Chapter 1:

Introduction to Computer
and Programming
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Objectives :
A brief history of computer and
programming
 Introduction to programming
 Programming paradigm
 Introduction to C++
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History of computer

 Abacus – the first device known to carry out calculations.

 Invented in Asia, used in ancient Babylon, China and
throughout Europe until the late middle ages.
 The abacus uses a system of sliding beads in a rack for addition
and subtraction.
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History of computer

 1642, the French philosopher and mathematician, Blaise

Pascal, invented the calculating device called Pascaline.
 It had eight movable dials on wheels and could calculate
sums up to eight figures long
 Both Abacus and Pascaline could perform only the addition
and subtractions operations.
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History of computer

 17th century, Gottfried von Leibniz invented a device that

was able to add, subtract, multiply, and divide called as
stepped reckoner.
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History of computer (storage)

 In 1819, Joseph Jacquard, a French weaver, discovered that

the weaving instructions for his looms could be stored on cards
with holes punched in them. In essence, the cards programmed
a loom to produce patterns in cloth.
 The idea of storing information by punching holes on a card
proved to be of great importance in the later development of
computers.
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History of computer

 In the early and mid-1800s, Charles Babbage, an English

mathematician and physical scientist, designed two calculating
machines: the difference engine and the analytical engine.
 The difference engine could perform complex operations such
as squaring numbers automatically.
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History of computer

 19th century, Herman Hollerith invented a tabulating machine

that ran on electricity and used punched cards to store data.
 Hollerith founded the Tabulating Machine Company, which
later became the computer and technology corporation
known as IBM.
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History of computer

 The first computer-like machine was the IBM Automatic

Sequence Controlled Calculator (ASCC) or Mark 1. It was built,
in 1944, jointly by IBM and Harvard University.
 The Mark I was 52 feet long, weighed 50 tons, and had 750,000
parts.
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History of computer

 In 1946, the ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and

Calculator) was built at the University of Pennsylvania.
 It contained 18,000 vacuum tubes and weighed some 30 tons.
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History of computer

 The UNIVAC I (UNIVersal Automatic Computer I) was the first

general purpose electronic digital computer design for business
application produced in the United States.
 It was designed principally by J. Presper Eckert and John
Mauchly, the inventors of the ENIAC.
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History of computer

 The invention of transistors resulted in smaller, faster, more

reliable, and more energy-efficient computers.
 This era also saw the emergence of the software development
industry, with the introduction of FORTRAN and COBOL, two early
programming languages.
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History of computer

 In 1977, Stephen Wozniak and Steven Jobs designed and built

the first Apple-1 computer in their garage.
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History of computer

 In 1981, IBM introduced its personal computer (PC).

 By the mid-1990s, people from many walks of life were able to
afford the PC. Computers continue to become faster and less
expensive as technology advances.
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Definition of Computer
 Computer – an electronic devices consist of
hardware and software and perform tasks and
produce the output
 Hardware - physical components that
constitute a computer system
 Software – programs written to perform
specific tasks
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Hardware
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Input Output Device

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Software

System Software
• Operating system
• Utility program

Application Software
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Introduction to programming
 A set of rules, words and symbols are used to
write a computer program – telling a
computer what to do.
 The source codes (program) are compiled and the
executable files (*.exe) are produced.

program1
Error free

Compiled Executable
Programmer file (*.exe)
writes program & debug
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Type of programming languages

 High-level:closer to human language
 Low-level: Written mainly in binary or machine
code (0’s/1’s) .
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Generation of Programming
language

 Machine language
 Assembly language
 High Level language

program  machine language

Compiler
machine language  program
Computers understand
People understand
binary(11011)
‘program’
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Machine Language
 Binary number codes understood by a specific CPU.
 Lowest level of language
 Represent data and program instructions as 1s and 0s
 The only language that computer directly understand
 (Do not require translator)
 Not convenient to read and use.
 First generation language
 Machine - dependent
Example:
To calculate wages = rates * hours in machine
language:
100100 010001 //Load
100110 010010 //Multiply
100010 010011 //Store
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Assembly Language
 Second generation language
 Developed to replace 1s and 0s use in machine
language.
 Use mnemonic codes : abbreviations that easy to
remember
 Requires a translator to translate the assembly program
into machine language ( assembler).
 Difficult to learn
 Machine-dependent

A for Add
C for Compare
MP for Multiply
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Comparison
 A Machine-language Program Fragment and Its
Assembly-Language Equivalent
Memory Address Machine-Language Assembly-Language
Instructions Instructions

00000000 00000000 CLA

00000001 00010101 ADD A

00000010 00010110 ADD B

00000011 00110101 STA A

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High-Level Programming Language

 Made easy for programmer to develop and

maintain program
 Machine- independent (can run on may
different types of computers)
 Have 3 categories : third, fourth and fifth
generation
 Written in series of English-like words
 Must be translated to machine code first
(Use translator)
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History of Programming Languages

Computer
language
evolution

The only language understood by a computer is machine language

Machine Language Assembly Language

COBOL BASIC Fortran Smalltalk Ada

Visual Basic C and C++ Pascal Java

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High-Level Programming Language

 Portable to many different computers.
 Easier to read, write, and maintain than machine
and assembly languages.
 Instruction are coded; programmers use this to
write programs.
 Example : COBOL (Business), FORTRAN (Scientific),
BASIC, Pascal, C, C++, C#, Java etc.
 Compiler/interpreter: translates a program (code)
written in a high-level language machine
language
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Some Well-Known High-Level

Programming Languages
Language Application Area Origin Name
FORTRAN Scientific Programming Formula Translation

COBOL Business data Processing Common Business-Oriented

Language
Lisp Artificial Intelligent List processing

C System Programming Predecessor Language was named B

Prolog Artificial Intelligent Logic Programming

C++ Support objects and object Incremental modification of C (++ is

oriented programming the C incremental operator)

Java Supports Web Programming Originally name “Oak”

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Some Well-Known High-Level

Programming Languages
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Examples :
To calculate the wages = rates * hours
• Machine language
100100 010001 //Load
100110 010010 //Multiply
100010 010011 //Store

• Assembly language
LOAD rate
MULT hour
STOR wages

• High-level language – C Programming

wages = rate * hours;
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Language Translator
Program need to translate because computer only
understand machine language
 Assembler
 Used in assembly language for translate the language
to machine language
 Interpreter
 Translates one program code statement at a time.
 Immediately displays feedback when it finds error.
 Compiler
 Translating the source code from its original language
into machine code.
 Converts the entire source program into machine
language at one time
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Programming Paradigm

 Programming paradigms are a way to classify

programming languages based on their features.
Languages can be classified into multiple
paradigms.
 Common programming paradigm are:
 Procedural paradigm
 Object-oriented paradigm
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Procedural paradigm

 Procedural programming is a programming paradigm,

derived from structured programming, based on the
concept of the procedure call.
 Procedures, also known as routines, subroutines, or
functions, simply contain a series of computational
steps to be carried out.
 Any given procedure might be called at any point
during a program's execution, including by other
procedures or itself.
 The first major procedural programming languages
appeared circa 1957–1964, including Fortran, ALGOL,
COBOL, PL/I and BASIC. Pascal and C
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Object-Oriented Paradigm

 Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a programming

paradigm based on the concept of "objects", which can
contain data and method: data in the form of fields
(often known as attributes), and method, in the form of
procedures.
 Many of the most widely used programming languages
(such as C++, Java, Python, etc.) are multi-paradigm
and they support object-oriented programming and
procedural programming.
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Introduction to C++
 Is a structured or procedural
programming and the object oriented
programming
 High level language
 Is a case sensitive language
 Developed by Bjarne Stroustrup at Bell
Labs
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Example of a C++ Program

Source
code

Output
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C++ program process

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C++ program process

1. Programmer create and edit text file containing

the program (source code) with a text editor and
save it into file (source file)
2. Preprocessor to process the preprocessor
directives (begin with #).
3. Compiler to:
• Check that the program obeys the rules
• Translate into machine language (object
code)
4. Linker : to connect hardware-specific code to
machine instructions, producing an executable
code.
5. Loader : Loads executable file into main memory
6. Execution : Execute the program
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High Level
Language to
Machine
Language
(Executable file)

Programmer

Code

Code

Executable Code
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Integrated Development
Environments (IDEs)
 An integrated development environment, or IDE,
combine all the tools needed to write, compile, and
debug a program into a single software
application.
 Examples are Dev C++, Code Blocks, Microsoft
Visual C, Borland C Builder, CodeWarrior, etc.
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Dev C++
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CppDroid