EDITION 3:2022

Design of timber structures

Rules and formulas
according to Eurocode 5
Volume 2

SWEDISH
WOOD
 Design of timber structures
Structural aspects of
timber construction Volume 1

Design of timber structures

Volume 3

EDITION 3:2022

Design of timber structures

Rules and formulas
according to Eurocode 5
Volume 2 J?

J SWEDISH
/If WOOD

: SWEDISH
8? WOOD

Design of timber structures Volumes 1-3 are adapted to Eurocode 5, Eurocode 0

and Eurocode 1.

• Volume 1: Structural aspects of timber construction

• Volume 2: Rules and formulas according to Eurocode 5
• Volume 3: Examples
Preface
This is the third revised edition of Design of timber structures Volume 2, Rules and
formulas according to Eurocode 5 published in 2015. Rules and standards change in
pace with the development of society, hence a publication of this type needs to
be reviewed regularly. Contrary to earlier English editions, the current version is
not adapted to the Swedish national choices in Eurocode 1995. Instead, the origi­
nal Eurocode 1995 is referred to, in order to simply adaptation to different
national parameters in the country using the book.

The book series Design of timber structures Volume 1-3 has been produced to make
it easier for structural designers to calculate timber structures and it is adapted
to Eurocodes. It is being used for higher education at universities and institutes.

The book series Design of timber structures Volume 1-3 includes Volume 1, Structural
aspects of timber construction as well as Volume 3, Examples. All three books are avail­
able in English and Swedish. Since the books are available in both languages and
due to the nuanced content, our goal is that they will play a role for many users
on different skill levels. Notice that the Swedish decimal holder “,” was kept
throughout all the text, instead of the English “.”. All photos are taken in Sweden,
unless otherwise indicated.

Tord Isaksson and Sven Thelandersson at the Faculty of Engineering at Lund

University has been responsible for compilation and editing of Volume 2, in col­
laboration with the authors of the three books. The authors are Roberto Crocetti,
Marie Johansson, Robert Kliger, Helena Lidelow, Annika Martensson, Bert Norlin
and Anna Pousette.

Stockholm, April 2022

Patrice Godonou
Swedish Wood

Design of timber structures - Volume 2 3

Design of timber structures - Volume 2

Contents

Introduction 5 Serviceability limit states, SLS 32

9.1 General
General concepts 5
32

9.2 Joint slip 33

2.1 Load duration classes 5
9.3 Deflections 34
2.2 Service classes 6
9.4 Vibrations 35
2.3 Load combination factors y 6

Material properties 7
Connections with metal fasteners 36

3.1 Design value for strength 10.1 General 36

in the ultimate limit states, ULS 7 10.2 Shear capacity of wood-wood and
3.2 Strength modification factor kmod 8
panel-wood connections 36

3.3 Size effects 9

10.3 Shear capacity of steel-to-wood connections 38

3.4 Material properties for 10.4 Nailed connections 40

standardized wood products 10 10.5 Bolted and dowelled connections 44

3.5 Final modulus of elasticity 20 10.6 Screwed connections 46

Bending 21 Wall diaphragms 49

11.1 Simplified analysis method A

Axial loading 22
49

11.2 Simplified analysis method B 50

5.1 Tension 22

5.2 Compression 23 Bracing 51

12.1 Single members in compression

Cross section subjected to shear 25 51

12.2 Bracing of beam or truss systems 52

Cross section subjected to

combined stresses 26 Symbols 53
7.1 Compression stresses at an angle to the grain 26
Non-liability and copyright 57
7.2 Combined bending and axial tension 26
Publications and websites from Swedish Wood 59
7.3 Combined bending and axial compression 27

Members with varying

cross section or curved shape 28
8.1 Tapered beams 28

8.2 Double tapered, curved and

pitched cambered beams 29
8.3 Notched members 31

4 Design of timber structures - Volume 2

 Introduction
General concepts

Introduction
The purpose with this document is to present formulas, data and
design rules related to the European standard EN 1995-1-1 in a con­
venient and easy to read manner.
This document is primarily intended for education purposes and
should not be referred to as an official document in practical structu­
ral design. For that purpose the original documents EN 1995-1-1 and
other associated EN standards should be used.

General concepts
2.1 Load duration classes 2.1 Load duration classes 5

2.2 Service classes 6

Tabell 2.1 Load duration classes 2.3 Load combination factors y 6

Load duration classes Accumulated duration Examples of loading
Permanent (P) > 10 years Self weight
Long-term (L) 6 months - 10 years Storage
Medium-term (M) 1 week - 6 months Imposed floor load
Snow load
Short-term (S) < 1 week Wind load
Snow load
Instantaneous (I) Wind gusts
Accidental load

Source: Table according to EN 1995-1-1:2004, 2.3.1.2.

Design of timber structures - Volume 2 5

General concepts

2.2 Service classes (EN 1995-1-1, 2.3.1.3)

Service class 1
The average moisture content for most softwood species will not exceed
12 %, which corresponds to an environment with temperature of 20 °C
and relative humidity only exceeding 65 % a few weeks per year.

Examples: External walls surrounding permanently heated premises

and are protected by tight and ventilated external cladding. Elements in
heated indoor environment.

Service class 2
The average moisture content for most softwood species will not exceed
20 %, which corresponds to an environment with temperature of 20 °C
and relative humidity only exceeding 85 % a few weeks per year.
Examples: Wooden elements which are ventilated and protected
against direct precipitation, such as roof trusses, attic and crawl space
floors. Structures in ventilated buildings which are not permanently
heated or premises with activities or storage not generating moisture,
such as summer houses, unheated attics, garages and storages, farm
buildings and crawl spaces ventilated by outdoor air.

Service class 3
The average moisture content for most softwood species exceeds 20 %,
which gives a higher moisture content than that specified for service
class 2.
Examples: Structures not protected from precipitation or in ground
contact, and scaffoldings.

2.3 Load combination factors y

Table 2.2 Load combination factors

Load Vo V1 V2

Imposed load in buildings, category 1)

A: Residential areas 0,7 0,5 0,3
B: Office areas 0,7 0,5 0,3
C: Assembly areas 0,7 0,7 0,6
D: Shopping areas 0,7 0,7 0,6
E: Storage areas 1,0 0,9 0,8
F: Traffic area, vehicle weight < 30 kN 0,7 0,7 0,6
G: Traffic area, 30 kN < vehicle weight < 160 kN 0,7 0,5 0,3
H: Roofs 0 0 0
Snow load
Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden 0,7 0,5 0,2
Rest of Europe, H > 1 000 m above sea level 0,7 0,5 0,2
Rest of Europe, H < 1 000 m above sea level 0,5 0,2 0
Wind load 0,6 0,2 0
Thermal load (non-fire) in buildings 0,6 0,5 0

1) Category according to EN 1991-1-1.

Source: Table according to EN 1990, table A1.1.

6 Design of timber structures - Volume 2

 Material properties

Material properties
3.1 Design value for strength 3.1 Design value for strength
in the ultimate limit states, ULS 7

in the ultimate limit states, ULS 3.2 Strength modification factor kmod 8

3.3 Size effects 9

f _ ^mod ' fk _ .
Jd _ 3.4 Material properties for
/M standardized wood products 10
3.4.1 Structural timber 10
where:
3.4.2 Glued laminated timber (glulam) 12
fd design value for strength parameter. 3.4.3 Laminated veneer lumber (LVL) 14
fk characteristic value for strength parameter. 3.4.4 Fibreboards 15
kmod modification factor taking into account 3.4.5 Particleboards 17
the effect on strength parameters. 3.4.6 Oriented strand boards (OSB) 18
YM partial coefficient for material, see table 3.1. 3.4.7 Plywood 19

3.5 Final modulus of elasticity 20

Table 3.1 Partial coefficient yM for materials in ultimate limit state

Material YM

Structural timber 1,3

Glued laminated timber 1,25
LVL, plywood, OSB 1,2
Particleboard 1,3
Fibreboard (hard, medium, MDF) 1,3
Wood connections 1) 1,3
Punched metal plate connections 1
2) 1,25

1) Refers to all types of connections in a wooden construction, unless otherwise stated.

2) Refers to connections with pressed punched metal plate fasteners carried out
under controlled conditions.
Source: Table according to EN 1995-1-1:2004, 2.4.1.

Design of timber structures - Volume 2 7

Material properties

3.2 Strength modification

factor kmod
In a connection between wood materials with different values of kmod ,
the strength modification factor can be determined as:
^mod — ^^mod,l^mod,2

where kmod,i is the strength modification factor of the materials 1

and 2.

Table 3.2 Strength modification factors kmod for service classes and load-duration classes

Material Associated Service Load duration class

material standard class
P L M S I
Structural timber EN 14081-1 1 0,60 0,70 0,80 0,90 1,10
2 0,60 0,70 0,80 0,90 1,10
3 0,50 0,55 0,65 0,70 0,90
Glulam EN14080 1 0,60 0,70 0,80 0,90 1,10
2 0,60 0,70 0,80 0,90 1,10
3 0,50 0,55 0,65 0,70 0,90
Laminated veneer lumber EN 14374 1 0,60 0,70 0,80 0,90 1,10
(LVL) EN 14279 2 0,60 0,70 0,80 0,90 1,10
3 0,50 0,55 0,65 0,70 0,90
Plywood EN 636
Type 1 1 0,60 0,70 0,80 0,90 1,10
Type 2 2 0,60 0,70 0,80 0,90 1,10
Type 3 3 0,50 0,55 0,65 0,70 0,90
Oriented strand board EN 300
(OSB)
OSB/2 1 0,30 0,45 0,65 0,85 1,10
OSB/3, OSB/4 1 0,40 0,50 0,70 0,90 1,10
OSB/3, OSB/4 2 0,30 0,40 0,55 0,70 0,90
Particleboard EN 312
Type P4, P5 1 0,30 0,45 0,65 0,85 1,10
Type P5 2 0,20 0,30 0,45 0,60 0,80
Type P6, P7 1 0,40 0,50 0,70 0,90 1,10
Type P7 2 0,30 0,40 0,55 0,70 0,90
Fibreboard, hard EN 622-2
HB.LA, HB.HLA 1, 2 1 0,30 0,45 0,65 0,85 1,10
HB.HLA 1, 2 2 0,20 0,30 0,45 0,60 0,80
Fibreboard, medium EN 622-3
MBH.LA 1, 2 1 0,20 0,40 0,60 0,80 1,10
MBH.HLS 1, 2 1 0,20 0,40 0,60 0,80 1,10
MBH.HLS 1, 2 2 1) 1) 1) 0,45 0,80
Fibreboard, MDF EN 622-5
MDF.LA, MDF.HLS 1 0,20 0,40 0,60 0,80 1,10
1)
MDF.HLS 2 1) 1) 0,45 0,80

1) In service class 2 fibreboards of classes MBH.HLS1, MBH.HLS2 and MDF.HLS are not allowed to be used
in load duration classes P, L and M.
Source: Table according to EN 1995-1-1:2004, 3.1.3.

8 Design of timber structures - Volume 2

 Material properties

3.3 Size effects

For some materials and failure modes size effects, also called volume
effects, may be considered, see EN1995-1-1, 3.2-3.4.

Structural timber in bending and tension: For depths smaller than

150 mm the characteristic values fm,k and ft,0,k may be increased by
the factor kh where:

kh = min

with:
h section depth in mm. Vasaplan, Umea.

Glued laminated timber in bending and tension: For rectangular

cross sections with depths smaller than 600 mm, values for fm,k and
ft,0,k may be increased by a factor kh where:

600 Y’1
kh =min h
1,1

with:
h section depth in mm.

Laminated veneer lumber (LVL) in bending: For other depths than

300 mm, value for fm,k should be corrected by a factor kh where:

/300 V
kh = min I, h }

1,2

with:
h section depth in mm.
s parameter for size effect, see section 3.4.3, page 14.

LVL in tension: The reference length in tension is 3 000 mm. For

other lengths the tension strength ft,0,k should be multiplied with
the factor k where:

3000 Y/2
kt = min- J
with:
l length in mm.

Values of the parameter s for size effect of LVL given in EN 14374

shall be used, see also section 3.4.3, page 14.

Design of timber structures - Volume 2 9

Material properties

3.4 Material properties for

standardized wood products
3.4.1 Structural timber
Table 3.3 Characteristic strength and stiffness properties in MPa and densities in kg/m3
for structural timber in strength classes C14 - C40

Property C14 C16 C18 C20 C22

Strength values
Bending parallel to grain fmk 14 16 18 20 22
Tension parallel to grain f 7,2 8,5 10 11,5 13
Tension perpendicular to grain f.90k 0,4 0,4 0,4 0,4 0,4
Compression parallel to grain f 16 17 18 19 20
Compression perpendicular to grain f,90k 2,0 2,2 2,2 2,3 2,4
Shear fv,k. 3,0 3,2 3,4 3,6 3,8
Stiffness value for capacity analysis
Elastic modulus E005 4 700 5 400 6 000 6 400 6 700
Stiffness values for deformation calculations, mean values
Elastic modulus parallel to grain E„0,mean 7 000 8 000 9 000 9 500 10 000
Elastic modulus perpendicular to grain E90 mean 230 270 300 320 330
Shear modulus G mean 440 500 560 590 630
Density
Density p k 1) 290 310 320 330 340
Density pmean 2) 350 370 380 400 410

Property C24 C27 C30 C35 C40

Strength values
Bending parallel to grain fmk 24 27 30 35 40
Tension parallel to grain f 14,5 16,5 19 22,5 26
Tension perpendicular to grain f,90k 0,4 0,4 0,4 0,4 0,4
Compression parallel to grain f.0k 21 22 24 25 27
Compression perpendicular to grain f.90k 2,5 2,5 2,7 2,7 2,8
Shear fv,k. 4,0 4,0 4,0 4,0 4,0
Stiffness value for capacity analysis
Elastic modulus E0 05 7 400 7 700 8 000 8 700 9 400
Stiffness values for deformation calculations, mean values
Elastic modulus parallel to grain E„0,mean 11 000 11 500 12 000 13 000 14 000
Elastic modulus perpendicular to grain E90 mean 370 380 400 430 470
Shear modulus G mean 690 720 750 810 880
Density
Density p k 1) 350 360 380 390 400
Density p mean 1) 420 430 460 470 480

1) pk corresponds to the 0,05 percentile.

2) p mean corresponds to the 0,50 percentile.
Source: Table according to EN 338:2016.

10 Design of timber structures - Volume 2

 Material properties

The shear strength for rolling shear in structural timber is approxi­

mately equal to twice the tension strength perpendicular to grain
according to EN 1995-1-1, 6.1.7, that is 0,8 MPa. See figure 3.1.

Figure 3.1 a) Member with a shear stress component perpendicular to grain (shear).
b) Member with both shear stress components perpendicular to grain (rolling shear).
Two practical examples. c) Glued wooden cleat on column, shear between contact surfaces (1) and (2).
d) Two beams glued together, rolling shear between contact surfaces (1) and (2).

Design of timber structures - Volume 2 11

Material properties

3.4.2 Glued laminated timber (glulam)

Table 3.4 Characteristic strength and stiffness properties in MPa and densities in kg/m3 for combined (c),
homogeneous (h) and resawn (s) glulam 1) 2) 3)

Property GL22c GL24c GL26c GL28c GL28cs GL30c GL32c

Strength values
Bending parallel to grain fmk 4) 22 24 26 28 28 30 32
Tension parallel to grain f 16 17 19 19,5 19,5 19,5 19,5
Tension perpendicular to grain f,90k 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5
Compression parallel to grain f 20 21,5 23,5 24 24 24,5 24,5
Compression perpendicular to grain f.90k 2,5 2,5 2,5 2,5 2,5 2,5 2,5
Shear fvk (shear and torsion) 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5
Rolling shear frk 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2
Stiffness values for capacity analysis
Elastic modulus E0 05 8 600 9 100 10 000 10 400 10 400 10 800 11 200
Elastic modulus E9005 250 250 250 250 250 250 250
Shear modulus G05 540 540 540 540 540 540 540
Stiffness values for deformation calculations, mean values
Elastic modulus E„0,mean 10 400 11 000 12 000 12 500 12 500 13 000 13 500
Elastic modulus E„„
90,mean
300 300 300 300 300 300 300
Shear modulus G mean 650 650 650 650 650 650 650
Density
Density p k 355 365 385 390 390 390 400
Density p mean 390 400 420 420 430 430 440

Property GL22h GL24h GL26h GL28h GL28hs GL30h GL32h

Strength values
Bending parallel to grain fmk 4) 22 24 26 28 28 30 32
Tension parallel to grain f 17,6 19,2 20,8 22,4 22,4 24 25,6
Tension perpendicular to grain f,90k 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5
Compression parallel to grain f.0k 22 24 26 28 28 30 32
Compression perpendicular to grain f.90k 2,5 2,5 2,5 2,5 2,5 2,5 2,5
Shear fk (shear and torsion) 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5
Rolling shear frk 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2
Stiffness values for capacity analysis
Elastic modulus E0 05 8 800 9 600 10 100 10 500 10 500 11 300 11 800
Elastic modulus E9005 250 250 250 250 250 250 250
Shear modulus G 05 540 540 540 540 540 540 540
Stiffness values for deformation calculations, mean values
Elastic modulus E„0,mean 10 500 11 500 12 100 12 600 13 100 13 600 14 200
Elastic modulus E„„
90,mean
300 300 300 300 300 300 300
Shear modulus G mean 650 650 650 650 650 650 650
Density
Density p k 370 385 405 425 430 430 440
Density p mean 410 420 445 460 480 480 490

1) Here index g (for glulam) has been omitted in the property designations.
2) For applications in Sweden the dominating strength class for glulam is GL30c.
3) The characteristic values for bending and tension are valid for glulam with a depth of 600 mm.
For effect of size see section 3.3, page 9.
4) The bending strength relative to the weak axis is assumed to be equal to the bending strength relative to the strong axis.
Source: Table according to EN 14080:2013.

12 Design of timber structures - Volume 2

 Material properties

Table 3.5 Manufacturing assortment for glulam columns and glulam beams produced in Sweden, in current strength classes

Width b 42 56 66 78 90 115 140 160 165 190 215

(mm)
Depth h
(mm)
90 GL28hs GL28hs GL28hs GL28hs GL30h GL30h GL30h GL30h GL30h GL30h
115 GL30h GL30h GL30h GL30h GL30h
135 GL28hs GL28hs GL28hs GL28hs GL30h GL30h GL30h GL30h GL30h GL30h
140 GL30h
160 GL30h
165 GL30h
180 GL28cs GL28cs GL28cs GL28cs GL30c GL30c GL30c GL30c GL30c GL30c GL30c
225 GL28cs GL28cs GL28cs GL28cs GL30c GL30c GL30c GL30c GL30c GL30c
270 GL28cs GL28cs GL28cs GL28cs GL30c GL30c GL30c GL30c GL30c GL30c
315 GL28cs GL28cs GL28cs GL28cs GL30c GL30c GL30c GL30c GL30c GL30c
360 GL28cs* GL28cs GL28cs GL28cs GL30c GL30c GL30c GL30c GL30c GL30c
405 GL28cs* GL28cs GL28cs GL28cs GL30c GL30c GL30c GL30c GL30c GL30c
450 GL28cs GL28cs GL28cs GL30c GL30c GL30c GL30c GL30c GL30c
495 GL28cs* GL28cs GL28cs GL30c GL30c GL30c GL30c GL30c GL30c
540 GL28cs* GL28cs* GL28cs GL30c GL30c GL30c GL30c GL30c GL30c
585 GL28cs* GL28cs GL30c GL30c GL30c GL30c GL30c GL30c
630 GL28cs* GL28cs* GL30c GL30c GL30c GL30c GL30c GL30c
675 GL28cs* GL30c GL30c GL30c GL30c GL30c GL30c
720 GL28cs* GL30c GL30c GL30c GL30c GL30c GL30c
765 GL28cs* GL30c GL30c GL30c GL30c GL30c GL30c
810 GL30c GL30c GL30c GL30c GL30c GL30c
855 GL30c GL30c GL30c GL30c GL30c GL30c
900 GL30c GL30c GL30c GL30c GL30c GL30c
945 GL30c GL30c GL30c GL30c GL30c
990 GL30c GL30c GL30c GL30c GL30c
1 035 GL30c GL30c GL30c GL30c GL30c
1 080 GL30c GL30c GL30c GL30c GL30c
1 125 GL30c GL30c GL30c GL30c GL30c
1 170 GL30c GL30c GL30c GL30c
1 215 GL30c GL30c GL30c GL30c
1 260 GL30c GL30c GL30c GL30c
1 305 GL30c GL30c GL30c GL30c
1 350 GL30c GL30c GL30c GL30c
1 395 GL30c GL30c GL30c GL30c
1 440 GL30c GL30c GL30c
1 485 GL30c GL30c GL30c
1 530 GL30c GL30c GL30c
1 575 GL30c GL30c GL30c
1 620 GL30c GL30c GL30c

Bold = Stock assortment for glulam columns and glulam beams produced in Sweden.
* Resawn glulam in the strength classes GL28cs and GL28hs shall have a depth-/width ratio h/b < 8 /1.
If a resawn glulam beam with a depth-/widthratio h/b > 8 satisfies the strength verifications, the depth of the glulam beam may however
be increased with maintained width, if desired (yet for practical reasons a maximum depth-/widthratio of h /b = 10 is recommended).
Explanation:
h = homogeneous, c = combined, s = split (resawn).

Design of timber structures - Volume 2 13

Material properties

3.4.3 Laminated veneer lumber (LVL)

Table 3.6 Characteristic strength and stiffness properties in MPa and densities in kg/m3 for LVL1)

Property Kerto-S Kerto-Q Kerto-Q

Thickness Thickness Thickness
21-90 mm 21 -24 mm 27-69 mm
Strength values
Bending edgewise fm0edge 44 28 32
- Size effect parameter s 0,12 0,12 0,12
Bending flatwise, parallel to grain fm0flatk (thickness 21-90 mm) 50 32 36
Bending flatwise, perpendicular to grain fm90flatk - 8,0 2) 8,0
Tension parallel to grain f 35 19 26
Tension edgewise, perpendicular to grain f. 90 e 0,8 6,0 6,0
Tension flatwise, perpendicular to grain f,90flatk - - -
Compression parallel to grain f 35 19 26
Compression edgewise, perpendicular to grain f:90edgi 6 9 9
Compression flatwise, perpendicular to grain f,90flatk 1,8 2,2 2,2
Shear edgewise fv,0,edge,k
„ . 4,1 4,5 4,5
Shear flatwise, parallel to grain fv0flatk 2,3 1,3 1,3
Shear flatwise, perpendicular to grain fv90flatk - 0,6 0,6
Stiffness values for capacity analysis
Elastic modulus
- parallel to grain, along E0 k 11 600 8 300 8 800
- parallel to grain, across E90k - 1 000 2) 1 700
- edgewise, perpendicular to grain E90,edge,k 350 2 000 2 000
- flatwise, perpendicular to grain E90flatk 100 100 100
Shear modulus
- edgewise
0 G„ . ,
0,edge,k
400 400 400
- flatwise, parallel to grain G0flatk 400 60 100
- flatwise, perpendicular to grain G90flatk - 16 16
Stiffness values for deformation calculations, mean values
Elastic modulus
- parallel to grain, along E0mean 13 800 10 000 10 500
- parallel to grain, across E90,mean - 1 200 2) 2 000
- edgewise, perpendicular to grain E90edgemean 430 2 400 2 400
- flatwise, perpendicular to grain E, m 130 130 130
Shear modulus
- edgewise
3
G„ ,
0,edge,mean
600 600 600
- flatwise, parallel to grain G0flatmean 600 60 120
- flatwise, perpendicular to grain G , m - 22 22
Density
Density p k 480 480 480
Density p mean 510 510 510

1) The values in the table are based on a technical approval (VTT Certificate No 184/03, dated 2012) for the dominating
European supplier (Metsa Wood) of LVL (Kerto) and are not valid for products from other suppliers. For more information
about and peculiarities for Kerto as well as common LVL-dimensions, see VTT Certificate No 184/03 provided by the supplier.
2) For the lay up I-III-I the values 14,0; 2 900 och 3 300 can be used instead of the values 8,0; 1 000 och 1 200.

14 Design of timber structures - Volume 2

 Material properties

3.4.4 Fibreboards
Table 3.7 Characteristic strength and stiffness properties in MPa and densities in kg/m3 for for fibreboards 1) 3)
Hardboards (humid conditions HB.HLA2) and medium boards (dry conditions MBH.LA2).

Property Hardboards Medium boards

(EN 622-2) HB.HLA2 (EN 622-3) MBH.LA2
Nominal thickness tnom (mm)
< 3,5 > 3,5 - 5,5 > 5,5 < 10 > 10
Strength values
Bending fm 37 35 32 17 15
Tension f. 27 26 23 9 8
Compression f. 28 27 24 9 8
Panel shear fv 19 18 16 5,5 4,5
Planar shear fr 3 3 2,5 0,3 0,25
Mean stiffness values 2)
Bending Em 5 000 4 800 4 600 3 100 2 900
Tension and compression Et, Ec 5 000 4 800 4 600 3 100 2 900
Panel shear Gv 2 100 2 000 1 900 1 300 1 200
Density
Density p k 900 850 800 650 600

1) The values shall be modified by kmod or kdef according to table 3.2, page 8, and table 9.1, page 32.
MBH.LA2 may only be used in service class 1. HB.HLA2 may be used also in service class 2.
2) 5th percentile values are determined as 0,8 times the mean values.
3) The availability of board types and board thicknesses should be checked with the board manufacturers or board suppliers
before design is made.

Design of timber structures - Volume 2 15

Material properties

Table 3.8 Characteristic strength and stiffness properties in MPa and densities in kg/m3 for MDF 1) 3)
MDF.HLS for humid conditions and MDF.LA for dry conditions (EN 622-5).

Property Type Nominal thickness tnom (mm)

> 1,8 - 12 > 12 - 19 > 19 - 30 > 30
Strength values
Bending fm MDF.HLS 22,0 22,0 21,0 18,0
MDF.LA 21,0 21,0 21,0 19,0
Tension f. MDF.HLS 18,0 16,5 16,0 13,0
MDF.LA 13,0 12,5 12,0 10,0
Compression f. MDF.HLS 18,0 16,5 16,0 13,0
MDF.LA 13,0 12,5 12,0 10,0
Panel shear fv MDF.HLS 8,5 8,5 8,5 7,0
MDF.LA 6,5 6,5 6,5 5,0
Mean stiffness values 2)
Bending Em MDF.HLS 3 700 3 200 3 100 2 800
MDF.LA 3 700 3 000 2 900 2 700
Tension and compression Et, Ec MDF.HLS 3 100 2 800 2 700 2 400
MDF.LA 2 900 2 700 2 000 1 600
Panel shear Gv MDF.HLS 1 000 1 000 1 000 800
MDF.LA 800 800 800 600
Density
Density p k MDF.HLS 650 600 550 500
MDF.LA 650 600 550 500

1) The values shall be modified by kmod or kdef according to table 3.2, page 8, and table 9.1, page 32.
MDF.LA may only be used in service class 1. MDF.HLS may be used also in service class 2 in load duration class S and I.
2) 5th percentile values are determined as 0,85 times the mean values.
3) The availability of board types and board thicknesses should be checked with the board manufacturers or board suppliers
before design is made.
Source: Tables according to EN 12369-1:2001.

16 Design of timber structures - Volume 2

 Material properties

3.4.5 Particleboards
Table 3.9 Characteristic strength and stiffness properties in MPa and densities in kg/m3 for particleboards 1) 4)

Property Type 2) Nominal thickness tnom (mm)

> 6-13 > 13 - 20 > 20 - 25 > 25 - 32 > 32 - 40 > 40
Bending fm P4 14,2 12,5 10,8 9,2 7,5 5,8
P5 15,0 13,3 11,7 10,0 8,3 7,5
P6 16,5 15,0 13,3 12,5 11,7 10,0
P7 18,3 16,7 15,4 14,2 13,3 12,5
Tension f. P4 8,9 7,9 6,9 6,1 5,0 4,4
P5 9,4 8,5 7,4 6,6 5,6 5,6
P6 10,5 9,5 8,5 8,3 7,8 7,5
P7 11,5 10,6 9,8 9,4 9,0 8,0
Compression f. P4 12,0 11,1 9,6 9,0 7,6 6,1
P5 12,7 11,8 10,3 9,8 8,5 7,8
P6 14,1 13,3 12,8 12,2 11,9 10,4
P7 15,5 14,7 13,7 13,5 13,2 13,0
Panel shear fv P4 6,6 6,1 5,5 4,8 4,4 4,2
P5 7,0 6,5 5,9 5,2 4,8 4,4
P6 7,8 7,3 6,8 6,5 6,0 5,5
P7 8,6 8,1 7,9 7,4 7,2 7,0
Planar shear fr P4 1,8 1,6 1,4 1,2 1,1 1,0
P5 1,9 1,7 1,5 1,3 1,2 1,0
P6 1,9 1,7 1,7 1,7 1,7 1,7
P7 2,4 2,2 2,0 1,9 1,9 1,8
Mean stiffness values 3)
Bending Em P4 3 200 2 900 2 700 2 400 2 100 1 800
P5 3 500 3 300 3 000 2 600 2 400 2 100
P6 4 400 4 100 3 500 3 300 3 100 2 800
P7 4 600 4 200 4 000 3 900 3 500 3 200
Tension Et P4 1 800 1 700 1 600 1 400 1 200 1 100
Compression Ec P5 2 000 1 900 1 800 1 500 1 400 1 300
P6 2 500 2 400 2 100 1 900 1 800 1 700
P7 2 600 2 500 2 400 2 300 2 100 2 000
Panel shear Gv P4 860 830 770 680 600 550
P5 960 930 860 750 690 660
P6 1 200 1 150 1 050 950 900 880
P7 1 250 1 200 1 150 1 100 1 050 1 000
Density
Density p k P4 650 600 550 550 500 500
P5 650 600 550 550 500 500
P6 650 600 550 550 500 500
P7 650 600 550 550 500 500

1) The values shall be modified by kmod or kdef according to table 3.2, page 8, and table 9.1, page 32.
MDF may only be used in service classes according to table 3.1, EN 1995-1-1.
Particle boards type 5 and 7 may be used also in service class 2.
2) Particle boards are classified in types P4 - P7 according to EN 312, parts 4 - 7 respectively.
3) 5th percentile values are determined as 0,8 times the mean values.
4) The availability of board types and board thicknesses should be checked with the board manufacturers or board suppliers
before design is made.
Source: Table according to EN 12369-1:2001.

Design of timber structures - Volume 2 17

Material properties

3.4.6 Oriented strand boards (OSB)

Table 3.10 Characteristic strength and stiffness properties in MPa and densities in kg/m3 for OSB 1) 6)

OSB/2, OSB/3 4) OSB/4 4)

Nominal thickness tnom (mm) > 6 - 10 > 10 - 18 > 18 - 25 > 6 - 10 > 10 - 18 > 18 - 25
Strength values
Bending fm parallel to the strands // 1
2)3
4 18,0 16,4 14,8 24,5 23,0 21,0
Bending fm perpendicular to the strands ± 3) 9,0 8,2 7,4 13,0 12,2 11,4
Tension f. parallel to the strands // 2) 9,9 9,4 9,0 11,9 11,4 10,9
Tension f. perpendicular to the strands ± 3) 7,2 7,0 6,8 8,5 8,2 8,0
Compression f. parallel to the strands // 2) 15,9 15,4 14,8 18,1 17,6 17,0
Compression f. perpendicular to the strands ± 3) 12,9 12,7 12,4 14,3 14,0 13,7
Panel shear fv 6,8 6,8 6,8 6,9 6,9 6,9
Planar shear fr 1,0 1,0 1,0 1,1 1,1 1,1
Mean stiffness values 5)6
Bending Em parallel to the strands // 2) 4 930 4 930 4 930 6 780 6 780 6 780
Bending Em perpendicular to the strands ± 3) 1 980 1 980 1 980 2 680 2 680 2 680
Tension Et parallel to the strands // 2) 3 800 3 800 3 800 4 300 4 300 4 300
Tension Et perpendicular to the strands ± 3) 3 000 3 000 3 000 3 200 3 200 3 200
Compression Ec parallel to the strands // 2) 3 800 3 800 3 800 4 300 4 300 4 300
Compression Ec perpendicular to the strands ± 3) 3 000 3 000 3 000 3 200 3 200 3 200
Panel shear Gv 1 080 1 080 1 080 1 090 1 090 1 090
Planar shear Gr 50 50 50 60 60 60
Density
Density p k 550 550 550 550 550 550

1) The values shall be modified by kmod or kdef according to table 3.2, page 8, and table 9.1, page 32.
OSB/2 may only be used in service class 1. OSB/3 and OSB/4 may be used also in service class 2.
2) Parallel to the strands in the outer layer.
3) Perpendicular to the strands in the outer layer.
4) Oriented strand boards are classified in types OSB/2-OSB/4, according to EN 300.
5) 5th percentile values are determined as 0,85 times the mean values.
6) The availability of board types and board thicknesses should be checked with the board manufacturers or board suppliers
before design is made.
Source: Table according to EN 12369-1:2001.

Figure 3.2 Definition of a) panel shear and b) planar shear.

18 Design of timber structures - Volume 2

 Material properties

3.4.7 Plywood
Table 3.11 Characteristic strength values of plywood, Table 3.12 Classification for modulus of elasticity of plywood in
to be used in structural design1) bending, tension and compression 1)

Characteristic strength values (MPa) Mean modulus (MPa)3)

Surface grain direction 2) Surface grain direction 2)
Class for
Strength class 2) 0 and 90 0 90 0 and 90 0 90
stiffness 2)
Bending fm Tension ft Bending Em Tens on Et
Compression fc Compre ssion Ec
F3 3 1,2 1,5 E5 500 250 400
F5 5 2 2,5 E10 1 000 500 800
F10 10 4 5 E15 1 500 750 1 200
F15 15 6 7,5 E20 2 000 1 000 1 600
F20 20 8 10 E25 2 500 1 250 2 000
F25 25 10 12,5 E30 3 000 1 500 2 400
F30 30 12 15 E40 4 000 2 000 3 200
F40 40 16 20 E50 5 000 2 500 4 000
F50 50 20 25 E60 6 000 3 000 4 800
F60 60 24 30 E70 7 000 3 500 5 600
F70 70 28 35 E80 8 000 4 000 6 400
F80 80 32 40 E90 9 000 4 500 7 200

1) The values shall be modified by kmod according to table 3.2, page 8. E100 10 000 5 000 8 000
2) Classes is to be identified for both parallel to grain (0) E120 12 000 6 000 9 600
and perpendicular to grain (90) direction. E140 14 000 7 000 11 200
The F classes for strength are defined in EN 636.
1) The values shall be modified by kdef according to table 9.1, page 32.
2) Classes is to be identified for both parallel to grain (0)
and perpendicular to grain (90) direction.
The E classes for stiffness are defined in EN 636.
3) 5th percentile values shall be determined as described below.

Note The classes for strength (F) and stiffness (E) shall be identified in Tabell 3.13 Mean shear stiffness and
both directions, 0 and 90, based on bending properties, see EN 636. characteristic shear strength for plywood1) 2)
Values for tension and compression in directions 0 and 90 should be Gv fv Gr fr
Pw,mean
determined based on the classes valid for the same directions. (kg/m3) (MPa)
350 220 1,8 7,3 0,4
The 5th percentile for stiffness is taken as X times the mean values
given in table 3.12, where: 400 270 2,7 11 0,5
• X = 0,67 for panels containing wood species with 450 310 3,5 16 0,6
a mean density < 640 kg/m3. 500 360 4,3 22 0,7
• X = 0,84 for panels containing wood species with 550 400 5,0 32 0,8
a mean density > 640 kg/m3.
600 440 5,7 44 0,9
650 480 6,3 60 1,0
When the 5th percentile pw 05 of the density is known the mean value
can be derived from: 700 520 6,9 82 1,1
750 550 7,5 110 1,2
_ _PwJ05_
rw.mean n OOQ
1) The values shall be modified by kmod or kdef according to
table 3.2, page 8, and table 9.1, page 32.
2) The availability of board types and board thicknesses should
be checked with the board manufacturers or board suppliers
before design is made.
Source: Tables according to EN 12369-2:2011.

Design of timber structures - Volume 2 19

Material properties

3.5 Final modulus of elasticity

In structural analysis of section forces in the ultimate limit state,
where stiffness of the structural elements is of importance the final
modulus of elasticity Emean,fin should be determined by:

77 _
Fmean
mean,fin

with:
Emean mean value of modulus of elasticity.
y2 the quasi-permanent load combination factor for the action
causing the largest stress in relation to the strength.
kdef factor that accounts for moisture effects on deformation.

An analogous expression should be applied for the shear modulus

Gmean and the slip modulus Kser for dowel-type joints.
Also see Chapter 9, page 32, in this volume (Volume 2).

Bokeberg’s riding hall.

20 Design of timber structures - Volume 2

 Bending

Bending
The design bending moment capacity MRd is determined as:

MRd = /m,d-WArit

where:
fm,d design value of bending strength.
kcrit factor accounting for the effect of lateral buckling.
W section modulus.
Arelm relative slenderness ratio in bending.

for 4^0,75
£crit = ll,56 -0,754^ for 0,75 <4^ <1,4
1
for 1,4 < 4^
. A-el.m

where omcrit is the critical bending stress calculated according to

the classical theory of lateral stability, using 5-percentile stiffness val­
ues (EN 1995-1-1, 6.3.3):

^y,crit _ ^'J^O,051z^O,05Apr
^”m,crit

where: Table 4.1 Effective length as a ratio of the span 1)

My,crit critical bending moment about the strong axis (y).
E0 05 5th percentile value of modulus of elasticity
Beam Loading 1 ef /l
type
parallel to grain. Simply Constant moment 1,0
G005 ar 5-percentilvarde for skjuvmodul supported
Uniformly distributed load 0,9
parallellt med fibrerna.
Iz second moment of area about the weak axis (z). Concentrated force at midspan 0,8
Itor torsional moment of inertia. Cantilever Uniformly distributed load 0,5
lef effective length of the beam, depending on Concentrated force at free end 0,8
support conditions and load configuration, see table 4.1.
1) The values in the table are valid for a beam with torsionally
Wy section modulus about the strong axis (y). restrained supports and loaded at the centre of gravity of
the cross section. If the load is applied at the compression
For structural timber and glulam with rectangular cross section from edge, lef should be increased 2h, and may be decreased by
softwood the critical bending stress can be taken as: 0,5h for a load at the tension edge.
Source: Table according to EN 1995-1-1:2004, 6.3.3.
0,78-b2
Eofl5

Design of timber structures - Volume 2 21

Axial loading

Axial loading
5.1 Tension 22
5.1 Tension
5.2 Compression 23
The capacity Nt,0,Rd in tension parallel to the grain is:
^t,O,Rd “ /t,O,d^

where:
ft,0,d design tension strength parallel to grain.
A cross section area, when calculating the cross section area,
cross section reductions due to for example drill-holes and
slots shall be taken into account.

The capacity Nt,90,Rd in tension perpendicular to the grain is:

f
N t,90,Rd=-'t,90,d -A (for structural timber)

N
' t,90,Rd (for glulam)

where:
ft,90,d design tension strength perpendicular to grain.
V0 reference volume = 0,01 m3.
V the considered volume under tension.

Universeum, Goteborg.

22 Design of timber structures - Volume 2

 Axial loading

5.2 Compression
The capacity Nc,0,Rd in compression parallel to grain is:

„. • A-kc
Nc,O,Rd = -/fc,O,d

*-0,s(l+ft(AI--0,3)+aj)
-A:,O,k

where:
fc,0,d design compression strength parallel to grain.
fc,0,k characteristic compression strength parallel to grain.
A cross section area.
kc, k instability factors.
A relative slenderness ratio.
A slenderness ratio.
E0,05 fifth percentile value of modulus of elasticity.
le effective buckling length in compression.
i radius of gyration.
I second moment of area.

The parameter pc accounts for initial out of straightness and can be

taken to 0,2 for structural timber and 0,1 for glulam and LVL.
Cross section reductions due to for example drill-holes and slots
can reduce the capacity substantially.

The capacity in compression perpendicular to grain (notice not axial

loading) is:
^c,90,Rd = ^c,90 ‘ /c,90,d ' Asf

where:
kc,90 factor taking into account the load configuration and
degree of compressive deformation (EN 1995-1-1, 6.1.5).
fc,90,d design compressive strength perpendicular to grain,
the design value is determined according to
Volume 1: Section 3.1.3.
Aef effective contact area in compression perpendicular to grain.

Aef should be determined on the basis of an effective contact length

lef parallel to the grain, where the actual contact length l at each side
may be increased by 30 mm, but not more than a, l or 11 / 2, see fig­
ure 5.1, page 24.

Design of timber structures - Volume 2 23

Axial loading

^1

b)
b

Figure 5.1 Member on a) continuous supports (for example a ground plate on a concrete slab) and
b) discrete supports (for example a beam supported by columns).

For a member resting on continuous supports, provided that 11 > 2h,

see figure 5.1 a), the value of kc,90 should be taken as:

kc,90 = 1,25 for structural, softwood timber

kc,90 = 1,5 for glulam

where l, l1 and a are defined in figure 5.1, and h is the depth of

the member.

For members on discrete supports loaded by distributed loads and/or

concentrated loads, provided that l1 > 2h, see figure 5.1 b), the value of
kc,90 should be taken as:

kc,90 = 1,5 for structural, softwood timber

kc90 = 1,75 for glulam provided that 1 < 400 mm

For example rafters acting at centres < 610 mm may thereby be

regarded as a distributed load.

For other cases the value of kc,90 should be taken as 1,0. Also see
Volume 1: Section 3.1.3.

24 Design of timber structures - Volume 2

 Cross section subjected to shear

Cross section
subjected to shear
For a rectangular cross section loaded in bending the shear capacity
is determined by:

vRd—-
Rd 1,5

where:
fv,d design shear strength for the actual condition.

For verification of shear resistance for members in bending, the influ­

ence of cracks is considered by using an effective width bef of
the member given by:

bei = ka-b

where:
b width of the member in the considered section. Riding hall Smedstad, Linkoping.

kcr = 0,67 for structural timber and glulam.

kcr = 1,0 for other wood-based products in accordance with
EN 13986 and EN 14374, for example LVL.
fv,k characteristic shear strength in MPa.

For possible shear force reduction at supports, see EN 1995-1-1, 6.1.7 (3).
For cross sections subjected to torsion, see EN 1995-1-1, 6.1.8.

Design of timber structures - Volume 2 25

Cross section subjected to
combined stresses

Cross section subjected to

combined stresses
7.1 Compression stresses
at an angle to the grain 26
7.1 Compression stresses
7.2 Combined bending and axial tension 26 at an angle to the grain
73 Kombinerad bojning och axiellt tryck 27
The compressive stresses ocad at an angle a to the grain, see figure 7.1,
should satisfy the following expression:
Je,0,d

—— sin2 a + cos2 a
^c,90 ' /c,90,d

where:
fc,0,d design compressive strength parallel to grain.
fc,90,d design compressive strength perpendicular to grain.
kc,90 factor taking into account effect of stress perpendicular
to grain, see section 5.2, page 23..

Figure 7.1 Compressive stresses at an angle to the grain

7.2 Combined bending

and axial tension
In combined bending and tension the following expression shall be
satisfied:
^y.Ed | ^z3d 1 Nt,Ofid

^y,Rd ^z,Rd ^t,0,Rd

My^ | ^z3d [ M,0,Ed 1

^yjid ^z,Rd ^t,0,Rd

where:
My,Ed, Mz,Ed design load effect from bending moments about
the principal axes y and z respectively.
Nt,0,Ed design load effect from axial tension.
My,Rd, Mz,Rd design load capacity in bending about
the principal axes y and z respectively.
Nt,0,Rd design load capacity in axial tension.
km reduction factor = 0,7 for rectangular cross sections
and = 1,0 for other types of cross sections.

26 Design of timber structures - Volume 2

 Cross section subjected to
combined stresses

7.3 Combined bending

and axial compression
In combined bending and compression without risk for buckling,
that is if A < 0,3, the following expression shall be satisfied:

^y-Ed 1 k
<1
My*d mMz>Rd ^c,0,Rd >

/ ,, \2
My&j ^z,Ed ^c,0,Ed
<1
^zj<d Xc,0,Rd ,

where:
My,Ed, Mz,Ed design load effect from bending moments about
the principal axes y and z respectively.
Nc,0,Ed design load effect from axial compression.
My,Rd, Mz,Rd design load capacity in bending about
the principal axes y and z respectively. Linkoping’s Library.
Nc,0,Rd design load capacity in axial compression.
km reduction factor = 0,7 for rectangular cross sections
and = 1,0 for other types of cross sections.

In combined bending and compression with risk for buckling, that

is if Arel > 0,3, the following expression shall be satisfied:
1 k Mzfid 1 Ncflfid

^yjtd -^z,Rd ^c,y^c,0Jld

J^y3d + ^£z3d + ^c£3d < j

^y,Rd ^z,Rd

For taking into account simultaneous lateral buckling and buckling,

see Chapter 4, page 21, respectively section 5.2, page 23, in this volume
(Volume 2) for factor kcrit respectively kc and also see EN 1995-1-1, 6.3.3
(6).

Design of timber structures - Volume 2 27

Members with varying
cross section or curved shape

Members with varying

cross section or curved shape
8.1 Tapered beams 28
8.1 Tapered beams
8.2 Sadelbalkar, krokta balkar och
bumerangbalkar 29 The stresses omad at the tapered edge of a beam with rectangular cross
section b x h should satisfy the following condition:
8.3 Balkar med urtag 31
6Md ,
®m,a,d — ^m,a ’ Jtn,d

where:
Md design bending moment.
fm,d design bending strength.
fv,d design shear strength.
ft,90,d design tensile strength perpendicular to grain.
kma reduction factor described below.

For tensile stresses parallel to the tapered edge:

V / f \2
tana ^5-tan2 a
^/t,90,d t
/

For compressive stresses parallel to the tapered edge:

\2 ( f
tan2 a
V
—tana
v,d t j./c,9O,d i

The above condition shall be satisfied for single tapered beams and
for double tapered beams in the parts which have a single taper with
angle a, see figure 8.1.

Figure 8.1 Double tapered beam

28 Design of timber structures - Volume 2

 Members with varying
cross section or curved shape

8.2 Double tapered, curved

and pitched cambered beams
The stress from a bending moment Map,d in the apex zone, see fig­
ure 8.2, page 30, shall satisfy the following condition:
6Map,d
®m,d ^Vm,d
'I 1.1,2

with:

(h A (h \
= V*2 -J2- +k3
\ r ) \r J
k, 1= l + l,4tana.
7
n + 5,4tan
dp 7
2cr„
up
k2 = O,35-8tanaap
k,J = 0,6
7 + 8,3tana.
7 dp
-7,8tan
7
2a.
dp
n

= 6tan2aap

r-r^ + 0,5^ Public bath Sanna, Kristinehamn.

£=1,0

1 for — > 240 (double tapered beams)

0,76 + 0,001^ for ^-<240 (curved and pitched

cambered beams)
t t

where:
k correction factor, see above.
b width of the beam.
hap depth of the beam at the apex, see figure 8.2, page 30.
kr reduction factor accounting for the lamination curvature.
aap inclination of the surface at the apex, see figure 8.2, page 30.
rin inner radius, see figure 8.2, page 30.
t glulam lamination thickness.

In the apex zone the largest tensile stress perpendicular to grain ot90d
should satisfy the following condition:
°t,90,d £ ^dis ' ^vol ‘ /t,90,d

with:

kvol, = for glulam and LVL with all veneers parallel to

the beam axis.
kdis 1,4 for double tapered and curved beams.
kdis 1,7 for pitched cambered beams.

Design of timber structures - Volume 2 29

Members with varying
cross section or curved shape

where:
kdis factor accounting for the effect of stress distribution
in the apex zone.
kvol volume factor.
ft,90,d design tensile strength perpendicular to grain.
V0 reference volume 0,01 m3.
V stressed volume of the apex zone in m3, see figure 8.2,
not greater than 2/ 3 of the total volume of the beam.
See calculation formulas in Volume 1: Table 3.4..

The largest tensile stress ot90d perpendicular to grain due to bending

moment can be calculated as:
6^ap,d
®t,9O,d
^ap

where:
Goransson Arena, Sandviken. Map,d design moment giving tensile stress parallel to
the inner curved edge.
kp correction factor, see below.

!h \ (h \2
kp = k5+k6 +fc7
\r ) \r /
k5 = 0,2tanaap
k6O =0,25-l,5tana.
7 7
n + 2,6tan
dp 7
2a.dpn

kjI = 2,1 an - 4 • tan2 adp

7 • tanadp an

Figure 8.2 a) Double tapered, b) curved and c) pitched cambered beams.

Fibre direction parallel to the lower edge. The part marked (1) in the figure is the
stressed/curved volume V.

30 Design of timber structures - Volume 2

 Members with varying
cross section or curved shape

8.3 Notched members

For notched beams with rectangular cross sections where the grain
direction is essentially parallel to the longitudinal axis of the mem­
ber, the effective shear stress td at the notched support should satisfy
the following condition:

l,5Vd
*d = Mef ^Mv4

where:
hef effective depth as shown in figure 8.3.
Vd design shear force.
bef effective width of cross section, according to
section 6, page 25.
kv reduction factor, see below.
fv,d design shear strength.

For beams notched at the opposite side of the support, see figure 8.3 b),
kv = 1,0.

For beams notched on the same side as the support, see figure 8.3 a):

Figure 8.3 End-notched beams

kv = min-

h 5/a(l-a) + 0,8 —

where:
i notch inclination, see figure 8.3 a).
h beam depth, in mm.
x distance from line of action of support to the corner of
the notch, figure 8.3 a).

(for LVL)
(for structural timber)
(for glulam)

Notice that possible shear force reduction is only allowed in case b).

Design of timber structures - Volume 2 31

Serviceability limit states, SLS

Serviceability limit states, SLS

9.1 General 32
9.1 General
9.2 Joint slip 33
Calculation of deflections is usually based on mean values for stiff­
9.3 Deflections 34
ness properties. Time dependence may be considered by defining
9.4 Vibrations 35 a final modulus of elasticity Emean,fin as:

'mean,fin 7
l + ^def

where Emean is the mean value of the modulus of elasticity and kdef
accounts for moisture effects on deformation, according to table 9.1.

Table 9.1 Values of kdef for timber and wood-based materials

Material Associated Service class

material standard
1 2 3
Structural timber EN 14081-1 0,60 0,80 2,00
Glulam EN14080 0,60 0,80 2,00
LVL EN 14374, EN 14279 0,60 0,80 2,00
Plywood EN 636
Type 1 0,80 - -
Type 2 0,80 1,00 -
Type 3 0,80 1,00 2,50
OSB EN 300
OSB/2 2,25 - -
OSB/3, OSB/4 1,50 2,25 -
Particleboard EN 312
Type P4 2,25 - -
Type P5 2,25 3,00 -
Type P6 1,50 - -
Type P7 1,50 2,25 -
Fibreboard, hard EN 622-2
HB.LA 2,25 - -
HB.HLA1, HB.HLA2 2,25 3,00 -
Fibreboard medium EN 622-3
MBH.LA1, MBH.LA2 3,00 - -
MBH.HLS1, MBH.HLS2 3,00 4,00 -
Fibreboard, MDF EN 622-5
MDF.LA 2,25 - -
MDF.HLS 2,25 3,00 -

Source: Table according to EN 1995-1-1:2004, 3.1.4.

32 Design of timber structures - Volume 2

 Serviceability limit states, SLS

9.2 Joint slip

For joints with dowel-type fasteners the slip modulus per shear plane
and per fastener can be determined from table 9.2.

Table 9.2 Slip modulus Kser for fasteners and connectors in timber-to-timber and
wood panel-to-timber connections

Fastener type Kser (N/mm)

Dowels
Bolts with or without clearance 1)
P m1,5 d/23
Screws
Nails (with pre-drilling)
Nails (without pre-drilling) p m1,5 d0,8/30
Staples p m1,5 d0,8/80
Split-ring connectors type A
P m dc /2
Shear-plate connectors type B
Toothed-plate connectors
- type C1-C9 1,5 p m dc /4
-type C10 and C11 p m dc /2
1) The clearance should be added separately to the slip of the fastener.
Source: Table according to EN 1995-1-1:2004, 7.1.

where:
pm mean density of involved wood material, in kg/m3.
d fastener outer diameter, in mm.
dc connector diameter, as defined in EN 13271.

If the mean densities pm,1 and pm,2 of two jointed members are differ­
ent, then pm in table 9.2 should be taken as:
Pm — 5/ Pm,lPm,2

Design of timber structures - Volume 2 33

Serviceability limit states, SLS

9.3 Deflections
Control of deflection w can be based on different load combinations
defined in EN 1990. The total net deflection wnet,fin after long time is
given as:
W . „ =W-.+W
"diet,fin rKmst rKcreep — Wc = Wc
rKfin — w
,yc

where:
winst instantaneous deflection based on relevant
combination of loads.
wcreep deflection due to creep.
wc precamber (if applied).
wfin final deflection due to design load.

The various components are shown in figure 9.1.

The creep deflection wcreep is calculated as:

^creep — ^def ^inst.qp
Public bath Holje, Olofstrom.
where winst,qp is the instantaneous deflection due to the quasi-perma-
nent combination of the relevant loads.
The deflection limits given in table 9.3 are recommended in
EN 1995-1-1.

wc
winst
wfin
wnet, fin

wcreep

Figure 9.1 Definitions of deflection

Table 9.3 Examples of limiting values for deflections of beams

(EN 1995-1-1, 7.2)

Winst* ,
wnetfin wfin

Beam on l/300 - l/500 l/250 - l/350 l/150 - l/300

two supports
Cantilever beam l/150 - l/250 l /125 -1 /175 l/75 - l /150

Source: Table according to EN 1995-1-1:2004, 7.2.

34 Design of timber structures - Volume 2

 Serviceability limit states, SLS

9.4 Vibrations
For residential floors with a fundamental frequency lower than or
equal 8 Hz f1 < 8 Hz) a special investigation should be made. For resi­
dential floors with a fundamental frequency higher than 8 Hz (f1 >
8 Hz) the following requirements should be satisfied::
w
-<a [mm/kN]

v< [m/Ns2]

where:
w instantaneous maximum vertical deflection caused by
a concentrated static force F applied at any point on
the floor taking into account load distribution.
v unit impulse velocity response, which is the initial value of
vertical floor velocity caused by a unit impulse of 1 Ns
applied at any point of the floor.
Z modal damping ratio (a typical value for timber floors
can be 0,01).
f1 fundamental frequency of the floor.

For a simply supported rectangular floor with timber beams having

a span l, f1 and v may be calculated as:

t-2L
1 ll1 N m

4(0,4 +0,6^)
V mBl + 200

where:
m mass per unit area, in kg/m2.
l floor span, in m.
(EI) equivalent plate bending stiffness about an axis p
erpendicular to the primary beam direction, in Nm2/m.
n40 the number of first order modes with natural frequencies
up to 40 Hz.
B floor width, in m, notice is written b i EN 1995-1-1
and not to be mixed up with b above.

The value of n40 may be calculated from:

-.0,25
'40Y
l/l J W(S),
where:
(EI)B equivalent plate bending stiffness of the floor about an axis
parallel to the beams, assuming (EI)B < (EI) .

Design of timber structures - Volume 2 35

Connections with metal fasteners

Connections with metal fasteners

10.1 General 36
10.1 General
10.2 Shear capacity of wood-wood and
panel-wood connections 36 The design capacity FRd of a wood connection in the ultimate limit
state is generally given as:
10.3 Shear capacity of steel-to-wood
connections 38 p =k ^Rk
10.4 Nailed connections 40 /m
10.4.1 Laterally loaded nails 40
10.4.2 Requirements for spacing, distance where:
and penetration depth 41 FRd total design capacity of the connection.
10.4.3 Axiellt belastade spikar 43 FRk total characteristic capacity of the connection.
10.4.4 Combined lateral and axial loading 44 YM partial coefficient for material according to table 3.1, page 7.
10.5 Bolted and dowelled connections 44
kmod strength modification factor for the relevant wood material
according to table 3.2, page 8.
10.6 Screwed connections 46
10.6.1 Laterally loaded screws 46
For taking into account block shear failure and plug shear failure, see
10.6.2 Axially loaded screws 46
Volume 1: Section 4.9.3 and EN 1995-1-1, Annex A respectively.

10.2 Shear capacity of

wood-wood and
panel-wood connections
Characteristic load capacity for nails, staples, bolts, dowels and screws
per shear plane and per fastener, is the minimum value obtained
from the following expressions answering to different failure modes:

Fasteners in single shear, see figure 10.1, page 37:

fhl,kt\d a)

fh2.kt?P b)

\2’
/h,l,kfl^
P+2P11+^+ ^2 (t V -0 1+^- ^*ax,Rk
+ P 3 11. c)
tl ty \ t-i , L A 4

Fv,Rk=min' 105W ^ax>Rk

2+p /h,l,k“l
~P +
4 d)

i05Au^ e)
1 + 2/3 A,l,k“^2

f)

36 Design of timber structures - Volume 2

 Connections with metal fasteners

Fasteners in double shear, see figure 10.1:

7hJ,k^
g)
^’^^h,2Jc^2^ h)

^v,Rk=min- 105W j)
2+p /h,l,k“^l

1,15^5^2My’Rk/h’i’kd+ k)

where:
/h,2Jc
P=
/h,1,k

Fv,Rk characteristic capacity per shear plane, per fastener.

ti timber or board thickness or penetration depth, i = (1, 2).
fh,i,k characteristic embedment strength in wood member i.
d fastener diameter.
My,Rk characteristic yield moment in fastener.
ft ratio between embedment strengths of members.
Fax,Rk characteristic withdrawal capacity of the fastener.

For single shear fasteners the value of Fax,Rk is taken as the lower of
the capacity in the two members. The different failure modes are
shown in figure 10.1.

The letters refer to the respective design expression above.

Design of timber structures - Volume 2 37

Connections with metal fasteners

The contribution FaxRk /4 (rope effect) should not exceed the follow­
ing percentages of the remaining capacity (based on yield theory),
described by the first term in the right part in each of the equations
c), d), e), f), j) and k) above:
• round nails: 15 %
• square and grooved nails: 25 %
• other nails: 50 %
• screws: 100 %
• bolts: 25 %
• dowels: 0 %

10.3 Shear capacity of

steel-to-wood connections
Characteristic load capacity for nails, bolts, dowels and screws per
shear plane and per fastener, is the minimum value obtained from
the following expressions answering to different failure modes:

Thin steel plate (thickness < 0,5 d) in single shear:

Warehouse for building products, Uddevalla.

0,4/h^rf a)
E,„v =min-
14572My>]^+ b)

Thick steel plate (thickness > d, hole diameter tolerance < 0,1 d)
in single shear:

c)

4MvRk ■^ax.Rk

J
7?v,Rk=min- 2 +----- ^-1 d)
/h,k^l 4

2,3^MyRkf^d + ^
e)

Steel plate with any thickness as central member of a double

shear connection:

/h,l,k^ f)

4MvRk ^*ax,Rk
77v>Rk=mh1' /h,l,k^ 2 +---- ^--1 g)

h)

38 Design of timber structures - Volume 2

 Connections with metal fasteners

Thin steel plates (thickness < 0,5 d) as outer members of a double

shear connection:
j)’^fh,2,kl2^ j)

l,1572MyjRk/hAkrf + ^ k)

Thick steel plates (thickness > d) as outer members of a double

shear connection:
Q’SfhZjshd i)

2,3^My>Rk/hAkJ + ^
m)

where:
t1 the smaller thickness of the timber side members,
or the penetration depth.
t2 thickness of the timber middle member.

For other notations see section 10.2, page 36. The different failure
modes are shown in figure 10.2. For intermediate steel plate thick­
nesses neither thin nor thick, the capacity can be calculated using
linear interpolation with limit values for thin and thick steel plate.

Design of timber structures - Volume 2 39

Connections with metal fasteners

10.4 Nailed connections

10.4.1 Laterally loaded nails

The symbols for the thicknesses in single or double shear connec­

tions, see figure 10.3 a) and b) are defined as follows:
t1 Single shear connection, member thickness at the headside.
Double shear connection, minimum of headside thickness
and pointside penetration.
t2 Single shear connection, pointside penetration.
Double shear connection, central member thickness.

For smooth nails with a minimum tensile strength of 600 MPa,

the characteristic value My,Rk (Nmm) for yield moment is determined by:

M DV =^-180rf2’6 (for round nails)

600

M = -^-270d2’6
(for square and grooved nails)
yRk 600

where:
d nail diameter as defined in EN 14592, in mm,
see figure 10.3 a) - c) below.
Public bath, Torsby.
fu characteristic tensile strength of nail material, in MPa.

a) b) d c)

Figure 10.3 Nominal diameter d for a) round, b) square and c) grooved nail.
Definition of t1 and t2 for d) single shear connection, e) double shear connection
and f) overlapping nails.

40 Design of timber structures - Volume 2

 Connections with metal fasteners

For nails with diameter up to 8 mm, the characteristic embedment

strength fh,k for timber and LVL is determined as:

/hk = 0,082pk<r°’3 (without pre-drilled holes)

/hk = 0,082(1 -0,01i/)pk (with pre-drilled holes)

where:
pk characteristic timber density, in kg/m3.
d nail diameter, in mm.

Pre-drilling should be made if:

pk > 500 kg/m3
d > 6 mm
thereby the diameter of the pre-drilled hole should not exceed 0,8d.

For nails with a head diameter of at least 2d, the characteristic

embedment strength fh,k for panel products are:

A,k = (Mlpk^’3 (for plywood)

/hk = 30-^V’6 (for hardfibreboard (EN 622-2))

A,k = 65-^V-1 (for particleboard and OSB)

where t is panel thickness in mm, d is nail diameter in mm and pk is

characteristic panel density in kg/m3.

10.4.2 Requirements for spacing,

distance and penetration depth
At least two nails are required in a connection. For smooth nails
the pointside penetration depth should be at least 8d.
In a three member connection, see Figure 10.3 f), page 40, nails may
overlap in the central member provided that t—12 > 4d.
Table 10.1 Values of kef
For one row of n nails parallel to grain, the load carrying capacity
Spacing 1) kef
parallel to grain should be calculated using an effective number of
Without With
fasteners nef according to:
pre-drilling pre-drilling

nef=nkct a1 > 14 d 1,0 1,0

a1 = 10 d 0,85 0,85
where: a1 = 7d 0,7 0,7
n number of nails in the row.
a1 = 5 d - 0,5
kef see table 10.1.
1) Linear interpolation permitted.
If the nails are displaced transversely at least 1d the capacity does not Source: Table according to EN 1995-1-1:2004, 8.3.1.1.
have to be reduced.

Design of timber structures - Volume 2 41

Connections with metal fasteners

Table 10.2 Minimum values of spacing and end and edge distances for nails in wood-to-wood connections.

Spacing and Angle a Minimum spacing or distance

end/edge
Without pre-drilled holes Pre-drilled holes
distances
p k < 420 kg/m3 420 kg/m3 < p k < 500 kg/m3

a1 0° < a < 360° d < 5 mm: (7 + 8 | cos a |)d (4 + | cos a |)d

(parallel to grain) (5 + 5 | cos a |)d
d > 5 mm:
(5 + 7 | cos a |)d

a2 0° < a < 360° 5d 7d (3 + | sin a |)d

(perpendicular
to grain)

a3,t -90° < a < 90° (10 + 5 cos a) d (15 + 5 cos a) d (7 + 5 cos a) d
(loaded end)

, , a3,c, 90° < a < 270° 10 d 15 d 7d

(unloaded end)

a4,t 0° <a <180° d < 5 mm: d < 5 mm: d < 5 mm:

(loaded edge) (5 + 2 sin a) d (7 + 2 sin a) d (3 + 2 sin a) d
d > 5 mm: d > 5 mm: d > 5 mm:
(5 + 5 sin a) d (7 + 5 sin a) d (3 + 4 sin a) d

, , a4c , x 180° < a < 360° 5d 7d 3d

(unloaded edge)

For wood-to-wood panel connections, spacings can be reduced by a factor 0,85 (EN 1995-1-1, 8.3.1.3).
For steel-to-wood connections, spacings can be reduced by a factor 0,7 (EN 1995-1-1, 8.3.1.4). Notations are defined in figure 10.4.
Source: Table according to EN 1995-1-1:2004, 8.3.1.2.

Table 10.3 Common nail dimensions,

refers to grooved nail. Nails are identified
by diameter/cross dimension (mm)
and length (mm).

Diameter or Length
cross dimension (mm)
(mm)
1,4 25

1,7 35
2,0 40, 50, 60
2,3 50, 60
2,5 60
2,8 75
3,1 75
3,4 100
3,7 100
4,0 125
4,3 125
4,7 150 b)

5,1 150
5,5 175 -90° < a < 90° 90° < a < 270° 0° < a < 180° 180° < a < 360°
6,0 200 1) 2) 3) 4)
6,5 225 Figure 10.4 Definition of edge and end distances and spacings between fasteners
7,0 250 a) Spacing parallel in a row and perpendicular between rows,
b) edge and end distances (a is the angle between grain and force direction);
8,0 300
1) loaded end, 2) unloaded end, 3) loaded edge, 4) unloaded edge.

42 Design of timber structures - Volume 2

 Connections with metal fasteners

10.4.3 Axially loaded nails

• Nails used to resist permanent or long-term axial loading shall be

threaded.
• Nails in end grain should be considered incapable to transmit
axial load.

The characteristic withdrawal capacity of nails Fax,Rk for nailing per­

pendicular to grain, see figure 10.5 a), and slant nailing, see fig­
ure 10.5 b), is given by:

• For nails other than smooth nails (defined in EN 14592):

fix,k^pen
Fax3k = min<
•/headjk^h

• For smooth nails:

./ax,k^pen
^axj<k = min-
f^^dt +

dar:
fax,k characteristic pointside withdrawal strength.
fhead,kcharacteristic headside pull-through strength.
d nail diameter.
tpen pointside penetration depth or length of threaded part
in the pointside member.
t thickness of headside member.
dh nail head diameter.

For smooth nails with a pointside penetration depth of at least 12d,

the characteristic values of the withdrawal and pull-through
strengths should be found from the following expressions:

/^ = 20-10-6pk2 [N/mm2] X_ = 7°',0'X [N/mm2]

where pk is the characteristic timber density, in kg/m3.

Values offax,k and fhead,k should be determined by tests according to

EN 1382, EN 1383 and EN 14358. In practical design work these val­
ues are obtained from the Declarations of Performance, provided by
the nail manufacturers.

Design of timber structures - Volume 2 43

Connections with metal fasteners

10.4.4 Combined lateral and axial loading

For connections subjected to a combination of axial load Fax,Ed and lat­
eral load Fv,Ed the following interaction formulas are valid:

• For smooth nails:

^ax,Ed । ^v,Ed ।

^ax.Rd ^v,Rd

• For other types of nails:

p \2 \2
rax,Ed ^v,Ed
£1
^^ax,Rd ) (.^v.Rd/

where Fax,Rd and Fv,Rd are the design load capacities under axial and
lateral loading respectively.

10.5 Bolted and dowelled

connections
Characteristic value for yield moment My,Rk for bolts and dowels:

MyjRk=0,3/X’6

where:
fu characteristic tensile strength, in MPa.
d bolt or dowel diameter, in mm.

For d < 30 mm the characteristic embedment strength at angle a to

Public bath Holje, Olofstrom. the grain is given by:

h,0,k
[N/mm2]
h,a,k k90 sin2 a + cos2 a

/^ = 0,082(1-0,01d)pk [N/mm2]

where:

l,35 + 0,015<7 (for softwood)

^90 - 1,30 + 0,015c? (for LVL)

0,90 + 0,015(7 (for hardwood)

and:
pk characteristic timber density, in kg/m3.
d bolt or dowel diameter, in mm.

44 Design of timber structures - Volume 2

 Connections with metal fasteners

For one row of n bolts or dowels parallel to the grain direction,

the load carrying capacity parallel to grain, should be calculated
using an effective number of fasteners nef given by:

where:
n number of bolts or dowels in the row.
a1 spacing between fasteners, in mm.
d bolt or dowel diameter, in mm.

For loads perpendicular to grain, nef = n and for angles 0° < a < 90°
between force and grain direction, linear interpolation may be used.
For bolted or dowelled steel-to-timber connections the rules in sec­
tion 10.3, page 38 are applicable.

Table 10.4 Minimum values of spacing and end and edge distances for bolts

Spacing and end/edge distances Angle Minimum spacing or distance

a1 (parallel to grain) 0° < a < 360° (4 + | cos a |)d
a2 (perpendicular to grain) 0° < a < 360° 4d
a (loaded end) -90° < a < 90° max(7d ; 80mm)
a3c (unloaded end) 90° < a < 150° (1 + 6 sin a) d
150° < a < 210° 4d
210° < a < 270° (1 + 6 | sin a |)d
a (loaded edge) 0° < a < 180° max[(2 + 2 sin a)d; 3d]
a4c (unloaded edge) 180° <a<360° 3d

For notations, see figure 10.4, page 42.

Source: Table according to EN 1995-1-1:2004, 8.5.1.1.

Table 10.5 Minimum values of spacing and end and edge distances for dowels

Spacing and end/edge distances Angle Minimum spacing or distance

a1 (parallel to grain) 0° < a < 360° (3 + 2 | cos a |)d
a2 (perpendicular to grain) 0° < a < 360° 3d
a (loaded end) -90° < a < 90° max(7d ; 80mm)
a3c (unloaded end) 90° < a < 150° a|sin a |
150° < a < 210° max(3,5d; 40mm)
210° < a < 270° a | sin a |
a (loaded edge) 0° < a < 180° max[(2 + 2 sin a)d; 3d]
a4c (unloaded edge) 180° <a<360° 3d

For notations, see figure 10.4, page 42.

Source: Table according to EN 1995-1-1:2004/A2:2014, 8.6.

Design of timber structures - Volume 2 45

Connections with metal fasteners

10.6 Screwed connections

10.6.1 Laterally loaded screws
For smooth shank screws the following is valid:
• The rules in section 10.2, page 36, can be applied provided that
an effective diameter def is used to account for the threaded part of
the screw. def shall be used when determining the yield moment
capacity and the embedment strength of the threaded part. d shall
be used to determine spacing, end and edge distances and
the effective number of screws.
• For d < 6 mm the rules in section 10.4.1, page 40, och 10.4.2, page 41,
can be applied.
• For d > 6 mm the rules in section 10.5, page 44, can be applied.

If the outer thread diameter is equal to the shank diameter and

the smooth shank penetrates at least 4d into the member containing
the point of the screw, def can be taken equal to the smooth shank
diameter. Otherwise def should be taken as 1,1 times the inner thread
diameter.

10.6.2 Axially loaded screws

The resistance of an axially loaded screw connection is determined as
the minimum of the following failure modes:
• withdrawal failure of the threaded part of the screw
• pull-through failure of the screw head
• tensile failure of the screw.

Failure mode 1:
The characteristic withdrawal capacity Fax Rk of a connection
with axially loaded screws with 6 mm < d < 12 mm and
0,6 < d 1 /d < 0,75, can be calculated from:

F ntff^-£ef-kd
"ax,a,Rk , _ 2 -2
l,2cos a + sm a

r A CO
/ax.k=0,52-d 0,5 (>—0,1 -0,8

where:
fax,k characteristic withdrawal strength perpendicular to grain,
in N/mm2.
d outer thread diameter, in mm.
d1 inner thread diameter, in mm.
nef effective number of screws, see below.
lef penetration length of the threaded part, in mm.
pk characteristic density of timber, in kg/m3.
a angle between screw axis and grain direction, with
a > 30°.

When the requirements for the outer and inner thread diameter are
not fulfilled, it is refered to the declared values from the screw
manufacturers.

46 Design of timber structures - Volume 2

 Connections with metal fasteners

Failure mode 2:
The characteristic pull-through resistance Fof a connection with
axially loaded screws, can be calculated from:
2(pk\0’8

E ax,a,Rk ^ef./head,k^h
>.Pa ,

where:
fhead,k characteristic pull-through strength for the screw
according to EN 14592 for density p a, see values in
the Declarations of Performance provided by the screw
manufacturers.
dh diameter of the screw head, in mm.

Other notations are given above for failure mode 1.

Failure mode 3:
The characteristic tensile resistance FtRk of a connection with axially
loaded screws, can be calculated from:
^*t,Rk — ^ef./tens,k

where:
ftens,k characteristic tensile strength of the screw according to
EN 14592, see values in the Declarations of Performance
provided by the screw manufacturers.

For a connection with a group of n screws loaded by a force compo­

nent parallel to the shank,the effective number of screws is:

For combined axial and lateral loading in screwed connections

the interaction expression for other types of nails in section 10.4.4,
page 44, is applicable.

Design of timber structures - Volume 2 47

Connections with metal fasteners

Table 10.6 Minimum values of spacing and end/edge distances for axially loaded screws

Minimum screw spacing Minimum screw spacing Minimum end distance Minimum edge distance
parallel to grain perpendicular to grain to the centre of gravity to the centre of gravity
of the screw in each of the screw in each
timber member timber member

ai a2 a1,CG a2,CG
7d 5d 10 d 4d

For notations, see figure 10.6.

Source: Table according to EN 1995-1-1:2004, 8.7.2.

Figure 10.6 Spacing and end/edge distances for axially loaded screw connections
Key 1: Centre of gravity of the screw in each timber member.

48 Design of timber structures - Volume 2

 Wall diaphragms

Wall diaphragms
11.1 Simplified analysis 11.1 Simplified analysis method A 49

11.2 Simplified analysis method B

method A 50

Applicable only for diaphragms with tie-downs at their ends and if

the width of each sheet is greater or equal than h /4, where h is
the height of the wall, see figure 11.1. It is also assumed that the fas­
tener spacing is constant along the perimeter of every sheathing
panel.

For a wall with several wall panels the design racking load capacity
Fv,Rd is given by:
^v,Rd = V^i,v,Rd

where:
Fi,v,Rd design racking load capacity of wall panel i against
a force Fi,v,Ed shown in figure 11.1:
F _^f,Rd'^i
^i,v,Rd “
S

where:
Ff,Rd lateral design capacity of an individual fastener.
bi wall panel width, see figure 11.1.
s fastener spacing (constant along the perimeter of
every sheathing panel).

fe>fe0 = A/2

h<b0 = h/2

Figure 11.1 Forces acting on a) wall panel; b) framing; c) sheathing in wall diaphragm.

Design of timber structures - Volume 2 49

Wall diaphragms

Wall panels containing door or window openings do not contribute

to the racking capacity.

The reactions Fi,c,Ed and Fi,t,Ed are calculated as:

11.2 Simplified analysis

method B
A more general method also taking into account the capacity of wall
elements with openings and the positive effect of vertical load on
the wall diaphragm is described in EN 1995-1-1,9.2.4.3.

50 Design of timber structures - Volume 2

 Bracing

Bracing
12.1 Single members 12.1 Single members in compression 51

12.2 Bracing of beam or truss systems

in compression 52

Each intermediate support used for bracing should have a minimum

spring stiffness C determined as:

Table 12.1 Values of modification factors for

C = ks —
a design of bracings

where: Modification factor Value

ks modification factor with value given in table 12.1. ks 4 to 1
Nd mean design compressive force in the braced element. kf,1 50 to 80
a bay length, see figure 12.1.
kf,2 80 to 100

The design stabilising force Fd at each support is: kf,3 30 to 80

X
---- (for structural timber)
Source: Table according to EN 1995-1-1:2004, 9.2.5.3.

N.
---- (for glulam and LVL)
^f,2

where kf,1 and kf,2 are modification factors with values given in
table 12.1.

This expression can also be used for the lateral stabilising force Fd
required for the compressive edge of a rectangular beam in bending
if the compressive force is determined as:

n
where:
Md maximum design bending moment.
h beam depth.
kcrit factor accounting for the effect of lateral buckling,
see section 4, page 21.

N
m=2 m = 2

N
m=4

Figure 12.1 Single members in compression braced by lateral supports (C)

Design of timber structures - Volume 2 51

Bracing

12.2 Bracing of beam or

truss systems
For a series of n parallel members which together are laterally braced
by a stabilizing system, see figure 12.2, the design stability load acting
on the bracing system can be represented by a uniformly distributed
load qd given by:

where:

ke = min-

and:
Nd mean design compressive force in one member.
n number of members to be braced.
l overall span of the stabilising system, in m, see figure 12.2.
kf,3 modification factor with value given in table 12.1.

The horizontal deflection of the bracing system should not exceed

l / 500, including the influence of external loads.

1) n members of the system.

2) Bracing.
3) Horizontal deflection of the system
due to imperfections and effects
of the second order.
I (3)
4) Stabilizing forces.
5) External loads on bracing.
6) Reaction forces on bracing
due to external loads.
7) Reaction forces on members
(7) due to stabilizing forces.

(1)

Figure 12.2 Beam or truss system supported by lateral bracing

52 Design of timber structures - Volume 2

 Symbols

Symbols
Symbols used in EN 1995-1-1.

Symbol Explanation Fv,Rd Design load-carrying capacity per shear plane

per fastener; Design racking load capacity
Latin upper case letters
Fv,Rk Characteristic load-carrying capacity per shear
A Cross-sectional area
plane per fastener
Aef Effective area of the total contact surface
Fv,w,Ed
M Design shear force acting on web
between a punched metal plate fastener and
the timber; effective total contact surface Fx,Ed Design value of a force in x-direction
perpendicular to the grain Fy,Ed Design value of a force in y-direction
Af Cross-sectional area of flange Fx,Rd Design value of plate capacity in x-direction
„
Anet,t Net cross-sectional area perpendicular to Fy,Rd Design value of plate capacity in y-direction
the grain
Fx,Rk Characteristic plate capacity in x-direction
t
Anet,v Net shear area parallel to the grain
Fy,Rk Characteristic plate capacity in y-direction
C Spring stiffness
G0,05 Fifth percentile value of shear modulus
E0,05 Fifth percentile value of modulus of elasticity
Gd Design value of shear modulus
Ed Design value of modulus of elasticity
Gmean Mean value of shear modulus
Emean Mean value of modulus of elasticity
H Overall rise of a truss
Emeanfin
e Final mean value of modulus of elasticity
If Second moment of area of flange
F Force
1tor Torsional moment of inertia
FA,Ed Design force acting on a punched metal plate
Iz Second moment of area about the weak axis
fastener at the centroid of the effective area
Kser Slip modulus
FA,min,d Minimum design force acting on a punched
metal plate fastener at the centroid of the Kser,fin
« Final slip modulus
effective area
Ku Instantaneous slip modulus for ultimate limit
Fax,Ed
M Design axial force on fastener states
Fax,Rd Design value of axial withdrawal capacity of L net,t Net width of the cross-section perpendicular
the fastener to the grain
Fax,Rk Characteristic axial withdrawal capacity of the L net,v
, Net length of the fracture area in shear
fastener M A,Ed Design moment acting on a punched metal
Fc Compressive force plate fastener

Design force M ap,d Design moment at apex zone

Fd
Fd,ser Design force at the serviceability limit state Md Design moment
Ff,Rd Design load-carrying capacity per fastener in My,Rk Characteristic yield moment of fastener
wall diaphragm N Axial force
F,c,Ed Design compressive reaction force at end of R90,d Design splitting capacity
shear wall
R90,k Characteristic splitting capacity
^.t,Ed Design tensile reaction force at end of shear
Rax,d„ Design load-carrying capacity of an axially loa­
wall
ded connection
Fi,vert,Ed Vertical load on wall
Rax,kx Characteristic load-carrying capacity of an axi­
' Design racking resistance of panel i or wall i ally loaded connection

Fa Lateral load Rax,a,kx Characteristic load-carrying capacity at an

FM,Ed Design force from a design moment angle a to grain

Ft Tensile force
Rd Design value of a load-carrying capacity

Ft,Rk Characteristic tensile capacity of a connection

Ref,k Effective characteristic load-carrying capacity
of a connection
Fv,0,Rk Characteristic load-carrying capacity of
a connector along the grain
Riv,d Design racking capacity of a wall
Rk Characteristic load-carrying capacity
Fv,Ed Design shear force per shear plane of fastener;
Horizontal design effect on wall diaphragm Rsp,k Characteristic splitting capacity

Source: EN 1995-1-1:2004, 1.6

Design of timber structures - Volume 2 53

Symbols

to,k,
R Characteristic load-carrying capacity of fc,90,k Characteristic compressive strength
a toothed plate connector perpendicular to grain

Rv,drl Design racking capacity of a wall diaphragm ff,t,d Design tensile strength of flange
V Shear force; volume fu Characteristic embedment strength

Vu , Vl
Shear forces in upper and lower part of beam fhead,k Characteristic pull-through parameter for nails
with a hole f, Fundamental frequency
wy Section modulus about axis y
fm,k„ Characteristic bending strength
Xd Design value of a strength property
fm,y,d„ Design bending strength about the principal
Xk Characteristic value of a strength property y-axis
Latin lower case letters fm,z,d„ Design bending strength about the principal
z-axis
a Distance
fm,a,d1 Design bending strength at an angle a to
a, Spacing, parallel to grain, of fasteners within
the grain
one row
ft,0,d Design tensile strength along the grain
a1,CG Minimum end distance to the centre of gravity
of the screw in each timber member f:,0,k Characteristic tensile strength along the grain

a2 Spacing, perpendicular to grain, between rows ft,90,d Design tensile strength perpendicular to
of fasteners the grain

a2,CG Minimum edge distance to the centre of ft,w,d Design tensile strength of the web
gravity of the screw in each timber member fu,k Characteristic tensile strength of bolts
a3,c Distance between fastener and unloaded end fv,0,d Design panel shear strength
a3,t Distance between fastener and loaded end
fv,ax,a,kt Characteristic withdrawal strength at an angle
a4,c Distance between fastener and unloaded edge a to grain

a4,t Distance between fastener and loaded edge fv,ax,90,k Characteristic withdrawal strength
perpendicular to grain
abow Maximum bow of truss member
f, Design shear strength
abow,perm Maximum permitted bow of truss member v,d

h Depth; height of wall

adev Maximum deviation of truss
hap Depth of the apex zone
a dev,perm Maximum permitted deviation of truss
hd Hole depth
b Width
he Embedment depth; loaded edge distance
bi Width of panel i or wall i
h r Effective depth
b net Clear distance between studs ef

hf,c Depth of compression flange

bw Web width
hf,t Depth of tension flange
d Diameter; outer thread diameter
hrl Distance from lower edge of hole to bottom of
d1 Diameter of centre hole of connector; inner
member
thread diameter
hru Distance from upper edge of hole to top of
dc Connector diameter
member
def Effective diameter
hw Web depth
dh Head diameter of connector
i Notch inclination
fh,i,k Characteristic embedment strength of timber
kc,y, kc,z Instability factor
member i
kcr Crack factor for shear resistance
fa,0,0 Characteristic anchorage capacity per unit area
for a = 0° och p = 0° kcritt Factor used for lateral buckling
fa,90,90 Characteristic anchorage capacity per unit area kd Dimension factor for panel
for a = 90° och p = 90°
kdefn Deformation factor
fa,a,0,k Characteristic anchorage strength
k,dis Factor taking into account the distribution of
fax,kt Characteristic withdrawal parameter for nails stresses in an apex zone
fc,0,d Design compressive strength along the grain kf,V kf^ kf,3 Modification factors for bracing resistance
fc,w,d Design compressive strength of web kh Depth factor

f,f,c,d„ Design compressive strength of flange ki,q Uniformly distributed load factor

Source: EN 1995-1-1:2004, 1.6

54 Design of timber structures - Volume 2

 Symbols

km Factor considering re-distribution of bending uinst,Q,i Instantaneous deformation for accompanying

stresses in a cross-section variable actions Qi

kmodd Modification factor for duration of load and wc Precamber

moisture content
wcreep Creep deflection
kn Sheathing material factor
w.fin Final deflection
kr Reduction factor
winst* Instantaneous deflection
kR,red Reduction factor for load-carrying capacity
wnet,fin Net final deflection
ks Fastener spacing factor; modification factor for v Unit impulse velocity response
spring stiffness
Greek lower case letters
ks,red Reduction factor for spacing
a Angle between the x-direction and the force
k,shape Factor depending on the shape of for a punched metal plate; Angle between
the cross-section the direction of the load and the loaded edge
ksys System strength factor (or end)

kv Reduction factor for notched beams p Angle between the grain direction and the
force for a punched metal plate
kvol> Volume factor
Pc Straightness factor
ky eller kz Instability factor
Y Angle between the x-direction and the timber
l a,min Minimum anchorage length for a glued-in rod
connection line for a punched metal plate
l Span; contact length Partial factor for material properties, also
YM
Distance from a hole to the centre of accounting for model uncertainties and
lA
the member support dimensional variations

Effective length; Effective length of Ay Slenderness ratio corresponding to bending

lef
distribution about the y-axis

Distance from a hole to the end of the member Az Slenderness ratio corresponding to bending
lv
about the z-axis
lZ Spacing between holes
Arel,y
, Relative slenderness ratio corresponding to
m Mass per unit area bending about the y-axis

n40 Number of frequencies below 40 Hz Arel,z, Relative slenderness ratio corresponding to

bending about the z-axis
nef Effective number of fasteners
pk Characteristic density
Pd Distributed load
Pm Mean density
q Equivalent uniformly distributed load
Oc,0,d Design compressive stress along the grain
r Radius of curvature
O„c,a,dA Design compressive stress at an angle a to
s Spacing
the grain
s0 Basic fastener spacing
Of,c,d
f A Mean design compressive stress of flange
r-n Inner radius
Off,c,max,dA Design compressive stress of extreme fibres of
t Thickness flange
^pen Penetration depth Of,t,d Mean design tensile stress of flange

ucreep Creep deformation ft A

Of,t,max,d Design tensile stress of extreme fibres of
Final deformation flange
Ufin

Final deformation for a permanent action G Om,crit Critical bending stress

ufin,G
Final deformation for the leading variable Om,y,d. Design bending stress about the principal
Ufin,Q,1

action Q1 y-axis
Om,z,d. Design bending stress about the principal
Ufin,Q,i Final deformation for accompanying variable
z-axis
actions Qi
Om,a,d. Design bending stress at an angle a to
uinst Instantaneous deformation
the grain
uinst,G Instantaneous deformation for a permanent
ON Axial stress
action G
Ot,0,d Design tensile stress along the grain
uinst,Q,1 Instantaneous deformation for the leading
variable action Q1 Ot,90,d Design tensile stress perpendicular to the grain

Source: EN 1995-1-1:2004, 1.6

Design of timber structures - Volume 2 55

Symbols

0w,c,d Design compressive stress of web

0w,t,d Design tensile stress of web

Td Design shear stress

TF,d Design anchorage stress from axial force

TM,d Design anchorage stress from moment

Ttor,d Design shear stress from torsion

v0 Factor for combination value of a variable

action

v1 Factor for frequent value of a variable action

V2 Factor for quasi-permanent value of a variable

action
Z Modal damping ratio

Source: EN 1995-1-1:2004, 1.6

56 Design of timber structures - Volume 2

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The publisher, Swedish Forest Industries Federation, also provides no guarantees for any outcomes arising
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Design of timber structures - Volume 2 57

 Project managers
Design of timber structures Johan Frobel — Swedish Wood
- Volume 2 Patrice Godonou — Swedish Wood
© Swedish Forest Industries Federation, 2022
Third UK edition Editor
Patrice Godonou — Swedish Wood
Publisher Fact checkers
Swedish Forest Industries Federation Anders Gustafsson, RISE Research Institutes of Sweden
Swedish Wood Marie Johansson, RISE Research Institutes of Sweden
P.O Box 55525
SE-102 04 STOCKHOLM Language reviewer
Sweden Patrice Godonou — Swedish Wood
Tel: +46 8762 72 60
Illustrations
Vendela Martinac — Thelander Arkitektur & Design AB
Cornelia Thelander — Thelander Arkitektur & Design AB

Photo credits
Alee E:son Lindman, page 9
Soren Hakanlind, page 20, 22, 25, 27, 29, 30, 34, 38, 40, 44

Graphic production
Origoform

ISBN 978-91-985212-6-9

58 Design of timber structures - Volume 2

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