Report Salma Ahmed New

Report 1
Name : salma ahmed bekhet

Sec: 4
BN: 13
1. Introduction: An open channel is a waterway, canal, or conduit in which
a liquid flows with a free surface. Open channel flow describes the fluid
motion in an open channel. In most applications, the liquid is water and the
air above the flow is usually at rest and at
standard atmospheric pressure. In the absence of any other channel
control, the flow is
controlled only by friction with the bed and the sides of the channel. In this
case, water flows with a uniform depth (normal depth) in which the weight
component in the direction of the flow balances with the friction force
induced by the flow resistance by the bed and sides. Many equations were
developed to relate the bed roughness with the flow parameters in open
channels. Among these equations is the Manning equation which is widely
used to
relate the flow velocity and cross-section parameters to the Manning
coefficient (𝑛), which is a function of the bed material roughness. Another
less common equation is the Chezy equation, where the bed roughness is
parameterized by the Chezy coefficient (𝐶).
2. Objectives: The main objective of this experiment is to determine an
average value of both Manning (𝑛) and Chezy (𝐶) coefficients for the
Armfield laboratory flume. The sides of the flume are made of glass while
the bed is made of steel. Changing the water depth
changes the contribution of the sides in the computed average roughness,
while the bed contribution remains the same. It is required to compute an
average value of (𝑛) and (𝐶) for different water depths and discharges.
3. Anticipated Results: The students should be able to: a) Control and

measure the bed slope, water depth, and discharge in the laboratory flume.
b) Use both Manning and Chezy equations to estimate the Manning and
Chezy coefficients given all other flow parameters.
c) Observe how the roughness coefficients are affected by the average
water depth inside the flume.
4. Experimental Setup: and Tools Used: The students are going to use the
Armfield flume setup in the eastern laboratory inside the Irrigation and
Hydraulics Department. The Flume
is about 10 m long with a rectangular cross-section 30 cm wide and 70 cm
deep. The flume has a mechanism to adjust the bed slope ranging from
1:40 positive slope to 1:200 adverse slope. The tail water gate at the end of
the flume can be used to control the water level
inside the channel. A point gage can be used to measure the water depth at
any section in the fume. The point gage can be moved both laterally (across
the channel width) and
longitudinally (along the flow direction). Water is pumped into the flume from
a ground reservoir tank and then collected at the channel end back to the
tank again. The pumping system is supplied with a gate valve to control the
discharge and a 90 mm orifice meter with a differential manometer to
measure the discharge
• Flume: The Flume is about 10m long with a rectangular cross section of 30 cm width
and 70 cm maximum depth.
• Pump: to pump water from storage tank to the flume
• Gate valve : to control the discharge
• Check valve :to prevent back flow
• Orifice meter :to measure discharge
• Tail gate : to control water level
• Ruler :to measure the distance between 2 scetions
• Point gage : to measure water depth
Experimental Procedure: 1. Open the valve to get the suitable discharge

and calculate Q using the deflection of the differential manometer
connected with the Orifice-meter and the calibrated chart.
2. Adjust the tail water gate to have an average water level of 25 cm

inside the flume (low position). Do not use very low water levels.
3. Using the point gauge measure the water level (W.L) and the bed level
(B.L.) at two sections 5.8 m apart. We should wait at least 15 minutes
before measuring toreach the steady state.
4. For the same discharge set before, raise the tail water gate to increase
the water level inside the flume (medium then high positions) and measure
the W.L and B.Lat the same sections. Care should be taken when raising
the tail gate to avoid over flooding the flume.
5. Change the valve opening to get another different discharge in the

flume and repeat the previous steps.
Calculations :
Q Tail Se y av
(m3/s) Gate Section W.L B.L y V (m/m) (m) A (m2) P (m) R (m) c n
Position (mm) (mm) (m) (m/s) *103
1 322.93 11.2 0.3117 0.214
Low 2 346.48 11 0.3355 0.199 1.330 0.323 0.0969 0.946 0.1024 17.7 0.038
Med 1 329.35 11.2 0.3182 0.209
Q1 2 353.89 11 0.3429 0.194 1.188 0.330 0.0990 0.96 0.1031 18.3 0.036
=0.02
1 342.52 11.2 0.3313 0.201
High 2 369.02 11 0.3580 0.186 0.874 0.344 0.1032 0.988 0.1044 20.3 0.034
1 329.92 11.2 0.3187 0.261
Low 2 348.63 11 0.3376 0.247 2.103 0.328 0.0984 0.956 0.1029 17.3 0.039
1 336.93 11.2 0.3257 0.256

Q2 Med 2 357.62 11 0.3466 0.240 1.797 0.336 0.1008 0.972 0.1037 18.2 0.037
=0.025
1 347.88 11.2 0.3367 0.247
High 2 371.54 11 0.3605 0.231 1.342 0.348 0.1044 0.996 0.1048 20.2 0.034
• For the same manning and chezy coefficient depend on water depth
• For the same water depth manning and chezy coefficient are not affected
the Variation in Chezy Coefficient versus the water depth for each flow rate
the Variation in Manning Coefficient versus the water depth for each flow rate

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Report 1

Name : salma ahmed bekhet

3. Anticipated Results: The students should be able to: a) Control and

• Pump: to pump water from storage tank to the flume

• Gate valve : to control the discharge

• Check valve :to prevent back flow

• Orifice meter :to measure discharge

• Tail gate : to control water level

• Ruler :to measure the distance between 2 scetions

• Point gage : to measure water depth

Experimental Procedure: 1. Open the valve to get the suitable discharge

2. Adjust the tail water gate to have an average water level of 25 cm

5. Change the valve opening to get another different discharge in the

Position (mm) (mm) (m) (m/s) *103

1 322.93 11.2 0.3117 0.214

Med 1 329.35 11.2 0.3182 0.209

1 329.92 11.2 0.3187 0.261

1 336.93 11.2 0.3257 0.256

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