset management (e.g. likely “failure chains’); integration of private-sector utilities covering, for example, energy, water/ sanitation, trash collection and communications; medical response; law and order response; fire and rescue response; public information; and triage policies. 10.1.3 Data sources ‘The data for this indicator should be available from the relevant emergency management authority(ies) with responsibility for emergency planning. © 1S0 2019 ~All rights reserved 27ISO 37123:2019(E) 10.2 Percentage of essential city services covered by a documented continuity plan 10.2.1 General ‘Those implementing this document should report on this indicator in accordance with the following requirements, NOTE1 Continuity plans can enhance a city’s preparedness for, and recovery from, shocks, The benefits of a continuity plan include continued delivery of essential services, reduced disruption to city operations, and timely and rapid recovery from disruptions due to shocks. Cities therefore need to be proactive in developing and. adopting continuity plans, based on relevant risks and the issues likely to arise. NOTE2 Thisindicator reflects the “Governance, empowerment and engagement" issue as defined in ISO 37101. Itcan allow an evaluation of the contribution to the “Resilience” purpose of the city as defined in 1S0 37101. 10.2.2. Indicator requirements The percentage of essential city services covered by a documented continuity plan shall be calculated as the total number of essential services that are covered by a documented continuity plan (numerator) divided by the total number of essential services provided in the city by government entities (denominator). The result shall be multiplied by 100 and expressed as the percentage of essential city services covered by a documented continuity plan. Essential city services shall refer to services that are deemed vital to the well-being and functioning of the community. These can include, but are not limited to, transportation, electricity, gas, water, sanitation and wastewater treatment, waste management, food, health, police, fire and emergency services and ambulances. Cities should report which essential city services are included in the calculation. A continuity plan shall refer to a documented strategy that identifies the threats and risks facing the city operations, and that helps to protect its assets and personnel from the negative effects of shocks. Continuity planning involves defining potential risks, determining how those risks will affect operations, implementing safeguards and procedures to mitigate those risks, and regularly reviewing risks to ensure their relevancy and currency. Continuity plans should be regularly updated. NOTE ISO 22301 is the internationally recognized benchmark for organizational continuity. It specifies requirements to plan, establish, implement, operate, monitor, review, maintain and continually improve a documented management system to protect against, reduce the likelihood of occurrence of, prepare for, respond, to, and recover from disruptive incidents when they arise. } 10.2.3 Data sources 2 The data for this indicator should be sourced from the continuity plans of entities providing essential 2 city services 10.2.4 Data interpretation ‘The presence of a business continuity plan does not in itself ensure that identified continuity measures have been implemented or guarantee that business continuity will be ensured in the case of a stress or shock. 3 i } 28 (© 150 2019 ~All rights reserved3 1S0 3712! :2019(E) 10.3 Percentage of city electronic data with secure and remote back-up storage 10.3.1 General Those implementing this document should report on this indicator in accordance with the following requirements. NOTE1 Safe and efficient back-up, access, recovery and storage of data are critical to the functioning of city governments and their disaster mitigation and recovery strategies. Important data held by governments can be backed up at secure, offsite data centres to protect against disruptions and/or damage to primary storage. NOTE2 This indicator reflects the “Governance, empowerment and engagement’, "Safety and security” and “Community infrastructure” issues as defined in ISO 37101. It can allow an evaluation of the contribution to the “Resilience” purpose of the city as defined in ISO 37101. 10.3.2. Indicator requirements The percentage of city electronic data with secure and remote back-up storage shall be calculated as the volume of city electronic data with secure and remote back-up storage (numerator) divided by the total volume of electronic city data (denominator). The result shall be multiplied by 100 and expressed as the percentage of city data with secure and remote back up storage. Back-up remote storage shall refer to the storage of data (held on servers, workstations and laptops) at asecure secondary (e.g. offsite) location. Plans and mechanisms for the safe, long-term storage of city data should reflect the city's vulnerabilities to hazards and should be updated and tested regularly. 10.3.3 Data sources Data for this indicator should be sourced from the city’s IT department. 10.4 Percentage of public meetings dedicated to resilience in the city 10.4.1 General ‘Those implementing this document should report on this indicator in accordance with the following requirements, NOTE1 Public meetings in cities help to promote and enable inclusive and collaborative approaches to resilience planning, enhancing citizen engagement and citizen-driven strategies in creating a more resilient city. NOTE2 — This indicator reflects the “Governance, empowerment and engagement” and "Education and capacity building” issues as defined in ISO 37101. It can allow an evaluation of the contribution to the “Resilience” purpose of the city as defined in 1S0 37101 10.4.2 Indicator requirements ‘The percentage of public meetings dedicated to resilience in the city shall be calculated as the number of public meetings dedicated to resilience in the city (numerator) divided by the total number of public meetings in the city (denominator). The result shall be multiplied by 100 and expressed as the percentage of public meetings dedicated to resilience in the city. Public meetings shall refer to meetings held by the city and open to all residents and stakeholders. Public meetings are meetings held to increase awareness of an issue or proposal, which may include, but are not limited to, meetings held by the urban planning department of the city regarding a development proposal for a new apartment building or public transport route. Public meetings dedicated to resilience in the city could cover a wide range of topics such as, but not limited to, the development of infrastructure to mitigate the impacts of potential shocks and stress, the development of environmental policies to mitigate the impacts of climate change and the funding of social programmes that increase © 1S0 2019 ~All rights reserved 29