UNI

T-V
I
nput
-Out
putI
nter
face
Que:
1.Whati sI /Oi nterface?Dr awbl ockdi agr am ofcommuni cati
onl i
nkbet ween
mi cropr ocessoranddi fferentper ipher als.
2.Dr awandExpl ainI/OI nterfaceUni t
.
3.Expl ainInt erfacingofI nput -Outputwi thCPUi ndet ail.
4.Expl ainv arioust ypesofcommandsf ori nput-out putor ganizat i
on.
Ans:
I nput -
out puti nterface pr ov i
des a met hod f ort ransf er
ring i nformat ion
bet weeni nternal storageandext ernal I/Odev ices.
 Per i
pher alsconnect edt oacomput erneedspeci alcommuni cationl i
nksf or
i
nt erfacingt hem wi tht hecent ralprocessi nguni t.
 Thepur poseoft hecommuni cationl inki stor esol vet hedi f f
erencest hat
existbet weent hecent ral comput erandeachper ipher al.
 Themaj ordi fferencesar e:
1.Per ipher alsar eel ect romechani caland el ectromagnet i
cdev i
cesand
theirmannerofoper at i
oni sdi f
ferentf rom t heoper at i
onoft heCPUand
memor y,whi char eel ectr oni
cdev ices.Ther ef ore,aconv er si
onofsi gnal
valuesmayber equi red.
2.Thedat at ransferr ateofper i
pher al si sslowert hant het ransferr ateof
theCPU.
3.Dat acodesandf or mat si nper ipher alsdi ff
erf r
om t hewor df ormati nt he
CPUandmemor y.
4.Theoper atingmodesofper ipher alsar edi f
f erentf r
om eachot her .
 Tor esol vet hesedi fferences, comput ersy st
emsi ncl udespeci alhar dwar e
component s bet ween t he CPU and per i
pher alst o super vise and
sy nchr onizeal li
nputandout putt ransf er s.
 These component s ar e cal l
ed i nter f
ace uni ts because t heyi nterface
bet weent hepr ocessorbusandt heper i
pher al dev ice.

I
/OBusandInter
faceModul
es:
A t ypicalcommunicat
ion l
i
nk bet
ween t
he pr
ocessor and sev
eral
peri
pheral
s
isshowninFig.
 TheI/Obusconsi stsofdat al i
nes, addressl ines, andcont rolli
nes.
 TheI/Obusf rom t hepr ocessori sattachedt oal l peripher ali
nterfaces.
 Tocommuni cat ewi thapar ti
culardev i
ce,t hepr ocessorpl acesadev ice
address
ont headdr essl ines.
 Eachi nter faceat tachedt ot heI /Obuscont ai nsanaddr essdecodert hat
moni t
or st headdr essl ines.
 Whent hei nter facedet ect si tsownaddr ess,i tact i
vat est hepathbet ween
thebusl inesandt hedev ice.
 Allper i
pher alswhoseaddr essdoesnotcor respondt ot headdr essi nt he
busar edi sabl edbyt heirint erface.
 Thepr ocessorpr ovidesaf unct i
oncodei nt hecont rollines.Thef unct ion
codei sr ef erredt oasanI /Ocommand.
 Ther ear ef ourt ypesofcommandst hatani nt er f
acemayr eceive.Theyar e
classifi
edascont rol,stat us, dataout put ,anddat ainput .
 Cont rol command:
oI tisi ssuedt oact iv
atet heper i
pher alandt oi nformi twhatt o
do.
o Forexampl e,a magnet ict ape uni tmaybe i nstructed t o
backspacet het apebyoner ecor d,t or ewi ndt het ape,ort o
star tthet apemov i
ngi nthef orwar ddi rect i
on.
 St atuscommand:
oI tisusedt ot estv ari
ousst atuscondi ti
onsi ntheinterfaceand
theper ipher al.
o Forexampl e,t hecomput ermaywi sht ocheckt hest at
usof
theper ipher al bef oreat ransferi si niti
ated.
 Dat aout put :
oI tcommandcausest hei nterfacet or espondbyt ransferring
dat a
f
rom t hebusi ntooneofi tsregist ers.
o Consi deranexampl ewi that apeuni t.Thecomput erst arts
 the t ape mov i
ng by i ssui ng a cont rolcommand.The
processort henmoni torst hestatusoft hetapebymeansofa
statuscommand.Whent hetapei si
nt hecor r
ectposition,t
he
processori ssues a dat a out putcommand.The i nterf
ace
respondst ot headdr essandcommandandt r
ansf ersthe
informationfrom t hedat al i
nesinthebust oit
sbufferregister
.
 Dat
ainput:
oI ti
st heopposi teoft hedat aoutput.
oI nt hi
scaset hei nterfacer ecei
v esani tem ofdataf rom the
per i
pheralandpl acesi tinitsbufferregister
.

I
/OI
nter
faceUni
t
 AnI/Oint
erf
aceuni
tisshowni
nbl
ockdi
agr
am f
ormi
nFi
g.

I /
OI nt
erf
aceuni tconsi
stsofpor tA,PortBr egi
ster,acontr
olregi
ster
,a
stat
usregist
er,busbuffer
s,andtimingandcontrolcir
cui
ts.
 Theint
erfacecommuni cateswiththeCPUthrought hedatabus.
 Thechipselectandregist
erselectinput
sdeterminetheaddressassi
gned
 tothei nt erface.
 TheI /Or eadandwr i
tearet wocont rol l
inesthatspeci f
yani nputorout put,
respect i
v ely.
 Thef ourr egi sterscommuni catedi rectl
ywi t
ht heI /Odev i
ceat tachedt o
theint er face.
 TheI /Odat at oandf r
om t hedev i
cecanbet r
ansf err
edintoeitherpor tAor
portB.
 A command i s passed t ot he I/O dev i
ce bysendi ng a wor dt othe
appr opr iatei nterfaceregister
.
 Cont roli ssentt othecont rolregi
ster ,stat
usi nformati
oni sreceivedf r
om
thest at usr egi ster
,anddat aaret ransf er
redt oandf r
om por tsAandB
register s.
 Thisci rcui tenabl est he chip select( CS)i nputwhen t he interface i
s
selectedby
theaddr essbus.
 Thet wor egi sterselectinputsRS1andRS0ar eusuallyconnect edt othe
twoleastsi gnificantli
nesoft headdr essbus.
 Theset wo i nput sselectoneoft hef ourr egister
si nthei nterfaceas
specifiedi nt het abl
eshownbel ow.

 Thecont
entoft heselectedregist
eri str
ansf
erint
ot heCPUv iat
hedat
a
buswhentheI/
Or eadsi gnalisenabled.
 TheCPUtransf
ersbinaryinformati
oni nt
othesel
ectedregi
sterv
iat
hedat
a
buswhentheI/
Owr it
ei nputisenabled.

Asy
nchr
onousDat
aTr
ansf
er
Que:

1.Expl
ainstr
obecontrolmet
hodofasy
nchr
onousdat atr
ansfer.
2.Descr
ibeStrobeContr
olwi
thhel
pofsour
ceinit
iat
edSt r
obeforData
tr
ansfer
.
3.Descr
ibeStrobeContr
olwi
thhel
pofDest
inat
ionini
tiat
edStrobeforData
tr
ansfer
.
4.Drawblockdiagr
am andti
mingdi
agr
am f
orthree-
wirehandshakeprotocol
.
 5.WhyHandshaki ngmet hodi srequi
red?
6.Explai
nserialasynchronousdat atransmi ssiontechni
que.
7.DescribeAsynchronousSer i
alTransfer.
8.DescribeAsynchronousSer i
alTransferindet ai
lwithdi
agrams.
9.Explai
nmet hodsofAsy nchronousDat aTr ansfer.
10.
Explai
nAsy nchronousdat at r
ansferusinghandshaki ngindetail
.
11.
Givethedif
ferencesofSy nchronous&Asy nchronousdatatransfer.
12.
Compar eSerial&Par al
leldatatransfer
.Whi chonei ssuperi
ortot heot
her
?
13.
Drawt hebl
ockdi agram forser i
altr
ansfer.

Ans:
 Twouni ts, suchasaCPUandanI /Oi nterface, aredesi gnedi ndependentl
y
ofeachot her.
I fther egistersi nthei nterfaceshar eacommoncl ockwi t
ht heCPU
registers,thet ransf erbet weent het wouni tsi ssaidt obesy nchronous.
I nmostcases, thei nternaltimingi neachuni tisindependentf rom the
otheri nthateachusesi t
sownpr i
vatecl ockf orinternal registers.
I nthatcase, t
het wouni tsar esaidt obeasy nchr onoust oeachot her.
 Thi sappr oachi swi delyusedi nmostcomput ersy stems.
 Asy nchronousdat at ransferbet weent woi ndependentuni tsrequiresthat
cont r
ol signalsbet r
ansmi ttedbet weent hecommuni catinguni tsto
i
ndi catet het i
meatwhi chdat aisbei ngt ransmi t
ted.
 Ther ear et woway stoachi ev eAsy nchronousdat atransf er:
1.St robeCont rol:
a.St r
obpul sesuppl iedbyoneoft heuni tst oi ndicatet otheother
unitwhent het r
ansf erhast ooccur .
2.Handshaki ng:
a.I nthismet hod, eachdat aitem bei ngt r
ansf erredwi t
hacont rol
signalsi ndicatest hepr esenceofdat aint hebus.
b.Theuni treceiv i
ngt hedat aitem r espondswi t
hanot hercontrol
signal toacknowl edger ecei ptoft hedat a.
c.Thi st ypeofagr eementbet weent woi ndependentuni t
sis
referredt oashandshaki ng.

1.St
robeCont
rol
:
 Thestr
obecont
rol
methodofasynchronousdat
atr
ansferemploysasi
ngle
cont
roll
inet
oti
meeachtr
ansfer
.
 Thestr
obemaybeacti
vat
edbyeitherthesour
ceorthedest
inati
onuni
t.

Sour
ce-
ini
ti
atedt
ransf
er:
 Fi
g.(
a)showsasource-i
nit
iat
edt
ransf
er.
 Thedat abuscar r
iesthebi nar yi nformat ionf rom sour ceuni ttothe
destinationuni t
.
 Thebushasmul tipl
elinest ot r
ansf eranent i
rebyt eorwor d.
 Thest robei sasi ngleli
net hati nformst hedest inationunitwhenav ali
d
datawor di savail
ableint hebus.
 Asshowni nt hetimingdi agr am ofFi g.(
b) ,thesour ceunitfirstplacest he
dataont hedat abus.
 Afterabr i
efdelayt oensur et hatt hedat ast aytoast eadyv alue,thesour ce
activatest hestrobepul se.
 Thei nformat ionont hedat abusandt hest robesi gnal r
emai nint heact i
ve
statef orasuf fi
cientti
meper i
odt oallowt hedest inationuni ttoreceivethe
data.
 Thedest inati
onuni tusest hef alli
ngedgeoft hestrobepul set otransfer
thecont ent softhedat abusi ntooneofi tsinternal r
egisters.
 Thesour cer emov esthedat af rom t hebusabr iefper i
odaf teritdisabl
es
i
tsst robepul se.
 Thest robesi gnal i
sdisabl edi ndi catest hatt hedat abusdoesnotcont ain
vali
ddat a.
 Newv aliddat awillbeav ailableonl yaftert hestrobei senabl edagai n.

Dest
inat
ion-
ini
ti
atedt
ransf
er:

 Fi
g.(
a)showsadat
atr
ansf
eri
nit
iat
edbyt
hedest
inat
ionuni
t.
I nthi
scase, thedest i
nati
onunitactivatesthestrobepulse,i
nformingt
he
sourcetoprov i
det hedata.
 Thesour ceunitrespondsbypl acingther equestedbinar
yinformati
onon
thedatabus.
 Thedat amustbev ali
dandr emainint hebusl ongenoughf orthe
desti
nationunittoaccepti t
.
 Thef al
l
ingedgeoft hestrobepulsecanbeusedagai nt otr
iggera
desti
nationregist
er .
 Thedest i
nati
onuni tthendisablesthest r
obe.
 Thesour ceremov est hedatafrom thebusaf terapredeter
mi nedti
me
i
nterval
.

2.Handshaki
ng
 Thedi sadv antageoft hest robemet hod:
o Thesour ceuni tthati niti
atest het r
ansf erhasnowayofknowi ng
whet hert hedest inat i
onuni thasact uall
yr ecei vedthedat ait
em that
waspl acedi nthebus.
o Adest inat ionuni tt hati nit
iatest het ransf erhasnowayofknowi ng
whet hert hesour ceuni thasact uall
ypl acedt hedat aont hebus.
 Thehandshakemet hodsol v esthispr oblem byi ntroducingasecond
cont r
ol si
gnal thatpr ovidesar eplytot heuni tthati niti
atesthet r
ansfer.
 Thebasi cprincipl eoft het wo- wirehandshaki ngmet hodofdat atransf
eris
asf oll
ows.
o Onecont rollinei si nt hesamedi rectionast hedat aflowi nthebus
from thesour cet ot hedest inat i
on.I ti susedbyt hesour ceuni tto
informt hedest i
nat ionuni twhet hert her ear ev ali
ddat ainthebus.
o Theot hercont rollinei si ntheot herdi rectionf rom thedest i
nati
ont o
thesour ce.I ti susedbyt hedest inationuni tt oinformt hesour ce
whet heri tcanacceptdat a.
 Thesequenceofcont rol dur i
ngt het ransf erdependsont heunitthat
init
iat
est het ransf er.
Source-i
niti
atedt ransf erusi ngHandshaki ng:
 Figureshowst hedat at ransf erpr ocedur ewheni nitiatedbyt hesource.
 Thetwohandshakinglinesar edataval
id,
whichisgeneratedbyt
hesource
unit
,anddataaccepted,generatedbythedest
inat
ionunit.
 Thetimingdiagr
am showst heexchangeofsignal
sbetweent het
wounits.
 Thesequenceofev entslistedinpart(c)showst hefourpossi
blest
ates
thatt
hesy st
em canbeatanygi v ent
ime.

 Thesour ceunitiniti
atest het r
ansferbyplaci
ngt hedat aont hebusand
enabli
ngitsdatav ali
dsi gnal.
 The data accepted signali sacti
vated bythe destinati
on unitafterit
acceptsthedatafr om thebus.
 Thesour ceunitthendi sablesitsdatavali
dsignal,whichi nv
alidat
est he
dataonthebus.
 Thedestinati
onuni tthendi sablesi
tsdataacceptedsignalandt hesy st
em
goesintoit
sinit
ial st
ate.
 Thesourcedoesnotsendt henextdatait
em untilaf
terthedestinati
onunit
showsi t
sr eadi
nesst oacceptnew dat abydi sabli
ngi t
sdat aaccept ed
si
gnal.

Dest
inat
ion-
ini
ti
atedt
ransf
erusi
ngHandshaki
ng:

 Thedest
inat
ion-
ini
ti
atedt
ransf
erusi
nghandshaki
ngl
i
nesi
sshowni
nFi
g.
  Here,t
henameoft hesi
gnalgeneratedbythedestinati
onunithasbeen
changedt or eadyfordatatoref
lectitsnewmeani ng.
 Thesour ceuni tinthi
scasedoesnotpl acedataont hebusuntilaft
eri
t
recei
vest her eadyfordat
asignalfrom thedesti
nati
onunit.
 From thereon, thehandshaki
ngpr ocedurefol
lowst hesamepat t
ernasin
thesource-initi
atedcase.
Asy
nchr
onousSer ialTransfer
:
 Thetransf erofdat abetweent wounitsmaybedonei nparall
el orser
ial
.
 Paral
l
el datat r
ansmi ssi
on:
o Eachbi toft hemessagehasi t
sownpat handthetotalmessagei s
transmi t
tedatt hesamet i
me.
o Thi smeanst hatann-bitmessagemustbet ransmit
tedt hroughn
separ ateconduct orpaths.
o Par all
eltransmissionisfasterbutr
equir
esmanywi res.
oI tisusedf orshortdi
stancesandwher espeedisimportant.
 Seri
aldat atransmi ssi on:
o Eachbi ti nt hemessagei ssenti nsequenceoneatat i
me.
o Thi smet hodr equi restheuseofonepai rofconduct orsorone
conduct orandacommongr ound.
o Ser i
al t
ransmi ssioni ssl owerbuti sl essexpensi v esi nceitrequires
onl yonepai rofconduct or s.
 Seri
altransmi ssi oncanbesy nchr onousorasy nchr onous.
 SynchronousSer ial tr
ansmi ssion:
o Thet wouni tsshar eacommoncl ockf requencyandbi tsar e
transmi ttedcont inuousl yatt her atest atedbyt hecl ockpul ses.
oI nlongdi stantser i
al t
ransmi ssi on, eachuni tisdr i
venbyasepar at
e
clockoft hesamef requency .
o Sy nchroni zat ionsi gnalsar et ransmi tt
edper i
odical l
ybet weent he
twouni tst okeept heircl ocksi nst epwi theachot her .
oI nit,bitsmustbet ransmi ttedcont inuouslyt okeept hecl ock
frequencyi nbot huni t
ssy nchr oni zedwi t
heachot her .
 AsynchronousSer i
al transmi ssi on:
o Binar yinfor mat ioni ssentonl ywheni tisav ailableandt heline
remai nsi dlewhent herei snoi nformat i
ont obet ransmi tt
ed.
o Aser i
al asy nchr onousdat at ransmi ssiont echni queusedi nmany
interactivet er mi nalsempl oy sspeci al bit
st hatar ei nsertedatbot h
endsoft hechar actercode.
o Wi ththist echni que, eachchar act erconsi stsoft hreepar t
s: astart
bit,thechar act erbi ts,andst opbi ts.
o Theconv ent ioni st hatthet ransmi tterrestsatt he1- statewhenno
char acter sar et ransmi tted.
o Thef i
rstbi t,cal l
edt hest artbi t,isal way sa0andi susedt oindicate
thebegi nningofachar act er.
o Thel astbi tcal l
edt hest opbi tisal way sa1.
o Anexampl eoft hisf ormati sshowni nFig.

 Atransmittedchar act ercanbedet ectedbyt her eceiverfrom knowledgeof

thetr
ansmi ssionr ules:
1.Whenachar acterisnotbeingsent ,thelineiskepti nthe1-stat
e.
2.Thei nit
iationofachar actertransmissionisdet ectedf r
om the
startbit
, whi chisalway s0.
3.Thechar act erbit
salway sfollowthest artbi
t .
4.Afterthel astbi tofthechar acteri
stransmi tted,ast opbiti
s
detectedwhent helinereturnst ot
he1- statef oratleastonebit
ti
me.
 Usingtheser ul
es, ther ecei
vercandet ectt
hest artbitwhent heli
negoes
 fr
om 1t o0.
 Acl ocki nt her ecei v erexami nest hel ineatpr operbi ttimes.
 Ther ecei verknowst het ransf errat eoft hebi tsandt henumberof
char act erbi t
st oaccept .
 Aftert hechar act erbi tsar et ransmi tted, oneort wost opbi tsar esent.
 Thest opbi tsar eal way sint he1- stat eandf r
amet heendoft hechar acter
tosigni f ythei dleorwai tst ate.
 Thel iner emai nsi nt he1- st ateunt i
lanot herchar act eri str
ansmi tt
ed.
 Thest opt i
meensur est hatanewchar act erwillnotf ol
lowf oroneort wo
bittimes.
 Ani l
lust ration:
o consi dert heser i
alt r
ansmi ssionofat ermi nalwhoset ransferrateis
10char act erspersecond.
o Eacht r ansmi ttedchar acterconsi stsofast artbi t
,eighti nformat i
on
bits, andt wost opbi ts, f
orat ot alof11bi ts.
o Tenchar act erspersecondmeanst hateachchar actert akes0. 1s
fort ransf er .
o Si ncet her ear e11bi tst obet ransmi t
ted,i tfol l
owst hatt hebi tti
me
i
s9. 09ms.
o Thebaudr atei sdef inedast her ateatwhi chser ialinformat ionis
transmi t tedandi sequi v al
entt ot hedat at ransf erinbi t
spersecond.
o Tenchar act erspersecondwi than11- bitf ormathasat ransferrate
of110baud.
o Thet ermi nal hasakey boar dandapr inter
.
o Ev eryt i
meakeyi sdepr essed,t het ermi nalsends11bi tsser i
all
y
alongawi re.
o To pr inta char act eri nt hepr inter,an 11- bitmessagemustbe
recei vedal onganot herwi re.
o Thet ermi nal interfaceconsi stsofat ransmi tt
erandar eceiver.
o Thet r
ansmi tteraccept san8- bitchar acterf rom t hecomput erand
pr oceedst osendaser ial11- bitmessagei ntot hepr i
nterl i
ne.
o Ther ecei veraccept saser ial11- bitmessagef rom thekey boardl i
ne
andf or war dst he8- bitchar actercodei ntot hecomput er.
oI ntegr at edci rcui t
sar eav ai l
abl ewhi char especi fi
callydesi gnedt o
pr ovide t he i nt erf
ace bet ween comput erand si milari nteracti
ve
ter minal s.
o Suchaci rcui tiscal ledanasy nchr onouscommuni cat i
oni nterf
aceor
auni ver salsy nchr onousr ecei v ert ransmit ter( UART) .
 ModesofTr
ansf
er
Que:
1.Expl ainanyt woModeofDat aTr ansf er
.
2.Listv ari
ousmodesofDat aTransf er&expl ai
nanytwo, wit
hexampl e.
3.Expl ainv ari
ousmodesofdat at ransferbet weencentr
alcomput erand
peri
pher als.
4.Expl ainModesofDat aTransfer.
5.Di f
ferentiatepr ogrammedI /OV/ Si nter
ruptini
ti
ati
veI/O.
Ans:
 Dat at r
ansf erbet weent hecentral comput erandI/Odevicesmaybe
handledi nav ari
etyofmodes.
 Somemodesuset heCPUasani ntermediatepath;ot
herstransfert
hedat
a
di
rectlytoandf r
om thememor yuni t
.
 Dat at r
ansf ert oandf r
om per i
pher alsmaybehandl edinoneoft hr
ee
possiblemodes:
1.Pr ogrammedI /
O
2.I nterrupt-
ini
ti
atedI/O
3.Di r
ectmemor yaccess( DMA)

1.Progr ammedI /O
 Progr ammedI /Ooper ationsar et heresul tofI /Oi nst r
uctionswr it
tenint he
comput erpr ogram.
 Eachdat aitem t ransferi sini ti
atedbyani nst ructioni nt hepr ogr
am.
 Transf er r
ingdat aunderpr ogr am cont r
olr equi resconst antmoni tori
ngof
theper i
pher al byt heCPU.
 Once a dat at ransferi si ni t
iated,the CPU i sr equired t o moni t
ort he
interfacet oseewhenat ransf ercanagai nbemade.
I nt hi
smet hod, theCPUst ay sinapr ogram l oopunt i
ltheI /Ounitindicates
thatiti sreadyf ordat at ransf er.
 Thi sisat i
me- consumi ngpr ocesssi ncei tkeepst hepr ocessorbusy .
I nt hepr ogr ammedI /Omet hod, t
heI /Odev i
cedoesnothav edi
rectaccess
tomemor y.
 At ransf erf rom anI /
Odev icet omemor yr equirest heexecut i
onofsev eral
instructionsbyt heCPU,i ncl udingani nputi nstruct i
ont otransferthedat a
from t hedev i
cet ot heCPUandast orei nstruct i
ont ot ransf
ert hedat a
from t heCPUt omemor y.
 Ot herinst ructionsmaybeneededt ov erifyt hatt hedat aar eav ail
ablefrom
thedev iceandt ocountt henumber sofwor dst ransf erred.
Exampl eofPr ogr ammedI /
O:
 Anexampl eofdat atransf erf rom anI /
Odev i
cet hroughani nterf
acei nto
theCPUi sshowni nFig.
 Thedev icet ransfersby tesofdat aoneatat i
meast heyareav ail
abl e.
 Whenaby teofdat ai sav ailable,thedev i
cepl acesitintheI /Obusand
enabl esi tsdat av ali
dl i
ne.
 Thei nter f
aceaccept st heby teintoit
sdat ar egi st
erandenabl est hedat a
accept edl i
ne.
 Thei nter faceset sabi tint hest atusregisterthatwewi l
lrefertoasanFor
"fl
ag"bi t .
 Thedev i
cecannow di sabl et hedat av alidl i
ne,buti twi l
lnott ransfer
anot herby teunt ilt
hedat aaccept edli
neisdi sabl edbytheinterface.
 Thisi saccor dingt othehandshaki ngprocedur e.
 A pr ogr am i swr it
tenf ort hecomput ert ocheckt hef l
agi nt hest at
us
registert odet erminei faby tehasbeenpl acedi nthedatar egisterbyt he
I/Odev ice.
 Thisi s done byr eading t he status registeri nto a CPU r egisterand
checki ngt hev alueoft hef lagbi t.
I fthef lagi sequal to1, theCPUr eadsthedat af rom thedatar egister.
 Thef l
ag bi tist hen cl ear ed to 0 byei thert heCPU ort hei nt er
face,
dependi ngonhowt hei nterfaceci rcui
tsaredesi gned.
 Oncet hef lagi scleared,t hei nt
erfacedisablest hedat aaccept edl ineand
thedev icecant hent ransf ert henextdat aby t
e.

2.I
nterrupt-i
nit
iatedI /O
InPr ogr ammedI /O met hod,CPU const antlymoni tor i
ngt hef lagmeans
CPUst ay sbusyunt i
ltheI /Ouniti ndicatest hatitisreadyf ordatat ransfer.
 Thismode oft ransferusest he int err
uptf acil
it
yt o solve pr oblem of
ProgrammedI /Omet hod.
Int hi
smode, t
hei nterfacekeepsmoni tor
ingt hedev ice.
Int hemeant imet heCPUcanpr oceedt oexecut eanot herprogram.
 Whent hei nterfacedet ermi nest hatt hedev i
cei sreadyf ordatat ransfer,i
t
generatesani nterruptr equesttot hecomput er.
 Upondet ect
ingt heext ernalinterruptsi gnal,theCPUst opst het askitis
processing,stor i
ngt her eturnaddr essf rom t hepr ogr am count erintoa
memor ystackandcont rolbranchest oaser vi
cer outinet hatprocessest he
requi
redI /Otransf er.
  Aftert het ransf eri scompl eted,t hecomput err eturnst ot hepr evi
ous
program t ocont i
nuewhati twasdoi ngbef oret hei nterrupt.
 Thewayt hatt hepr ocessorchoosest hebr anchaddr essoft heser vi
ce
routi
nev ariesf rom oneuni ttoanot her.
Inpr i
nci ple, ther earet womet hodsf oraccompl ishingt his.
1.Nonv ect oredi nter r
upt
oI nit,thebr anchaddr essi sassi gnedt oaf ixedl ocationinmemor y
.
2.Vect oredi nt err
upt
oI ni t,thesour cet hatint errupt ssuppl iest hebr anchi nformationto
thecomput er.
o Thi sinf ormat ioni scall
edt hei nterruptv ect or.
oI nsomecomput ersthei nt erruptv ectori st hefirstaddr essoftheI/O
ser vi
cer outine.
oI not hercomput ersthei nterruptv ect orisanaddr esst hatpointstoa
l
ocat i
oni nmemor ywher et hebegi nni
ngaddr essoft heI /
Oser vi
ce
rout i
nei sstored.

3.
Dir
ectmemor yaccess( DMA)
 Thet ransf erofdat abet weenaf aststoragedev i
cesuchasmagnet i
cdi sk
and
memor yi softensl owert hant hespeedoft heCPU.
 Remov ingt heCPUf rom t hepat handl ett
ingt heperi
pher aldevicemanage
thememor ybusesdi rect lywoul dimpr ovet hespeedoft ransfer
.
 Thi stransf ertechni quei scal ledDirectmemor yAccess( DMA) .
I ndirectmemor yaccess( DMA) ,thei nterfacet r
ansfersdat aintoandout
ofthememor yuni tthrought hememor ybus.
 Fort hatCPUf irstiniti
al izedt heDMA.
 TheCPUi niti
atest het ransf erbysuppl y i
ngt hefoll
owingi nformationt othe
DMAt hr ought hedat abus:
o Thest arti
ngaddr essoft hememor ybl ockswher edat aareav ail
able
(forRead)orwher edat aaret obest or ed(f
orwr i
te).
o Thewor dcount ,whi chisthenumberofwor dsint hememor yblock.
o Cont rol t
ospeci fyt hemodeoft ransf ersuchasr eadorwr it
e.
o Acont roltost ar tt heDMAt r
ansf er.
 Oncet heDMAi si nit
ial i
zed,t heDMAr equest smemor ycy clesthrought he
memor ybus.
 Whent her equesti sgr ant edbyt hememor ycontr
oll
er ,DMAst artsand
Continuest ot ransferdat abetweenmemor yandper ipheralunitunt ilan
entir
ebl ockist ransfer red.
 Af terini ti
ali
zingDMA, CPUst opscommuni cati
ngwi t
ht heDMAunl essit
receivesani nter r
uptsi gnalori fitwant st ocheckhow manywor dshav e
beent ransf err
ed.
 I
nput
-Out
putPr
ocessor
Que:
1.Descr i
beTerm“ I
OP”.
2.Explainwi thdiagram t
hef unct
ionofI nputOut putProcessor(I
OP).
3.Whati sfuncti
onofI OP?Explainwi t
hcircuitdiagram.
4.ExplainCPU- I
OPcommuni cati
onwi thblockdiagr am.
5.Wr it
eashor tnoteonCPU- IOPCommuni cati
onwi thnecessarydi
agr
am.
6.ExplainCPU- I
OPcommuni cati
on.
7.HowCPU/ IOPcommuni cati
ont akesplacet oachi ev
eeffect
iveI/
O
operati
on.
Ans:

I nst
eadofhav ingeachi nter
facecommuni catewi t
ht heCPU,acomput er
mayi ntegrateoneormor eexternalprocessor sandassi gnt hem thetask
ofcommuni cati
ngdirectl
ywithallI/
Odev ices.
 Thesepr ocessorsareknownasi nput-
OutputPr ocessor(IOP).
 TheIOPcanhandl emanyper i
pheral
s.
 AnI OP iscl assi
fi
edasapr ocessorwi t
hdi rectmemor yaccess( DMA)
capabili
tythatcommuni cateswithI/Odev ices.
I OP issi mil
art o aCPU exceptt hati ti sdesi gned to handlet heI/O
processing.
I OP can f et
ch and execut eits own inst ructi
ons.I OP instr
ucti
ons are
speciall
ydesignedtof aci
li
tat
eI /
Ot r
ansfers.
 Thebl ockdiagram ofacomput erwithtwopr ocessorsi sshowni nFig.

 Thememor yunitoccupiesacent r
alposit
ionandcancommunicat
ewith
CPUandI OP.
 TheIOPpr ov
idesapat hf ortransferofdatabet
weenvari
ousperi
pher
al
devi
cesandthememor yunit
.
 CPUassignsthetaskofI/OtransfertoIOP.
 From t
henIOPoper at
esindependentoft heCPUandconti
nuest
ot r
ansf
er
 datafrom I/Odev icesandmemor y.
 Thecommuni cat ionbetweent heIOP andt hedevi
cesat t
achedt oi tis
sameaspr ogram cont rolmethodoft r
ansfer.
 Thecommuni cat i
onbet weent heIOPandt hememor yissameasDi rect
memor yTransf er( DMA).
 Thewaybywhi cht heCPUandI OPcommuni cat
edependsont hesystem.
I nvery-l
arge-scal ecomput er
s,eachprocessorisindependentofal
lot hers
andanyonepr ocessorcani nit
iateanoperat
ion.
I nmostcomput ersystems,theCPUi sthemast erwhil
etheIOPisasl ave
processor.
 The CPU assi gnst he t
askofal loperati
ons,butIOP instr
ucti
onsar e
executedintheI OP.

CPU-I
OPCommuni
cat
ion
 Thecommuni cati
onbet weenCPUandI OPmaytakedi
ffer
entf
orms,
dependingont heparticularcomput er
.
Inmostcasest hememor yunitactsasamessagecenterwher
eeach
processorleavesinf
ormat i
onfortheother.
 Thesequenceofoper ationsbetweenCPUandI OPareshowninthe
fl
owchar tofFig.
1.TheCPUsendsani nstructiont otestt heIOPpat h.
2.TheI OPr espondsbyi nser t
ingast atuswor di nmemor yf ortheCPUt o
check.
Thebi t
soft hest at uswor dindicatethecondi tionoft heIOPandI /Odev i
ce,
suchasI OP ov er l
oad condi ti
on,dev i
cebusywi t
hanot hert ransfer
,or
devicereadyf orI/Ot ransf er.
3.TheCPUr efer
st ot hest atuswor dinmemor yt odecidewhatt odonext .If
alli
sinor der,theCPUsendst heinstructiont ost artI/
Ot ransf er.
4.Thememor yaddr essr eceivedwi t
ht hisi nstructiontell
st heI OPwher et o
fi
ndi t
spr ogram.
5.TheCPUcannow cont inuewi t
hanot herpr ogr am whi l
et heI OPi sbusy
withtheI/Opr ogr am.
6.Bothpr ogramsr ef ertomemor ybymeansofDMAt r
ansfer.
7.Whent heI OPt ermi natest heexecut ionofi tspr ogram, i
tsendsani nter
rupt
requesttot heCPU.
8.TheCPUr espondst ot hei nterr
uptbyi ssui ngani nstructiont or eadt he
 stat
usf r
om theIOP.
9.TheI OP respondsbypl acing t
hecont entsofi tsstatusr eportintoa
speci
fiedmemor ylocat
ion.Thestatuswordindicateswhet herthetr
ansfer
hasbeencompl etedorifanyerr
orsoccurredduringthetransfer.
10.
From inspect
ionofthebitsinthest at
uswor d,theCPUdet erminesifthe
I/
Ooper ati
onwascompl etedsati
sfactor
il
ywithouterror
s.