❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛❝✐ó♥

❡♥ ▲❡♥❣✉❛❥❡ ❈

❏♦r❣❡ ❉♦♠í♥❣✉❡③ ❈❤á✈❡③

■❊❆❙❙✱ ❊❞✐t♦r❡s
❈♦♣②r✐❣❤t ➤ ❏♦r❣❡ ❉♦♠í♥❣✉❡③ ❈❤á✈❡③✳

❖❘❈■❉✿ ✵✵✵✵✲✵✵✵✷✲✺✵✶✽✲✸✷✹✷
❊st❛ ♦❜r❛ s❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉②❡ ❧✐❝❡♥❝✐❛ ❈r❡❛t✐✈❡ ❈♦♠♠♦♥s✿

❤tt♣✿✴✴❝r❡❛t✐✈❡❝♦♠♠♦♥s✈❡♥❡③✉❡❧❛✳♦r❣✳✈❡

❘❡❝♦♥♦❝✐♠✐❡♥t♦✿
❆tr✐❜✉❝✐ó♥✿ P❡r♠✐t❡ ❛ ♦tr♦s ❝♦♣✐❛r✱ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐r✱ ❡①❤✐❜✐r ② r❡❛❧✐③❛r s✉ tr❛❜❛❥♦ ❝♦♥ ❉❡r❡❝❤♦s ❞❡ ❆✉t♦r
② tr❛❜❛❥♦s ❞❡r✐✈❛❞♦s ❜❛s❛❞♦s ❡♥ ❡❧❧❛ ✕ ♣❡r♦ só❧♦ s✐ ❡❧❧♦s ❞❛♥ ❝ré❞✐t♦s ❞❡ ❧❛ ♠❛♥❡r❛ ❡♥ q✉❡ ✉st❡❞ ❧♦
s♦❧✐❝✐t❡✳
❈♦♠♣❛rt✐r ✐❣✉❛❧✿ P❡r♠✐t❡ q✉❡ ♦tr♦s ❞✐str✐❜✉②❛♥ tr❛❜❛❥♦s ❞❡r✐✈❛❞♦s só❧♦ ❜❛❥♦ ✉♥❛ ❧✐❝❡♥❝✐❛ ✐❞é♥t✐❝❛ ❛
❧❛ q✉❡ r✐❣❡ ❡❧ tr❛❜❛❥♦ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧✳
❆❞❛♣t❛r✿ ♠❡③❝❧❛r✱ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛r ② ❝r❡❛r ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ❡st❡ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧✳

❙✐❡♠♣r❡ q✉❡ ❧♦ ❤❛❣❛ ❜❛❥♦ ❧❛s ❝♦♥❞✐❝✐♦♥❡s s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡s✿

❘❡❝♦♥♦❝✐♠✐❡♥t♦✿ r❡❝♦♥♦❝❡r ♣❧❡♥❛♠❡♥t❡ ❧❛ ❛✉t♦rí❛ ❞❡ ❏♦r❣❡ ❉♦♠í♥❣✉❡③ ❈❤á✈❡③✱ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛r ✉♥

❡♥❧❛❝❡ ❛ ❧❛ ❧✐❝❡♥❝✐❛ ❡ ✐♥❞✐❝❛r s✐ s❡ ❤❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ❝❛♠❜✐♦s✳ P✉❡❞❡ ❤❛❝❡r❧♦ ❞❡ ❝✉❛❧q✉✐❡r ♠❛♥❡r❛ r❛③♦♥❛❜❧❡✱
♣❡r♦ ♥♦ ✉♥❛ q✉❡ s✉❣✐❡r❛ q✉❡ t✐❡♥❡ ❡❧ ❛♣♦②♦ ❞❡❧ ❛✉t♦r ♦ ❧♦ r❡❝✐❜❡ ♣♦r ❡❧ ✉s♦ q✉❡ ❤❛❝❡✳
◆♦ ❈♦♠❡r❝✐❛❧✿ ♥♦ ♣✉❡❞❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r ❡❧ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ✉♥❛ ✜♥❛❧✐❞❛❞ ❝♦♠❡r❝✐❛❧ ♦ ❧✉❝r❛t✐✈❛✳

➤ ✷✵✶✾✱ ❉♦♠í♥❣✉❡③ ❈❤á✈❡③✱ ❏♦r❣❡

■❙❇◆ ✾✼✽✾✽✵✻✸✻✻✵✶✺

P✉❜❧✐❝❛❞♦ ♣♦r ■❊❆❙❙✱ ❊❞✐t♦r❡s

✐❡❛ss❅❜❧♦❣s♣♦t✳❝♦♠
❱❡♥❡③✉❡❧❛✱ ✷✵✶✾
▲❛ ♣♦rt❛❞❛ ② ❝♦♥t❡♥✐❞♦ ❞❡ ❡st❡ ❧✐❜r♦ ❢✉❡ ❡❞✐t❛❞♦ ② ♠❛q✉❡t❛❞♦ ❡♥ ❚❡❳st✉❞✐♦ ✷✳✶✷✳✶✵
❚❛❜❧❛ ❞❡ ❈♦♥t❡♥✐❞♦
✶✳ ■♥tr♦❞✉❝❝✐ó♥ ✸

✷✳ ▲❡♥❣✉❛❥❡ ❈ ✺
✷✳✶✳ ▲❡♥❣✉❛❥❡s ❞❡ ❛❧t♦ ♥✐✈❡❧ ② ❞❡ ❜❛❥♦ ♥✐✈❡❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺
✷✳✷✳ ❊♥s❛♠❜❧❛❞♦r❡s✱ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦r❡s ❡ ✐♥tér♣r❡t❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻

✸✳ ❈r❡❛❝✐ó♥✱ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❝✐ó♥ ② ❡❥❡❝✉❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ✉♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ✽

✸✳✶✳ ❈♦♠♣✐❧❛♥❞♦ ❍♦❧❛✱ ♠✉♥❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽
✸✳✷✳ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽
✸✳✸✳ ❈r❡❛❝✐ó♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽
✸✳✹✳ ❈♦♠♣✐❧❛❝✐ó♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽
✸✳✺✳ ❊s❝r✐❜✐r ✉♥ t❡①t♦ ❡♥ ❈ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵
✸✳✺✳✶✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦ ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶
✸✳✺✳✷✳ ❈ó♠♦ ♣r♦❜❛r ❡st❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❡♥ ▲✐♥✉① ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷
✸✳✺✳✸✳ ❈ó♠♦ ♣r♦❜❛r ❡st❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❡♥ ❲✐♥❞♦✇s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸
✸✳✻✳ ▼♦str❛♥❞♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦s ❡♥t❡r♦s ❡♥ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹
✸✳✻✳✶✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦ ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹
✸✳✼✳ ❖♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❡s ❛r✐t♠ét✐❝❛s ❜ás✐❝❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹
✸✳✼✳✶✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦ ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹
✸✳✼✳✷✳ ❖r❞❡♥ ❞❡ ♣r✐♦r✐❞❛❞ ❞❡ ❧♦s ♦♣❡r❛❞♦r❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺
✸✳✼✳✸✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦ ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺
✸✳✼✳✹✳ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❞❡s❜♦r❞❛♠✐❡♥t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺
✸✳✽✳ ▲❛s ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s✿ ✐♥t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺
✸✳✽✳✶✳ ❉❡✜♥✐❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s✿ ♥ú♠❡r♦s ❡♥t❡r♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺
✸✳✽✳✷✳ ▼♦str❛♥❞♦ ❡❧ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ ✉♥❛ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ ❡♥ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻
✸✳✽✳✸✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦ ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽
✸✳✾✳ ■❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛❞♦r❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽
✸✳✶✵✳ ❈♦♠❡♥t❛r✐♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽
✸✳✶✶✳ ❉❛t♦s ♣♦r ❡❧ ✉s✉❛r✐♦✿ s❝❛♥❢ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾
✸✳✶✷✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦s ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵

✹✳ ❚✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s ✷✶
✹✳✶✳ ❚✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❡♥t❡r♦s✿ s✐❣♥❡❞✴✉♥s✐❣♥❡❞✱ s❤♦rt✴❧♦♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶
✹✳✶✳✶✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦ ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✷
✹✳✷✳ Pr♦❜❧❡♠át✐❝❛✿ ❛s✐❣♥❛❝✐♦♥❡s ② t❛♠❛ñ♦ ❞❡ ❧♦s ♥ú♠❡r♦s❀ ❞✐st✐♥t♦s ❡s♣❛❝✐♦s ♦❝✉♣❛❞♦s
s❡❣ú♥ ❡❧ s✐st❡♠❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✷
✹✳✸✳ ▼❡♠♦r✐❛ ② ❛❧♠❛❝❡♥❛♠✐❡♥t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸
 ✹✳✸✳✶✳ ❈♦♠✉♥✐❝❛❝✐♦♥❡s✱ ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞ ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐s✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹
✹✳✸✳✷✳ ❋r❡❝✉❡♥❝✐❛ ✭♣r♦❝❡s❛❞♦r✱ ♠❡♠♦r✐❛✱ ❣rá✜❝❛✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹
✹✳✸✳✸✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦s ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺
✹✳✸✳✹✳ ❯♥✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ❡♠♣❧❡❛❞❛s ❡♥ ✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛✿ ❧♦s ❜✐ts ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺
✹✳✹✳ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ♥✉♠❡r❛❝✐ó♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻
✹✳✹✳✶✳ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ❜✐♥❛r✐♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻
✹✳✹✳✷✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦s ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼
✹✳✹✳✸✳ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ♦❝t❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽
✹✳✹✳✹✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦s ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾
✹✳✹✳✺✳ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ❤❡①❛❞❡❝✐♠❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾
✹✳✹✳✻✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦s ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵
✹✳✹✳✼✳ ❋♦r♠❛t♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡s ❡♥t❡r❛s✿ ♦❝t✱ ❤❡① ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶
✹✳✹✳✽✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦s ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶
✹✳✹✳✾✳ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❝✐ó♥ ✐♥t❡r♥❛ ❞❡ ❧♦s ❡♥t❡r♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶
✹✳✹✳✶✵✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦s ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷
✹✳✹✳✶✶✳ ■♥❝r❡♠❡♥t♦ ② ❞❡❝r❡♠❡♥t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸
✹✳✹✳✶✷✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦s ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹
✹✳✹✳✶✸✳ ❖♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❡s ❛❜r❡✈✐❛❞❛s✿ ✰❂ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹
✹✳✹✳✶✹✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦s ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹
✹✳✹✳✶✺✳ ▼♦❞✐✜❝❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡ ❛❝❝❡s♦✿ ❝♦♥st✱ ✈♦❧❛t✐❧❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹
✹✳✺✳ ❚✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s r❡❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺
✹✳✺✳✶✳ ❙✐♠♣❧❡ ② ❞♦❜❧❡ ♣r❡❝✐s✐ó♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺
✹✳✺✳✷✳ ▼♦str❛r ❡♥ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛ ♥ú♠❡r♦s r❡❛❧❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺
✹✳✺✳✸✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦s ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻
✹✳✻✳ ❖♣❡r❛❞♦r ❞❡ t❛♠❛ñ♦✿ s✐③❡♦❢ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻
✹✳✻✳✶✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦s ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼
✹✳✼✳ ❖♣❡r❛❞♦r ❞❡ ♠♦❧❞❡✿ ✭t✐♣♦✮ ♦♣❡r❛♥❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼
✹✳✽✳ ❚✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s ❝❛rá❝t❡r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽
✹✳✽✳✶✳ ❙❡❝✉❡♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ ❡s❝❛♣❡✿ ❭♥ ② ♦tr❛s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾
✹✳✽✳✷✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦ ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾
✹✳✽✳✸✳ ■♥tr♦❞✉❝❝✐ó♥ ❛ ❧❛s ❞✐✜❝✉❧t❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❧❛s ❝❛❞❡♥❛s ❞❡ t❡①t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾

✺✳ ❊str✉❝t✉r❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧ ✹✵
✺✳✶✳ ❊str✉❝t✉r❛s ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵
✺✳✶✳✶✳ ✐❢ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵
✺✳✶✳✷✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦s ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶
✺✳✶✳✸✳ ✐❢ ② ❧❛s s❡♥t❡♥❝✐❛s ❝♦♠♣✉❡st❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶
✺✳✶✳✹✳ ❖♣❡r❛❞♦r❡s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❧❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷
✺✳✶✳✺✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦s ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸
✺✳✶✳✻✳ ✐❢✲❡❧s❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸
✺✳✶✳✼✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦ ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹
✺✳✶✳✽✳ ❖♣❡r❛❞♦r❡s ❧ó❣✐❝♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹
✺✳✶✳✾✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦s ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺
✺✳✶✳✶✵✳ ❈ó♠♦ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛ r❡❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❧❛ ❝♦♥❞✐❝✐ó♥ ❡♥ ✉♥ ✏✐❢ ✑ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺
✺✳✶✳✶✶✳ ❊❧ ♣❡❧✐❣r♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❛s✐❣♥❛❝✐ó♥ ❡♥ ✉♥ ✏✐❢ ✑ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻
✺✳✶✳✶✷✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦s ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼
✺✳✶✳✶✸✳ ■♥tr♦❞✉❝❝✐ó♥ ❛ ❧♦s ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛s ❞❡ ✢✉❥♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼

✐
 ✺✳✶✳✶✹✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦s ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✾
✺✳✶✳✶✺✳ ❖♣❡r❛❞♦r ❝♦♥❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧✿ ❄ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✾
✺✳✶✳✶✻✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦s ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵
✺✳✶✳✶✼✳ s✇✐t❝❤ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵
✺✳✶✳✶✽✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦s ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶
✺✳✷✳ ❊str✉❝t✉r❛s r❡♣❡t✐t✐✈❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶
✺✳✷✳✶✳ ✇❤✐❧❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶
✺✳✷✳✷✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦s ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷
✺✳✷✳✸✳ ❞♦ ✳✳✳ ✇❤✐❧❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸
✺✳✷✳✹✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦s ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸
✺✳✷✳✺✳ ❢♦r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸
✺✳✷✳✻✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦s ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹
✺✳✷✳✼✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦s ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺
✺✳✷✳✽✳ ❙❡♥t❡♥❝✐❛ ❜r❡❛❦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻
✺✳✷✳✾✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦ ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻
✺✳✷✳✶✵✳ ❙❡♥t❡♥❝✐❛ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻
✺✳✷✳✶✶✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦ ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻
✺✳✷✳✶✷✳ ❙❡♥t❡♥❝✐❛ ❣♦t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼
✺✳✷✳✶✸✳ ❘❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❧♦s ❞✐st✐♥t♦s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❜✉❝❧❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽
✺✳✷✳✶✹✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦s ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽

✻✳ ❊♥tr❛❞❛✴s❛❧✐❞❛ ❜ás✐❝❛ ✻✵
✻✳✶✳ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵
✻✳✶✳✶✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦s ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸
✻✳✷✳ s❝❛♥❢ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸
✻✳✷✳✶✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦s ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✹
✻✳✸✳ ♣✉t❝❤❛r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✹
✻✳✸✳✶✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦ ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✹
✻✳✹✳ ❣❡t❝❤❛r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✹
✻✳✹✳✶✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦ ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✺

✼✳ ❆rr❡❣❧♦s ② ❡str✉❝t✉r❛s ✻✻
✼✳✵✳✶✳ ❈❧❛s✐✜❝❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❧❛s ❡str✉❝t✉r❛s ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✻
✼✳✶✳ ❈♦♥❝❡♣t♦s ❜ás✐❝♦s s♦❜r❡ ❛rr❡❣❧♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✻
✼✳✶✳✶✳ ❉❡✜♥✐❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ✉♥ ❛rr❡❣❧♦ t❛❜❧❛ ② ❛❝❝❡s♦ ❛ ❧♦s ❞❛t♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✻
✼✳✶✳✷✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦s ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✼
✼✳✶✳✸✳ ❱❛❧♦r ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ❞❡ ✉♥❛ t❛❜❧❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✼
✼✳✶✳✹✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦s ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✽
✼✳✶✳✺✳ ❘❡❝♦rr✐❡♥❞♦ ❧♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ✉♥❛ t❛❜❧❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✽
✼✳✶✳✻✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦s ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✽
✼✳✷✳ ❈❛❞❡♥❛s ❞❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✽
✼✳✷✳✶✳ ❉❡✜♥✐❝✐ó♥✳ ▲❡❝t✉r❛ ❞❡s❞❡ t❡❝❧❛❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✽
✼✳✷✳✷✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦ ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✾
✼✳✷✳✸✳ ❈ó♠♦ ❛❝❝❡❞❡r ❛ ❧❛s ❧❡tr❛s q✉❡ ❢♦r♠❛♥ ✉♥❛ ❝❛❞❡♥❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✵
✼✳✷✳✹✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦ ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✵
✼✳✷✳✺✳ ▲♦♥❣✐t✉❞ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❝❛❞❡♥❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✵
✼✳✷✳✻✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦s ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✶

✐✐
 ✼✳✷✳✼✳ ❊♥tr❛❞❛ s❛❧✐❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❡♥❛s✿ ❣❡ts✱ ♣✉ts ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✶
✼✳✷✳✽✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦ ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✶
✼✳✷✳✾✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦s ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✷
✼✳✷✳✶✵✳ ❆s✐❣♥❛♥❞♦ ❛ ✉♥❛ ❝❛❞❡♥❛ ❡❧ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ ♦tr❛✿ str❝♣②✱ str♥❝♣②❀ str❝❛t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✷
✼✳✷✳✶✶✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦ ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✸
✼✳✷✳✶✷✳ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛♥❞♦ ❝❛❞❡♥❛s✿ str❝♠♣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✸
✼✳✷✳✶✸✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦ ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✺
✼✳✷✳✶✹✳ ❖tr❛s ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❡s ❞❡ ❝❛❞❡♥❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✺
✼✳✷✳✶✺✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦ ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✻
✼✳✷✳✶✻✳ ❱❛❧♦r ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ❞❡ ✉♥❛ ❝❛❞❡♥❛ ❞❡ t❡①t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✻
✼✳✸✳ ❚❛❜❧❛s ❜✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✻
✼✳✸✳✶✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦s ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✼
✼✳✹✳ ❆rr❡❣❧♦s ✐♥❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✽
✼✳✹✳✶✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦s ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✽
✼✳✺✳ ❊str✉❝t✉r❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✽
✼✳✺✳✶✳ ❉❡✜♥✐❝✐ó♥ ② ❛❝❝❡s♦ ❛ ❧♦s ❞❛t♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✽
✼✳✺✳✷✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦ ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✾
✼✳✺✳✸✳ ❛rr❡❣❧♦s ❞❡ ❡str✉❝t✉r❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✾
✼✳✺✳✹✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦s ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✾
✼✳✺✳✺✳ ❊str✉❝t✉r❛s ❛♥✐❞❛❞❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✵
✼✳✺✳✻✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦s ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✵
✼✳✺✳✼✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦s ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✸
✼✳✻✳ ❈❛s♦ ❞❡ ❡st✉❞✐♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✹
✼✳✼✳ ▼ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ ♦r❞❡♥❛❝✐ó♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✹
✼✳✼✳✶✳ ❖r❞❡♥❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❜✉r❜✉❥❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✺
✼✳✼✳✷✳ ❖r❞❡♥❛♠✐❡♥t♦ ❙❤❡❧❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✺
✼✳✼✳✸✳ ❖r❞❡♥❛♠✐❡♥t♦ ♣♦r ✐♥s❡r❝✐ó♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✽
✼✳✼✳✹✳ ❖r❞❡♥❛♠✐❡♥t♦ ♣♦r s❡❧❡❝❝✐ó♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✶
✼✳✼✳✺✳ ❖r❞❡♥❛♠✐❡♥t♦ ◗✉✐❝❦s♦rt ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✷
✼✳✼✳✻✳ ❖tr♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ ♦r❞❡♥❛♠✐❡♥t♦ ✐♥❞✐r❡❝t♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✹
✼✳✽✳ ▼ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❇úsq✉❡❞❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✹
✼✳✽✳✶✳ ▼ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❇úsq✉❡❞❛ ❇✐♥❛r✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✹
✼✳✽✳✷✳ ❚é❝♥✐❝❛ ❞❡❧ ▼ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❇úsq✉❡❞❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✹
✼✳✽✳✸✳ ❈♦❞✐✜❝❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❜úsq✉❡❞❛ ❜✐♥❛r✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✺
✼✳✽✳✹✳ ▼ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❜úsq✉❡❞❛ s❡❝✉❡♥❝✐❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✺
✼✳✽✳✺✳ ❈♦❞✐✜❝❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡❧ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❜úsq✉❡❞❛ s❡❝✉❡♥❝✐❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✺
✼✳✽✳✻✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦ ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✻

✽✳ ▼❛♥❡❥♦ ❞❡ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦s ✾✼
✽✳✶✳ ❊s❝r✐t✉r❛ ❡♥ ✉♥ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ❞❡ t❡①t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✼
✽✳✶✳✶✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦s ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✽
✽✳✷✳ ▲❡❝t✉r❛ ❞❡ ✉♥ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ❞❡ t❡①t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✽
✽✳✸✳ ▲❡❝t✉r❛ ❤❛st❛ ❡❧ ✜♥❛❧ ❞❡❧ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✾
✽✳✸✳✶✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦s ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✵
✽✳✹✳ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦s ❝♦♥ t✐♣♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✵
✽✳✹✳✶✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦s ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✶
✽✳✺✳ ▲❡❡r ② ❡s❝r✐❜✐r ❧❡tr❛ ❛ ❧❡tr❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✶

✐✐✐
 ✽✳✻✳ ▼♦❞♦s ❞❡ ❛♣❡rt✉r❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✶

✽✳✻✳✶✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦s ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✶

✽✳✼✳ ❆r❝❤✐✈♦s ❜✐♥❛r✐♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✷

✽✳✽✳ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛✿ ❝♦♣✐❛❞♦r ❞❡ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✷

✽✳✽✳✶✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦s ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✹

✽✳✾✳ ❆❝❝❡❞❡r ❛ ❝✉❛❧q✉✐❡r ♣♦s✐❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ✉♥ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✹

✽✳✾✳✶✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦ ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✺

✽✳✶✵✳ ❊❥❡♠♣❧♦✿ ❧❡❡r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ✉♥ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ❇▼P ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✺

✽✳✶✵✳✶✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦s ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✽

✽✳✶✶✳ ❆r❝❤✐✈♦s ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧❡s ✶✿ ❧❛ ✐♠♣r❡s♦r❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✽

✽✳✶✷✳ ❆r❝❤✐✈♦s ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧❡s ✷✿ s❛❧✐❞❛ ❞❡ ❡rr♦r❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✾

✽✳✶✸✳ ❯♥ ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❧❡❝t✉r❛ ② ❡s❝r✐t✉r❛✿ ❚❆● ❞❡ ✉♥ ▼P✸ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✾

✽✳✶✹✳ ❊✈✐t❛r ❧♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ ✑❣❡ts✑ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✶

✽✳✶✹✳✶✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦ ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✶

✾✳ ❋✉♥❝✐♦♥❡s ✶✶✷

✾✳✶✳ ❉✐s❡ñ♦ ♠♦❞✉❧❛r ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✷

✾✳✷✳ ❈♦♥❝❡♣t♦s ❜ás✐❝♦s s♦❜r❡ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✷

✾✳✸✳ P❛rá♠❡tr♦s ❞❡ ✉♥❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✸

✾✳✹✳ ❱❛❧♦r ❞❡✈✉❡❧t♦ ♣♦r ✉♥❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✹

✾✳✹✳✶✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦s ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✹

✾✳✺✳ ❊❧ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ r❡t♦r♥♦ ✈♦✐❞ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✺

✾✳✺✳✶✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦s ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✻

✾✳✻✳ ❱❛r✐❛❜❧❡s ❧♦❝❛❧❡s ② ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s ❣❧♦❜❛❧❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✻

✾✳✻✳✶✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦s ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✼

✾✳✼✳ ▲♦s ❝♦♥✢✐❝t♦s ❞❡ ♥♦♠❜r❡s ❡♥ ❧❛s ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✽

✾✳✽✳ ❊❧ ♦r❞❡♥ ✐♠♣♦rt❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✾

✾✳✾✳ ❆❧❣✉♥❛s ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❡s út✐❧❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✵

✾✳✾✳✶✳ ◆ú♠❡r♦s ❛❧❡❛t♦r✐♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✵

✾✳✾✳✷✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦s ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✶

✾✳✾✳✸✳ ❋✉♥❝✐♦♥❡s ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✶

✾✳✾✳✹✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦s ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦s✿ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✷

✾✳✶✵✳ ❚♦❞♦ s♦♥ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❡s ❡♥ ❈ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✷

✾✳✶✵✳✶✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦s ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✹

✾✳✶✶✳ ❘❡❝✉rs✐✈✐❞❛❞ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✹

✾✳✶✶✳✶✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦s ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✺

✾✳✶✷✳ ❈ó♠♦ ✐♥t❡rr✉♠♣✐r ❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✺

✶✵✳❉❡♣✉r❛♥❞♦ ❧♦s ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s ✶✷✻

✶✵✳✶✳ ❈♦♥❝❡♣t♦s ❜ás✐❝♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✻

✶✵✳✷✳ Pr✉❡❜❛ ❞❡ ❡s❝r✐t♦r✐♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✼

✶✵✳✸✳ ❉❡♣✉r❛r ✉♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❡♥ ❈ ❝♦♥ ●❉❇ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✽

✶✵✳✹✳ ❉❡s❡♥s❛♠❜❧❛r ❝♦♥ ●❉❇ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✾

✶✵✳✺✳ ❋✉❡♥t❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✾

✐✈
✶✶✳P✉♥t❡r♦s ② ❣❡st✐ó♥ ❞✐♥á♠✐❝❛ ❞❡ ♠❡♠♦r✐❛ ✶✸✵
✶✶✳✶✳ ➽P♦r q✉é ✉s❛r ❡str✉❝t✉r❛s ❞✐♥á♠✐❝❛s❄ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✵
✶✶✳✷✳ ➽◗✉é s♦♥ ❧♦s ♣✉♥t❡r♦s❄ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✶
✶✶✳✸✳ ❯♥ ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦ s❡♥❝✐❧❧♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✹
✶✶✳✹✳ ❆r✐t♠ét✐❝❛ ❞❡ ♣✉♥t❡r♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✺
✶✶✳✺✳ P✉♥t❡r♦s ② ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❡s✿ ♣❛rá♠❡tr♦s ♣♦r r❡❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✺
✶✶✳✺✳✶✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦ ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✼
✶✶✳✻✳ P✉♥t❡r♦s ② ❛rr❡❣❧♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✼
✶✶✳✼✳ ❛rr❡❣❧♦s ❞❡ ♣✉♥t❡r♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✽
✶✶✳✽✳ P✉♥t❡r♦s ② ❡str✉❝t✉r❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✾
✶✶✳✽✳✶✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦ ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹✵
✶✶✳✾✳ P❛rá♠❡tr♦s ❞❡ ♠❛✐♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹✵
✶✶✳✾✳✶✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦s ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹✵
✶✶✳✾✳✷✳ ❈♦♥❝❡♣t♦ ❞❡ ❚❉❆ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹✶
✶✶✳✾✳✸✳ ❉✐s❡ñ♦ ❞❡ ✉♥ ❚❉❆ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹✷
✶✶✳✾✳✹✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦ ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹✷

✶✷✳❊str✉❝t✉r❛s ❞✐♥á♠✐❝❛s ✶✹✸

✶✷✳✶✳ ❈ó♠♦ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛ ✉♥❛ ❧✐st❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹✺
✶✷✳✷✳ ▲✐st❛s✱ ♣✐❧❛s ② ❝♦❧❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹✻
✶✷✳✷✳✶✳ ▲✐st❛ s✐♠♣❧❡ ❡♥❧❛③❛❞❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹✻
✶✷✳✷✳✷✳ ❖♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❡s s♦❜r❡ ❧❛s ❧✐st❛s ❡♥❧❛③❛❞❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹✽
✶✷✳✷✳✸✳ ▲✐st❛ ❝♦♥ ❞♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻✺
✶✷✳✷✳✹✳ ▲✐st❛s ❡♥❧❛③❛❞❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻✻
✶✷✳✸✳ ▲✐st❛ ❞♦❜❧❡ ❡♥❧❛③❛❞❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼✶
✶✷✳✸✳✶✳ ■♥tr♦❞✉❝❝✐ó♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼✶
✶✷✳✸✳✷✳ ❉❡✜♥✐❝✐ó♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼✷
✶✷✳✸✳✸✳ ❈♦♥str✉❝❝✐ó♥ ❞❡❧ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ✉♥ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼✷
✶✷✳✸✳✹✳ ❖♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❡s s♦❜r❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ ❞♦❜❧❡♠❡♥t❡ ❡♥❧❛③❛❞❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼✸
✶✷✳✹✳ P✐❧❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾✸
✶✷✳✹✳✶✳ ■♥tr♦❞✉❝❝✐ó♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾✸
✶✷✳✹✳✷✳ ❉❡✜♥✐❝✐ó♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾✸
✶✷✳✹✳✸✳ ❈♦♥str✉❝❝✐ó♥ ❞❡❧ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ✉♥ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣✐❧❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾✹
✶✷✳✹✳✹✳ ❖♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❡s s♦❜r❡ ❧❛s ♣✐❧❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾✺
✶✷✳✹✳✺✳ ❖♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❡s s♦❜r❡ ❧❛s ♣✐❧❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾✼
✶✷✳✹✳✻✳ ❘❡❝✉♣❡r❛❝✐ó♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵✵
✶✷✳✺✳ ❋✐❧❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵✹
✶✷✳✺✳✶✳ ■♥tr♦❞✉❝❝✐ó♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵✹
✶✷✳✺✳✷✳ ❉❡✜♥✐❝✐ó♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵✹
✶✷✳✺✳✸✳ ❈♦♥str✉❝❝✐ó♥ ❞❡❧ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ✉♥ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ✜❧❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵✹
✶✷✳✺✳✹✳ ❖♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❡s s♦❜r❡ ❧❛s ✜❧❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵✺
✶✷✳✺✳✺✳ ❊❥❡♠♣❧♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵✽
✶✷✳✻✳ ▲✐st❛s ❝✐r❝✉❧❛r❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶✷
✶✷✳✻✳✶✳ ■♥tr♦❞✉❝❝✐ó♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶✷
✶✷✳✻✳✷✳ ❉❡✜♥✐❝✐ó♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶✷
✶✷✳✻✳✸✳ ❈♦♥str✉❝❝✐ó♥ ❞❡❧ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ✉♥ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶✸
✶✷✳✻✳✹✳ ❖♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❡s s♦❜r❡ ❧❛s ❧✐st❛s ❝✐r❝✉❧❛r❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶✸

✈
 ✶✷✳✻✳✺✳ ❊❥❡♠♣❧♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✷✵
✶✷✳✼✳ ❈♦❧❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✷✼
✶✷✳✼✳✶✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦s ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✷✾
✶✷✳✽✳ ➪r❜♦❧❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸✵
✶✷✳✽✳✶✳ ❉❡✜♥✐❝✐ó♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸✵
✶✷✳✽✳✷✳ ❉❡❝❧❛r❛❝✐♦♥❡s ❞❡ t✐♣♦s ♣❛r❛ ♠❛♥❡❥❛r ár❜♦❧❡s ❡♥ ❈ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸✷
✶✷✳✽✳✸✳ ❖♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❡s ❜ás✐❝❛s ❝♦♥ ár❜♦❧❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸✸
✶✷✳✽✳✹✳ ❘❡❝♦rr✐❞♦s ♣♦r ár❜♦❧❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸✸
✶✷✳✽✳✺✳ ❊❧✐♠✐♥❛r ♥♦❞♦s ❡♥ ✉♥ ár❜♦❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸✺
✶✷✳✽✳✻✳ ár❜♦❧❡s ♦r❞❡♥❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸✺
✶✷✳✾✳ ➪r❜♦❧❡s ❜✐♥❛r✐♦s ❞❡ ❜úsq✉❡❞❛ ✭❆❇❇✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸✻
✶✷✳✾✳✶✳ ❉❡✜♥✐❝✐ó♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸✻
✶✷✳✾✳✷✳ ❖♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❡s ❡♥ ❆❇❇ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸✻
✶✷✳✾✳✸✳ ❇✉s❝❛r ✉♥ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸✼
✶✷✳✾✳✹✳ ■♥s❡rt❛r ✉♥ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸✼
✶✷✳✾✳✺✳ ❇♦rr❛r ✉♥ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸✽
✶✷✳✾✳✻✳ ▼♦✈✐♠✐❡♥t♦s ❛ tr❛✈és ❞❡❧ ár❜♦❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹✶
✶✷✳✾✳✼✳ ■♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹✶
✶✷✳✾✳✽✳ ➪r❜♦❧❡s ❞❡❣❡♥❡r❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹✷
✶✷✳✶✵✳❊❥❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❆❇❇ ❡♥ ❈ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹✷
✶✷✳✶✵✳✶✳❉❡❝❧❛r❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ t✐♣♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹✷
✶✷✳✶✵✳✷✳■♥s❡rt❛r ✉♥ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❡♥ ✉♥ ár❜♦❧ ❆❇❇ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹✸
✶✷✳✶✵✳✸✳❊❧✐♠✐♥❛r ✉♥ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♥ ár❜♦❧ ❆❇❇ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹✹
✶✷✳✶✵✳✹✳❇✉s❝❛r ✉♥ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❡♥ ✉♥ ár❜♦❧ ❆❇❇ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹✻
✶✷✳✶✵✳✺✳❈♦♠♣r♦❜❛r s✐ ❡❧ ár❜♦❧ ❡stá ✈❛❝í♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹✻
✶✷✳✶✵✳✻✳❈♦♠♣r♦❜❛r s✐ ✉♥ ♥♦❞♦ ❡s ❤♦❥❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹✻
✶✷✳✶✵✳✼✳❈♦♥t❛r ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ♥♦❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹✼
✶✷✳✶✵✳✽✳❈❛❧❝✉❧❛r ❧❛ ❛❧t✉r❛ ❞❡ ✉♥ ár❜♦❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹✼
✶✷✳✶✵✳✾✳❈❛❧❝✉❧❛r ❧❛ ❛❧t✉r❛ ❞❡❧ ♥♦❞♦ q✉❡ ❝♦♥t✐❡♥❡♥ ✉♥ ❞❛t♦ ❝♦♥❝r❡t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹✽
✶✷✳✶✵✳✶✵✳
■♥❖r❞❡♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹✾
✶✷✳✶✵✳✶✶✳
Pr❡❖r❞❡♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹✾
✶✷✳✶✵✳✶✷✳
P♦st❖r❞❡♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹✾
✶✷✳✶✶✳➪r❜♦❧❡s ❆❱▲ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺✵
✶✷✳✶✶✳✶✳➪r❜♦❧❡s ❡q✉✐❧✐❜r❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺✵
✶✷✳✶✶✳✷✳❉❡✜♥✐❝✐ó♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺✵
✶✷✳✶✶✳✸✳❖♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❡s ❡♥ ❆❱▲ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺✵
✶✷✳✶✶✳✹✳❋❛❝t♦r ❞❡ ❡q✉✐❧✐❜r✐♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺✵
✶✷✳✶✶✳✺✳❘♦t❛❝✐♦♥❡s s✐♠♣❧❡s ❞❡ ♥♦❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺✵
✶✷✳✶✶✳✻✳❘♦t❛❝✐♦♥❡s ❞♦❜❧❡s ❞❡ ♥♦❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺✸
✶✷✳✶✶✳✼✳❘❡❡q✉✐❧✐❜r❛❞♦s ❡♥ ár❜♦❧❡s ❆❱▲ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺✻
✶✷✳✶✷✳❈❛s♦s ❞❡ ❡st✉❞✐♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻✵
✶✷✳✶✷✳✶✳❈❛s♦ ❞❡ ❡st✉❞✐♦✿ ❆❣❡♥❞❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼✵
✶✷✳✶✸✳❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦s ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼✶

✈✐
✶✸✳❇✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛s ❞❡ ✉s♦ ❢r❡❝✉❡♥t❡ ✷✼✷
✶✸✳✶✳ ▲❧❛♠❛❞❛s ❛❧ s✐st❡♠❛✿ s②st❡♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼✷
✶✸✳✷✳ ❚❡♠♣♦r✐③❛❝✐ó♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼✷
✶✸✳✸✳ P❛♥t❛❧❧❛ ② t❡❝❧❛❞♦ ❝♦♥ ❚✉r❜♦ ❈ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼✺
✶✸✳✹✳ ❊❥❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥✐♦✳❤ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼✻
✶✸✳✺✳ ❆❝❝❡s♦ ❛ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛ ❡♥ ▲✐♥✉①✿ ❝✉rs❡s✳❤ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼✻
✶✸✳✻✳ Pr❡♣❛r❛t✐✈♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼✼
✶✸✳✼✳ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♥ ♥❝✉rs❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼✼
✶✸✳✼✳✶✳ ❊♥tr❛❞❛ ❞❡ t❡❝❧❛❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼✾
✶✸✳✼✳✷✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦s ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽✵
✶✸✳✼✳✸✳ ✉♥ ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽✵
✶✸✳✼✳✹✳ ❏✉❡❣♦s ♠✉❧t✐♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛✿ ❙❉▲ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽✸
✶✸✳✼✳✺✳ ❯♥ ♣❡rs♦♥❛❥❡ ♠ó✈✐❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽✻
✶✸✳✼✳✻✳ ■♠á❣❡♥❡s tr❛♥s♣❛r❡♥t❡s✱ ❡s❝r✐❜✐r t❡①t♦ ② ♦tr❛s ♠❡❥♦r❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽✻
✶✸✳✼✳✼✳ ❉♦❜❧❡ ❜✉✛❡r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽✼
✶✸✳✼✳✽✳ ❇✉❝❧❡ ❞❡ ❥✉❡❣♦ ✭❣❛♠❡ ❧♦♦♣✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽✽
✶✹✳❈❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❛✈❛♥③❛❞❛s ❞❡ ❈ ✷✾✶
✶✹✳✶✳ ❖♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❡s ❝♦♥ ❜✐ts ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾✶
✶✹✳✶✳✶✳ ❉✐r❡❝t✐✈❛s ❞❡❧ ♣r❡♣r♦❝❡s❛❞♦r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾✸
✶✹✳✶✳✷✳ ❈♦♠♣✐❧❛❝✐ó♥ ❝♦♥❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾✻
✶✹✳✶✳✸✳ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛s ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ✈❛r✐♦s ❢✉❡♥t❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾✽
✶✹✳✷✳ ❯♥✐♦♥❡s ② ❝❛♠♣♦s ❞❡ ❜✐ts ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵✸
✶✹✳✸✳ ❊❧ ♦♣❡r❛❞♦r ❝♦♠❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵✹
✶✹✳✹✳ ❊♥✉♠❡r❛❝✐♦♥❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵✺
✶✹✳✺✳ ❉❡✜♥✐❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ t✐♣♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵✻
✶✺✳▲❡♥❣✉❛ ❥❡ ❈ ② ❙◗▲✐t❡✸ ✸✵✽
✶✺✳✶✳ ❙◗▲✐t❡✸ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵✽
✶✺✳✷✳ ❆P■ ❈♦r❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵✾
✶✺✳✸✳ ▲❛ ❝♦♥❡①✐ó♥ ❛ ❧❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶✵
✶✺✳✸✳✶✳ ❆❜r✐r ✉♥❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶✵
✶✺✳✹✳ ❆P■ ❡①t❡♥❞✐❞❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶✸
✶✺✳✺✳ ❘❖❲■❉ ❞❡ ❧❛ ✐♥s❡r❝✐ó♥ ♠ás r❡❝✐❡♥t❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶✹
✶✺✳✻✳ ❈❛♥t✐❞❛❞ ❞❡ ✜❧❛s q✉❡ ❝❛♠❜✐❛r♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶✺
✶✺✳✼✳ ❈♦♥s✉❧t❛ ❡♥ ♠❡♠♦r✐❛ ♦❜t❡♥✐❞❛ ❞❡ ♠❛❧❧♦❝✭✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶✺
✶✺✳✽✳ ■♥t❡rr✉♠♣✐r ✉♥❛ ♦♣❡r❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❙◗▲✐t❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶✻
✶✺✳✾✳ Pr✉❡❜❛ ❞❡ ✉♥❛ ❞❡❝❧❛r❛❝✐ó♥ ❙◗▲ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶✻
✶✺✳✶✵✳❙❡r✐❡ ❞❡ ✈❡rs✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❜✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶✼
✶✺✳✶✶✳❈♦❞✐✜❝❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r❡s ❞❡ ❧❛ ❜✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶✼
✶✺✳✶✷✳❈❛♠❜✐❛r ❧❛ r❡s♣✉❡st❛ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❜✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛ ❛ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦s ❜❧♦q✉❡❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶✼
✶✺✳✶✸✳❯s♦ ❞❡ ❧❛s ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❡s ❞❡❧ ✇r❛♣♣❡r ❴♣r✐♥t❢✭✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶✽
✶✺✳✶✹✳❊❥❡❝✉❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ✐♥str✉❝❝✐♦♥❡s ❙◗▲ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶✽
✶✺✳✶✹✳✶✳❱❛❧♦r❡s ✈✐♥❝✉❧❛♥t❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷✵
✶✺✳✶✺✳❈♦♥s✉❧t❛r ❞❛t♦s ❝♦♥ ❡❧ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❝❧ás✐❝♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷✵
✶✺✳✶✻✳❊❥❡♠♣❧♦ ✶ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷✷
✶✺✳✶✼✳❊❥❡♠♣❧♦ ✷ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷✸

✈✐✐
✶✻✳▲❡♥❣✉❛❥❡ ❈ ② ❧❛ s✐♠✉❧❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ✸✷✺
✶✻✳✶✳ ■♥tr♦❞✉❝❝✐ó♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷✺
✶✻✳✷✳ ❈♦♥❝❡♣t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷✺
✶✻✳✸✳ ❙✐st❡♠❛s✱ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ② s✐♠✉❧❛❝✐ó♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷✻
✶✻✳✹✳ ❚✐♣♦s ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷✻
✶✻✳✺✳ ❚✐♣♦s ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷✼
✶✻✳✻✳ ◆❡❝❡s✐❞❛❞ ❞❡ ❧❛ s✐♠✉❧❛❝✐ó♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷✽
✶✻✳✼✳ ❈❛♠♣♦s ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❝✐ó♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷✾
✶✻✳✽✳ ❚✐♣♦s ❞❡ s✐♠✉❧❛❝✐ó♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷✾
✶✻✳✾✳ ❙✐♠✉❧❛❝✐ó♥ ♥✉♠ér✐❝❛ ✈s ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸✵
✶✻✳✶✵✳❙✐♠✉❧❛❝✐ó♥ ♣♦r ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸✵
✶✻✳✶✶✳❙♦❧✉❝✐ó♥ ❛♥❛❧ít✐❝❛ ♦ s✐♠✉❧❛❝✐ó♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸✶
✶✻✳✶✶✳✶✳❈♦❞✐✜❝❛❝✐ó♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸✶
✶✻✳✶✷✳❈❛s♦ ❞❡ ❡st✉❞✐♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸✸
✶✻✳✶✷✳✶✳❙✐♠✉❧❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ✉♥ ❈❛❥❡r♦ ❆✉t♦♠át✐❝♦ ❙❡♥❝✐❧❧♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸✸
✶✻✳✶✸✳❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦s ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸✻

✶✼✳❆♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❣rá✜❝♦ ❡♥ ❈ ✸✸✽

✶✼✳✶✳ ●❚❑✰ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸✽
✶✼✳✷✳ ●❧❛❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸✾
✶✼✳✷✳✶✳ ➽◗✉é❄ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸✾
✶✼✳✷✳✷✳ ➽P♦r q✉é ✉s❛r ●❧❛❞❡❄ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹✵
✶✼✳✷✳✸✳ ➽❈ó♠♦❄ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹✵
✶✼✳✷✳✹✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦s ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹✻
✶✼✳✸✳ ◗❚ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹✻
✶✼✳✸✳✶✳ ◗t❉❡s✐❣♥❡r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹✼
✶✼✳✸✳✷✳ ◗t❆ss✐st❛♥t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹✼
✶✼✳✸✳✸✳ ▼✐♥●❲ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹✼
✶✼✳✹✳ ■♥✐❝✐♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹✽
✶✼✳✹✳✶✳ ❈r♦♥♦♠❡tr♦ ❡♥ ◗❚ ❝♦♥ ❤✐❧♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹✽

✶✽✳❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦s ✸✺✶

✈✐✐✐
Pró❧♦❣♦
➽♣♦r q✉é ❛♣r❡♥❞❡r ❛ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛r ❡♥ ❧❡♥❣✉❛❥❡ ❝❄

P♦rq✉❡ ❡s ✉♥♦ ❞❡ ❧♦s ❧❡♥❣✉❛❥❡s ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❝✐ó♥ ♠❡❥♦r ❞✐s❡ñ❛❞♦s✱ ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡s ② ❢á❝✐❧❡s ❞❡ ✉s❛r ❛❝✲
t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡✳ ❈ ❡s ✉♥ ❧❡♥❣✉❛❥❡ ❜❛st❛♥t❡ s✐♠♣❧❡✱ q✉❡ ❤❛ s♦❜r❡✈✐✈✐❞♦ ❡❧ ♣❛s♦ ❞❡❧ t✐❡♠♣♦ ②❛ ❝♦♥ é❧ s❡
❡s❝r✐❜❡♥r s✐st❡♠❛s ♦♣❡r❛t✐✈♦s✱ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦r❡s✱ ❤❡rr❛♠✐❡♥t❛s ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛ ② ♠✉❝❤❛s ❝♦s❛s ♥❡❝❡s❛r✐❛s
♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ❧❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛❝✐♦♥❡s ❡s❝r✐t❛s ❡♥ ❧❡♥❣✉❛❥❡s ❞❡ ♠ás ❛❧t♦ ♥✐✈❡❧ ♣✉❡❞❛♥ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛r✳ ❙✉ ❞✐s❡ñ♦ ♠✐♥✐✲
♠❛❧✐st❛✱ ❛r♠ó♥✐❝♦ ② ❝♦rr❡❝t♦ s❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ♦tr♦s q✉❡ ♣❛r❡❝❡♥ ♣❛r❝❤❛❞♦s ② ♦❜❧✐❣❛❞♦s ❛ ❛❞❛♣t❛rs❡
❛ ❝✐❡rt♦s ♣❛r❛❞✐❣♠❛s✳

❊❧ ❧❡♥❣✉❛❥❡ ❈ ❢✉❡ ❝r❡❛❞♦ ❡♥ ❧♦s ✼✵✬s ❝♦♠♦ ✉♥ ❧❡♥❣✉❛❥❡ ❞❡ ✑❛❧t♦ ♥✐✈❡❧✑ ✭❈ ❡r❛ ✉♥ ❧❡♥❣✉❛❥❡ ❞❡ ❛❧t♦
♥✐✈❡❧✮✳

❯♥♦ ❞❡ s✉s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❢✉❡ ❛②✉❞❛r ❛ ❧♦s ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❞♦r❡s ❛ ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧❛r s✐st❡♠❛s ♦♣❡r❛t✐✈♦s ② ❞❡❜❡rí❛
❝♦♥t❛r ❝♦♥ tr❡s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s✿ ❡s❝r✐❜✐r ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠✐❡♥t♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡❥♦ s✐♥ ♠✉❝❤♦ ❡s❢✉❡r③♦✱ ❝♦♥str✉❝✲
❝✐♦♥❡s ❞❡ ❛❧t♦ ♥✐✈❡❧ ② ❝♦♥tr♦❧ s♦❜r❡ ❡❧ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡ ❧❛s q✉❡ ❤❛❝❡♥ ❛ ❈ ✉♥♦ ❞❡ ❧♦s ❧❡♥❣✉❛❥❡s ♠ás
❝♦♥✜❛❜❧❡s ❡♥ ❧❛ ❛❝t✉❛❧✐❞❛❞✳

▲♦s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s✱ ❧❛s ❡str✉❝t✉r❛s ② ❧❛s ❝♦♥str✉❝❝✐♦♥❡s ❞❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ q✉❡ s❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛♥ ❝♦♥ ❈ ❧♦
❤❛❝❡♥ ✉♥ ❧❡♥❣✉❛❥❡ ❢á❝✐❧ ❞❡ ✉s❛r ② ❞❡ ♠❛q✉❡t❛r ❞❡s❞❡ ❡❧ ♣✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈✐st❛ ❞❡ ❞✐s❡ñ♦✳

❊❧ ❛❝❝❡s♦ ❞❡ ❜❛❥♦ ♥✐✈❡❧✱ ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❡s ❛ ♥✐✈❡❧ ❞❡ ❜✐ts ② ❝♦♥tr♦❧ s♦❜r❡ ❧❛ ♠❡♠♦r✐❛ ❤❛❝❡♥ ♣♦s✐❜❧❡ ❞❡✜✲
♥✐r ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠✐❡♥t♦s ❝♦♠♣❧❡❥♦s ❡♥ ✉♥ ♣r♦❝❡s❛❞♦r ② ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠✐❡♥t♦s ♣r❡❞❡❝✐❜❧❡s✱ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s
♠✉② ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s ❡♥ ❧♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❝rít✐❝♦s ❡♥ s❡❣✉r✐❞❛❞✳

❈ ❡s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ❡♥ ❡❧ ❦❡r♥❡❧ ❞❡ ▲✐♥✉①✱ ❞❡ ❧♦s ❇❙❉s✱ ❞❡ ♠❛❝❖❙ ② ❧❛ ❆P■ ❞❡ ❲✐♥❞♦✇s ✭❲✐♥❆P■✮

❡stá ❡①♣♦rt❛❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❡s ② ❡str✉❝t✉r❛s ❈✳ ❊❧ ❦❡r♥❡❧ ❞❡ ✉♥ s✐st❡♠❛ ♦♣❡r❛t✐✈♦ ❡s ✉♥ ❡s♣❛❝✐♦
❝❡r❝❛♥♦ ❛❧ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡ q✉❡ s❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ♠❡❞✐❛♥t❡ ❡❧ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❡♥s❛♠❜❧❛❞♦r ② ❧❡♥❣✉❛❥❡ ❈✳ ❆sí t❡♥❡✲
♠♦s✿ ▲✐♥✉①✱ ▼✐♥✐①✱ ❍✉r❞✱ ❋r❡❡❇❙❉✱ ❖♣❡♥❇❙❉✱ ② ❉❛r✇✐♥❣✱ ❡❧ ❦❡r♥❡❧ ❞❡ ▼❛❝ ❖❙ ❳✳ ▲✐♥✉① s✐❣✉❡
❣♦❜❡r♥❛♥❞♦ ❡❧ ✶✵✵ ✪ ❞❡ ❧❛s ✺✵✵ s✉♣❡r❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❛s ♠ás rá♣✐❞❛s ❞❡❧ ♠✉♥❞♦✱ ✉♥ ♠♦♥♦♣♦❧✐♦ q✉❡
♠✉❡str❛ ❡❧ ♣♦❞❡r ❞❡ ❡st❡ s✐st❡♠❛ ♦♣❡r❛t✐✈♦ ❛ ❧❛ ❤♦r❛ ❞❡ s❡r ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ❡♥ ❡st♦s ❡♥t♦r♥♦s✳

Pr♦②❡❝t♦s ♠♦❞❡r♥♦s ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❞♦s ❡♥ ❈✿ ❛✮ P♦st❣r❡❙◗▲✱ ▼❛r✐❛❞❜✱ ▼②sq❧✱ ❙◗▲✐t❡✸ ❜✮ ●■▼P✱

❝✮ ❱❡rs✐♦♥❛❞♦✿ ●✐t✱ ❙✉❜✈❡rs✐♦♥✱ ❞✮ ❙❡r✈✐❞♦r❡s ❲❡❜✿ ❆♣❛❝❤❡✱ ◆❣✐♥①✱ ❡✮ ❊❞✐t♦r❡s✿ ❊♠❛❝s✱ ❱■▼✱
●❡❛♥②✱ ❢ ✮ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛s✿ ❘✱ ▼❆❚▲❆❇✱ ❖❝t❛✈❡✱ ❣✮ ❆♣❧✐❝❛❝✐♦♥❡s✿ r❡❞✐s✱ ♠❡♠❝❛❝❤❡❞✱ ●❚❑✰✱ ●♥♦✲
♠❡✱ ①❢❝❡✱ ❝❯❘▲✱ ●r❛♥❞❡s ♣❛rt❡s ❞❡ ❘❡❛❝t❖❙ ② ❤✮ ♠✉❝❤♦s ✈✐r✉s ✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝♦s s❡ ❝r❡❛♥ ❡♥ ❈ ♣♦rq✉❡
❛♣r♦✈❡❝❤❛ ✈✉❧♥❡r❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❡♥ ❧♦s ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s ♣❛r❛ ❝r❡❛r s✉s ❡①♣❧♦✐ts✳

❈ ❛❞❡♠ás✱ t✐❡♥❡ ♦tr❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s q✉❡ ❧♦ ❤❛❝❡♥ ú♥✐❝♦ ❡♥tr❡ t♦❞♦s ❧♦s ❧❡♥❣✉❛❥❡s ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛✲
♠❛❝✐ó♥✱ ②❛ q✉❡ ❡①✐st❡ ✉♥ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦r ❞❡ ❈ ♣❛r❛ t♦❞❛s ❧❛s ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛s ❛❝t✉❛❧❡s ② ♣❛r❛ ♠✉❝❤❛s
❧❡❣❛❞❛s✳ ❈ ❡s ❧❛ ❧❡♥❣✉❛ ❢r❛♥❝❛ ❞❡ t♦❞♦s ❧♦s ❧❡♥❣✉❛❥❡s ❞❡ ❛❧t♦ ♥✐✈❡❧✳

❆❞❡♠ás ❞❡ t♦❞♦ ❡s♦✱ ❡①✐st❡♥ ♠✐❧❧♦♥❡s ❞❡ ❧í♥❡❛s ❞❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❡s❝r✐t❛s ❡♥ ❈ ❞❡s❞❡ ❤❛❝❡ ❞é❝❛❞❛s✳ ❘❡✲
❡♠♣❧❛③❛r t♦❞♦ ❡s♦ ♣♦r ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❡s❝r✐t♦ ❡♥ ✉♥ ❧❡♥❣✉❛❥❡ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✭s✐♥ ♥✐♥❣✉♥❛ ♦ ♠✉② ♣♦❝❛ ✈❡♥t❛❥❛
❛♣❛r❡♥t❡✮ ♥♦ t✐❡♥❡ s❡♥t✐❞♦ ♥✐ ❡s r❡♥t❛❜❧❡ ❡❝♦♥ó♠✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡✳

✶
▲❛ ❝r❡❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ✉♥❛ ✈❛st❛ ❝♦❧❡❝❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❜✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛s ❞❡ ❛❧t♦ ② ❜❛❥♦ ♥✐✈❡❧ ❧♦ ❤❛❝❡♥ ✐❞❡❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❡s❝r✐❜✐r
s✐st❡♠❛s ♦♣❡r❛t✐✈♦s ② ❛♣❧✐❝❛❝✐♦♥❡s ❞❡ t✐❡♠♣♦ r❡❛❧✱ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ❞❡ ✉s♦ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦✱
s✐♥ ♠❡♥♦s❝❛❜♦ ❞❡ ❧❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛❝✐♦♥❡s tr❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧❡s✳
➽♣♦r q✉é ❡s t❛♥ ♣♦♣✉❧❛r❄✱ ➽❞❡ ❞♦♥❞❡ s❛❧❡ s✉ ♣♦❞❡rí♦❄
❉❡ ❧❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❧♦s ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦r❡s✦ ❊❧ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❈ ❡s ♠✉② rá♣✐❞♦✱ ❝♦♠♣❛❝t♦ ② ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡✱ q✉❡
s❡ ♣✉❡❞❡ ❡♠❜❡❜❡r ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❞❡ ♠❛q✉✐♥❛ ✭❡♥s❛♠❜❧❛❞♦r✮ ❡♥ ❝✉❛❧q✉✐❡r ♣❛rt❡ ❞❡❧ ❝ó❞✐❣♦✱ ❧❛ ❝r❡❛❝✐ó♥
❞❡ ❧♦s ❛♣✉♥t❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡ ♠❡♠♦r✐❛ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛ ❛❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❞♦r ✉s❛r ❧❛ ♠❡♠♦r✐❛ ❛ s✉ ❛♥t♦❥♦✱ ❡st❡ ♠❛♥❡❥♦
❞✐r❡❝t♦ ❞❡ ♠❡♠♦r✐❛ ② ❡❧ ❛❝❝❡s♦ ❛ ❧♦s ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ❞❡ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡ ❤❛❝❡♥ ú♥✐❝♦ ❛ ❡st❡ ❧❡♥❣✉❛ ② ❝✐❡rt❛✲
♠❡♥t❡ ❧♦ ✈✉❡❧✈❡♥ ♠✉② ♣♦❞❡r♦s♦✳
❊❧ ❢✉t✉r♦
❈♦♥ ❧❛ ❛✈❛❧❛♥❝❤❛ ❞❡ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s q✉❡ ✈✐❡♥❡♥ ❡♥ ❧♦s q✉❡ ❡❧ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡ ❡s ♠✐♥✐♠❛❧✐st❛ ② ❧❛ ❝❛♥t✐❞❛❞
❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ♣♦r ♠❛♥t❡♥❡r ❝r❡♦ q✉❡ ❤❛② ❈ ♣❛r❛ ♠✉❝❤♦s ❛ñ♦s✳
❈ s✐r✈❡ ❝♦♠♦ ❜❛s❡ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♠♣r❡♥❞❡r ❝✉❛❧q✉✐❡r ♦tr♦ ❧❡♥❣✉❛❥❡ ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ♠ás ❛❧t♦ ♥✐✈❡❧✱
❛sí ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♠♣r❡♥❞❡r ❝ó♠♦ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♥ ❧❛s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧❡s ❡str✉❝t✉r❛s ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s✱ ❛❝❝❡s♦ ❛ ♠❡♠♦✲
r✐❛✱ r❡❝✉rs♦s✱ ❡t❝✳ ●❡♥❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❈ s✐❣✉❡ s✐❡♥❞♦ ✉♥❛ ♠❡❥♦r ♦♣❝✐ó♥ ❛❝❛❞é♠✐❝❛ ♣❛r❛ ❡st❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡
❝♦♥t❡♥✐❞♦ q✉❡ ♦tr♦s ❧❡♥❣✉❛❥❡s ❞❡ ❛❧t♦ ♥✐✈❡❧✳
❊s ❡❧ ❧❡♥❣✉❛❥❡ ♠ás ♣♦♣✉❧❛r ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛r s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ② ❤❡rr❛♠✐❡♥t❛s ♣❛r❛ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❖♣❡r❛t✐✈♦s✱
❝♦♠♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡❧ ❛♥á❧✐s✐s ❞❡ trá✜❝♦ ❞❡ r❡❞❡s✱ ❞r✐✈❡rs✱ ❡t❝✳
❈ ❡s ❧❛ ♦♣❝✐ó♥ ♠ás ✐♥❞✐❝❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❝✐♦♥❡s ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡s❛♠✐❡♥t♦ ✐♥t❡♥s✐✈♦ ❞❡ ✐♠á❣❡♥❡s✳ ❆✉♥q✉❡
②❛ ❡①✐st❡♥ ♦tr♦s ❧❡♥❣✉❛❥❡s q✉❡ s❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥ ♣❛r❛ ❡st♦s ✜♥❡s✱ ♥✐♥❣✉♥♦ ❡stá ❛ú♥ t❛♥ ❛❞♦♣t❛❞♦ ❝♦♠♦
❈✴❈✰✰ ♣❛r❛ ❡❧ ♣r♦❝❡s❛♠✐❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✐♠á❣❡♥❡s✱ ✈✐❞❡♦ ② ❛♣❧✐❝❛❝✐♦♥❡s q✉❡ r❡q✉✐❡r❛♥ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦s ✐♥t❡♥s✐✲
✈♦s✳
❊s ❡❧ ❧❡♥❣✉❛❥❡ ♠ás ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ❡♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ♠✐❝r♦❝♦♥tr♦❧❛❞♦r❡s ② ❧ó❣✐❝❛ ❡♠❜❡❜✐❞❛✱ ❝♦♠♦
♦tr❛s t❛r❥❡t❛s ❡❧❡❝tró♥✐❝❛s ❝♦♠♦ ❆r❞✉✐♥♦✱ q✉❡ s❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥ ❡♥ t♦❞♦ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦②❡❝t♦s ❞❡ ❡❧❡❝tró♥✐❝❛✱
r♦❜ót✐❝❛ ❡ ■♥t❡r♥❡t ❞❡ ❧❛s ❈♦s❛s✳ ❈❛s✐ t♦❞♦s ❡st♦s ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s t✐❡♥❡♥ ✉♥ ❙❉❑ q✉❡ s♦♣♦rt❛ ❈ ♦
✉♥ s✉❜❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡❧ ❧❡♥❣✉❛❥❡✳
❊s ♠✉② ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ❡♥ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❝✐♦♥❡s ❞✐str✐❜✉✐❞❛s ② ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❝✐ó♥ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧❛✳ ❚❛♥t♦ ❡♥ ❡❧ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ ♠❡♠♦✲
r✐❛ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ♦tr❛s✳ ●❡♥❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♣♦r ❧♦s r❡q✉❡r✐♠✐❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❡st❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛❝✐♦♥❡s✱ s✐❡♠♣r❡
s❡rá ❝❛s✐ ✉♥ ❡stá♥❞❛r ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧❛r❧❛s ❡♥ ❈ ♦ ❈✰✰✳
❊s ✉♥ ❧❡♥❣✉❛❥❡ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞❡r ❝ó♠♦ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♥ ❧❛s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❛s ② ❝ó♠♦ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♥ ♦tr♦s
❧❡♥❣✉❛❥❡s ❞❡ ❛❧t♦ ♥✐✈❡❧✳ ❯♥❛ ❜✉❡♥❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❡ ❧♦s ✐♥tér♣r❡t❡s ❞❡ ❧♦s ❧❡♥❣✉❛❥❡s ♠ás ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ❡♥
❧❛ ❛❝t✉❛❧✐❞❛❞✱ ❝♦♠♦ P②t❤♦♥ ② ❏❛✈❛✱ ❡stá♥ ❡s❝r✐t♦s ❡♥ ❈✴❈✰✰✳ ❙ó❧♦ ♣♦r ❡st♦✱ ②❛ ✈❛❧❡ ❧❛ ♣❡♥❛
❛♣r❡♥❞❡r❧♦✳

✷
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶

■♥tr♦❞✉❝❝✐ó♥

▲❛s ✐❞❡❛s ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧❡s ❞❡ ❈ ♣r♦✈✐❡♥❡♥ ❞❡❧ ❧❡♥❣✉❛❥❡ ❇❈P▲✱ ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧❛❞♦ ♣♦r ▼❛rt✐♥ ❘✐❝❤❛r❞s✱
❡♥ ✶✾✻✼✳ ▲❛ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❇❈P▲ s♦❜r❡ ❈ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉ó✱ ✐♥❞✐r❡❝t❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛ tr❛✈és ❞❡❧ ❧❡♥❣✉❛❥❡ ❇✱ ❡s❝r✐t♦
♣♦r ❑❡♥ ❚❤♦♠♣s♦♥ ❡♥ ✶✾✻✾ ♣❛r❛ ❡s❝r✐❜✐r ❡❧ ♣r✐♠❡r s✐st❡♠❛ ❯◆■❳ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❛ ❉❊❈ ❞❡
❉✐❣✐t❛❧ P❉P✲✼ ❡♥ ✶✾✼✵✳ ❇❈P▲ ② ❇ s♦♥ ❧❡♥❣✉❛❥❡s ✓s✐♥ t✐♣♦s✔ ❡♥ ❝♦♥tr❛st❡ ❝♦♥ ❈ q✉❡ ♣♦s❡❡ ✉♥❛
✈❛r✐❡❞❛❞ ❞❡ t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s✳

❊❧ ❧❡♥❣✉❛❥❡ ❈ ❢✉❡ ❞✐s❡ñ❛❞♦ ♣♦r ❉❡♥♥✐s ❘✐t❝❤✐❡✱ ❞❡ ❧♦s ▲❛❜♦r❛t♦r✐♦s ❇❡❧❧✱ ② s❡ ✐♥st❛❧ó ❡♥ ✉♥ P❉P✲✶✶
❡♥ ✶✾✼✷✳ ❙❡ ❞✐s❡ñó ♣❛r❛ s❡r ❡❧ ❧❡♥❣✉❛❥❡ ❞❡ ❧♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ♦♣❡r❛t✐✈♦s ❯◆■❳✱ ② ❝r❡❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ s✉♣❡r❛r
❧❛s ❧✐♠✐t❛❝✐♦♥❡s ❞❡❧ ❧❡♥❣✉❛❥❡ ❇✳ ▲❛ ❞❡✜♥✐❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❈ ❛♣❛r❡❝✐ó ❡♥ ✶✾✼✽✿

✏❈ ❘❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ▼❛♥✉❛❧✏ ❞❡❧ ❧✐❜r♦ ✏❚❤❡ ❈ ♣r♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣ ▲❛♥❣✉❛❣❡✏ ❞❡ ❇r✐❛♥ ❲✳ ❑❡r♥✐❣❤❛♥ ② ❉❡♥♥✐s
▼✳ ❘✐t❝❤✐❡✳✱ ✭❊❞✳ Pr❡♥t✐❝❡✲❍❛❧❧✮

❊♥ ✶✾✽✸✱ s❡ ♣✉❜❧✐❝ó ♦tr♦ ❡stá♥❞❛r✿ ✏❚❤❡ ❈ Pr♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣ ▲❛♥❣✉❛❣❡✲❘❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ▼❛♥✉❛❧✏ ✭▲❛❜✳❇❡❧❧✮

❡s❝r✐t♦ ♣♦r ❉❡♥♥✐s ▼✳ ❘✐t❝❤✐❡

❊❙ ❯◆ ▲❊◆●❯❆❏❊ ❉❊ ◆■❱❊▲ ▼❊❉■❖

❈♦♠❜✐♥❛ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❧❡♥❣✉❛❥❡s ❞❡ ❛❧t♦ ♥✐✈❡❧ ✭t✐♣♦s✱ ❜❧♦q✉❡s✱ ✳✳✳✮ ❝♦♥ ❧❛ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞ ❞❡ ❧♦s
❡♥s❛♠❜❧❛❞♦r❡s✳

▼❛♥❡❥❛ ❧♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s tí♣✐❝♦s ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s✿

❜✐ts

❜②t❡s

❞✐r❡❝❝✐♦♥❡s

❊❙❚➪ ❋❯❊❘❚❊▼❊◆❚❊ ❖❘■❊◆❚❆❉❖ ❆ ❚■P❖❙

❚✐❡♥❡ ❝✐♥❝♦ t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s ❜ás✐❝♦s✱ t✐♣♦s ❡str✉❝t✉r❛❞♦s ② ❛❞♠✐t❡ ❞❡✜♥✐❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ t✐♣♦s ♣♦r ❡❧ ✉s✉❛r✐♦✳
P❡r♦ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ❝❛s✐ t♦❞❛s ❧❛s ❝♦♥✈❡rs✐♦♥❡s ✭s❡ ♣✉❡❞❡♥ ♠❡③❝❧❛r ❧♦s t✐♣♦s ✏✐♥t✏ ② ✏❝❤❛r✏ ❡♥ ❝❛s✐ t♦❞❛s
❧❛s ❡①♣r❡s✐♦♥❡s✮✳

◆♦ ❤❛❝❡ ❝♦♠♣r♦❜❛❝✐♦♥❡s ❞❡ ❡rr♦r ❡♥ t✐❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❡❥❡❝✉❝✐ó♥ ✭❞❡s❜♦r❞❛♠✐❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❛rr❛②s✱ ✳✳✳✮ ✏❉❡❥❛

❤❛❝❡r✏ ❛❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❞♦r✳

❊❙ ❯◆ ▲❊◆●❯❆❏❊ ❙❊▼■✲❊❙❚❘❯❈❚❯❘❆❉❖
◆♦ ❡s ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡str✉❝t✉r❛❞♦ ❡♥ ❜❧♦q✉❡s ♣♦rq✉❡ ♥♦ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ❞❡❝❧❛r❛r ♣r♦❝❡❞✐♠✐❡♥t♦s ♦ ❢✉♥✲
❝✐♦♥❡s ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ♦tr♦s ♣r♦❝❡❞✐♠✐❡♥t♦s ♦ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❡s✳

P❡r♦ t✐❡♥❡ ❛❧❣✉♥❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ♣r♦♣✐❛s ❞❡ ❧♦s ❧❡♥❣✉❛❥❡s ❡str✉❝t✉r❛❞♦s✿

✸
 ❉♦s ❢♦r♠❛s ❞❡ ❡str✉❝t✉r❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡❧ ❝ó❞✐❣♦✿
❼ ❈♦♥ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❡s ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞✐❡♥t❡s
❼ ❈♦♥ ❜❧♦q✉❡s

❉✐s♣♦♥❡ ❞❡ ❧❛s s❡♥t❡♥❝✐❛s tí♣✐❝❛s ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥str✉✐r ❡str✉❝t✉r❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧✿

❼ ✇❤✐❧❡
❼ ❞♦✲✇❤✐❧❡
❼ ❢♦r

❊❙ ❯◆ ▲❊◆●❯❆❏❊ P❆❘❆ P❘❖●❘❆▼❆❉❖❘❊❙

❆❧❣✉♥♦s ♦tr♦s ❧❡♥❣✉❛❥❡s ❡stá♥ ❤❡❝❤♦s ♣❛r❛ ♥♦✲♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❞♦r❡s ✭❇❆❙■❈✱ ❈❖❇❖▲✱ ✳✳✳✮
❊❧ ❧❡♥❣✉❛❥❡ ❈ ❡stá ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝✐❛❞♦✱ ❞✐s❡ñ❛❞♦ ② ♣r♦❜❛❞♦ ♣♦r ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❞♦r❡s ♣r♦❢❡s✐♦♥❛❧❡s✳
Pr♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛✿
❯♥❛ ✈✐s✐ó♥ ♣ró①✐♠❛ ❛ ❧❛ ♠áq✉✐♥❛
P♦❝❛s r❡str✐❝❝✐♦♥❡s
P♦❝❛s ♣❡❣❛s
❈♦♥❥✉♥t♦ r❡❞✉❝✐❞♦ ❞❡ ♣❛❧❛❜r❛s ❝❧❛✈❡
❊str✉❝t✉r❛❝✐ó♥ ❡♥ ❜❧♦q✉❡s
❋✉♥❝✐♦♥❡s ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞✐❡♥t❡s
❘❡❝✉rs♦s ♣❛r❛ ❡❧ ❡♥❝❛♣s✉❧❛♠✐❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s
P❡r♠✐t❡ ❛❧❝❛♥③❛r ❝❛s✐ ❧❛ ❡✜❝✐❡♥❝✐❛ ❞❡❧ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❡♥s❛♠❜❧❛❞♦r✱ ❥✉♥t♦ ❝♦♥ ❧❛ ❡str✉❝t✉r❛❝✐ó♥ ♣r♦♣✐❛ ❞❡
❧❡♥❣✉❛❥❡s ❝♦♠♦ ❆▲●❖▲✱ ▼❖❉❯▲❆✲✷✳
❊❧ ❧❡♥❣✉❛❥❡ ❈✿
✶✳ ❙❡ ❞✐s❡ñó ♣❛r❛ ❧❛ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s✳
✷✳ ▲♦s ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s s♦♥ ♠✉② tr❛♥s♣♦rt❛❜❧❡s✳
✸✳ ❆❝t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ s❡ ✉s❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦tr♦s ♣r♦♣ós✐t♦s✳

✹
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷

▲❡♥❣✉❛❥❡ ❈
❯♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❡s ✉♥ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ór❞❡♥❡s ♣❛r❛ ✉♥ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r✳

❊st❛s ór❞❡♥❡s ❞❡❜❡♥ ❡st❛r ❡♥ ✉♥ ❝✐❡rt♦ ❧❡♥❣✉❛❥❡ ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❝✐ó♥✱ q✉❡ ❡❧ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r s❡❛ ❝❛♣❛③
❞❡ ❝♦♠♣r❡♥❞❡r ② ❡❥❡❝✉t❛r ✉♥❛ t❛r❡❛✳

❊❧ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❡s q✉❡ ❧♦s ❧❡♥❣✉❛❥❡s q✉❡ r❡❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡♥t✐❡♥❞❡♥ ❧♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s r❡s✉❧t❛♥ ❞✐❢í❝✐❧❡s ♣❛r❛
♥♦s♦tr♦s✱ ♣♦rq✉❡ s♦♥ ♠✉② ❞✐st✐♥t♦s ❞❡ ❧♦s q✉❡ ❡♠♣❧❡❛♠♦s ❤❛❜✐t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❤❛❜❧❛r✳ ❈♦❞✐✜❝❛r
♦ ❡s❝r✐❜✐r ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s ❡♥ ❡❧ ❧❡♥❣✉❛❥❡ q✉❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛ ✐♥t❡r♥❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡❧ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r ✭❧❧❛♠❛❞♦ ✑❧❡♥❣✉❛❥❡
♠áq✉✐♥❛✑ ♦ ✑❝ó❞✐❣♦ ♠áq✉✐♥❛✑✮ ❡s ✉♥ tr❛❜❛❥♦ ❞✉r♦✱ t❛♥t♦ ❛ ❧❛ ❤♦r❛ ❞❡ ❝r❡❛r ❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❝♦♠♦
✭❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡✮ ❡♥ ❡❧ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝♦rr❡❣✐r ❛❧❣ú♥ ❢❛❧❧♦ ♦ ♠❡❥♦r❛r ❧♦ q✉❡ s❡ ❤✐③♦✳

P♦r ❡s♦✱ ❡♥ ❧❛ ♣rá❝t✐❝❛ s❡ ❡♠♣❧❡❛♥ ❧❡♥❣✉❛❥❡s ♠ás ♣❛r❡❝✐❞♦s ❛❧ ❧❡♥❣✉❛❥❡ ❤✉♠❛♥♦✱ ❧❧❛♠❛❞♦s ✑❧❡♥✲
❣✉❛❥❡s ❞❡ ❛❧t♦ ♥✐✈❡❧✑✳ ◆♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❡st♦s s♦♥ ♠✉② ♣❛r❡❝✐❞♦s ❛❧ ✐❞✐♦♠❛ ✐♥❣❧és✱ ❛✉♥q✉❡ s✐❣✉❡♥ ✉♥❛s
r❡❣❧❛s ❡str✐❝t❛s✳

✷✳✶✳ ▲❡♥❣✉❛❥❡s ❞❡ ❛❧t♦ ♥✐✈❡❧ ② ❞❡ ❜❛❥♦ ♥✐✈❡❧

❱❡❛♠♦s✱ ❡♥ ♣r✐♠❡r ❧✉❣❛r✱ ✉♥ ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❧❡♥❣✉❛❥❡ ❞❡ ❛❧t♦ ♥✐✈❡❧✱ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡s♣✉és ❝♦♠♣❛r❛r ❝♦♥
❧❡♥❣✉❛❥❡s ❞❡ ❜❛❥♦ ♥✐✈❡❧✱ q✉❡ s♦♥ ❧♦s ♠ás ❝❡r❝❛♥♦s ❛❧ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r✳

❯♥♦ ❞❡ ❧♦s ❧❡♥❣✉❛❥❡s ❞❡ ❛❧t♦ ♥✐✈❡❧ ♠ás s❡♥❝✐❧❧♦s ❡s ❡❧ ❧❡♥❣✉❛❥❡ ❇❆❙■❈✳ ❊♥ ést❡✱ ❡s❝r✐❜✐r ❡❧ t❡①t♦
❍♦❧❛ ❡♥ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛✱ ❡s t❛♥ s❡♥❝✐❧❧♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✉s❛r ❧❛ ♦r❞❡♥✳

P❘■◆❚ ✬✬❍♦❧❛✬✬
❖tr♦s ❧❡♥❣✉❛❥❡s✱ ❝♦♠♦ P❛s❝❛❧✱ ♦❜❧✐❣❛♥ ❛ s❡r ♠ás ❡str✐❝t♦s✱ ♣❡r♦ ❤❛❝❡♥ ❢á❝✐❧ ❧♦s ❞❡s❝✉❜r✐r ❡rr♦r❡s✿

✶ ♣r♦❣r❛♠ ❙❛❧✉❞♦ ❀
✷
✸ ❜❡❣✐♥
✹ ✇r✐t❡ ✭ ✬ ❍♦❧❛ ✬✮❀
✺ ❡♥❞ ✳
❊❧ ❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥t❡ ❡♥ ❧❡♥❣✉❛❥❡ ❈ r❡s✉❧t❛ ❛❧❣♦ ♠ás ❞✐❢í❝✐❧ ❞❡ ❧❡❡r✱ ♣♦r ♠♦t✐✈♦s q✉❡ ❝♦♠❡♥t❛♠♦s ♣♦❝♦
♠ás ❛❞❡❧❛♥t❡✿

✶ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ st❞✐♦ ✳❤ ❃
✷
✸ ✐♥t ♠❛✐♥ ✭✮ ④

✺
 ✹ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭ ✬✬ ❍♦❧❛ ✬✬✮❀
✺ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✻ ⑥
▲♦s ❧❡♥❣✉❛❥❡s ❞❡ ❜❛❥♦ ♥✐✈❡❧ s♦♥ ❝❡r❝❛♥♦s ❛❧ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r q✉❡ ❛ ❧♦s ❧❡♥❣✉❛❥❡s ❤✉♠❛♥♦s✳ ❊s♦ ❤❛❝❡
q✉❡ s❡❛♥ ❞✐❢í❝✐❧❡s ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞❡r ② t❛♠❜✐é♥ q✉❡ ❞❡s❝✉❜r✐r ② ❝♦rr❡❣✐r ❧♦s ❢❛❧❧♦s s❡❛ ❞✐❢í❝✐❧✱ ❛ ❝❛♠❜✐♦
❞❡ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ♦♣t✐♠✐③❛r ❛❧ ♠á①✐♠♦ ❧❛ ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞✱ ❡ ✐♥❝❧✉s♦ ❧❧❡❣❛r ❛ ✉♥ ♥✐✈❡❧ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧ ❞❡❧
❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r q✉❡ ❛ ✈❡❝❡s ♥♦ s❡ ♣✉❡❞❡ ❛❧❝❛♥③❛r ❝♦♥ ♦tr♦s ❧❡♥❣✉❛❥❡s✳ P♦r ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❡s❝r✐❜✐r ❍♦❧❛
❡♥ ❧❡♥❣✉❛❥❡ ❡♥s❛♠❜❧❛❞♦r ❞❡ ✉♥ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r ❡q✉✐♣❛❞♦ ❝♦♥ ❡❧ s✐st❡♠❛ ♦♣❡r❛t✐✈♦ ▼s❉♦s ② ❝♦♥ ✉♥
♣r♦❝❡s❛❞♦r ❞❡ ❧❛ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛ ■♥t❡❧ ①✽✻ ❡s ❛❧❣♦ ❝♦♠♦✿

✶ ❞♦ss❡❣
✷ ✳ ♠♦❞❡❧ s♠❛❧❧
✸ ✳ st❛❝❦ ✶✵✵ ❤
✹
✺ ✳ ❞❛t❛
✻ ❤❡❧❧♦❴♠❡ss❛❣❡ ❞❜ ✬ ❍♦❧❛ ✬ ✱✵❞❤ ✱✵ ❛❤ ✱ ✬✩ ✬
✼
✽ ✳ ❝♦❞❡
✾ ♠❛✐♥ ♣r♦❝
✶✵ ♠♦✈ ❛① ✱ ❅❞❛t❛
✶✶ ♠♦✈ ❞s ✱ ❛①
✶✷
✶✸ ♠♦✈ ❛❤ ✱✾
✶✹ ♠♦✈ ❞① ✱ ♦❢❢s❡t ❤❡❧❧♦❴♠❡ss❛❣❡
✶✺ ✐♥t ✷✶ ❤
✶✻
✶✼ ♠♦✈ ❛① ✱✹ ❈✵✵❤
✶✽ ✐♥t ✷✶ ❤
✶✾ ♠❛✐♥ ❡♥❞♣
✷✵ ❡♥❞ ♠❛✐♥
❘❡s✉❧t❛ ❜❛st❛♥t❡ ❞✐❢í❝✐❧ ❞❡ s❡❣✉✐r✳ P❡r♦ ❡s♦ t♦❞❛✈í❛ ♥♦ ❡s ❧♦ q✉❡ ❡❧ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r ❡♥t✐❡♥❞❡✱ ❛✉♥q✉❡
t✐❡♥❡ ✉♥❛ ❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥❝✐❛ ❝❛s✐ ❞✐r❡❝t❛✳ ▲♦ q✉❡ ❡❧ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r r❡❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡s ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣r❡♥❞❡r
s♦♥ s❡❝✉❡♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ ❝❡r♦s ② ✉♥♦s✳ P♦r ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❧❛s ór❞❡♥❡s ✬✬♠♦✈ ❞s✱ ❛①✬✬② ✬✬♠♦✈ ❛❤✱ ✾✬✬ s❡
❝♦♥✈✐❡rt❡♥ ❡♥✿

✶ ✶✵✵✵ ✵✵✶✶ ✶✶✵✶ ✶✵✵✵ ✶✵✶✶ ✵✶✵✵ ✵✵✵✵ ✶✵✵✶

✭◆♦t❛✿ ❧♦s ❝♦❧♦r❡s ❞❡❧ ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r ❡s ✉♥❛ ❛②✉❞❛ q✉❡ ❞❛♥ ❛❧❣✉♥♦s ❡♥t♦r♥♦s ❞❡
♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❝✐ó♥✱ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ s❡❛ ❢á❝✐❧ ❞❡s❝✉❜r✐r ❡rr♦r❡s✲ ◆♦ t♦❞♦s ❧♦s ❡♥t♦r♥♦s ♠✉❡str❛♥
♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s ❝♦♥ ❝♦❧♦r❡s✱ ♥✐ ❡①✐st❡ ✉♥ ú♥✐❝♦ ❡stá♥❞❛r ❞❡ ❝♦❧♦r❡s ✉♥✐✈❡rs❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛❝❡♣t❛✲
❞♦s✳

✷✳✷✳ ❊♥s❛♠❜❧❛❞♦r❡s✱ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦r❡s ❡ ✐♥tér♣r❡t❡s

❊stá ❝❧❛r♦ ❡♥t♦♥❝❡s q✉❡ ❧❛s ór❞❡♥❡s ❡s❝r✐t❛s ✭q✉❡ s❡ ❝♦♥♦❝❡♥ ❝♦♠♦ ✑♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❢✉❡♥t❡✑✮ ❞❡❜❡♥
❝♦♥✈❡rt✐rs❡ ❛ ❧♦ q✉❡ ❡❧ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r ❝♦♠♣r❡♥❞❡ ✭♦❜t❡♥✐❡♥❞♦ ❡❧ ✑♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❡❥❡❝✉t❛❜❧❡✑✮✳

✻
 ✶
❙✐ ❡❧❡❣✐♠♦s ✉♥ ❧❡♥❣✉❛❥❡ ❞❡ ❜❛❥♦ ♥✐✈❡❧✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❡❧ ❡♥s❛♠❜❧❛❞♦r ✱ ❧❛ tr❛❞✉❝❝✐ó♥ ❡s s❡♥❝✐❧❧❛✱ ② ❞❡ ❤❛❝❡r❧❛
s❡ ❡♥❝❛r❣❛♥ ✉♥❛s ❤❡rr❛♠✐❡♥t❛s ❧❧❛♠❛❞❛s ❡♥s❛♠❜❧❛❞♦r❡s✳

❈✉❛♥❞♦ ❡❧ ❧❡♥❣✉❛❥❡ ❡♠♣❧❡❛❞♦ ❡s ❞❡ ❛❧t♦ ♥✐✈❡❧✱ ❧❛ tr❛❞✉❝❝✐ó♥ ❡s ♠ás ❝♦♠♣❧✐❝❛❞❛✱ ② ❛ ✈❡❝❡s ✐♠♣❧✐❝❛
r❡❝♦♣✐❧❛r ✈❛r✐♦s ❝ó❞✐❣♦s ❢✉❡♥t❡s ❞✐st✐♥t♦s ♦ ✐♥❝❧✉✐r ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❡s ❞❡ ❜✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛s ❡①t❡r♥❛s ✭♥♦ ♣r❡♣❛r❛✲
❞❛s ♣♦r ♥♦s♦tr♦s✮✳ ▲❛s ❤❡rr❛♠✐❡♥t❛s ❡♥❝❛r❣❛❞❛s ❞❡ t♦❞♦ ❡st♦ s♦♥ ❧♦s ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦r❡s✳

❊❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❡❥❡❝✉t❛❜❧❡ ♦❜t❡♥✐❞♦ ❝♦♥ ❡❧ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦r ♦ ❡♥s❛♠❜❧❛❞♦r ♣♦❞rí❛ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛r ❡♥ ♦tr♦

❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r s✐♠✐❧❛r ❛❧ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❝r❡❛r❧♦✱ s✐♥ ♥❡❝❡s✐❞❛❞ ❞❡ q✉❡ ❡s❡ ♦tr♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r t❡♥❣❛
✐♥st❛❧❛❞♦ ❡❧ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦r ♦ ❡❧ ❡♥s❛♠❜❧❛❞♦r✳

P♦r ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❡♥ ❡❧ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ ❲✐♥❞♦✇s ✭② ❞❡ ▼s❉♦s✮✱ ② ✉♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ q✉❡ s❛❧✉❞❛ ❡♥ ❧❡♥❣✉❛❥❡ P❛s❝❛❧✱
t❡♥❡♠♦s ✉♥ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ❢✉❡♥t❡ ❧❧❛♠❛❞♦ ❙❆▲❯❉❖✳P❆❙✳ ❊st❡ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ♥♦ s✐r✈❡ ❞❡ ♥❛❞❛ ❡♥ ✉♥ ❝♦♠♣✉✲
t❛❞♦r q✉❡ ♥♦ t✉✈✐❡r❛ ✉♥ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦r ❞❡ P❛s❝❛❧✳ ❊♥ ❝❛♠❜✐♦✱ ❞❡s♣✉és ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛r❧♦ ♦❜t❡♥❡♠♦s ✉♥
❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ❙❆▲❯❉❖✳❊❳❊✱ ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛r ❡♥ ❝✉❛❧q✉✐❡r ♦tr♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r q✉❡ t✉✈✐❡r❛ ❡❧ ♠✐s♠♦
s✐st❡♠❛ ♦♣❡r❛t✐✈♦✱ ❛✉♥q✉❡ ♥♦ t❡♥❣❛ ✉♥ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦r ❞❡ P❛s❝❛❧ ✐♥st❛❧❛❞♦✳

❯♥ ✐♥tér♣r❡t❡ ❡s ✉♥❛ ❤❡rr❛♠✐❡♥t❛ ♣❛r❡❝✐❞❛ ❛ ✉♥ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦r✱ ❝♦♥ ❧❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ q✉❡ ❡♥ ❧♦s ✐♥✲
tér♣r❡t❡s ♥♦ s❡ ❝r❡❛ ♥✐♥❣ú♥ ✑♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❡❥❡❝✉t❛❜❧❡✑ ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛r ✑♣♦r sí s♦❧♦✑✱ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ q✉❡
s✐ q✉❡r❡♠♦s ❞✐str✐❜✉✐r ♥✉❡str♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❛ ❛❧❣✉✐❡♥✱ ❞❡❜❡r❡♠♦s ❡♥tr❡❣❛r❧❡ ❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❢✉❡♥t❡ ②
t❛♠❜✐é♥ ❡❧ ✐♥tér♣r❡t❡ q✉❡ ❡s ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ ❡♥t❡♥❞❡r❧♦✱ ♦ ♥♦ ❧❡ s❡r✈✐rá ❞❡ ♥❛❞❛✳ ❈✉❛♥❞♦ ♣♦♥❡♠♦s ❡❧
♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❡♥ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♠✐❡♥t♦✱ ❡❧ ✐♥tér♣r❡t❡ ❞❡ ❡♥❝❛r❣❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥✈❡rt✐r ❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❡♥ ❧❡♥❣✉❛❥❡ ❞❡
❛❧t♦ ♥✐✈❡❧ ❛ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ♠áq✉✐♥❛✱ ♦r❞❡♥ ♣♦r ♦r❞❡♥✱ ❥✉st♦ ❡♥ ❡❧ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ❡♥ q✉❡ ❤❛② q✉❡ ♣r♦❝❡s❛r ❝❛❞❛
✉♥❛ ❞❡ ❧❛s ór❞❡♥❡s✳

❊♥ ❛❧❣✉♥♦s ❧❡♥❣✉❛❥❡s✱ ❡s ❢r❡❝✉❡♥t❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦r❡s✱ ♣❡r♦ ♥♦ ✐♥tér♣r❡t❡s✳ ❊s ❡❧ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡❧ ❧❡♥✲
❣✉❛❥❡ ❈✱ P❛s❝❛❧ ② ❈✰✰✳ ❊♥ ❝❛♠❜✐♦✱ ♣❛r❛ ♦tr♦s ❧❡♥❣✉❛❥❡s✱ ❧♦ ❤❛❜✐t✉❛❧ ❡s tr❛❜❛❥❛r ❝♦♥ ✐♥tér♣r❡t❡s
② ♥♦ ❝♦♥ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦r❡s✱ ❝♦♠♦ P②t❤♦♥✱ ❘✉❜② ② P❍P✳

❆❞❡♠ás✱ ❤♦② ❡♥ ❞í❛ ❡①✐st❡ ❛❧❣♦ q✉❡ ♣❛r❡❝❡ ✐♥t❡r♠❡❞✐♦ ❡♥tr❡ ✉♥ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦r ② ✉♥ ✐♥tér♣r❡t❡✿ ❊①✐s✲
t❡♥ ❧❡♥❣✉❛❥❡s q✉❡ ♥♦ s❡ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛♥ ♣❛r❛ ♦❜t❡♥❡r ✉♥ ❡❥❡❝✉t❛❜❧❡ ♣❛r❛ ✉♥ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r ❝♦♥❝r❡t♦✱ s✐♥♦
✉♥ ❡❥❡❝✉t❛❜❧❡ ✑❣❡♥ér✐❝♦✑✱ q✉❡ ❡s ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛r ❡♥ ❞✐st✐♥t♦s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s✱ ❛ ❝♦♥❞✐✲
❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ q✉❡ ❡♥ ❡s❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r ❡①✐st❛ ✉♥❛ ✑♠áq✉✐♥❛ ✈✐rt✉❛❧✑ ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ ❡♥t❡♥❞❡r ❡s♦s ❡❥❡❝✉t❛❜❧❡s
❣❡♥ér✐❝♦s✳ ❊st❛ ❡s ❧❛ ✐❞❡❛ q✉❡ s❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛ ❡♥ ❏❛✈❛✿ ❧♦s ❢✉❡♥t❡s s♦♥ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦s ❞❡ t❡①t♦✱ ❝♦♥ ❡①t❡♥s✐ó♥
✑✳❥❛✈❛✑✱ q✉❡ s❡ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛♥ ❛ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦s ✑✳❝❧❛ss✑✳ ➱st♦s s❡ ♣♦❞rí❛♥ ❧❧❡✈❛r ❛ ❝✉❛❧q✉✐❡r ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r q✉❡
t❡♥❣❛ ✐♥st❛❧❛❞❛ ✉♥❛ ✑♠áq✉✐♥❛ ✈✐rt✉❛❧ ❏❛✈❛✑ ✭❧❛s ❤❛② ♣❛r❛ ❧❛ ♠❛②♦rí❛ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ♦♣❡r❛t✐✈♦s✮✳
❊st❛ ♠✐s♠❛ ✐❞❡❛ s❡ s✐❣✉❡ ❡♥ ❡❧ ❧❡♥❣✉❛❥❡ ❈★✱ q✉❡ s❡ ❛♣♦②❛ ❡♥ ✉♥❛ ♠áq✉✐♥❛ ✈✐rt✉❛❧ ❧❧❛♠❛❞❛ ✑❉♦t
◆❡t ❋r❛♠❡✇♦r❦✑ ✭❛❧❣♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✑❛r♠❛③ó♥ ♣✉♥t♦ ♥❡t✑✮✳

✶
❡♥ ✐♥❣❧és ❆ss❡♠❜❧❡r✱ ❛❜r❡✈✐❛❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❆s♠

✼
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✸

❈r❡❛❝✐ó♥✱ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❝✐ó♥ ② ❡❥❡❝✉❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ✉♥

♣r♦❣r❛♠❛

✸✳✶✳ ❈♦♠♣✐❧❛♥❞♦ ❍♦❧❛✱ ♠✉♥❞♦

❊s❝r✐❜❛♠♦s ♥✉❡str♦ ♣r✐♠❡r ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❝♦♥ ❈ ❞❡ ▲✐♥✉①✳ ❯♥ s✐♠♣❧❡ ✏❍♦❧❛ ▼✉♥❞♦✏✳

✸✳✷✳ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s

❊s❝r✐❜✐r ❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛✱ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛r❧♦ ② ❡❥❡❝✉t❛r❧♦ ♣❛r❛ ✈❡r ❡❧ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦✳

❆❜r✐r ✉♥❛ t❡r♠✐♥❛❧ ♦ s❤❡❧❧ ❞❡ ❧✐♥✉①

❯♥❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ❡♥tr❛♠♦s ❡♥ s❡s✐ó♥ ❡♥ ❧✐♥✉①✱ ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝✐❡♥❞♦ ♥✉❡str♦ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ❞❡ ✉s✉❛r✐♦ ② ❝❧❛✈❡✱
❛❜r✐♠♦s ✉♥❛ t❡r♠✐♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❧✐♥✉①✳ ❙✉❡❧❡ ❤❛❜❡r ✉♥ ✐❝♦♥♦ ❡♥ ❡❧ ❡s❝r✐t♦r✐♦ ♦ ❡♥ ❧❛ ❜❛rr❛ ❞❡ ❤❡rr❛♠✐❡♥t❛s
♣❛r❛ ❛❜r✐r❧❛✳

▲❛ t❡r♠✐♥❛❧ ❡s ✉♥❛ ✈❡♥t❛♥❛ ❞❡ t❡①t♦ ❡♥ ❧❛ q✉❡ ❡s❝r✐❜✐♠♦s ❝♦♠❛♥❞♦s ❞❡ ❧✐♥✉① ② ✈❡r ❧♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s✳
❊st❛ t❡r♠✐♥❛❧ ❡s ❧❛ q✉❡ ✉s❛r❡♠♦s ♣❛r❛ ❤❛❝❡r ♥✉❡str♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛✳

✸✳✸✳ ❈r❡❛❝✐ó♥

❊s❝r✐❜❛ ✉♥ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ♣❧❛♥♦ q✉❡ ❝♦♥t❡♥❣❛ ✉♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t♦✱ ✈❡❛ ❧♦s ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦s ♠ás ❛❞❡❧❛♥t❡✳
❯t✐❧✐❝❡ s✉ ❡❞✐t♦r ❞❡ t❡①t♦s ♣r❡❢❡r✐❞♦✳ ❊♥ ❧♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❯◆■❳ ✉s❛♠♦s ✈✐✱ ✈✐♠ ② ❡♥ ▲✐♥✉① ✉s❡ ❣❡❞✐t✱
❦❛t❡✱ ✈✐♠✱ ♥❛♥♦✱ ♣✐❝♦✳

P♦r ❝♦♥✈❡♥❝✐ó♥✱ ❡❧ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ❞❡❧ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦✶ t❡r♠✐♥❛ ❝♦♥ ❡①t❡♥s✐ó♥ ✳❝✱ ♣♦r ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦✿ ♠✐♣r♦❣r❛♠❛✳❝
♣r♦❣♣r✉❡❜❛✳❝✳ ❊❧ ❝♦♥t❡♥✐❞♦ ❞❡❧ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ❞❡❜❡ ♦❜❡❞❡❝❡r ❧❛ s✐♥t❛①✐s ❞❡ ❈✳

✸✳✹✳ ❈♦♠♣✐❧❛❝✐ó♥

❊①✐st❡♥ ✈❛r✐♦s ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡ ❈✳ ❊❧ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦r ●◆❯ ❞❡ ❈ ❡s ❣❝❝✱ ♠✉② ♣♦♣✉❧❛r ② ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜❧❡

❡♥ ✈❛r✐❛s ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛s✳ ❍❛② ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦r❡s ❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ❈✰✰✱ ❧♦s ❝✉❛❧❡s s♦♥ ♥♦♠❜r❛❞♦s ❝♦♠♦
❈❈✳ ❙✉♥ ▼✐❝r♦ ❙②st❡♠s ♣r♦✈❡❡ ❈❈ ② ●◆❯ ●❈❈✳ ❊❧ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦r ❞❡ ●◆❯ ❡s ❣✰✰✳

❊①✐st❡♥ ♦tr♦s ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡ ❈ ② ❈✰✰ ♠❡♥♦s ❝♦♠✉♥❡s✳ ❊♥ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✱ ❧♦s ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦r❡s ♠❡♥❝✐♦✲
♥❛❞♦s ♦♣❡r❛♥ ❞❡ ❧❛ ♠✐s♠❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ② ❝♦♠♣❛rt❡♥ ♦♣❝✐♦♥❡s ❝♦♠✉♥❡s ❡♥ ❧❛ ❧í♥❡❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♠❛♥❞♦✳ ▼ás

✽
❛❞❡❧❛♥t❡ s❡ ❧✐st❛♥ ② ❞❛♥ ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦s ❞❡ ♦♣❝✐♦♥❡s ❝♦♠✉♥❡s ❞❡ ❧♦s ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦r❡s✳ ❙✐♥ ❡♠❜❛r❣♦✱ ❧❛ ♠❡❥♦r
r❡❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦r ❡s ❛ tr❛✈és ❞❡ ❧❛ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t❛❝✐ó♥ ❡♥ ❧í♥❡❛✱ ❞❡❧ ♠❛♥✉❛❧ ❞❡❧ s✐st❡♠❛✳
❈♦♠♦✿ ♠❛♥ ❣❝❝✳
P❛r❛ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛r ❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ✉s❡ ❡❧ ❝♦♠❛♥❞♦ ❣❝❝✳ ➱st❡✱ ❞❡❜❡ s❡r s❡❣✉✐❞♦ ♣♦r ❡❧ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ❞❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛
❈ ❛ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛r✳ ❚❛♠❜✐é♥✱ ♣✉❡❞❡ ✐♥❞✐❝❛r ✉♥ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ♦♣❝✐♦♥❡s ❞❡❧ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦r✳ P♦r
❡❧ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦✱ ♠✐❡♥tr❛s ✉s❛ ❡st❛s ♦♣❝✐♦♥❡s✱ só❧♦ s❡ ❝♦♠❡♥t❛♥ ❛❧❣✉♥❛s ♠ás ❡s❡♥❝✐❛❧❡s✳
❊❧ ❝♦♠❛♥❞♦ ❜ás✐❝♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❝✐ó♥ ❡s✿
❣❝❝ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛✳❝
❞♦♥❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛✳❝ ❡s ❡❧ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ❞❡❧ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦✳
❙✐ ❤❛② ❡rr♦r❡s ❡♥ ❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ✭❝♦♠♦ ❝♦♠❛♥❞♦s ♠❛❧ ❡s❝r✐t♦s✱ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r❡s ♥♦ t❡❝❧❡❛❞♦s ✉ ♦♠✐s✐♦♥❡s
❞❡ ♣✉♥t♦ ② ❝♦♠❛✮✱ ❡❧ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦r s❡ ❞❡t✐❡♥❡ ② ❧♦s r❡♣♦rt❛✳
P♦❞rí❛ ❤❛❜❡r ❡rr♦r❡s ❧ó❣✐❝♦s q✉❡ ❡❧ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦r ♥♦ ❞❡t❡❝t❛✳
❊♥ ❛♠❜♦s ❝❛s♦s✱ r❡❣r❡s❡ ❛ ❡❞✐t❛r ❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❢✉❡♥t❡❀ ❧✉❡❣♦ ❞❡ ❧❛s ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛❝✐♦♥❡s✱ ✈♦❧✈❡r ❛ ❝♦♠✲
♣✐❧❛r❧♦✳
❈✉❛♥❞♦ ❧❛ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❝✐ó♥ t❡r♠✐♥❛ ❝♦♥ é①✐t♦✱ ❧❛ ✈❡rs✐ó♥ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞❛✱ ♦ ❡❧ ❡❥❡❝✉t❛❜❧❡✱ ❡s ❞❡❥❛❞❛ ❡♥ ✉♥
❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ❧❧❛♠❛❞♦ ❛✳♦✉t✱ ♣❡r♦ sí ❧❛ ♦♣❝✐ó♥ ✲♦ ❡s ✉s❛❞❛ ❝♦♥ ❡❧ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦r✱ ❡❧ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ❞❡s♣✉és ❞❡ ✲♦
❡s ❡❧ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ❞❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦✳
❙❡ r❡❝♦♠✐❡♥❞❛ ② ❡s ♠ás ❝♦♥✈❡♥✐❡♥t❡ ✉s❛r ❧❛ ♦♣❝✐ó♥ ✲♦ ❝♦♥ ❡❧ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ❞❡❧ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ❡❥❡❝✉t❛❜❧❡ ❝♦♠♦
s❡ ♠✉❡str❛ ❛ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛❝✐ó♥✿
❣❝❝ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛✳❝ ✲♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛
❡❧ ❝✉❛❧ ♣♦♥❡ ❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦ ❡♥ ❡❧ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ❞❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ s❡ñ❛❧❛❞♦✱ ❡♥ ést❡ ❝❛s♦ ❡♥ ♣r♦❣r❛✲
♠❛✱ ❡♥ ✈❡③ ❞❡❧ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ❛✳♦✉t✳
❊❥❡❝✉❝✐ó♥ ❞❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛
▲❛ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❡t❛♣❛ ❡s ❡❥❡❝✉t❛r ❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❜✐♥❛r✐♦✳ P❛r❛ ✉♥ ❡❥❡❝✉t❛❜❧❡ ❡♥ ❯◆■❳✱ s✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❡
❡s❝r✐❜❛ ❡❧ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ❞❡❧ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ q✉❡ ❧♦ ❝♦♥t✐❡♥❡✱ ❡♥ ❡st❡ ❝❛s♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ✭♦ ❛✳♦✉t✮✳
✳✴♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ♦ ✳✴❛✳♦✉t
s❡❣ú♥ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❛✱ ❡❥❡❝✉t❛ ❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛✱ ♠♦str❛♥❞♦ ❛❧❣ú♥ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❡♥ ❧❛ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛✳ ❊♥ ést❛ ❡t❛♣❛✱
♣♦❞rí❛ ❤❛❜❡r ❡rr♦r❡s ❡♥ t✐❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❡❥❡❝✉❝✐ó♥ ✭r✉♥✲t✐♠❡ ❡rr♦rs✮✱ t❛❧❡s ❝♦♠♦ ❞✐✈✐s✐ó♥ ♣♦r ❝❡r♦✱ ♦
❜✐❡♥✱ ♣♦❞rí❛♥ ❤❛❝❡rs❡ ❡✈✐❞❡♥t❡s ❛❧ ✈❡r q✉❡ ❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ♥♦ ♣r♦❞✉❝❡ ❧❛ s❛❧✐❞❛ ❝♦rr❡❝t❛✳
❙✐ ❧♦ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r s✉❝❡❞❡✱ r❡❣r❡s❡ ❛ ❡❞✐t❛r ❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛✱ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛r❧♦✱ r❡❝♦♠♣✐❧❛r❧♦ ② ❡❥❡❝✉t❛r❧♦✳
♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❈✱ ✈❡❛♠♦s ❧❛ ✜❣✉r❛ ✸✳✶✿

✾
 ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✳✶✿

▲❛ ✜❣✉r❛ ✸✳✶ ♠✉❡str❛♥ ❧❛s ❞✐st✐♥t❛s ❡t❛♣❛s q✉❡ ❝✉❜r❡ ❡❧ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦r ♣❛r❛ ♦❜t❡♥❡r ❡❧ ❝ó❞✐❣♦
❡❥❡❝✉t❛❜❧❡✳

❊❧ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ♣❛s♦ ✭♦♣❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦✱ ♣❡r♦ ♦❜❧✐❣❛t♦r✐♦ ❝✉❛♥❞♦ ❤❛❣❛♠♦s ❝♦s❛s ♠ás ❝♦♠♣❧❡❥❛s✮
s❡rá ❡♥tr❛r ❡♥ ❡❧ ❞❡❜✉❣❣❡r✳

✸✳✺✳ ❊s❝r✐❜✐r ✉♥ t❡①t♦ ❡♥ ❈

❱❛♠♦s ❝♦♥ ✉♥ ♣r✐♠❡r ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❡♥ ❈✱ ♣♦s✐❜❧❡♠❡♥t❡ ❡❧ ♠ás s❡♥❝✐❧❧♦ ❞❡ ❧♦s q✉❡
✏❤❛❝❡♥ ❛❧❣♦ út✐❧✏✳ ❙❡ tr❛t❛ ❞❡ ❡s❝r✐❜✐r ✉♥ t❡①t♦ ❡♥ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛✳ ▲❛ ❛♣❛r✐❡♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❡st❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❧❛
✈✐♠♦s ❡♥ ❡❧ t❡♠❛ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r✳ ❱❛♠♦s ❛ ✈❡r❧♦ ❛❤♦r❛ ❝♦♥ ♠ás ❞❡t❛❧❧❡✿

✶ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ st❞✐♦ ✳❤ ❃
✷
✸ ♠❛✐♥ ✭✮ ④
✹ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❍♦❧❛ ✧✮ ❀
✺ ⑥
▼✉❡str❛ ✏❍♦❧❛✏ ❡♥ ❧❛ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛✳ P❡r♦ ❤❛② ♠✉❝❤♦ q✉❡ ❝♦♠❡♥t❛r✿

❊s♦ ❞❡ ★✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ✐♥❝❧✉②❡ ❝✐❡rt❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛♠♣❧✐❛r ❡❧ ❧❡♥❣✉❛❥❡ ❜❛s❡✳ ❊♥ ❡st❡ ❝❛s♦✱ ❡❧
♠♦t✐✈♦ ❡s q✉❡ ❡♥ ❡❧ ❧❡♥❣✉❛❥❡ ❈ ❜❛s❡ ♥♦ ❤❛② ♣r❡❞❡✜♥✐❞❛ ♥✐♥❣✉♥❛ ♦r❞❡♥ ♣❛r❛ ❡s❝r✐❜✐r ❡♥ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛
✭✦✮✱ s✐♥♦ q✉❡ ❡st❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ór❞❡♥❡s s♦♥ ✉♥❛ ❡①t❡♥s✐ó♥✱ q✉❡ s❡ ❞❡✜♥❡ ❡♥ ✉♥ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ❧❧❛♠❛❞♦ ✏st❞✐♦✳❤✏✳
❊st♦ ♥♦ ❡s ✉♥ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✱ ✈❛♠♦s ❛ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r ❡s❡ ✏st❞✐♦✳❤✏ ❡♥ ❝✉❛❧q✉✐❡r ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦r q✉❡ ✉s❡♠♦s✳

➽P♦r q✉é ♥♦ ❤❛② ór❞❡♥❡s ❞❡ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛ ❡♥ ❡❧ ❧❡♥❣✉❛❥❡ ❜❛s❡❄ ❍❛② q✉❡ r❡❝♦r❞❛r q✉❡ ✉♥ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r
♥♦ ❡s só❧♦ ❧♦ q✉❡ ❛❝♦st✉♠❜r❛♠♦s ❛ t❡♥❡r s♦❜r❡ ♥✉❡str❛ ♠❡s❛✱ ❝♦♥ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛ ② t❡❝❧❛❞♦✿ ❡①✐st❡♥ ♦tr♦s
♠✉❝❤♦s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s q✉❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛♥ t❛r❡❛s ❝♦♠♣❧❡❥❛s ② ♥♦ ♥❡❝❡s✐t❛♥ ✉♥❛ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛ ❞✉r❛♥t❡
s✉ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♠✐❡♥t♦ ♥♦r♠❛❧✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❡❧ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r q✉❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛ ❡❧ ❆❇❙ ❞❡ ✉♥ ❝♦❝❤❡✳ ➽❨ ♣♦r q✉é s❡
♣♦♥❡ ❡♥tr❡ ❁② ❃❄ ❨ ➽P♦r q✉é ❡s♦ ❞❡ ★ ❛❧ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣✐♦❄ ❊s♦s ❞❡t❛❧❧❡s ❧♦s ✈❡♠♦s ♠ás ❛❞❡❧❛♥t❡✳

❨❛ q✉❡ ❤❛❜❧❛♠♦s ❞❡ ✏♣r✐♥t❢ ✏ ❡s ❧❛ ♦r❞❡♥ q✉❡ s❡ ❡♥❝❛r❣❛ ❞❡ ♠♦str❛r ✉♥ t❡①t♦ ❡♥ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛✱ ❧❛ r❡s✲
♣♦♥s❛❜❧❡ ❞❡ q✉❡ ❤❛②❛♠♦s ❡s❝r✐t♦ ❡s❡ ✏✐♥❝❧✉❞❡✏ ❛❧ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣✐♦ ❞❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛✳

❆✉♥ q✉❡❞❛♥ ❝♦s❛s✿ ➽q✉é ❤❛❝❡♥ ❡s❛s ❧❧❛✈❡s ② ❄ ❈ ❡s ✉♥ ❧❡♥❣✉❛❥❡ ❡str✉❝t✉r❛❞♦✱ ❡♥ ❡❧ q✉❡ ✉♥
♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❡stá ❢♦r♠❛❞♦ ♣♦r ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ✏❜❧♦q✉❡s✏✳ ❚♦❞♦s ❧♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s q✉❡ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥ ❡st❡ ❜❧♦q✉❡

✶✵
❞❡❜❡♥ ❡st❛r r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❡♥tr❡ sí✱ ❧♦ q✉❡ s❡ ✐♥❞✐❝❛ ❡♥❝❡rrá♥❞♦❧♦s ❡♥tr❡ ❧❧❛✈❡s✿ ② ✳

❋✐♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ➽q✉é ❡s ❡s♦ ❞❡ ✏♠❛✐♥✏❄ ❊s ❛❧❣♦ q✉❡ ❞❡❜❡ ❡①✐st✐r s✐❡♠♣r❡✱ ❡ ✐♥❞✐❝❛ ❡❧ ♣✉♥t♦ ❡♥ ❡❧
q✉❡ r❡❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠❡♥③❛rá ❛ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛r ❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛✳ ❉❡s♣✉és ❞❡ ✏♠❛✐♥✏ ✈❛♥ ❞♦s ❧❧❛✈❡s ② ✱ q✉❡
❞❡❧✐♠✐t❛♥ ❡❧ ❜❧♦q✉❡ ♠ás ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡✿ ❡❧ ❝✉❡r♣♦ ❞❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛✳➽❨ ♣♦r q✉é t✐❡♥❡ ✉♥ ♣❛ré♥t❡s✐s ✈❛❝í♦
❛ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛❝✐ó♥❄ ❊s♦ ❧♦ ✈❡r❡♠♦s ♠ás ❛❞❡❧❛♥t❡✳✳✳

❨ ❧❛ ❝♦s❛ ♥♦ ❛❝❛❜❛ ❛q✉í✳ ❆ú♥ q✉❡❞❛ ♠ás ♠✐❣❛ ❞❡ ❧❛ q✉❡ ♣❛r❡❝❡ ❡♥ ❡st❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛✱ ♣❡r♦ ❝✉❛♥❞♦
②❛ ✈❛②❛♠♦s ♣r❛❝t✐❝❛♥❞♦ ✉♥ ♣♦❝♦✱ ✐r❡♠♦s ❝♦♥❝r❡t❛♥❞♦ ♠ás ❛❧❣✉♥❛ q✉❡ ♦tr❛ ❝♦s❛ ❞❡ ❧❛s q✉❡ ❛q✉í
❤❛♥ q✉❡❞❛❞♦ ♣♦❝♦ ❞❡t❛❧❧❛❞❛s✳

✸✳✺✳✶✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦ ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦

✶✳ ❈r❡❛ ✉♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❡♥ ❈ q✉❡ t❡ s❛❧✉❞❡ ♣♦r t✉ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ✭❝♦♠♦✿ ✏❍♦❧❛✱ ◆❛❝❤♦✏✮✳

❙ó❧♦ ✉♥ ♣❛r ❞❡ ❝♦s❛s ♠ás ❛♥t❡s ❞❡ s❡❣✉✐r ❛❞❡❧❛♥t❡✿

❈❛❞❛ s❡♥t❡♥❝✐❛ ❈ t❡r♠✐♥❛ ❝♦♥ ✉♥ ♣✉♥t♦ ② ❝♦♠❛ ✭❀✮

❊❧ ❈ ❡s ✉♥ ❧❡♥❣✉❛❥❡ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛t♦ ❧✐❜r❡✱ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ q✉❡ ♣✉❡❞❡ ❤❛❜❡r ✈❛r✐❛s ór❞❡♥❡s ❡♥ ✉♥❛
♠✐s♠❛ ❧í♥❡❛✱ ✉ ór❞❡♥❡s s❡♣❛r❛❞❛s ♣♦r ✈❛r✐❛s ❧í♥❡❛s ♦ ❡s♣❛❝✐♦s ❡♥tr❡ ♠❡❞✐❛s✳ ▲♦ q✉❡ r❡❛❧♠❡♥t❡
✐♥❞✐❝❛ ❞ó♥❞❡ t❡r♠✐♥❛ ✉♥❛ ♦r❞❡♥ ② ❞♦♥❞❡ ❡♠♣✐❡③❛ ❧❛ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ s♦♥ ❧♦s ♣✉♥t♦s ② ❝♦♠❛✳ P♦r
❡s❡ ♠♦t✐✈♦✱ ❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r s❡ ❤❛❜rí❛ ❡s❝r✐t♦ t❛♠❜✐é♥ ❛sí ✭❛✉♥q✉❡ ♥♦ ❡s ❛❝♦♥s❡❥❛❜❧❡✱
♣♦rq✉❡ r❡s✉❧t❛ ♠❡♥♦s ❧❡❣✐❜❧❡✮✿

✶ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ st❞✐♦ ✳❤ ❃
✷ ♠❛✐♥ ✭✮ ④
✸ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❍♦❧❛ ✧✮ ❀
✹ ⑥

❉❡ ❤❡❝❤♦✱ ❤❛② ❞♦s ❢♦r♠❛s ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❢r❡❝✉❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ❝♦❧♦❝❛r ❧❛ ❧❧❛✈❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♠✐❡♥③♦✱ ✉s♦
❛♠❜❛s ✐♥❞✐st✐♥t❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ❯♥❛ ❡s ❝♦♠♦ ❡♥ ❡❧ ♣r✐♠❡r ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦✿ s✐t✉❛r ❧❛ ❧❧❛✈❡ ❞❡ ❛♣❡rt✉r❛ ❡♥
✉♥❛ ❧í♥❡❛✱ s♦❧❛✱ ② ❥✉st♦ ❡♥❝✐♠❛ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧❧❛✈❡ ❞❡ ❝✐❡rr❡ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞✐❡♥t❡✳ ▲❛ s❡❣✉♥❞❛ ❢♦r♠❛
❤❛❜✐t✉❛❧ ❡s s✐t✉á♥❞♦❧❛ ❛ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡❧ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ❞❡❧ ❜❧♦q✉❡ q✉❡ ❝♦♠✐❡♥③❛ ✭❡♥ ♥✉❡str♦ ❝❛s♦✱
❛ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣❛❧❛❜r❛ ✏♠❛✐♥✏✮✱ ❛sí✿

✶ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ st❞✐♦ ✳❤ ❃
✷
✸ ♠❛✐♥ ✭✮ ④
✹ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❍♦❧❛ ✧✮ ❀
✺ ⑥

✭❡st❛ ❡s ❧❛ ❢♦r♠❛ q✉❡ ❡♠♣❧❡♦ ❡♥ ❡st❡ t❡①t♦ ❝✉❛♥❞♦ tr❛❜❛❥❛♠♦s ❝♦♥ ❢✉❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ♠❛②♦r t❛♠❛ñ♦✱
♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ♦❝✉♣❡ ✉♥ ♣♦❝♦ ♠❡♥♦s ❞❡ ❡s♣❛❝✐♦✮✳

▲❛ ❣r❛♥ ♠❛②♦rí❛ ❞❡ ❧❛s ór❞❡♥❡s q✉❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠♦s ❡♥ ❡❧ ❧❡♥❣✉❛❥❡ ❈ s♦♥ ♣❛❧❛❜r❛s ❡♥ ✐♥❣❧és ♦ ❛❜r❡✲
✈✐❛t✉r❛s ❞❡ ést❛s✳ P❡r♦ ❤❛② q✉❡ t❡♥❡r ❡♥ ❝✉❡♥t❛ q✉❡ ❈ ❞✐st✐♥❣✉❡ ❡♥tr❡ ♠❛②ús❝✉❧❛s ② ♠✐♥ús❝✉❧❛s✱
♣♦r ❧♦ q✉❡ ✏♣r✐♥t❢ ✏ ❡s ✉♥❛ ♣❛❧❛❜r❛ r❡❝♦♥♦❝✐❞❛✱ ♣❡r♦ ✏Pr✐♥t❢ ✏✱ ✏P❘■◆❚❋✏ ♦ ✏Pr✐♥t❋✏ ♥♦ ❧♦ s♦♥✳

➽❨ s✐ ❡s❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ✏♠❡ ❞❛ ❡rr♦r✏❄ ❊♥ ❛❧❣✉♥❛s r❡✈✐s✐♦♥❡s r❡❝✐❡♥t❡s ❞❡❧ ❧❡♥❣✉❛❥❡ ❈ ✭❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡
❡♥ ❧♦s ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦r❡s q✉❡ s✐❣✉❡♥ ❡❧ ❡stá♥❞❛r ❈✾✾✮ s❡ ♦❜❧✐❣❛ ❛ q✉❡ ❛♣❛r❡③❝❛ ❧❛ ♣❛❧❛❜r❛ ✏✐♥t✏ ❛♥t❡s

✶✶
❞❡ ✏♠❛✐♥✏✱ ② ❛ q✉❡ ❧❛ ú❧t✐♠❛ ❧í♥❡❛ s❡❛ ✏r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀✏✳ ❱❡r❡♠♦s ❧♦s ♠♦t✐✈♦s ♠ás ❛❞❡❧❛♥t❡✱ ❡♥ ❡❧ t❡♠❛
✼✱ ♣❡r♦ ❞❡ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ❛s✉♠✐r❡♠♦s q✉❡ s✐ q✉❡r❡♠♦s ❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ s❡ ♣r✉❡❜❡ ❡♥ ❝✉❛❧q✉✐❡r ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦r✱
s✉ ❛♣❛r✐❡♥❝✐❛ ❡s✿

✶ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ st❞✐♦ ✳❤ ❃
✷
✸ ✐♥t ♠❛✐♥ ✭✮ ④
✹ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❍♦❧❛ ✧✮ ❀
✺ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✻ ⑥

✸✳✺✳✷✳ ❈ó♠♦ ♣r♦❜❛r ❡st❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❡♥ ▲✐♥✉①

▲♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ♦♣❡r❛t✐✈♦s ❞❡ ❧❛ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛ ❯♥✐①✱ ❝♦♠♦ ▲✐♥✉①✱ s✉❡❧❡♥ ✐♥❝❧✉✐r ✉♥ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦r ❞❡ ❈✱ ❞❡
♠♦❞♦ q✉❡ ❡s ❢á❝✐❧ ♣r♦❜❛r ♥✉❡str♦s ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s✳ ❙✉♣♦♥❞r❡♠♦s q✉❡ s❡ tr❛t❛ ❞❡ ✉♥❛ ✈❡rs✐ó♥ ❞❡ ▲✐♥✉①
❞❡ ❧♦s ú❧t✐♠♦s ❛ñ♦s✱ q✉❡ t❡♥❣❛ ❡♥t♦r♥♦ ❣rá✜❝♦✳ P♦❞rí❛♠♦s ✉s❛r ❡❧ ❡❞✐t♦r ❞❡❧ t❡①t♦ ❞❡❧ ❡♥t♦r♥♦
❣rá✜❝♦✱ t❡❝❧❡❛r ❡❧ ❢✉❡♥t❡ ② ❣✉❛r❞❛r❧♦ ❡♥ ♥✉❡str❛ ❝❛r♣❡t❛ ♣❡rs♦♥❛❧✱ ♣♦r ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦ ❝♦♥ ❡❧ ♥♦♠❜r❡
❡❥❡♠♣❧♦✵✵✶✳❝ ✭❧♦ q✉❡ sí ❡s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ❡s q✉❡ t❡r♠✐♥❡ ❡♥ ✏✳❝✏✮✿

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✳✷✿

✭❡♥ ❡st❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♥ s❡ tr❛t❛ ❞❡ ❉❡❜✐❛♥ ✾✳✾✱ ❝♦♥ ❡❧ ❡♥t♦r♥♦ ▼❆❚❊ ② ❡❧ ❡❞✐t♦r✱ ❣❡❛♥②✮✳

❉❡s♣✉és ❛❜r✐♠♦s ✉♥❛ ✈❡♥t❛♥❛ ❞❡ t❡r♠✐♥❛❧ ② ❡s❝r✐❜✐♠♦s ❧❛ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❡s ❧❛ ♦r❞❡♥ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛r
♥✉❡str♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❢✉❡♥t❡✿

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✳✸✿

✶✷
 ❉♦♥❞❡✿

✏❝❝✏ ❡s ❧❛ ♦r❞❡♥ q✉❡ s❡ ✉s❛ ♣❛r❛ ♣♦♥❡r ❡❧ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦r ❡♥ ♠❛r❝❤❛✳

✏❤♦❧❛✳❝✏ ❡s ❡❧ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ❞❡❧ ❢✉❡♥t❡ q✉❡ q✉❡r❡♠♦s ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛r✳

▲❛ ♦♣❝✐ó♥ ✏✲♦✏ s❡ ✉s❛ ♣❛r❛ ✐♥❞✐❝❛r ❡❧ ♥♦♠❜r❡ q✉❡ q✉❡r❡♠♦s q✉❡ t❡♥❣❛ ❡❧ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ❡❥❡❝✉t❛❜❧❡ r❡s✉❧✲
t❛♥t❡ ✭❧❛ ✏♦✏ ✈✐❡♥❡ ❞❡ ✏♦✉t♣✉t✏✱ s❛❧✐❞❛✮✳

✏❤♦❧❛✏ ❡s ❡❧ ♥♦♠❜r❡ q✉❡ t❡♥❞rá ❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❡❥❡❝✉t❛❜❧❡✳

❨ ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦❜❛r ❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❡s❝r✐❜✐♠♦s✿

✶ ✳✴ ❤♦❧❛
❈♦♥ ❧♦ q✉❡ ❞❡❜❡rí❛ ❛♣❛r❡❝❡r ❡s❝r✐t♦ ✏❍♦❧❛✏ ❡♥ ❧❛ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛✳

✭◆♦t❛✿ ▲❛s ✈❡rs✐♦♥❡s ♠ás r❡❝✐❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ▲✐♥✉① t✐❡♥❡♥ ❡♥t♦r♥♦s ✐♥t❡❣r❛❞♦s✱ ❞❡s❞❡ ❧♦s q✉❡ ❡s❝r✐❜✐♠♦s
② ♣r♦❜❛♠♦s ♥✉❡str♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛✱ ❝♦♥ ♠ás ❝♦♠♦❞✐❞❛❞✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❡♥ ❡❧ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❤❡rr❛♠✐❡♥t❛ q✉❡ ✈❛♠♦s
❛ ❝♦♠❡♥t❛r ♣❛r❛ ❲✐♥❞♦✇s✳ ❉♦s ❞❡ ❧♦s ❡♥t♦r♥♦s ♠ás ❡①t❡♥❞✐❞♦s s♦♥ ❑❉❡✈❡❧♦♣ ② ❆♥❥✉t❛✮✳

✸✳✺✳✸✳ ❈ó♠♦ ♣r♦❜❛r ❡st❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❡♥ ❲✐♥❞♦✇s

▲❛ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❲✐♥❞♦✇s ♥♦ ✐♥❝❧✉②❡ ♥✐♥❣ú♥ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦r ❞❡ ❈✱ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ q✉❡ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛♠♦s

✉♥♦ ② ❧♦ ✐♥st❛❧❛♠♦s✳ ❊①✐st❡♥ ♠✉❝❤♦s ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦r❡s ❣r❛t✉✐t♦s q✉❡ s❡ ❞❡s❝❛r❣❛♥ ❞❡ ■♥t❡r♥❡t✱ ② q✉❡
✐♥❝❧✉②❡♥ ✉♥ ❡❞✐t♦r ② ♦tr❛s ❤❡rr❛♠✐❡♥t❛s ❛✉①✐❧✐❛r❡s✳ ❊s ❡❧ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ ❉❡✈✲❈✰✰ q✉❡ t✐❡♥❡ s✉ ♣á❣✐♥❛
♦✜❝✐❛❧ ❡♥ ✇✇✇✳❜❧♦♦❞s❤❡❞✳♥❡t✳ ▲❛ ✐♥st❛❧❛❝✐ó♥ ❡s ♣♦❝♦ ♠ás q✉❡ ❤❛❝❡r ❞♦❜❧❡ ❝❧✐❝ ❡♥ ❡❧ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ❞❡s✲
❝❛r❣❛❞♦✱ ② ❤❛❝❡r ❝❧✐❝ ✈❛r✐❛s ✈❡❝❡s ❡♥ ❡❧ ❜♦tó♥ ✏❙✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡✏✳

❊♥ ❡❧ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ ❉❡✈✲❈✰✰✱ ✐♥❝❧✉s♦ tr❛❜❛❥❛♠♦s ❡♥ ❡s♣❛ñ♦❧✿

P❛r❛ ❝r❡❛r ♥✉❡str♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛✱ ❡♥ ❡❧ ♠❡♥ú ✏❆r❝❤✐✈♦✏ ❡s❝♦❣❡♠♦s ✏◆✉❡✈♦ ✴ ❈ó❞✐❣♦ ❢✉❡♥t❡✏✱ ② ❛♣❛r❡❝❡
✉♥ ❡❞✐t♦r ✈❛❝í♦ ❡♥ ❡❧ q✉❡ ②❛ ❡♠♣❡③❛♠♦s ❛ ❡s❝r✐❜✐r✳ ❙✐ q✉❡r❡♠♦s ♥✉❡str♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❡♥ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛✲
♠✐❡♥t♦✱ ❡♥tr❛♠♦s ❛❧ ♠❡♥ú ✏❊❥❡❝✉t❛r✏ ② ✉s❛♠♦s ❧❛ ♦♣❝✐ó♥ ✏❈♦♠♣✐❧❛r ② ❡❥❡❝✉t❛r✏✿

✭s✐ ♥♦ ❤❡♠♦s ❣✉❛r❞❛❞♦ ❧♦s ❝❛♠❜✐♦s ❡♥ ♥✉❡str♦ ❢✉❡♥t❡✱ ❧♦ ❤❛❝❡ ❛♥t❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛r✮✳

P✉❡❞❡ ♦❝✉rr✐r q✉❡ s❡ ♠✉❡str❡ ❡❧ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❡♥ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛✱ ♣❡r♦ ❧❛ ✈❡♥t❛♥❛ ❞❡s❛♣❛r❡③❝❛ t❛♥ rá♣✐❞♦
q✉❡ ♥♦ t❡♥❣❛♠♦s t✐❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❧❡❡r❧♦✳ ❙✐ ❡s ♥✉❡str♦ ❝❛s♦✱ t❡♥❡♠♦s ❞♦s ♦♣❝✐♦♥❡s✿

❆❧❣✉♥♦s ❡♥t♦r♥♦s ✭❝♦♠♦ ❧♦s ❞❡ ❧❛ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛ ❚✉r❜♦ ❈ ② ❇♦r❧❛♥❞ ❈✮ t✐❡♥❡♥ ✉♥❛ ♦♣❝✐ó♥ ✏❯s❡r ❙❝r❡❡♥✏
✭♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛ ❞❡ ✉s✉❛r✐♦✮ ❡♥ ❡❧ ♠❡♥ú ✏❘✉♥✏ ✭❡❥❡❝✉t❛r✮✱ q✉❡ ♥♦s ♠♦str❛rí❛ ❧♦ q✉❡ ❤❛ ❛♣❛r❡❝✐❞♦ ❡♥ ❡s❛
♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛ q✉❡ ♥♦ ♣✉❞✐♠♦s ❧❡❡r✳ ✭■♠❛❣❡♥ ♣r♦♥t♦ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜❧❡✮

❖tr♦s ❡♥t♦r♥♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❉❡✈✲❈✰✰✱ ♥♦ t✐❡♥❡♥ ❡s❛ ♣♦s✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞✱ ♣♦r ❧♦ q✉❡ ❞❡❜❡♠♦s ❤❛❝❡r ✉♥ ♣❡q✉❡ñ♦
❝❛♠❜✐♦ ❛ ♥✉❡str♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❢✉❡♥t❡✱ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ❡s♣❡r❡ ❛ q✉❡ ♣r❡s✐♦♥❡♠♦s ❧❛ t❡❝❧❛ ■♥tr♦ ❛♥t❡s ❞❡
t❡r♠✐♥❛r✳ ▲❛ ♦r❞❡♥ q✉❡ ❤❛❝❡ ❡s♦ ❡s ✏❣❡t❝❤❛r✭✮✏✱ ❛sí q✉❡ ♥✉❡str♦ ❢✉❡♥t❡ q✉❡❞❛✿

✶ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ st❞✐♦ ✳❤ ❃
✷
✸ ♠❛✐♥ ✭✮ ④
✹ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❍♦❧❛ ✧✮ ❀
✺ ❣❡t❝❤❛r ✭✮ ❀
✻ ⑥
❖ ❜✐❡♥✱ s✐ ✉s❛♠♦s ❧❛ s✐♥t❛①✐s ♠ás ❞❡t❛❧❧❛❞❛✿

✶ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ st❞✐♦ ✳❤ ❃

✶✸
 ✷
✸ ✐♥t ♠❛✐♥ ✭✮ ④
✹ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❍♦❧❛ ✧✮ ❀
✺ ❣❡t❝❤❛r ✭✮ ❀
✻ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✼ ⑥

✸✳✻✳ ▼♦str❛♥❞♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦s ❡♥t❡r♦s ❡♥ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛

❈✉❛♥❞♦ q✉❡r❡♠♦s ♠♦str❛r ✉♥ t❡①t♦ ✏t❛❧ ❝✉❛❧✑✱ ❧♦ ❡♥❝❡rr❛♠♦s ❡♥tr❡ ❝♦♠✐❧❧❛s✳ P❡r♦ ♥♦ s✐❡♠♣r❡
q✉❡rr❡♠♦s ❡s❝r✐❜✐r t❡①t♦s ♣r❡✜❥❛❞♦s✳ ❊♥ ♠✉❝❤♦s ❝❛s♦s✱ s❡ tr❛t❛ ❞❡ ❛❧❣♦ q✉❡ ❤❛❜rá q✉❡ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛r✳
❊❧ ❝❛s♦ ♠ás s❡♥❝✐❧❧♦ ❡s ❡❧ ❞❡ ✉♥❛ ♦♣❡r❛❝✐ó♥ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳ ❊♥ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣✐♦✱ ✐♥t❡♥t❛♠♦s ❛❧❣♦ ❛sí✿

♣r✐♥t❢✭✸✰✹✮❀
❊♥ ♠✉❝❤♦s ❧❡♥❣✉❛❥❡s ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❝✐ó♥ ❡st♦ ❡s ✈á❧✐❞♦✱ ♣❡r♦ ♥♦ ❡♥ ❈✳ ▲❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ✏♣r✐♥t❢ ✑ ♦❜❧✐❣❛ ❛
q✉❡ ❧♦ q✉❡ ❡s❝r✐❜❛♠♦s ❡♥ ♣r✐♠❡r ❧✉❣❛r s❡❛ ✉♥ t❡①t♦✱ ✐♥❞✐❝❛❞♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❝♦♠✐❧❧❛s✳ ◗✉❡ ❡s ✉♥ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❞❡
❢♦r♠❛t♦✳ ❉❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ❡s❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛t♦ t❡♥❡♠♦s ❝❛r❛❝t❡r❡s ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧❡s✱ ❝♦♥ ❧♦s q✉❡ ❧❡ ✐♥❞✐❝❛♠♦s
❞ó♥❞❡ ② ❝ó♠♦ q✉❡r❡♠♦s q✉❡ ❛♣❛r❡③❝❛ ✉♥ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ✭✉ ♦tr❛s ❝♦s❛s✮✳ ❊❧ ❢♦r♠❛t♦ ❡s ✏ ✪❞✑ q✉❡ s✐r✈❡
♣❛r❛ ❞❡❝✐r ✏q✉✐❡r♦ q✉❡ ❛q✉í ❛♣❛r❡③❝❛ ✉♥ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❡♥t❡r♦✑✳ ➽◗✉é ♥ú♠❡r♦❄ ❊❧ q✉❡ ❧❡ ✐♥❞✐❝❛♠♦s ❛
❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛❝✐ó♥✱ s❡♣❛r❛❞♦ ♣♦r ✉♥❛ ❝♦♠❛✿

♣r✐♥t❢✭✧❊❧ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❡s ✪❞ ✧✱ ✸✰✹✮❀

❊st❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ♠✉❡str❛ ❡♥ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛ ✉♥ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❡♥t❡r♦ ✭ ✪❞✮ ❡❧ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞❡ s✉♠❛ ✸ ② ✹✳

❊s❝r✐❜✐♠♦s ❡♥tr❡ ❧❛s ❝♦♠✐❧❧❛s ♠ás ❞❡t❛❧❧❡s s♦❜r❡ ❧♦ q✉❡ ❡st❛♠♦s ❤❛❝✐❡♥❞♦✿

♣r✐♥t❢✭✧❊❧ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❡s ✪❞ ✧✱ s✉♠❛✮❀

✸✳✻✳✶✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦ ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦

✶✳ ❈r❡❛ ✉♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ q✉❡ ♠✉❡str❡ ❡❧ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞❡ s✉♠❛r ✶✶✽ ② ✺✻✳

✸✳✼✳ ❖♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❡s ❛r✐t♠ét✐❝❛s ❜ás✐❝❛s

❊stá ❝❧❛r♦ q✉❡ ❡❧ sí♠❜♦❧♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ s✉♠❛ ❡s ✉♥ ✰✱ ② ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ❡s♣❡r❛r ❝✉❛❧ s❡rá ❡❧ ❞❡ ❧❛ r❡st❛✱
♣❡r♦ ❛❧❣✉♥❛ ❞❡ ❧❛s ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❡s ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛s ❤❛❜✐t✉❛❧❡s t✐❡♥❡ sí♠❜♦❧♦s ♠❡♥♦s ✐♥t✉✐t✐✈♦s✳ ❱❡❛♠♦s
❝✉❛❧❡s s♦♥ ❧♦s ♠ás ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s✿

❖♣❡r❛❞♦r ❖♣❡r❛❝✐ó♥
✰ ❙✉♠❛
✲ ❘❡st❛✱ ♥❡❣❛❝✐ó♥
✯ ▼✉❧t✐♣❧✐❝❛❝✐ó♥
✴ ❉✐✈✐s✐ó♥
✪ ❘❡st♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❞✐✈✐s✐ó♥ ✭❄♠ó❞✉❧♦❄✮

✸✳✼✳✶✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦ ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦

✶✳ ❍❛❝❡r ✉♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ q✉❡ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❡ ❡❧ ♣r♦❞✉❝t♦ ❞❡ ❧♦s ♥ú♠❡r♦s ✶✷ ② ✶✸✳

✶✹
✸✳✼✳✷✳ ❖r❞❡♥ ❞❡ ♣r✐♦r✐❞❛❞ ❞❡ ❧♦s ♦♣❡r❛❞♦r❡s
❙❡♥❝✐❧❧♦✿

❊♥ ♣r✐♠❡r ❧✉❣❛r s❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛rá♥ ❧❛s ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❡s ✐♥❞✐❝❛❞❛s ❡♥tr❡ ♣❛ré♥t❡s✐s✳

▲✉❡❣♦ ❧❛ ♥❡❣❛❝✐ó♥✳

❉❡s♣✉és ❧❛s ♠✉❧t✐♣❧✐❝❛❝✐♦♥❡s✱ ❞✐✈✐s✐♦♥❡s ② ❡❧ r❡st♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❞✐✈✐s✐ó♥✳

❋✐♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❧❛s s✉♠❛s ② ❧❛s r❡st❛s✳

❊♥ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ t❡♥❡r ✐❣✉❛❧ ♣r✐♦r✐❞❛❞✱ s❡ ❛♥❛❧✐③❛♥ ❞❡ ✐③q✉✐❡r❞❛ ❛ ❞❡r❡❝❤❛✳

✸✳✼✳✸✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦ ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦

✶✳ ❈❛❧❝✉❧❛r ✭❛ ♠❛♥♦ ② ❞❡s♣✉és ❝♦♠♣r♦❜❛r ❞❡s❞❡ ❈✮ ❡❧ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❡st❛s ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❡s✿

✷✳ ✷ ✰ ✸ ✯ ✺

✸✳ ✭✷✵✰✺✮ ✪ ✻

✹✳ ✶✺ ✰ ✲✺✯✻ ✴ ✶✵

✺✳ ✷ ✰ ✶✵ ✴ ✺ ✯ ✷ ✲ ✼ ✪ ✶

✸✳✼✳✹✳ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❞❡s❜♦r❞❛♠✐❡♥t♦

❊❧ ❡s♣❛❝✐♦ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜❧❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛❧♠❛❝❡♥❛r ❧♦s ♥ú♠❡r♦s ❡s ❧✐♠✐t❛❞♦✳ ❙✐ ❡❧ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ✉♥❛ ♦♣❡r❛❝✐ó♥
❡s ✉♥ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ✏❞❡♠❛s✐❛❞♦ ❣r❛♥❞❡✑✱ ♦❜t❡♥❡♠♦s ✉♥ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❡rró♥❡♦✳ P♦r ❡s♦ ❡♥ ❧♦s ♣r✐♠❡r♦s
❡❥❡♠♣❧♦s ✉s❛♠♦s ♥ú♠❡r♦s ♣❡q✉❡ñ♦s✳ ▼ás ❛❞❡❧❛♥t❡ ✈❡♠♦s ❛ q✉é s❡ ❞❡❜❡ r❡❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡st❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛
② ❝ó♠♦ ❡✈✐t❛r❧♦✳

✸✳✽✳ ▲❛s ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s✿ ✐♥t

▲❛s ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s s♦♥ ❛❧❣♦ q✉❡ ♥♦ ❝♦♥t✐❡♥❡♥ ✉♥ ✈❛❧♦r ♣r❡❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦✱ ✉♥ ❡s♣❛❝✐♦ ❞❡ ♠❡♠♦r✐❛ ❛❧
q✉❡ ♥♦s♦tr♦s ❛s✐❣♥❛♠♦s ✉♥ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ② ❡♥ ❡❧ q✉❡ ♣♦❞r❡♠♦s ❛❧♠❛❝❡♥❛r ❞❛t♦s✳

❊❧ ♣r✐♠❡r ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦ ♥♦s ♣❡r♠✐tí❛ ❡s❝r✐❜✐r ✏❍♦❧❛✑✳ ❊❧ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ♥♦s ♣❡r♠✐tí❛ s✉♠❛r ❞♦s ♥ú♠❡r♦s
q✉❡ ❤❛❜í❛♠♦s ♣r❡✜❥❛❞♦ ❡♥ ♥✉❡str♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛✳ P❡r♦ ❡st♦ t❛♠♣♦❝♦ ❡s ✏❧♦ ❤❛❜✐t✉❛❧✑✱ s✐♥♦ q✉❡ ❡s♦s
♥ú♠❡r♦s ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡rá♥ ❞❡ ✈❛❧♦r❡s q✉❡ ❤❛②❛ t❡❝❧❡❛❞♦ ❡❧ ✉s✉❛r✐♦ ♦ ❞❡ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦s ❛♥t❡r✐♦r❡s✳

P♦r ❡s♦ ♥❡❝❡s✐t❛r❡♠♦s ✉s❛r ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s✱ ❡♥ ❧❛s q✉❡ ❣✉❛r❞❡♠♦s ❧♦s ❞❛t♦s ❝♦♥ ❧♦s q✉❡ ✈❛♠♦s ❛ tr❛❜❛❥❛r
② t❛♠❜✐é♥ ❧♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s t❡♠♣♦r❛❧❡s✳ ❱❛♠♦s ❛ ✈❡r ❝♦♠♦ ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦ ❧♦ q✉❡ ❤❛rí❛♠♦s ♣❛r❛ s✉♠❛r ❞♦s
♥ú♠❡r♦s ❡♥t❡r♦s q✉❡ ✜❥ás❡♠♦s ❡♥ ❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛✳

✸✳✽✳✶✳ ❉❡✜♥✐❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s✿ ♥ú♠❡r♦s ❡♥t❡r♦s

P❛r❛ ✉s❛r ✉♥❛ ❝✐❡rt❛ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ ♣r✐♠❡r♦ ❤❛② q✉❡ ❞❡❝❧❛r❛r❧❛✿ ✐♥❞✐❝❛r s✉ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ② ❡❧ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❞❛t♦
❛ ❣✉❛r❞❛r✳

❊❧ ♣r✐♠❡r t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s q✉❡ ✉s❛♠♦s s♦♥ ♥ú♠❡r♦s ❡♥t❡r♦s ✭s✐♥ ❞❡❝✐♠❛❧❡s✮✱ q✉❡ s❡ ✐♥❞✐❝❛♥ ❝♦♥
✏✐♥t✑ ✭❛❜r❡✈✐❛t✉r❛ ❞❡ ✏✐♥t❡❣❡r✑✮✳ ❉❡s♣✉és ❞❡ ❡st❛ ♣❛❧❛❜r❛ s❡ ✐♥❞✐❝❛ ❡❧ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ❞❡ ❧❛ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡✿ ✐♥t
♣r✐♠❡r◆✉♠❡r♦❀

✶✺
❊s❛ ♦r❞❡♥ r❡s❡r✈❛ ❡s♣❛❝✐♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛❧♠❛❝❡♥❛r ✉♥ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❡♥t❡r♦✱ q✉❡ t♦♠❛ ❞✐st✐♥t♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s✱ ② ❛❧ q✉❡
♥♦s r❡❢❡r✐♠♦s ❝♦♥ ❡❧ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ✏♣r✐♠❡r◆✉♠❡r♦✑✳

❙✐ ✉s❛♠♦s ❞♦s ♦ ♠ás ♥ú♠❡r♦s ❡♥t❡r♦s✱ ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ❞❡❝❧❛r❛r❧♦s ❡♥ ❧❛ ♠✐s♠❛ ❧í♥❡❛✿

✐♥t ♣r✐♠❡r◆✉♠❡r♦✱ s❡❣✉♥❞♦◆✉♠❡r♦❀

❆s✐❣♥❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ✈❛❧♦r❡s
P♦❞❡♠♦s ❛s✐❣♥❛r ✉♥ ✈❛❧♦r ❛ ❡s❛ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❤❛❝✐❡♥❞♦✿

♣r✐♠❡r◆✉♠❡r♦❂✷✸✹❀
❖ t❛♠❜✐é♥ ❛s✐❣♥❛r ✉♥ ✈❛❧♦r ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ✭✏✐♥✐❝✐❛❧✐③❛r❧❛s✑✮ ❛♥t❡s ❞❡ q✉❡ ❡♠♣✐❡❝❡ ❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛✱ ❡♥ ❡❧ ♠✐s♠♦
♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ❡♥ q✉❡ ❧❛s ❞❡✜♥✐♠♦s✿

✐♥t ♣r✐♠❡r◆✉♠❡r♦❂✷✸✹❀
❖ ✐♥❝❧✉s♦✱ ❞❡✜♥✐r ❡ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧✐③❛r ♠ás ❞❡ ✉♥❛ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ ❛ ❧❛ ✈❡③✿

✐♥t ♣r✐♠❡r◆✉♠❡r♦❂✷✸✹✱ s❡❣✉♥❞♦◆✉♠❡r♦❂✺✻✼❀

✭❡st❛ ❧í♥❡❛ r❡s❡r✈❛ ❡s♣❛❝✐♦ ♣❛r❛ ❞♦s ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s✱ ♣❛r❛ ❛❧♠❛❝❡♥❛r ♥ú♠❡r♦s ❡♥t❡r♦s❀ ✉♥❛ ❞❡ ❡❧❧❛s s❡
❧❧❛♠❛ ♣r✐♠❡r◆✉♠❡r♦ ② t✐❡♥❡ ❝♦♠♦ ✈❛❧♦r ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ✷✸✹ ② ❧❛ ♦tr❛✱ s❡❣✉♥❞♦◆✉♠❡r♦✱ ② t✐❡♥❡ ❝♦♠♦ ✈❛❧♦r
✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ✺✻✼✮✳

❉❡s♣✉és ❤❛❝❡♠♦s ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❡s ❝♦♥ ❧❛s ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s✱ ✐❣✉❛❧ q✉❡ ❝♦♥ ❧♦s ♥ú♠❡r♦s✿

s✉♠❛ ❂ ♣r✐♠❡r◆✉♠❡r♦ ✰ s❡❣✉♥❞♦◆✉♠❡r♦❀

✸✳✽✳✷✳ ▼♦str❛♥❞♦ ❡❧ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ ✉♥❛ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ ❡♥ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛

❯♥❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ s❛❜❡♠♦s ❝ó♠♦ ♠♦str❛r ✉♥ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❡♥ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛✱ ❡s s❡♥❝✐❧❧♦ ♠♦str❛r ❡❧ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡
✉♥❛ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡✳ P❛r❛ ✉♥ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❤❛❝❡♠♦s ❝♦s❛s ❝♦♠♦✿

♣r✐♥t❢✭✧❊❧ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❡s ✪❞ ✧✱ ✸✰✹✮❀

♣❡r♦ s✐ s❡ tr❛t❛ ❞❡ ✉♥❛ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ ❡s ✐❞é♥t✐❝♦✿

♣r✐♥t❢✭✧❊❧ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❡s ✪❞ ✧✱ s✉♠❛✮❀

❨❛ s❛❜❡♠♦s ❧♦ s✉✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❝r❡❛r ✉♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ q✉❡ s✉♠❡ ❞♦s ♥ú♠❡r♦s ✉s❛♥❞♦ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s✿

✶ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ st❞✐♦ ✳❤ ❃
✷ ✐♥t ♠❛✐♥ ✭✮ ④
✸ ✐♥t ♣r✐♠❡r◆✉♠❡r♦ ❀
✹ ✐♥t s❡❣✉♥❞♦◆✉♠❡r♦ ❀
✺ ✐♥t s✉♠❛ ❀
✻ ♣r✐♠❡r◆✉♠❡r♦ ❂ ✷✸✹❀
✼ s❡❣✉♥❞♦◆✉♠❡r♦ ❂ ✺✻✼❀
✽ s✉♠❛ ❂ ♣r✐♠❡r◆✉♠❡r♦ ✰ s❡❣✉♥❞♦◆✉♠❡r♦ ❀
✾ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❙✉ s✉♠❛ ❡s ✪❞ ✧ ✱ s✉♠❛ ✮ ❀
✶✵ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✶✶ ⑥
✭❘❡❝✉❡r❞❛ q✉❡ ❡♥ ❲✐♥❞♦✇s ♥❡❝❡s✐t❛s ✐♥❝❧✉✐r ✏❣❡t❝❤❛r✭✮❀✏ ❛♥t❡s ❞❡❧ ✏r❡t✉r♥ ✵✏ ♣❛r❛ t❡♥❡r t✐❡♠♣♦
❞❡ ❧❡❡r ❧♦ q✉❡ ❛♣❛r❡❝❡ ❡♥ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛✮✳

❘❡♣❛s❡♠♦s ❧♦ q✉❡ ❤❛❝❡✿

★✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁st❞✐♦✳❤❃❞✐❝❡ q✉❡ q✉❡r❡♠♦s ✉s❛r ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❡s ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛✴s❛❧✐❞❛ ❡stá♥❞❛r✳

✐♥t ♠❛✐♥✭✮ ✐♥❞✐❝❛ ❞♦♥❞❡ ❝♦♠✐❡♥③❛ ❡♥ sí ❡❧ ❝✉❡r♣♦ ❞❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛✳

✶✻
s❡ñ❛❧❛ ❡❧ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣✐♦ ❞❡❧ ❝✉❡r♣♦ ✭❞❡ ✏♠❛✐♥✑✮

✐♥t ♣r✐♠❡r◆✉♠❡r♦❀ r❡s❡r✈❛ ❡s♣❛❝✐♦ ♣❛r❛ ❣✉❛r❞❛r ✉♥ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❡♥t❡r♦✱ ❛❧ q✉❡ ❧❧❛♠❛r❡♠♦s ♣r✐♠❡r◆✉✲
♠❡r♦✳

✐♥t s❡❣✉♥❞♦◆✉♠❡r♦❀ r❡s❡r✈❛ ❡s♣❛❝✐♦ ♣❛r❛ ❣✉❛r❞❛r ♦tr♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❡♥t❡r♦✱ ❛❧ q✉❡ ❧❧❛♠❛r❡♠♦s s❡❣✉♥✲
❞♦◆✉♠❡r♦✳

✐♥t s✉♠❛❀ r❡s❡r✈❛ ❡s♣❛❝✐♦ ♣❛r❛ ❣✉❛r❞❛r ✉♥ t❡r❝❡r ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❡♥t❡r♦✱ ❛❧ q✉❡ ❧❧❛♠❛r❡♠♦s s✉♠❛✳

♣r✐♠❡r◆✉♠❡r♦ ❂ ✷✸✹❀ ❞❛ ❡❧ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡❧ ♣r✐♠❡r ♥ú♠❡r♦ q✉❡ q✉❡r❡♠♦s s✉♠❛r✳

s❡❣✉♥❞♦◆✉♠❡r♦ ❂ ✺✻✼❀ ❞❛ ❡❧ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡❧ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ q✉❡ q✉❡r❡♠♦s s✉♠❛r✳

s✉♠❛ ❂ ♣r✐♠❡r◆✉♠❡r♦ ✰ s❡❣✉♥❞♦◆✉♠❡r♦❀ ❤❛❧❧❛ ❧❛ s✉♠❛ ❞❡ ❡s♦s ❞♦s ♥ú♠❡r♦s ② ❧❛ ❣✉❛r❞❛ ❡♥ ♦tr❛
✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡✱ ❡♥ ✈❡③ ❞❡ ♠♦str❛r❧❛ ❞✐r❡❝t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡♥ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛✳

♣r✐♥t❢✭✧❙✉ s✉♠❛ ❡s ✪❞ ✧✱ s✉♠❛✮❀

▼✉❡str❛ ❡♥ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛ ❡❧ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ s✉♠❛✳

r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀ ❞❡❜❡ s❡r ❧❛ ú❧t✐♠❛ ♦r❞❡♥✳

s❡ñ❛❧❛ ❡❧ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣✐♦ ❞❡❧ ❝✉❡r♣♦ ✭❞❡ ✏♠❛✐♥✑✮

◆♦t❛✿ ❧❛s ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s s❡ ❞❡❝❧❛r❛♥ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡❧ ❝✉❡r♣♦ ❞❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ✭♠❛✐♥✮ ♦ ❢✉❡r❛ ❞❡ é❧✳ ❊♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s
s❡♥❝✐❧❧♦s ♥♦ ❤❛❜rá ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛✳ P❡r♦ ❝✐❡rt♦s ❝❛s♦s s❡ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛rá♥ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞✐st✐♥t❛ s❡❣ú♥ ❞♦♥❞❡
❧❛s ❞❡❝❧❛r❛♠♦s✳

▲♦ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ❡s q✉❡ ♠✉❝❤♦s ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡ ❈ ♦❜❧✐❣❛♥ ❛ ❞❡❝❧❛r❛r ❧❛s ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s ❛♥t❡s ❞❡ ❝✉❛❧q✉✐❡r
♦tr❛ ♦r❞❡♥✱ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ q✉❡ ❡❧ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛

✶ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ st❞✐♦ ✳❤ ❃
✷ ✐♥t ♠❛✐♥ ✭✮ ④
✸ ✐♥t ♣r✐♠❡r◆✉♠❡r♦ ❀
✹ ✐♥t s❡❣✉♥❞♦◆✉♠❡r♦ ❀
✺ ✐♥t s✉♠❛ ❀
✻ ♣r✐♠❡r◆✉♠❡r♦ ❂ ✷✸✹❀
✼ s❡❣✉♥❞♦◆✉♠❡r♦ ❂ ✺✻✼❀
✽ s✉♠❛ ❂ ♣r✐♠❡r◆✉♠❡r♦ ✰ s❡❣✉♥❞♦◆✉♠❡r♦ ❀
✾ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❙✉ s✉♠❛ ❡s ✪❞ ✧ ✱ s✉♠❛ ✮ ❀
✶✵ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✶✶ ⑥
♣✉❡❞❡ ♥♦ ♣❛r❡❝❡r❧❡ ❝♦rr❡❝t♦ ❛ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡ ❈ ♣r❡✈✐♦s ❛❧ ❡stá♥❞❛r ❈✾✾ ♣♦rq✉❡ ❧❛ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ ✏s✉♠❛✏
s❡ ❞❡❝❧❛r❛ t❛r❞❡ ✭♣❡r♦ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ❡s❡ ❡stá♥❞❛r s❡ ❞❡❝❧❛r❛♥ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s ❡♥ ❝✉❛❧q✉✐❡r ♣✉♥t♦✱ ❝♦s❛ q✉❡
♣❡r♠✐t❡♥ ❛❧❣✉♥♦s ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦r❡s ❛♥t✐❣✉♦s ♣❡r♦ só❧♦ ❞❡ ❧❡♥❣✉❛❥❡ ❈ ② ❈✰✰✮✳

❘❡s✉♠✐♠♦s ❡st❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❢✉❡♥t❡✱ s✐ ❛s✐❣♥❛♠♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❛ ❧❛s ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s ❛❧ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧✐③❛r❧❛s✿

✶ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ st❞✐♦ ✳❤ ❃
✷ ✐♥t ♠❛✐♥ ✭✮ ④
✸ ✐♥t ♣r✐♠❡r◆✉♠❡r♦ ❂ ✷✸✹❀
✹ ✐♥t s❡❣✉♥❞♦◆✉♠❡r♦ ❂ ✺✻✼❀
✺ ✐♥t s✉♠❛ ❀
✻ s✉♠❛ ❂ ♣r✐♠❡r◆✉♠❡r♦ ✰ s❡❣✉♥❞♦◆✉♠❡r♦ ❀
✼ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❙✉ s✉♠❛ ❡s ✪❞ ✧ ✱ s✉♠❛ ✮ ❀
✽ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✾ ⑥

✶✼
✸✳✽✳✸✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦ ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦

✶✳ ❍❛❝❡r ✉♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ q✉❡ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❡ ❡❧ ♣r♦❞✉❝t♦ ❞❡ ❧♦s ♥ú♠❡r♦s ✶✷✶ ② ✶✸✷✱ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s✳

✸✳✾✳ ■❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛❞♦r❡s
▲♦s ♥♦♠❜r❡s ❞❡ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ ✭✏✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛❞♦r❡s✑✮ ♣✉❡❞❡♥ ❡st❛r ❢♦r♠❛❞♦s ♣♦r ❧❡tr❛s✱ ♥ú♠❡r♦s ♦ ❡❧
sí♠❜♦❧♦ ❞❡ s✉❜r❛②❛❞♦ ✭❴✮ ② ❞❡❜❡♥ ❝♦♠❡♥③❛r ♣♦r ❧❡tr❛ ♦ s✉❜r❛②❛❞♦✳ ◆♦ ❞❡❜❡♥ t❡♥❡r ❡s♣❛❝✐♦s
✐♥t❡r♠❡❞✐♦s✱ ② r❡❝♦r❞❛r q✉❡ ❧❛s ✈♦❝❛❧❡s ❛❝❡♥t✉❛❞❛s ② ❧❛ ❡ñ❡ s♦♥ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠át✐❝❛s✱ ♣♦rq✉❡ ♥♦ s♦♥
❧❡tr❛s ✏❡stá♥❞❛r✏ ❡♥ t♦❞♦s ❧♦s ✐❞✐♦♠❛s✳ ❆❧❣✉♥♦s ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦r❡s ♣❡r♠✐t❡♥ ♦tr♦s sí♠❜♦❧♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❡❧
✩✱ ♣❡r♦ ❡s ❛❝♦♥s❡❥❛❜❧❡ ♥♦ ✉s❛r❧♦s✱ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ q✉❡ ❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ s❡❛ ♣♦rt❛❜❧❡ ✭❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❡ ❡♥ ❞✐st✐♥t♦s
s✐st❡♠❛s ♦♣❡r❛t✐✈♦s✮✳

◆♦ s♦♥ ♥♦♠❜r❡s ❞❡ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ ✈á❧✐❞♦s✿

✶♥✉♠❡r♦ ✭❡♠♣✐❡③❛ ♣♦r ♥ú♠❡r♦✮✳

✉♥ ♥✉♠❡r♦ ✭❝♦♥t✐❡♥❡ ✉♥ ❡s♣❛❝✐♦✮✳

❆ñ♦✶ ✭t✐❡♥❡ ✉♥❛ ❡ñ❡✮✳

▼ás❉❛t♦s ✭t✐❡♥❡ ✉♥❛ ✈♦❝❛❧ ❛❝❡♥t✉❛❞❛✮✳

❚❛♠♣♦❝♦ ✉s❛♠♦s ❝♦♠♦ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛❞♦r❡s ❧❛s ♣❛❧❛❜r❛s r❡s❡r✈❛❞❛s ❞❡ ❈✳ ❆sí ❧❛ ♣❛❧❛❜r❛ ✏✐♥t✏✱ q✉❡ s❡
r❡✜❡r❡ ❛ ✉♥❛ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ q✉❡ ❣✉❛r❞❛ ✉♥ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❡♥t❡r♦✱ ♥♦ ❧❛ ✉s❛♠♦s ❝♦♠♦ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ❞❡ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡✳

❉❡ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠♦s ♥♦♠❜r❡s ❞❡ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s q✉❡ ♥♦s r❡s✉❧t❡♥ ❝❧❛r♦s✱ ② q✉❡ ♥♦ ♣❛r❡③❝❛♥ s❡r ✉♥❛
♦r❞❡♥ ❞❡ ❈✳

❍❛② q✉❡ r❡❝♦r❞❛r q✉❡ ❡♥ ❈ ❧❛s ♠❛②ús❝✉❧❛s ② ♠✐♥ús❝✉❧❛s s❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s✱ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ q✉❡ s✐✿

✶ Pr✐♠❡r◆✉♠❡r♦ ❂ ✵❀
✷ ♣r✐♠❡r♥✉♠❡r♦ ❂ ✵❀
♦ ❝✉❛❧q✉✐❡r ✈❛r✐❛❝✐ó♥ s✐♠✐❧❛r✱ ❡❧ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦r ♣r♦t❡st❛ ② ♣♦rq✉❡ ♥♦ ❝♦♥♦❝❡ ❡s❛ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡✱ ❧❛ ❞❡❝❧❛r❛♠♦s
❝♦♠♦✿

✐♥t ♣r✐♠❡r◆✉♠❡r♦❀
❊❧ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❧❡tr❛s q✉❡ ❝♦♥t✐❡♥❡ ✉♥ ✏✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛❞♦r✏ ✭❡❧ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ❞❡ ✉♥❛ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡✮ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡ ❞❡❧
❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦r q✉❡ ✉s❡♠♦s✳ ❊s ❢r❡❝✉❡♥t❡ q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❛♥ ❝✉❛❧q✉✐❡r ❧♦♥❣✐t✉❞✱ ♣❡r♦ só❧♦ s❡ ✜❥❛♥ ❡♥ ✉♥❛s
❝✉❛♥t❛s ❧❡tr❛s ✭❝♦♠♦ ❧❛s ✽ ♦ ✸✷ ♣r✐♠❡r❛s✮✳ ❊s♦ q✉✐❡r❡ ❞❡❝✐r q✉❡ ❛❧❣ú♥ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦r ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❡ ❝♦♠♦
✐❣✉❛❧❡s ❧❛s ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s ◆✉♠❡r♦P❛r❛❆♥❛❧✐③❛r✶ ② ◆✉♠❡r♦P❛r❛❆♥❛❧✐③❛r✷✱ ♣♦rq✉❡ t✐❡♥❡♥ ❧❛s ♣r✐♠❡r❛s
✶✽ ❧❡tr❛s ✐❣✉❛❧❡s✳ ❊❧ ❈ ❡stá♥❞❛r ✭❆◆❙■ ❈✮ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ❝✉❛❧q✉✐❡r ❧♦♥❣✐t✉❞✱ ♣❡r♦ só❧♦ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛ ❧❛s
♣r✐♠❡r❛s ✸✶✳

✸✳✶✵✳ ❈♦♠❡♥t❛r✐♦s
P♦❞❡♠♦s ❡s❝r✐❜✐r ❝♦♠❡♥t❛r✐♦s✱ q✉❡ ❡❧ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦r ✐❣♥♦r❛✱ ♣❡r♦ q✉❡ s✐r✈❡♥ ♣❛r❛ ❛❝❧❛r❛r♥♦s ❝♦s❛s
✴✯ ② ✯✴✿
❛ ♥♦s♦tr♦s✳ ❙❡ ❡s❝r✐❜❡♥ ❡♥tr❡

✐♥t s✉♠❛❀ ✴✯P♦rq✉❡ ❣✉❛r❞❛ ❡❧ ✈❛❧♦r ♣❛r❛ ✉s❛r❧♦ ♠❛s t❛r❞❡ ✯✴

❊s ❝♦♥✈❡♥✐❡♥t❡ ❡s❝r✐❜✐r ❝♦♠❡♥t❛r✐♦s q✉❡ ❛❝❧❛r❡♥ ❧❛ ♠✐s✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❧❛s ♣❛rt❡s ❞❡ ♥✉❡str♦s ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s
q✉❡ r❡s✉❧t❡♥ ♠❡♥♦s ❝❧❛r❛s ❛ s✐♠♣❧❡ ✈✐st❛✳ ■♥❝❧✉s♦ ❡s ❛❝♦♥s❡❥❛❜❧❡ q✉❡ ❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❝♦♠✐❡♥❝❡ ❝♦♥

✶✽
✉♥ ❝♦♠❡♥t❛r✐♦✱ q✉❡ r❡❝✉❡r❞❡ q✉é ❤❛❝❡ ❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ s✐♥ q✉❡ ♥❡❝❡s✐t❡♠♦s ♠✐r❛r❧♦ ❞❡ ❛rr✐❜❛ ❛ ❛❜❛❥♦✳
❯♥ ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦ ❡①❛❣❡r❛❞♦✿

✶ ✴✯ ✲✲✲✲ ❊❥❡♠♣❧♦ ❡♥ ❈✿ s✉♠❛r ❞♦s ♥✉♠❡r♦s ♣r❡❢✐❥❛❞♦s ✲✲✲✲ ✯✴

✷
✸ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ st❞✐♦ ✳❤ ❃
✹ ♠❛✐♥ ✭✮ ④
✺ ✐♥t ♣r✐♠❡r◆✉♠❡r♦ ❂ ✷✸✹❀
✻ ✐♥t s❡❣✉♥❞♦◆✉♠❡r♦ ❂ ✺✻✼❀
✼ ✐♥t s✉♠❛ ❀ ✴✯ ❣✉❛r❞❛ ❡❧ ✈❛❧♦r ♣❛r❛ ✉s❛r❧♦ ♠❛s t❛r❞❡ ✯✴
✽
✾ ✴✯ Pr✐♠❡r♦ ❝❛❧❝✉❧♦ ❧❛ s✉♠❛ ✯✴
✶✵ s✉♠❛ ❂ ♣r✐♠❡r◆✉♠❡r♦ ✰ s❡❣✉♥❞♦◆✉♠❡r♦ ❀
✶✶ ✴✯ ❨ ❞❡s♣✉ és ♠✉❡str♦ s✉ ✈❛❧♦r ✯✴
✶✷ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❙✉ s✉♠❛ ❡s ✪❞ ✧ ✱ s✉♠❛ ✮ ❀
✶✸ ⑥
❯♥ ❝♦♠❡♥t❛r✐♦ ♣✉❡❞❡ ❡♠♣❡③❛r ❡♥ ✉♥❛ ❧í♥❡❛ ② t❡r♠✐♥❛r ❡♥ ♦tr❛ ❞✐st✐♥t❛✱ ❛sí✿ ✯ ❊st♦ ❡s ✉♥ ❝♦♠❡♥✲
t❛r✐♦ q✉❡ ♦❝✉♣❛ ♠❛s ❞❡ ✉♥❛ ❧✐♥❡❛ ✯ ❊❧ ❡stá♥❞❛r ❈✾✾✱ q✉❡ s✐❣✉❡♥ ❛❧❣✉♥♦s ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦r❡s ♣♦st❡r✐♦r❡s
❛ ✶✾✾✾✱ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ❝♦♠❡♥t❛r✐♦s ❞❡ ✉♥❛ s♦❧❛ ❧í♥❡❛✱ q✉❡ ❝♦♠✐❡♥③❛♥ ❝♦♥ ❞♦❜❧❡ ❜❛rr❛ ② t❡r♠✐♥❛♥ ❛❧ ✜♥❛❧
❞❡ ❧❛ ❧í♥❡❛ ❛❝t✉❛❧✳ ❆❧ ✐❣✉❛❧ q✉❡ ♣❛s❛ ❝♦♥ ❧❛s ❞❡❝❧❛r❛❝✐♦♥❡s ❡♥ ❝✉❛❧q✉✐❡r ♣✉♥t♦ ❞❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛✱ ❡s
♣♦s✐❜❧❡ q✉❡ ❡st❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠❡♥t❛r✐♦s t❛♠❜✐é♥ ❧♦ ♣❡r♠✐t❛♥ ❛❧❣✉♥♦s ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦r❡s ❛♥t✐❣✉♦s ♣❡r♦
q✉❡ s❡❛♥ ❞❡ ❧❡♥❣✉❛❥❡ ❈ ② ❈✰✰✳ ❊❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❢✉❡♥t❡ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r s❡ ❡s❝r✐❜❡ ❞❡ ❧❛ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❝♦♥
❝♦♠❡♥t❛r✐♦s ❞❡ ✉♥❛ ❧í♥❡❛✿

✶ ✴✴ ✲✲✲✲ ❊❥❡♠♣❧♦ ❡♥ ❈✿ s✉♠❛r ❞♦s ♥✉♠❡r♦s ♣r❡❢✐❥❛❞♦s ✲✲✲✲

✷
✸ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ st❞✐♦ ✳❤ ❃
✹ ✐♥t ♠❛✐♥ ✭✮ ④
✺ ✐♥t ♣r✐♠❡r◆✉♠❡r♦ ❂ ✷✸✹❀
✻ ✐♥t s❡❣✉♥❞♦◆✉♠❡r♦ ❂ ✺✻✼❀
✼ ✐♥t s✉♠❛ ❀ ✴✴ ❣✉❛r❞❛ ❡❧ ✈❛❧♦r ♣❛r❛ ✉s❛r❧♦ ♠❛s t❛r❞❡
✽ ✴✴ Pr✐♠❡r♦ ❝❛❧❝✉❧♦ ❧❛ s✉♠❛
✾ s✉♠❛ ❂ ♣r✐♠❡r◆✉♠❡r♦ ✰ s❡❣✉♥❞♦◆✉♠❡r♦ ❀
✶✵ ✴✴ ❨ ❞❡s♣✉ és ♠✉❡str♦ s✉ ✈❛❧♦r
✶✶ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❙✉ s✉♠❛ ❡s ✪❞ ✧ ✱ s✉♠❛ ✮ ❀
✶✷ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✶✸ ⑥

✸✳✶✶✳ ❉❛t♦s ♣♦r ❡❧ ✉s✉❛r✐♦✿ s❝❛♥❢

◆❛❞❛ ❧❧❡♥❛ ❞❡ ❛♥❣✉st✐❛ ❛ ✉♥ ✉s✉❛r✐♦ q✉❡ ✉♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ q✉❡ ♥♦ ❞✐❣❛ q✉❡ ❞❡❜❡ ❤❛❝❡r ♦ ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝✐r
❡♥ é❧✳

❙✐ q✉❡r❡♠♦s q✉❡ s❡❛ ❡❧ ✉s✉❛r✐♦ ❞❡ ♥✉❡str♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ q✉✐❡♥ ✐♥❣r❡s❡ ❧♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s✱ ♥❡❝❡s✐t❛♠♦s ✉♥❛
♥✉❡✈❛ ♦r❞❡♥✱ ❧❧❛♠❛❞❛ ✏s❝❛♥❢ ✑ ♣❛r❛ ❡♥✈✐❛r ✐♥str✉❝❝✐♦♥❡s ♦ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ q✉❡ ❡s♣❡r❛ ❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛
❞❡❧ ✉s✉❛r✐♦✳ ❙✉ ♠❛♥❡❥♦ r❡❝✉❡r❞❛ ❛❧ ❞❡ ✏♣r✐♥t❢ ✑✱ ❝♦♥ ✉♥❛ ♣❡q✉❡ñ❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛✿ s❝❛♥❢✭✧ ✪❞✧✱ ✫
♣r✐♠❡r◆✉♠❡r♦✮❀
❈♦♥ ❡s❡ ✏ ✪❞✑ ✐♥❞✐❝❛♠♦s q✉❡ ❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❡s♣❡r❛ ✉♥ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❡♥t❡r♦ ✭✐❣✉❛❧ q✉❡ ♣❛r❛ ✏♣r✐♥t❢ ✑✮ ②

✶✾
❝♦♥ ✫♣r✐♠❡r◆✉♠❡r♦ q✉❡r❡♠♦s q✉❡ ❡❧ ✈❛❧♦r ✐♥❣r❡s❛❞♦ s❡ ❣✉❛r❞❡ ❡♥ ❧❛ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ ❧❧❛♠❛❞❛ ✏♣r✐♠❡r✲
◆✉♠❡r♦✑✳ ▲❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛ ❡stá ❡♥ ❡❧ sí♠❜♦❧♦ ✫ q✉❡ ♦❜❧✐❣❛ ❛ ✏s❝❛♥❢ ✏ ❛ ♣♦♥❡r ❛♥t❡s ❞❡❧ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ❞❡ ❧❛
✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ s✉ t✐♣♦✳

❯♥ ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ q✉❡ s✉♠❡ ❞♦s ♥ú♠❡r♦s ✐♥❣r❡s❛❞♦s ♣♦r ❡❧ ✉s✉❛r✐♦ ❡s✿

✶ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ st❞✐♦ ✳❤ ❃
✷ ✐♥t ♠❛✐♥ ✭✮ ④ ✴✯ ❈✉❡r♣♦ ❞❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ✯✴
✸ ✐♥t ♣r✐♠❡r◆✉♠❡r♦ ✱ s❡❣✉♥❞♦◆✉♠❡r♦ ✱ s✉♠❛ ❀ ✴✯ ◆✉❡str❛s
✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s ✯✴
✹ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ■♥tr♦❞✉❝❡ ❡❧ ♣r✐♠❡r ♥✉♠❡r♦ ✧✮❀
✺ s❝❛♥❢ ✭✧ ✪❞✧ ✱ ✫ ♣r✐♠❡r◆✉♠❡r♦ ✮ ❀
✻ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ■♥tr♦❞✉❝❡ ❡❧ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ♥✉♠❡r♦ ✧✮❀
✼ s❝❛♥❢ ✭✧ ✪❞✧ ✱ ✫ s❡❣✉♥❞♦◆✉♠❡r♦ ✮❀
✽ s✉♠❛ ❂ ♣r✐♠❡r◆✉♠❡r♦ ✰ s❡❣✉♥❞♦◆✉♠❡r♦ ❀
✾ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❙✉ s✉♠❛ ❡s ✪❞ ✧ ✱ s✉♠❛ ✮ ❀
✶✵ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✶✶ ⑥

✸✳✶✷✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦s ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦s

✶✳ ▼✉❧t✐♣❧✐❝❛r ❞♦s ♥ú♠❡r♦s ✐♥❣r❡s❛❞♦s ♣♦r ✉s✉❛r✐♦

✷✳ ❊❧ ✉s✉❛r✐♦ ✐♥❣r❡s❛ ❞♦s ♥ú♠❡r♦s ✭① ❡ ②✮✱ ② ❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛ s✉ ❞✐✈✐s✐ó♥ ② ❡❧ r❡st♦ ❞❡ ❡❧❧❛✳

✸✳ ❊❧ ✉s✉❛r✐♦ ✐♥❣r❡s❛ ❞♦s ♥ú♠❡r♦s ✭❛ ② ❜✮✱ ② ❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ♠✉❡str❛ ❡❧ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ♦♣❡r❛❝✐ó♥

✭❛✰❜✮✯✭❛✲❜✮ ② ❡❧ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❛✷✲❜✷✳

✷✵
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✹

❚✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s
✹✳✶✳ ❚✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❡♥t❡r♦s✿ s✐❣♥❡❞✴✉♥s✐❣♥❡❞✱ s❤♦rt✴❧♦♥❣

❍❛❜❧❛♠♦s ❞❡ ♥ú♠❡r♦s ❡♥t❡r♦s✱ ❞❡ ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❡s s❡♥❝✐❧❧❛s✱ ❞❡ ✉s❛r ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s ♣❛r❛ r❡s❡r✈❛r ❡s♣❛❝✐♦
② tr❛❜❛❥❛r ❝♦♥ ❞❛t♦s ❝✉②♦ ✈❛❧♦r ♥♦ s❛❜❡♠♦s ❞❡ ❛♥t❡♠❛♥♦✳

❊♠♣✐❡③❛ ❡❧ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ r❡✜♥❛r✱ ❞❛r ♠ás ❞❡t❛❧❧❡s✳ ❊❧ ♣r✐♠❡r ✏❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦✑ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ❡s ❡❧ s✐❣♥♦
❞❡ ❧♦s ♥ú♠❡r♦s✿ ❧♦s ♥ú♠❡r♦s ❡♥t❡r♦s ✭s✐♥ ❞❡❝✐♠❛❧❡s✮✱ ♣❡r♦ ♥♦ ❞❡t❛❧❧❛♠♦s s✐ ❡s♦s ♥ú♠❡r♦s s♦♥
♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s✱ ♥❡❣❛t✐✈♦s ♦ s✐ ❡❧❡❣✐♠♦s ♦tr♦s✳

P✉❡s ❡s s❡♥❝✐❧❧♦✿ s✐ ♥♦ ❤❛❝❡♠♦s ♥❛❞❛✱ ❈ ❞❛ ♣♦r s❡♥t❛❞♦ q✉❡ ❡❧ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ♣✉❡❞❡ s❡r ♥❡❣❛t✐✈♦ ♦
♣♦s✐t✐✈♦✳ ❙✐ q✉❡r❡♠♦s ❞❡❥❛r❧♦ ❝❧❛r♦✱ ❛ñ❛❞✐♠♦s ❧❛ ♣❛❧❛❜r❛ ✏s✐❣♥❡❞✑ ✭❝♦♥ s✐❣♥♦✮ ❛♥t❡s ❞❡ ✏✐♥t✑✳ ❊st❡
❡s ✉♥♦ ❞❡ ❧♦s ✏♠♦❞✐✜❝❛❞♦r❡s✑ q✉❡ ❡♠♣❧❡❛♠♦s✳ ❖tr♦ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛❞♦r ❡s ✏✉♥s✐❣♥❡❞✑ ✭s✐♥ s✐❣♥♦✮✱ q✉❡ s✐r✈❡
♣❛r❛ ✐♥❞✐❝❛r ❛❧ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦r q✉❡ ♥♦ q✉❡r❡♠♦s ❣✉❛r❞❛r ♥ú♠❡r♦s ♥❡❣❛t✐✈♦s✱ só❧♦ ♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s✳ ❱❡❛♠♦s
✉♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛✿

✶ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ st❞✐♦ ✳❤ ❃
✷
✸ ✐♥t ♠❛✐♥ ✭✮ ④ ✴✯ ❈✉❡r♣♦ ❞❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ✯✴
✹ ✐♥t ♣r✐♠❡r◆✉♠❡r♦ ❀
✺ s✐❣♥❡❞ ✐♥t s❡❣✉♥❞♦◆✉♠❡r♦ ❀
✻ ✉♥s✐❣♥❡❞ ✐♥t t❡r❝❡r◆✉♠❡r♦ ❀
✼ ♣r✐♠❡r◆✉♠❡r♦ ❂ ✲s♣❛♥ ❃✶❀
✽ s❡❣✉♥❞♦◆✉♠❡r♦ ❂ ✲✷❀
✾ t❡r❝❡r◆✉♠❡r♦ ❂ ✸❀
✶✵ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❊❧ ♣r✐♠❡r ♥✉♠❡r♦ ❡s ✪❞ ✱ ✧ ✱ ♣r✐♠❡r◆✉♠❡r♦ ✮❀
✶✶ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❡❧ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❡s ✪❞ ✱ ✧ ✱ s❡❣✉♥❞♦◆✉♠❡r♦ ✮ ❀
✶✷ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❡❧ t❡r❝❡r ♥✉♠❡r♦ ❡s ✪❞✳✧ ✱ t❡r❝❡r◆✉♠❡r♦ ✮❀
✶✸ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✶✹ ⑥
❊❧ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❡st❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❡s ❡❧ q✉❡ ❡s♣❡r❛♠♦s✿

❊❧ ♣r✐♠❡r ♥✉♠❡r♦ ❡s ✲✶✱ ❡❧ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❡s ✲✷✱ ❡❧ t❡r❝❡r ♥✉♠❡r♦ ❡s ✸

➽❨ sí ❤✉❜✐ér❛♠♦s ❡s❝r✐t♦ ✏t❡r❝❡r◆✉♠❡r♦❂✲✸✑ ❞❡s♣✉és ❞❡ ❞❡❝✐r q✉❡ ✈❛ ❛ s❡r ✉♥ ❡♥t❡r♦ s✐♥ s✐❣♥♦✱
♣❛s❛rí❛ ❛❧❣♦❄ ◆♦✱ ❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ♠✉❡str❛ ✉♥ ✕✸ ❡♥ ❧❛ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛✳ ❊❧ ❧❡♥❣✉❛❥❡ ❈ ❞❡❥❛ ❞❡ s❡r t❛♥ ❞❡s✲
❝✉✐❞❛❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ♥♦s♦tr♦s q✉❡rr❛♠♦s s❡r✱ ❛sí q✉❡ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ tr❛❜❛❥❛♠♦s ❝♦♥ ✉♥ ❝✉✐❞❛❞♦✳

▲❛ ♣r❡❣✉♥t❛ ❡s✿ ➽❡s út✐❧ ♥♦ ✉s❛r ♥ú♠❡r♦s ♥❡❣❛t✐✈♦s❄ ❙í✱ ♣♦rq✉❡ ✉s❛r❡♠♦s ♥ú♠❡r♦s ♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ❞❡

✷✶
♠❛②♦r t❛♠❛ñ♦✳

❉❡ ✐❣✉❛❧ ♠♦❞♦ q✉❡ ❞❡t❛❧❧❛♠♦s s✐ q✉❡r❡♠♦s q✉❡ ✉♥ ♥ú♠❡r♦ s❡❛ ♥❡❣❛t✐✈♦ ♦ ♥♦✱ t❡♥❡♠♦s ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜❧❡
♦tr♦ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛❞♦r ♣❛r❛ ✐♥❞✐❝❛r q✉❡ q✉❡r❡♠♦s ♠ás ❡s♣❛❝✐♦✱ ♣❛r❛ ❛❧♠❛❝❡♥❛r ♥ú♠❡r♦s ♠ás ❣r❛♥❞❡s✳
❯♥ ✏✐♥t✑ ♥♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❣✉❛r❞❛ ♥ú♠❡r♦s ✐♥❢❡r✐♦r❡s ❛❧ ✷✳✶✹✼✳✹✽✸✳✻✹✼✱ ♣❡r♦ s✐ ✉s❛♠♦s ❡❧ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛❞♦r
✏❧♦♥❣✑✱ ❝✐❡rt♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ✉s❛♥ ♥ú♠❡r♦s ♠❛②♦r❡s✱ ♦ ❜✐❡♥ ❝♦♥ ❡❧ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛❞♦r ✏s❤♦rt✑ ✉s❛♠♦s ♥ú♠❡r♦s
♠❡♥♦r❡s ✭só❧♦ ❤❛st❛ ✸✷✳✼✻✼✱ ❡♥ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ ♦♣t✐♠✐③❛r ❧❛ ❝❛♥t✐❞❛❞ ❞❡ ♠❡♠♦r✐❛ ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r✮✳

✹✳✶✳✶✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦ ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦

✶✳ ▼✉❧t✐♣❧✐❝❛r ❞♦s ♥ú♠❡r♦s ❞❡ ✹ ❝✐❢r❛s q✉❡ ✐♥❣r❡s❡ ❡❧ ✉s✉❛r✐♦✱ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❡❧ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛❞♦r ✏❧♦♥❣✑✳

✹✳✷✳ Pr♦❜❧❡♠át✐❝❛✿ ❛s✐❣♥❛❝✐♦♥❡s ② t❛♠❛ñ♦ ❞❡ ❧♦s ♥ú♠❡r♦s❀ ❞✐st✐♥✲

t♦s ❡s♣❛❝✐♦s ♦❝✉♣❛❞♦s s❡❣ú♥ ❡❧ s✐st❡♠❛

❊❧ ♣r✐♠❡r ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❛ t❡♥❡r ❡♥ ❝✉❡♥t❛ ❡s q✉❡ s✐ ❛s✐❣♥❛♠♦s ❛ ✉♥❛ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ ✏❞❡♠❛s✐❛❞♦ ♣❡q✉❡ñ❛✑
✉♥ ✈❛❧♦r ♠ás ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❞❡❧ q✉❡ ♣♦❞rí❛ ❛❧♠❛❝❡♥❛r✱ ♦❜t❡♥❡♠♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ✐♥❝♦rr❡❝t♦s✳ ❯♥ ❝❛s♦ tí♣✐❝♦ ❡s
✐♥t❡♥t❛r ❛s✐❣♥❛r ✉♥ ✈❛❧♦r ✏❧♦♥❣✑ ❛ ✉♥❛ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ ✏s❤♦rt✑✿

✶ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ st❞✐♦ ✳❤ ❃
✷ ✐♥t ♠❛✐♥ ✭✮ ④ ✴✯ ❈✉❡r♣♦ ❞❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ✯✴
✸ ✐♥t ♣r✐♠❡r◆✉♠❡r♦ ❀
✹ s✐❣♥❡❞ ✐♥t s❡❣✉♥❞♦◆✉♠❡r♦ ❀
✺ ✉♥s✐❣♥❡❞ ✐♥t t❡r❝❡r◆✉♠❡r♦ ❀
✻ ♣r✐♠❡r◆✉♠❡r♦ ❂ ✲✶❀
✼ s❡❣✉♥❞♦◆✉♠❡r♦ ❂ ✸✸✵✵✵❀
✽ t❡r❝❡r◆✉♠❡r♦ ❂ ✶✷✸✹✺✻❀
✾ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❊❧ ♣r✐♠❡r ♥✉♠❡r♦ ❡s ✪❞ ✱ ✧ ✱ ♣r✐♠❡r◆✉♠❡r♦ ✮❀
✶✵ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❡❧ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❡s ✪❞ ✱ ✧ ✱ s❡❣✉♥❞♦◆✉♠❡r♦ ✮ ✴ s♣❛♥ ❃❀
✶✶ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❡❧ t❡r❝❡r ♥✉♠❡r♦ ❡s ✪❞ ✳✧ ✱ t❡r❝❡r◆✉♠❡r♦ ✮❀
✶✷ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✶✸ ⑥
❊❧ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❡st❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛✱ ❝♦♥ ❡❧ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦r ❚✉r❜♦ ❈ ✷✳✵✶ ♥♦ ❡s ❧♦ q✉❡ ❡s♣❡r❛♠♦s✿

❊❧ ♣r✐♠❡r ♥✉♠❡r♦ ❡s ✲✶✱ ❡❧ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❡s ✲✸✷✺✸✻✱ ❡❧ t❡r❝❡r ♥✉♠❡r♦ ❡s ✲✼✻✶✻

❨ ✉♥ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ s✐♠✐❧❛r ❧♦ t❡♥❞rí❛♠♦s s✐ ❛s✐❣♥❛♠♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡ ✉♥ ♥ú♠❡r♦ s✐♥ s✐❣♥♦ ❛ ✉♥♦ ❝♦♥ s✐❣♥♦
✭♦ ✈✐❝❡✈❡rs❛✮✳

P❡r♦ ❡❧ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❧❧❡❣❛ ♠ás ❛❧❧á✿ ❡❧ ❡s♣❛❝✐♦ ♦❝✉♣❛❞♦ ♣♦r ✉♥ ✏✐♥t✑ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡ ❞❡❧ s✐st❡♠❛ ♦♣❡r❛t✐✈♦
q✉❡ ✉s❡♠♦s✱ ❛ ✈❡❝❡s ✐♥❝❧✉s♦ ❞❡❧ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦r✳ P♦r ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❝♦♥ ✉♥ ✏✐♥t✑ ❛❧♠❛❝❡♥❛♠♦s ♥ú♠❡r♦s ❝✉②♦
✈❛❧♦r s❡❛ ✐♥❢❡r✐♦r ❛ ✷✳✶✹✼✳✹✽✸✳✻✹✼✱ ♣❡r♦ ❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r ✉s❛❜❛ ♥ú♠❡r♦s ♣❡q✉❡ñ♦s ② ❛ú♥ ❛sí
❞❛❜❛ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s✳

➽P♦r q✉é❄ P♦r q✉❡ ❡st❡ ú❧t✐♠♦ ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦ ❧♦ ❤❡♠♦s ♣r♦❜❛❞♦ ❝♦♥ ✉♥ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦r ♣❛r❛ ▼s❉♦s✳ ❙❡ tr❛t❛
❞❡ ✉♥ s✐st❡♠❛ ♦♣❡r❛t✐✈♦ ♠ás ❛♥t✐❣✉♦✱ ❞❡ ✶✻ ❜✐ts✱ ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡❥❛r ♥ú♠❡r♦s ❞❡ ♠❡♥♦r t❛♠❛ñ♦✳
❊♥ ❡st♦s s✐st❡♠❛s✱ ❧♦s ✏✐♥t✑ ❧❧❡❣❛❜❛♥ ❤❛st❛ ✸✷✳✼✻✼ ✭❧♦ q✉❡ ❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡ ❛ ✉♥ s❤♦rt ❡♥ ❧♦s s✐st❡♠❛s
♠♦❞❡r♥♦s ❞❡ ✸✷ ❜✐ts✮ ② ❧♦s ✏s❤♦rt✑ ❧❧❡❣❛❜❛♥ só❧♦ ❤❛st❛ ✶✷✼✳ ❊♥ ❧♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ✻✹ ❜✐ts ❡①✐st❡♥ ✏✐♥t✑
❞❡ ♠❛②♦r t❛♠❛ñ♦✳

✷✷
P❛r❛ ❡♥t❡♥❞❡r ♣♦r q✉é ♦❝✉rr❡ ❡st♦✱ ✈❛♠♦s ❛ tr❛t❛r s♦❜r❡ ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ❡♥ ✐♥❢♦r✲
♠át✐❝❛ ② ❧♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ♥✉♠❡r❛❝✐ó♥✳

✹✳✸✳ ▼❡♠♦r✐❛ ② ❛❧♠❛❝❡♥❛♠✐❡♥t♦

❯♥ t❡♠❛ q✉❡ ❝❛✉s❛ ❝♦♥❢✉s✐ó♥ ❡♥ ✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛ ❡s ❡❧ ❞❡ ❧❛s ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ♠❡❞✐❞❛✳

▲❛ ❝♦♥❢✉s✐ó♥ ✈✐❡♥❡ ❞❛❞❛ ♣♦r ❧❛s ❞✐st✐♥t❛s ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ q✉❡ s❡ ✉s❛♥ ❡♥ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s t❛r❡❛s
✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛s ② ❛ ❧❛ ❡①✐st❡♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ♠❡❞✐❞❛s ❜❛s❛❞❛s ❡♥ ❡❧ s✐st❡♠❛ ✐♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ✭s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡❝✐♠❛❧✱
❜❛s❡ ✶✵✮ ② ❛ ♠❡❞✐❞❛s ❜❛s❛❞❛s ❡♥ ❡❧ s✐st❡♠❛ ❜✐♥❛r✐♦ ✭❜❛s❡ ✷✮✳

❊♥ t♦❞♦s ❧♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ♠❡❞✐❞❛✱ ❧❛ ✉♥✐❞❛❞ ♠í♥✐♠❛ ❡s ❡❧ ❜✐t q✉❡ ❧♦ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♠♦s ❝♦♠♦ ❡❧ ❡st❛❞♦
❞❡ ✉♥ ✐♥t❡rr✉♣t♦r ✭❛❜✐❡rt♦ ♦ ❝❡rr❛❞♦✮ ❞♦♥❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❡st❛❞♦ ❡stá r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ♣♦r ✉♥ ❞í❣✐t♦ ❜✐♥❛r✐♦
✵ ♦ ✶✳

▲♦s ❜✐ts s❡ ❛❣r✉♣❛♥ ❡♥ ❜②t❡s q✉❡ s♦♥ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦s ❞❡ ✽ ❜✐ts✳ ❆✉♥q✉❡ ❢♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♣✉❡❞❡♥ ❡①✐st✐r
❜②t❡s ❞❡ ❡♥tr❡ ✻ ② ✾ ❜✐ts ❧♦ q✉❡ ♥♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r❡♠♦s s♦♥ ❜②t❡s ❞❡ ✽ ❜✐ts✱ s❡ ❧❡s ❧❧❛♠❛
♦❝t❡t♦s✳

❆❧❣✉♥❛s ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ❡♠♣❧❡❛❞❛s ❡♥ ✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛ s♦♥✿ ❜②t❡s✱ ❦✐❧♦❜②t❡s✱ ♠❡❣❛❜②t❡s✳

P❛r❛ ❧❛ ♠❡♠♦r✐❛ ② ❡❧ ❛❧♠❛❝❡♥❛♠✐❡♥t♦ s❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛ ❡❧ s✐st❡♠❛ ❜✐♥❛r✐♦✱ ❞♦♥❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♥✐❞❛❞ s♦♥ ✶✵✷✹
❞❡ ❧❛ ✉♥✐❞❛❞ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r✱ ❛sí t❡♥❡♠♦s✿

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✹✳✶✿

▲❛ ✉♥✐❞❛❞ ❜ás✐❝❛ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥ ❡s ❡❧ ❜②t❡✳ ❊♥ ❧❛ ♣rá❝t✐❝❛✱ ✉♥ ❜②t❡ ❡s ❡❧ ❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥t❡ ❛ ✉♥❛

❧❡tr❛✳ ❙✐ ✉♥ ❝✐❡rt♦ t❡①t♦ ❡stá ❢♦r♠❛❞♦ ♣♦r ✷✵✵✵ ❧❡tr❛s✱ ❡s♣❡r❛♠♦s q✉❡ ♦❝✉♣❡ ✷✵✵✵ ❜②t❡s ❞❡ ❡s♣❛❝✐♦
❡♥ ♠❡♠♦r✐❛ ②✴♦ ❞✐s❝♦✳

❖❝✉rr❡ q✉❡ ✉♥ t❡①t♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✵✵ ❧❡tr❛s q✉❡ s❡ ❣✉❛r❞❡ ❡♥ ❡❧ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r ♦❝✉♣❛ ♠ás ❞❡ ✷✵✵✵ ❜②t❡s✱
♣♦rq✉❡ s❡ ✐♥❝❧✉②❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥ ❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧ s♦❜r❡ ❡❧ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❧❡tr❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦✱ ❝✉rs✐✈❛s✱ ♥❡❣r✐t❛s✱ ♠ár✲
❣❡♥❡s ② ❢♦r♠❛t♦ ❞❡ ♣á❣✐♥❛✱ ❡t❝✳

❯♥ ❜②t❡ s❡ q✉❡❞❛ ❝♦rt♦ ❛ ❧❛ ❤♦r❛ ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡❥❛r t❡①t♦s ♦ ❞❛t♦s ❛❧❣♦ ♠ás ❧❛r❣♦s✱ ❝♦♥ ❧♦ q✉❡ s❡ r❡❝✉rr❡
❛ ✉♥ ♠ú❧t✐♣❧♦ s✉②♦✱ ❡❧ ❦✐❧♦❜②t❡✱ q✉❡ s❡ s✉❡❧❡ ❛❜r❡✈✐❛r ❑❜ ♦ ❑✳

❊♥ t❡♦rí❛✱ ❡❧ ♣r❡✜❥♦ ❦✐❧♦ q✉❡rrí❛ ❞❡❝✐r ✏♠✐❧✑✱ ❧✉❡❣♦ ✉♥ ❦✐❧♦❜②t❡ ❞❡❜❡rí❛ s❡r ✶✵✵✵ ❜②t❡s✱ ♣❡r♦ ❡♥ ❧♦s
❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s ❝♦♥✈✐❡♥❡ ❜✉s❝❛r ♣♦r ❝♦♠♦❞✐❞❛❞ ✉♥❛ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✷ ✭♣r♦♥t♦ ✈❡r❡♠♦s ♣♦r q✉é✮✱ ♣♦r
❧♦ q✉❡ s❡ ✉s❛ ✷✶✵ ❂✶✵✷✹✳ ❆sí✱ ❧❛ ❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥❝✐❛ ❡①❛❝t❛ ❡s ✶ ❑ ❂ ✶✵✷✹ ❜②t❡s✳

▲♦s ❑ ❡r❛♥ ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s tí♣✐❝❛s ♣❛r❛ ♠❡❞✐r ❧❛ ♠❡♠♦r✐❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s✿ ✻✹✵ ❑ ❤❛ s✐❞♦ ♠✉❝❤♦ t✐❡♠✲
♣♦ ❧❛ ♠❡♠♦r✐❛ ❤❛❜✐t✉❛❧ ❡♥ ❧♦s ■❇▼ P❈ ② s✐♠✐❧❛r❡s✳ P♦r ♦tr❛ ♣❛rt❡✱ ✉♥❛ ♣á❣✐♥❛ ♠❡❝❛♥♦❣r❛✜❛❞❛
s✉❡❧❡ ♦❝✉♣❛r ❡♥tr❡ ✷ ❑ ✭❝❡r❝❛ ❞❡ ✷✵✵✵ ❧❡tr❛s✮ ② ✹ ❑✳

❈✉❛♥❞♦ s❡ ♠❛♥❡❥❛♥ ❞❛t♦s r❡❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡①t❡♥s♦s✱ s❡ ♣❛s❛ ❛ ♦tr♦ ♠ú❧t✐♣❧♦✱ ❡❧ ♠❡❣❛❜②t❡ ♦ ▼❜✱ q✉❡

✷✸
❡s ✶✵✵✵ ❑ ✭❡♥ r❡❛❧✐❞❛❞ ✶✵✷✹ ❑✮ ♦ ❛❧❣♦ ♠ás ❞❡ ✉♥ ♠✐❧❧ó♥ ❞❡ ❜②t❡s✳ P♦r ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❡♥ ✉♥ ❞✐s❦❡tt❡
✏♥♦r♠❛❧✑ ❝❛❜❡♥ ✶✳✹✹ ▼❜✱ ② ❡♥ ✉♥ ❈♦♠♣❛❝t ❉✐s❝ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r ✭❈❞✲❘♦♠✮ s❡ ♣✉❡❞❡♥ ❛❧♠❛❝❡♥❛r
❤❛st❛ ✼✵✵ ▼❜✳ ▲❛ ♠❡♠♦r✐❛ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ✭❘❆▼✮ ❞❡ ✉♥ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r ❛❝t✉❛❧ s✉❡❧❡ ❛♥❞❛r ♣♦r ❡♥❝✐♠❛
❞❡ ❧♦s ✺✶✷ ▼❜✱ ② ✉♥ ❞✐s❝♦ ❞✉r♦ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ♣✉❡❞❡ t❡♥❡r ✉♥❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞ s✉♣❡r✐♦r ❛ ❧♦s ✽✵✳✵✵✵ ▼❜✳

P❛r❛ ❡st❛s ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❣r❛♥ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞✱ s✉ t❛♠❛ñ♦ ♥♦ s❡ s✉❡❧❡ ♠❡❞✐r ❡♥ ♠❡❣❛❜②t❡s✱ s✐♥♦ ❡♥ ❡❧
♠ú❧t✐♣❧♦ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡✿ ❡♥ ❣✐❣❛❜②t❡s✱ ❝♦♥ ❧❛ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♥❝✐❛ ✶ ●❜ ❂ ✶✵✷✹ ▼❜✳ ❆sí✱ s♦♥ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠ás
❢r❡❝✉❡♥t❡s ❧♦s ❞✐s❝♦s ❞✉r♦s ❝♦♥ ✉♥❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞ ❞❡ ✶✷✵✱ ✷✵✵ ♦ ♠ás ❣✐❣❛❜②t❡s✳

❨ t♦❞❛✈í❛ ❤❛② ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ♠❛②♦r❡s✱ ♣❡r♦ q✉❡ ❛ú♥ s❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥ ♠✉② ♣♦❝♦✳ ❯♥ t❡r❛❜②t❡ s♦♥ ✶✵✷✹ ❣✐✲
❣❛❜②t❡s✳

❚♦❞♦ ❡st♦ s❡ ♣✉❡❞❡ r❡s✉♠✐r ❡♥ ❧❛ t❛❜❧❛ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡✿

❯♥✐❞❛❞ ❊q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥❝✐❛ ❱❛❧♦r❡s ♣♦s✐❜❧❡s

❇②t❡ ✲ ✵ ❛ ✷✺✺ ✭♣❛r❛ ❣✉❛r❞❛r ✶ ❧❡tr❛✮
❑✐❧♦❜②t❡ ✭❑ ♦ ❑❜✮ ✶✵✷✹ ❜②t❡s ❆♣r♦①✳ ♠❡❞✐❛ ♣á❣✐♥❛ ♠❡❝❛♥♦❣r❛✜❛❞❛
▼❡❣❛❜②t❡ ✭▼❜✮ ✶✵✷✹ ❑❜ ✲
●✐❣❛❜②t❡ ✭●❜✮ ✶✵✷✹ ▼❜ ✲
❚❡r❛❜②t❡ ✭❚❜✮ ✶✵✷✹ ●❜ ✲
P❡t❛❜②t❡ ✭P❡t❛✱ P❇✱ P✐❇ ♦ P❡❜✐❜②t❡✮ ✶✵✷✹ ❚❇ ✲
❊①❛❜②t❡ ✭❊❇✱ ❊✐❇ ♦ ❊①❜✐❜②t❡✮ ✶✵✷✹ P❇ ✲
❩❡tt❛❜②t❡ ✭❩❇✱ ❩✐❇ ♦ ❩❡❜✐❜②t❡✮ ✶✵✷✹ ❊❇ ✲
❨♦tt❛❜②t❡ ✭❨❇✱ ❨✐❇ ♦ ❨♦❜✐❜②t❡✮ ✶✵✷✹ ❩❇ ✲

✹✳✸✳✶✳ ❈♦♠✉♥✐❝❛❝✐♦♥❡s✱ ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞ ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐s✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s

❙✐ ✉s❛ ❡❧ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡❝✐♠❛❧ ②✱ ♣♦r t❛♥t♦✱ ❧❛s ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s s♦♥ ♠ú❧t✐♣❧♦s ❞❡ ✶✵ ② ♥♦ ❞❡ ✷✳

❆q✉í ✉s❛♠♦s ❝♦♠♦ ❜❛s❡ ❧♦s ❜✐ts ♣♦r s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ✭❜♣s✮✳ ❆t❡♥❝✐ó♥ ❜✐ts ♥♦ ❜②t❡s✳

▲❛s ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ♠ás ✉s❛❞❛s s♦♥✿

❑✐❧♦❜✐t ✭❑❜♣s✮ ❂ ✶✳✵✵✵ ❜✐ts ♣♦r s❡❣✉♥❞♦

▼❡❣❛❜✐t ✭▼❜♣s✮ ❂ ✶✱✵✵✵✳✵✵✵ ❜✐ts ♣♦r s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ✭✶✳✵✵✵ ❑♣❜s✮

●✐❣❛❜✐t ✭●❜♣s✮ ❂ ✶✳✵✵✵✱✵✵✵✳✵✵✵ ❜✐ts ♣♦r s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ✭✶✳✵✵✵ ▼❜♣s✮

❊♥ ♦❝❛s✐♦♥❡s✱ ❧❛s ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ■♥t❡r♥❡t s❡ ♠✐❞❡♥ ❡♥ ❦✐❧♦❜②t❡s ♣♦r s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ✭❑❇✴s✮✱ ❝♦♥t❛♥❞♦
❡♥ ❜②t❡s ♥♦ ❡♥ ❜✐ts✮ ❧♦ q✉❡ r❡✢❡❥❛ ♥♦ ❧❛ ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞ ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐s✐ó♥ s✐♥♦ ❧❛s ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞
♣♦r s❡❣✉♥❞♦ q✉❡ s❡ tr❛♥s♠✐t❡♥✱ t❡♥✐❡♥❞♦ q✉❡ ♠✉❧t✐♣❧✐❝❛r ♣♦r ✽ ♣❛r❛ ♦❜t❡♥❡r ❧❛ ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞ r❡❛❧ ❞❡
tr❛♥s♠✐s✐ó♥✳

✹✳✸✳✷✳ ❋r❡❝✉❡♥❝✐❛ ✭♣r♦❝❡s❛❞♦r✱ ♠❡♠♦r✐❛✱ ❣rá✜❝❛✮

▲❛ ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡s❛♠✐❡♥t♦s ❞❡❧ ♣r♦❝❡s❛❞♦r✱ ❧❛ ♠❡♠♦r✐❛✱ ❧❛ ❣rá✜❝❛✱ ❡t❝✳ s❡ ♠✐❞❡ ❡♥ ❤❡r❝✐♦s✱
s✐❡♥❞♦ ✉♥ ❤❡r❝✐♦
✶ ✉♥ ❝✐❝❧♦ ♦ r❡♣❡t✐❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ✉♥ ❡✈❡♥t♦ ♣♦r s❡❣✉♥❞♦✳

❊❧ ❤❡r❝✐♦ ②❛ s❡ ❤❛ q✉❡❞❛❞♦ ❧❡♥t♦ ② ❧♦s ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ❛❤♦r❛ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♥ ❛ ♠❡❣❛❤❡r❝✐♦s ✭▼❤③✱ ♠✐❧❧♦♥❡s
❞❡ ❤❡r❝✐♦s✮ ♦ ❛ ❣✐❣❛❤❡r❝✐♦s ✭●❤③✱ ♠✐❧ ♠✐❧❧♦♥❡s ❞❡ ❤❡r❝✐♦s✮✳

✶
❊❧ ❤❡r❝✐♦✱ ❤❡rt③✐♦ ♦ ❤❡rt③ ✭sí♠❜♦❧♦ ❍③✮

✷✹
✹✳✸✳✸✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦s ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦s

✶✳ ❈r❡❛ ✉♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ q✉❡ t❡ ❞✐❣❛ ❝✉á♥t♦s ❜②t❡s s♦♥ ✸ ♠❡❣❛❜②t❡s✳

✷✳ ❈✉á♥t❛s ❧❡tr❛s s❡ ♣♦❞rí❛♥ ❛❧♠❛❝❡♥❛r ❡♥ ✉♥❛ ❛❣❡♥❞❛ ❡❧❡❝tró♥✐❝❛ q✉❡ t❡♥❣❛ ✸✷ ❑❜ ❞❡ ❝❛♣❛✲
❝✐❞❛❞❄ ✭♣r✐♠❡r♦ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛ ❡♥ ♣❛♣❡❧ ② ❧✉❡❣♦ ❝r❡❛ ✉♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❡♥ ❈ q✉❡ t❡ ❞é ❧❛ r❡s♣✉❡st❛✮✳
✸✳ ❙✐ s✉♣♦♥❡♠♦s q✉❡ ✉♥❛ ❝❛♥❝✐ó♥ tí♣✐❝❛ ❡♥ ❢♦r♠❛t♦ ▼P✸ ♦❝✉♣❛ ❝❡r❝❛ ❞❡ ✸✳✺✵✵ ❑❜✱ ➽❝✉á♥t❛s
❝❛♥❝✐♦♥❡s s❡ ♣♦❞rí❛♥ ❣✉❛r❞❛r ❡♥ ✉♥ r❡♣r♦❞✉❝t♦r ▼P✸ q✉❡ t❡♥❣❛ ✷✺✻ ▼❜ ❞❡ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❄
✹✳ ➽❈✉á♥t♦s ❞✐s❦❡tt❡s ❞❡ ✶✱✹✹ ▼❜ ❤❛rí❛♥ ❢❛❧t❛ ♣❛r❛ ❤❛❝❡r ✉♥❛ ❝♦♣✐❛ ❞❡ s❡❣✉r✐❞❛❞ ❞❡ ✉♥ ❝♦♠♣✉✲
t❛❞♦r q✉❡ t✐❡♥❡ ✉♥ ❞✐s❝♦ ❞✉r♦ ❞❡ ✻✱✹ ●❜❄ ➽❨ s✐ ✉s❛♠♦s ❝♦♠♣❛❝t ❞✐s❝ ❞❡ ✼✵✵ ▼❜✱ ❝✉á♥t♦s
♥❡❝❡s✐t❛rí❛♠♦s❄
✺✳ ➽❆ ❝✉❛♥t♦s ❈❉ ❞❡ ✼✵✵ ▼❜ ❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡ ❧❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞ ❞❡ ❛❧♠❛❝❡♥❛♠✐❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♥ ❉❱❉ ❞❡ ✹✱✼ ●❜❄
➽❨ ❧❛ ❞❡ ✉♥♦ ❞❡ ✽✱✺ ●❜❄

✹✳✸✳✹✳ ❯♥✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ❡♠♣❧❡❛❞❛s ❡♥ ✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛✿ ❧♦s ❜✐ts

❉❡♥tr♦ ❞❡❧ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r✱ ❧❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥ s❡ ❛❧♠❛❝❡♥❛ ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♥❛ ❢♦r♠❛ q✉❡ ❛ é❧ ❧❡ r❡s✉❧t❡ çó♠♦✲
❞❛✧❞❡ ♠❛♥❡❥❛r✳ ❈♦♠♦ ❧❛ ♠❡♠♦r✐❛ ❞❡❧ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r s❡ ❜❛s❛ ❡♥ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❡❧❡❝tró♥✐❝♦s✱ ❧❛ ✉♥✐❞❛❞
❜ás✐❝❛ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥ s❡rá ✉♥❛ ♣♦s✐❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ♠❡♠♦r✐❛ ❡sté ✉s❛❞❛ ♦ ♥♦ ✭t♦t❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❧❧❡♥❛ ♦ ✈❛❝í❛✮✱
❧♦ q✉❡ s❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♥ ✶ ♦ ✉♥ ✵ ② r❡❝✐❜❡ ❡❧ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ❞❡ ❜✐t✳
❯♥ ❜✐t ❡s ❞❡♠❛s✐❛❞♦ ♣❡q✉❡ñ♦ ♣❛r❛ ✉♥ ✉s♦ ♥♦r♠❛❧ ✭r❡❝♦r❞❡♠♦s✿ só❧♦ t✐❡♥❡ ✉♥♦ ❞❡ ❞♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s✿ ✵ ♦
✶✮✱ ♣♦r ❧♦ q✉❡ s❡ ✉s❛ ✉♥ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❡❧❧♦s✱ ✽ ❜✐ts✱ q✉❡ ❢♦r♠❛♥ ✉♥ ❜②t❡✳ ▲❛s ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛s ❡❧❡♠❡♥✲
t❛❧❡s ✭❝♦♠❜✐♥❛t♦r✐❛✮ ❞❡♠✉❡str❛♥ q✉❡ s✐ ❛❣r✉♣❛♠♦s ❧♦s ❜✐ts ❞❡ ✽ ❡♥ ✽✱ t❡♥❡♠♦s ✷✺✻ ♣♦s✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s
❞✐st✐♥t❛s ✭✈❛r✐❛❝✐♦♥❡s ❝♦♥ r❡♣❡t✐❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ✷ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s t♦♠❛❞♦s ❞❡ ✽ ❡♥ ✽✿ ❱❘✷✱✽✮✿
✶ ✵✵✵✵✵✵✵✵
✷ ✵✵✵✵✵✵✵✶
✸ ✵✵✵✵✵✵✶✵
✹ ✵✵✵✵✵✵✶✶
✺ ✵✵✵✵✵✶✵✵
✻ ✳✳✳
✼ ✶✶✶✶✶✶✶✵
✽ ✶✶✶✶✶✶✶✶
P♦r t❛♥t♦✱ s✐ ❡♥ ✈❡③ ❞❡ t♦♠❛r ❧♦s ❜✐ts ❞❡ ✶ ❡♥ ✶ ✭q✉❡ r❡s✉❧t❛ ❝ó♠♦❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡❧ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r✱ ♣❡r♦
♥♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦tr♦s✮ ❧♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠♦s ❡♥ ❣r✉♣♦s ❞❡ ✽ ✭❧♦ q✉❡ s❡ ❝♦♥♦❝❡ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♥ ❜②t❡✮✱ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠♦s ❝♦♥
✷✺✻ ♣♦s✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❞✐st✐♥t❛s✱ q✉❡ ②❛ s♦♥ ♠ás q✉❡ s✉✜❝✐❡♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ ❛❧♠❛❝❡♥❛r ✉♥❛ ❧❡tr❛✱ ♦ ✉♥ s✐❣♥♦
❞❡ ♣✉♥t✉❛❝✐ó♥✱ ♦ ✉♥❛ ❝✐❢r❛ ♥✉♠ér✐❝❛ ♦ ❛❧❣ú♥ ♦tr♦ sí♠❜♦❧♦✳
❈❛❞❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❡♠♦s ❧❛ s❡❝✉❡♥❝✐❛ ✵✵✵✵✵✵✶✵ ❧❛ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛♠♦s ❝♦♠♦ ✉♥❛ ❧❡tr❛ ❆✱ ② ❧❛ ❝♦♠❜✐✲
♥❛❝✐ó♥ ✵✵✵✵✵✵✶✶ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♥❛ ❧❡tr❛ ❇✱ ② ❛sí s✉❝❡s✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳
❚❛♠❜✐é♥ ❡①✐st❡ ✉♥❛ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♥❝✐❛ ❡♥tr❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❣r✉♣♦ ❞❡ ❜✐ts ② ✉♥ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡❧ ✵ ❛❧ ✷✺✺✿ s✐ ✉s❛♠♦s
❡❧ s✐st❡♠❛ ❜✐♥❛r✐♦ ❞❡ ♥✉♠❡r❛❝✐ó♥✱ ❡♥ ✈❡③ ❞❡❧ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡❝✐♠❛❧✱ t❡♥❡♠♦s q✉❡✿
✶ ✵✵✵✵ ✵✵✵✵ ✭ ❜✐♥❛r✐♦ ✮ ❂ ✵ ✭ ❞❡❝✐♠❛❧ ✮
✷ ✵✵✵✵ ✵✵✵✶ ✭ ❜✐♥❛r✐♦ ✮ ❂ ✶ ✭ ❞❡❝✐♠❛❧ ✮
✸ ✵✵✵✵ ✵✵✶✵ ✭ ❜✐♥❛r✐♦ ✮ ❂ ✷ ✭ ❞❡❝✐♠❛❧ ✮
✹ ✵✵✵✵ ✵✵✶✶ ✭ ❜✐♥❛r✐♦ ✮ ❂ ✸ ✭ ❞❡❝✐♠❛❧ ✮

✷✺
 ✺ ✳✳✳
✻ ✶✶✶✶ ✶✶✶✵ ✭ ❜✐♥❛r✐♦ ✮ ❂ ✷✺✹ ✭ ❞❡❝✐♠❛❧ ✮
✼ ✶✶✶✶ ✶✶✶✶ ✭ ❜✐♥❛r✐♦ ✮ ❂ ✷✺✺ ✭ ❞❡❝✐♠❛❧ ✮
❊♥ ❧❛ ♣rá❝t✐❝❛✱ ❡①✐st❡ ✉♥ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❡stá♥❞❛r ♦ ❆❙❈■■ ✭❆♠❡r✐❝❛♥ ❙t❛♥❞❛r❞ ❈♦❞❡ ❢♦r ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥
■♥t❡r❝❤❛♥❣❡✱ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❡stá♥❞❛r ❛♠❡r✐❝❛♥♦ ♣❛r❛ ✐♥t❡r❝❛♠❜✐♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥✮✱ q✉❡ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛ ❝❛❞❛
❧❡tr❛✱ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ♦ sí♠❜♦❧♦ ❝♦♥ ✉♥❛ ❝✐❢r❛ ❞❡❧ ✵ ❛❧ ✷✺✺ ✭❝♦♥ ✉♥❛ s❡❝✉❡♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✽ ❜✐ts✮✿ ❧❛ ✳❛✳❡s ❡❧ ♥ú♠❡r♦
✾✼✱ ❧❛ ✧❜✳❡❧ ✾✽✱ ❧❛ ✳❆✳❡❧ ✻✺✱ ❧❛ ✧❇✧✱ ❡❧ ✸✷✱ ❡❧ ✧✵✳❡❧ ✹✽✱ ❡❧ ✧✶✳❡❧ ✹✾✱ ❡t❝✳ ❆sí s❡ t✐❡♥❡ ✉♥❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ♠✉②
❝ó♠♦❞❛ ❞❡ ❛❧♠❛❝❡♥❛r ❧❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥ ❡♥ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s✱ ②❛ q✉❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❧❡tr❛ ♦❝✉♣❛ ❡①❛❝t❛♠❡♥t❡ ✉♥
❜②t❡ ✭✽ ❜✐ts✿ ✽ ♣♦s✐❝✐♦♥❡s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t❛❧❡s ❞❡ ♠❡♠♦r✐❛✮✳

❆ú♥ ❛sí✱ ❤❛② ✉♥ ✐♥❝♦♥✈❡♥✐❡♥t❡ ❝♦♥ ❡❧ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❆❙❈■■✿ só❧♦ ❧♦s ♣r✐♠❡r♦s ✶✷✼ ♥ú♠❡r♦s s♦♥ ❡stá♥❞❛r✳
❊s♦ q✉✐❡r❡ ❞❡❝✐r q✉❡ s✐ ❡s❝r✐❜✐♠♦s ✉♥ t❡①t♦ ❡♥ ✉♥ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r ② ❧♦ ❧❧❡✈❛♠♦s ❛ ♦tr♦✱ ❧❛s ❧❡tr❛s
❜ás✐❝❛s ✭❆ ❛ ❧❛ ❩✱ ✵ ❛❧ ✾ ② ❛❧❣✉♥♦s sí♠❜♦❧♦s✮ ♥♦ ❝❛♠❜✐❛rá♥✱ ♣❡r♦ ❧❛s ❧❡tr❛s ✐♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧❡s ✭❝♦♠♦
❧❛ Ñ ♦ ❧❛s ✈♦❝❛❧❡s ❝♦♥ ❛❝❡♥t♦s✮ ♣✉❡❞❡ q✉❡ ♥♦ ❛♣❛r❡③❝❛♥ ❝♦rr❡❝t❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ♣♦rq✉❡ s❡ ❧❡s ❛s✐❣♥❛♥
♥ú♠❡r♦s q✉❡ ♥♦ s♦♥ ❡stá♥❞❛r ♣❛r❛ t♦❞♦s ❧♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s✳ ❊st❛ ❧✐♠✐t❛❝✐ó♥ ❧❛ ❡✈✐t❛♥ s✐st❡♠❛s
♠♦❞❡r♥♦s ❛❧ ❆❙❈■■ ❝❧ás✐❝♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❡s ❡❧ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❝♦❞✐✜❝❛❝✐ó♥ ❯❚❋✲✽✱ ♣❡r♦ ❛ú♥ ♥♦ ❧❛ ❡♠♣❧❡❛♥
t♦❞♦s ❧♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ♦♣❡r❛t✐✈♦s✳

◆♦t❛✿ ❊❧ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r tr❛❜❛❥❛ ❝♦♥ ❝❡r♦s ② ✉♥♦s✱ ♣♦rq✉❡ ❧❡ r❡s✉❧t❛ ♠ás ❢á❝✐❧ ♠❛♥❡❥❛r
❧♦s ♥ú♠❡r♦s q✉❡ s♦♥ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✷ q✉❡ ❧♦s ♥ú♠❡r♦s q✉❡ ♥♦ ❧♦ s♦♥✱ ❡s ❧♦ q✉❡ ❡①♣❧✐❝❛
q✉❡ ❡❧ ♣r❡✜❥♦ ❦✐❧♦ ♥♦ q✉✐❡r❛ ❞❡❝✐r ✏❡①❛❝t❛♠❡♥t❡ ♠✐❧✑✱ s✐♥♦ q✉❡ s❡ ✉s❛ ❧❛ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✷
♠ás ❝❡r❝❛♥❛✿ ✷
✶✵ ❂✶✵✷✹✳ P♦r ❡s♦✱ ❧❛ ❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥❝✐❛ ❡①❛❝t❛ ❡s ✶ ❑ ❂ ✶✵✷✹ ❜②t❡s✳

✹✳✹✳ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ♥✉♠❡r❛❝✐ó♥

✹✳✹✳✶✳ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ❜✐♥❛r✐♦

◆♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠♦s ❡❧ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡❝✐♠❛❧ ❞❡ ♥✉♠❡r❛❝✐ó♥✿ t♦❞♦s ❧♦s ♥ú♠❡r♦s s❡ ❡①♣r❡s❛♥ ❛

♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ ✶✵✱ ♣❡r♦ ❧♦ ❤❛❝❡♠♦s s✐♥ ♣❡♥s❛r✳

❊❧ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ✸✳✷✺✹ s❡ ❞❡s❣❧♦s❛ ❝♦♠♦✿

✸✳✷✺✹ ❂ ✸ ✯ ✶✵✵✵ ✰ ✷ ✯ ✶✵✵ ✰ ✺ ✯ ✶✵ ✰ ✹ ✯ ✶

♦ ♠ás ❞❡t❛❧❧❛❞♦ t♦❞❛✈í❛✿

✷✺✹ ❂ ✸ ✯ ✶✵✸ ✰ ✷ ✯ ✶✵✷ ✰ ✺ ✯ ✶✵✶ ✰ ✹ ✯ ✶✵✵

✭❛✉♥q✉❡ r❡❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♥♦s♦tr♦s ❧♦ ❤❛❝❡♠♦s ❛✉t♦♠át✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡✿ ♥♦ ♣❛r❛♠♦s ❛ ♣❡♥s❛r ❡st❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❝♦s❛s
❝✉❛♥❞♦ s✉♠❛♠♦s ♦ ♠✉❧t✐♣❧✐❝❛♠♦s ❞♦s ♥ú♠❡r♦s✮✳

P❛r❛ ❧♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s ♥♦ ❡s ❝ó♠♦❞♦ ❝♦♥t❛r ❤❛st❛ ✶✵✳ ❈♦♠♦ ♣❛rt✐♠♦s ❞❡ ✏❝❛s✐❧❧❛s ❞❡ ♠❡♠♦r✐❛✑
q✉❡ ❡stá♥ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ✈❛❝í❛s ✭✵✮ ♦ ❧❧❡♥❛s ✭✶✮✱ só❧♦ ❡s r❡❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❝ó♠♦❞♦ ❝♦♥t❛r ❝♦♥ ✷ ❝✐❢r❛s✿ ✵
② ✶✳

P♦r ❡s♦✱ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡❧ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r ❝✉❛❧q✉✐❡r ♥ú♠❡r♦ s❡ ❞❡❜❡ ❛❧♠❛❝❡♥❛r ❝♦♠♦ ❝❡r♦s ② ✉♥♦s✱ ② ❡♥t♦♥✲
❝❡s ❧♦s ♥ú♠❡r♦s s❡ ❞❡s❣❧♦s❛♥ ❡♥ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ ✷ ✭❡❧ ❧❧❛♠❛❞♦ ✏s✐st❡♠❛ ❜✐♥❛r✐♦✑✮✿

✶✸ ❂ ✶ ✯ ✽ ✰ ✶ ✯ ✹ ✰ ✵ ✯ ✷ ✰ ✶ ✯ ✶
♦ ♠ás ❞❡t❛❧❧❛❞♦ t♦❞❛✈í❛✿

✶✸ ❂ ✶ ✯ ✷ ✸ ✰ ✶ ✯ ✷ ✷ ✰ ✵ ✯ ✷ ✶ ✰ ✶ ✯ ✷ ✵
❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ q✉❡ ❡❧ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡❝✐♠❛❧ ✶✸ s❡ ❡s❝r✐❜❡ ❡♥ ❜✐♥❛r✐♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✶✶✵✶✳

❊♥ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✱ ❝♦♥✈❡rt✐r ✉♥ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❜✐♥❛r✐♦ ❛❧ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡❝✐♠❛❧ ❡s ❢á❝✐❧✿ ❧♦ ❡①♣r❡s❛♠♦s ❝♦♠♦ s✉♠❛ ❞❡

✷✻
♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ ✷ ② s✉♠❛♠♦s✿

✶ ✵✶✶✵ ✶✶✵✶ ✭ ❜✐♥❛r✐♦ ✮ ❂ ✵ ✯ ✷ ✼ ✰ ✶ ✯ ✷ ✻ ✰ ✶ ✯ ✷ ✺ ✰ ✵ ✯ ✷ ✹ ✰ ✶

✯ ✷ ✸ ✰ ✶ ✯ ✷ ✷ ✰ ✵ ✯ ✷ ✶ ✰ ✶ ✯ ✷ ✵ ❂
✷ ❂ ✵ ✯ ✶✷✽ ✰ ✶ ✯ ✻✹ ✰ ✶ ✯ ✸✷ ✰ ✵ ✯ ✶✻ ✰ ✶ ✯ ✽ ✰ ✶✯ ✹ ✰ ✵ ✯ ✷ ✰ ✶
✯ ✶ ❂ ✶✵✾⑤ ✭ ❞❡❝✐♠❛❧ ✮
❈♦♥✈❡rt✐r ✉♥ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❞❡❝✐♠❛❧ ❛ ❜✐♥❛r✐♦ r❡s✉❧t❛ ❛❧❣♦ ♠❡♥♦s ✐♥t✉✐t✐✈♦✳ ❯♥❛ ❢♦r♠❛ s❡♥❝✐❧❧❛ ❡s ✐r
❞✐✈✐❞✐❡♥❞♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❧❛s ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ ✷✱ ② t♦♠❛r t♦❞♦s ❧♦s ❝♦❝✐❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ❧❛s ❞✐✈✐s✐♦♥❡s✿

✶ ✶✵✾ ✴ ✶✷✽ ❂ ✵ ✭ r❡st♦ ✿ ✶✵✾✮

✷ ✶✵✾ ✴ ✻✹ ❂ ✶ ✭ r❡st♦ ✿ ✹✺✮
✸ ✹✺ ✴ ✸✷ ❂ ✶ ✭ r❡st♦ ✿ ✶✸✮
✹ ✶✸ ✴ ✶✻ ❂ ✵ ✭ r❡st♦ ✿ ✶✸✮
✺ ✶✸ ✴ ✽ ❂ ✶ ✭ r❡st♦ ✿ ✺✮
✻ ✺ ✴ ✹ ❂ ✶ ✭ r❡st♦ ✿ ✶✮
✼ ✶ ✴ ✷ ❂ ✵ ✭ r❡st♦ ✿ ✶✮ ❜r ✴❃ ✶ ✴ ✶ ❂ ✶ ✭ s❡ t❡r♠✐♥ ó✮✳
❙✐ ✏❥✉♥t❛♠♦s✑ ❧♦s ❝♦❝✐❡♥t❡s ♦❜t❡♥✐❞♦s✱ ❛♣❛r❡❝❡ ❡❧ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❜✐♥❛r✐♦ q✉❡ ❜✉s❝á❜❛♠♦s✿

✶✵✾ ❞❡❝✐♠❛❧ ❂ ✵✶✶✵ ✶✶✵✶ ❜✐♥❛r✐♦

✭◆♦t❛✿ ❡s ❢r❡❝✉❡♥t❡ s❡♣❛r❛r ❧♦s ♥ú♠❡r♦s ❜✐♥❛r✐♦s ❡♥ ❣r✉♣♦s ❞❡ ✹ ❝✐❢r❛s ✲♠❡❞✐♦ ❜②t❡✲ ♣❛r❛ ♠❛②♦r
❧❡❣✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❡♥ ❡❧ ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r❀ ❛ ✉♥ ❣r✉♣♦ ❞❡ ✹ ❜✐ts s❡ ❧❡ ❧❧❛♠❛ ♥✐❜❜❧❡✮✳
❖tr❛ ❢♦r♠❛ s❡♥❝✐❧❧❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥✈❡rt✐r ❞❡ ❞❡❝✐♠❛❧ ❛ ❜✐♥❛r✐♦ ❡s ❞✐✈✐❞✐r ❝♦♥s❡❝✉t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡♥tr❡ ✷ ② t♦♠❛r
❧♦s r❡st♦s ♦❜t❡♥✐❞♦s✱ ♣❡r♦ ❡♥ ♦r❞❡♥ ✐♥✈❡rs♦✿

✶ ✶✵✾ ✴ ✷ ❂ ✺✹ ✱ r❡st♦ ✶
✷ ✺✹ ✴ ✷ ❂ ✷✼ ✱ r❡st♦ ✵
✸ ✷✼ ✴ ✷ ❂ ✶✸ ✱ r❡st♦ ✶
✹ ✶✸ ✴✷ ❂ ✻✱ r❡st♦ ✶
✺ ✻ ✴ ✷ ❂ ✸✱ r❡st♦ ✵
✻ ✸ ✴ ✷ ❂ ✶✱ r❡st♦ ✶
✼ ✶ ✴ ✷ ❂ ✵✱ r❡st♦ ✶
✭② ②❛ ❤❡♠♦s t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦✮

❙✐ ❧❡❡♠♦s ❡s♦s r❡st♦s ❞❡ ❛❜❛❥♦ ❛ ❛rr✐❜❛✱ ♦❜t❡♥❡♠♦s ❡❧ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❜✐♥❛r✐♦✿ ✶✶✵✶✶✵✶ ✭✼ ❝✐❢r❛s✱ s✐ q✉❡r❡♠♦s
❝♦♠♣❧❡t❛r❧♦ ❛ ✽ ❝✐❢r❛s r❡❧❧❡♥❛♠♦s ❝♦♥ ❝❡r♦s ♣♦r ❧❛ ✐③q✉✐❡r❞❛✿ ✵✶✶✵✶✶✵✶✮✳

➽❨ s❡ ♣✉❡❞❡♥ ❤❛❝❡r ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❡s ❝♦♥ ♥ú♠❡r♦s ❜✐♥❛r✐♦s❄ ❙í✱ ❝❛s✐ ✐❣✉❛❧ q✉❡ ❡♥ ❞❡❝✐♠❛❧✿

✶ ✵✯✵ ❂ ✵ ✵✯✶ ❂ ✵ ✶✯✵ ❂ ✵ ✶✯✶ ❂ ✶

✷ ✵✰✵ ❂ ✵ ✵✰✶ ❂ ✶ ✶✰✵ ❂ ✶ ✶✰✶ ❂ ✶✵ ✭ ❡♥ ❞❡❝✐♠❛❧ ✿ ✷✮

✹✳✹✳✷✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦s ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦s

✶✳ ❊①♣r❡s❛r ❡♥ s✐st❡♠❛ ❜✐♥❛r✐♦ ❧♦s ♥ú♠❡r♦s ❞❡❝✐♠❛❧❡s ✶✼✱ ✶✵✶✱ ✽✸✱ ✹✺✳

✷✳ ❊①♣r❡s❛r ❡♥ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡❝✐♠❛❧ ❧♦s ♥ú♠❡r♦s ❜✐♥❛r✐♦s ❞❡ ✽ ❜✐ts✿ ✵✶✶✵✵✶✶✵✱ ✶✵✶✶✵✵✶✵✱ ✶✶✶✶✶✶✶✶✱
✵✵✶✵✶✶✵✶

✸✳ ❙✉♠❛r ❧♦s ♥ú♠❡r♦s ✵✶✶✵✵✶✶✵✰✶✵✶✶✵✵✶✵✱ ✶✶✶✶✶✶✶✶✰✵✵✶✵✶✶✵✶✳ ❈♦♠♣r♦❜❛r ❡❧ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ s✉✲

♠❛♥❞♦ ❧♦s ♥ú♠❡r♦s ❞❡❝✐♠❛❧❡s ♦❜t❡♥✐❞♦s ❡♥ ❡❧ ❡❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r✳

✷✼
 ✹✳ ▼✉❧t✐♣❧✐❝❛r ❧♦s ♥ú♠❡r♦s ❜✐♥❛r✐♦s ❞❡ ✹ ❜✐ts ✵✶✵✵✯✶✵✶✶✱ ✶✵✵✶✯✵✵✶✶✳ ❈♦♠♣r♦❜❛r ❡❧ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦
❝♦♥✈✐rt✐é♥❞♦❧♦s ❛ ❞❡❝✐♠❛❧✳

✹✳✹✳✸✳ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ♦❝t❛❧

❍❡♠♦s ✈✐st♦ q✉❡ ❡❧ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ♥✉♠❡r❛❝✐ó♥ ♠ás ❝❡r❝❛♥♦ ❛ ❝♦♠♦ s❡ ❣✉❛r❞❛ ❧❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥
❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡❧ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r ❡s ❡❧ s✐st❡♠❛ ❜✐♥❛r✐♦✳ P❡r♦ ❧♦s ♥ú♠❡r♦s ❡①♣r❡s❛❞♦s ❡♥ ❡st❡ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡
♥✉♠❡r❛❝✐ó♥ ✳♦❝✉♣❛♥ ♠✉❝❤♦✧✳ ❆sí ❡❧ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ✷✺✹ s❡ ❡①♣r❡s❛ ❡♥ ❜✐♥❛r✐♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✶✶✶✶✶✶✶✵ ✭✽ ❝✐❢r❛s ❡♥
✈❡③ ❞❡ ✸✮✳
P♦r ❡s♦✱ s❡ ❤❛♥ ❜✉s❝❛❞♦ ♦tr♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ♥✉♠❡r❛❝✐ó♥ q✉❡ r❡s✉❧t❡♥ ♠ás ç♦♠♣❛❝t♦s✧q✉❡ ❡❧ s✐st❡♠❛
❜✐♥❛r✐♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡①♣r❡s❛r ❝✐❢r❛s ♠❡❞✐❛♥❛♠❡♥t❡ ❣r❛♥❞❡s✱ ♣❡r♦ q✉❡ ❛ ❧❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛♥t❡♥❣❛♥ ❝♦♥ ést❡ ✉♥❛
❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♥❝✐❛ ❛❧❣♦ ♠ás s❡♥❝✐❧❧❛ q✉❡ ❡❧ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡❝✐♠❛❧✳ ▲♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ♠ás ✉s❛❞♦s s♦♥ ❡❧ ♦❝t❛❧
②✱ s♦❜r❡ t♦❞♦✱ ❡❧ ❤❡①❛❞❡❝✐♠❛❧✳
❊❧ s✐st❡♠❛ ♦❝t❛❧ ❞❡ ♥✉♠❡r❛❝✐ó♥ tr❛❜❛❥❛ ❡♥ ❜❛s❡ ✽✳ ▲❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥✈❡rt✐r ❞❡ ❞❡❝✐♠❛❧ ❛ ❜✐♥❛r✐♦
s❡rá✱ ❝♦♠♦ s✐❡♠♣r❡ ❞✐✈✐❞✐r ❡♥tr❡ ❧❛s ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ ❧❛ ❜❛s❡✳ P♦r ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦✿

✶ ✷✺✹ ✭ ❞❡❝✐♠❛❧ ✮ ✲❃
✷ ✷✺✹ ✴ ✻✹ ❂ ✸ ✭ r❡st♦ ✿ ✻✷✮
✸ ✻✷ ✴ ✽ ❂ ✼ ✭ r❡st♦ ✿ ✻✮
✹ ✻ ✴ ✶ ❂ ✻ ✭ s❡ t❡r♠✐♥ ó✮

❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ q✉❡✿
✷✺✹ ❂ ✸ ✯ ✽ ✷ ✰ ✼ ✯ ✽ ✶ ✰ ✻ ✯ ✽ ✵
♦ ❜✐❡♥
✷✺✹ ✭❞❡❝✐♠❛❧✮❂ ✸✼✻ ✭♦❝t❛❧✮
❍❡♠♦s ❝♦♥s❡❣✉✐❞♦ ♦tr❛ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♥❝✐❛ q✉❡✱ s✐ ❜✐❡♥ r❡s✉❧t❛ ❛ ♦tr♦s ♠ás ✐♥❝ó♠♦❞❛ q✉❡ ✉s❛r ❡❧
s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡❝✐♠❛❧✱ ❡s ♠ás ❝♦♠♣❛❝t❛✿ ❡❧ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ✷✺✹ ♦❝✉♣❛ ✸ ❝✐❢r❛s ❡♥ ❞❡❝✐♠❛❧✱ ② t❛♠❜✐é♥ ✸ ❝✐❢r❛s
❡♥ ♦❝t❛❧✱ ❢r❡♥t❡ ❛ ❧❛s ✽ ❝✐❢r❛s q✉❡ ♥❡❝❡s✐t❛❜❛ ❡♥ s✐st❡♠❛ ❜✐♥❛r✐♦✳
P❡r♦ ❛❞❡♠ás ❡①✐st❡ ✉♥❛ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♥❝✐❛ s❡♥❝✐❧❧❛ ❡♥tr❡ ❡❧ s✐st❡♠❛ ♦❝t❛❧ ② ❡❧ ❜✐♥❛r✐♦✿ s✐ ❛❣r✉♣❛♠♦s
❧♦s ❜✐ts ❞❡ ✸ ❡♥ ✸✱ ❡❧ ♣❛s♦ ❞❡ ❜✐♥❛r✐♦ ❛ ♦❝t❛❧ ❡s rá♣✐❞♦✳

✶ ✷✺✹ ✭ ❞❡❝✐♠❛❧ ✮ ❂ ✵✶✶ ✶✶✶ ✶✶✵ ✭ ❜✐♥❛r✐♦ ✮

✷ ✳✳✳✳✳
✸ ✵✶✶ ✭ ❜✐♥❛r✐♦ ✮ ❂ ✸ ✭ ❞❡❝✐♠❛❧ ② ♦❝t❛❧ ✮
✹ ✶✶✶ ✭ ❜✐♥❛r✐♦ ✮ ❂ ✼ ✭ ❞❡❝✐♠❛❧ ② ♦❝t❛❧ ✮
✺ ✶✶✵ ✭ ❜✐♥❛r✐♦ ✮ ❂ ✻ ✭ ❞❡❝✐♠❛❧ ② ♦❝t❛❧ ✮

❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ q✉❡✿
✷✺✹ ✭❞❡❝✐♠❛❧✮❂ ✵✶✶ ✶✶✶ ✶✶✵ ✭❜✐♥❛r✐♦✮❂ ✸✼✻ ✭♦❝t❛❧✮
❊❧ ♣❛s♦ ❞❡s❞❡ ❡❧ ♦❝t❛❧ ❛❧ ❜✐♥❛r✐♦ ② ❛❧ ❞❡❝✐♠❛❧ t❛♠❜✐é♥ ❡s s❡♥❝✐❧❧♦✳ P♦r ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❡❧ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ✹✷✸
✭♦❝t❛❧✮ ❡s✿
✹✷✸ ✭♦❝t❛❧✮❂ ✶✵✵ ✵✶✵ ✵✶✶ ✭❜✐♥❛r✐♦✮
♦ ❜✐❡♥
✹✷✸ ✭♦❝t❛❧✮❂ ✹ ✯ ✻✹ ✰ ✷ ✯ ✽ ✰ ✸ ✯ ✶ ❂ ✷✼✺ ✭❞❡❝✐♠❛❧✮
❉❡ ❝✉❛❧q✉✐❡r ♠♦❞♦✱ ❡❧ s✐st❡♠❛ ♦❝t❛❧ ♥♦ ❡s ❡❧ q✉❡ ♠ás s❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛ ❡♥ ❧❛ ♣rá❝t✐❝❛✱ s✐♥♦ ❡❧ ❤❡①❛❞❡❝✐♠❛❧✳

✷✽
✹✳✹✳✹✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦s ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦s

✶✳ ❊①♣r❡s❛r ❡♥ s✐st❡♠❛ ♦❝t❛❧ ❧♦s ♥ú♠❡r♦s ❞❡❝✐♠❛❧❡s ✶✼✱ ✶✵✶✱ ✽✸✱ ✹✺✳
✷✳ ❊①♣r❡s❛r ❡♥ s✐st❡♠❛ ♦❝t❛❧ ❧♦s ♥ú♠❡r♦s ❜✐♥❛r✐♦s ❞❡ ✽ ❜✐ts✿ ✵✶✶✵✵✶✶✵✱ ✶✵✶✶✵✵✶✵✱ ✶✶✶✶✶✶✶✶✱
✵✵✶✵✶✶✵✶
✸✳ ❊①♣r❡s❛r ❡♥ ❡❧ s✐st❡♠❛ ❜✐♥❛r✐♦ ❧♦s ♥ú♠❡r♦s ♦❝t❛❧❡s ✶✼✶✱ ✷✹✸✱ ✶✵✺✱ ✹✺✳
✹✳ ❊①♣r❡s❛r ❡♥ ❡❧ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡❝✐♠❛❧ ❧♦s ♥ú♠❡r♦s ♦❝t❛❧❡s ✶✻✷✱ ✼✻✱ ✷✹✶✱ ✶✵✷✳

✹✳✹✳✺✳ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ❤❡①❛❞❡❝✐♠❛❧

❊❧ s✐st❡♠❛ ♦❝t❛❧ t✐❡♥❡ ✉♥ ✐♥❝♦♥✈❡♥✐❡♥t❡✿ s❡ ❛❣r✉♣❛♥ ❧♦s ❜✐ts ❞❡ ✸ ❡♥ ✸✱ ♣♦r ❧♦ q✉❡ ❝♦♥✈❡rt✐r
❞❡ ❜✐♥❛r✐♦ ❛ ♦❝t❛❧ ② ✈✐❝❡✈❡rs❛ ❡s ♠✉② s❡♥❝✐❧❧♦✱ ♣❡r♦ ✉♥ ❜②t❡ ❡stá ❢♦r♠❛❞♦ ♣♦r ✽ ❜✐ts✱ q✉❡ ♥♦ ❡s
♠ú❧t✐♣❧♦ ❞❡ ✸✳
❡s ♠ás ❝ó♠♦❞♦ ❛❣r✉♣❛r ❞❡ ✹ ❡♥ ✹ ❜✐ts✱ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ q✉❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❜②t❡ s❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♣♦r ✷ ❝✐❢r❛s✳ ❊st❡
s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ♥✉♠❡r❛❝✐ó♥ tr❛❜❛❥❛ ❡♥ ❜❛s❡ ✶✻ ✭✷ ✹ ❂✶✻✮✱ ② ❡s ❧♦ q✉❡ s❡ ❝♦♥♦❝❡ ❝♦♠♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❤❡①❛❞❡✲
❝✐♠❛❧✳
P❡r♦ ❤❛② ✉♥❛ ❞✐✜❝✉❧t❛❞✿ ❡st❛♠♦s ❛❝♦st✉♠❜r❛❞♦s ❛❧ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡❝✐♠❛❧✱ ❝♦♥ ♥ú♠❡r♦s ❞❡❧ ✵ ❛❧ ✾✱ ❞❡
♠♦❞♦ q✉❡ ♥♦ t❡♥❡♠♦s ❝✐❢r❛s ❞❡ ✉♥ ú♥✐❝♦ ❞í❣✐t♦ ♣❛r❛ ❧♦s ♥ú♠❡r♦s ✶✵✱ ✶✶✱ ✶✷✱ ✶✸✱ ✶✹ ② ✶✺✱ q✉❡
✉t✐❧✐③❛♠♦s ❡♥ ❡❧ s✐st❡♠❛ ❤❡①❛❞❡❝✐♠❛❧✳ P❛r❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ❡st❛s ❝✐❢r❛s ✉s❛♠♦s ❧❛s ❧❡tr❛s ❞❡ ❧❛ ❆ ❛ ❧❛
❋✱ ❛sí✿
✶ ✵ ✭ ❞❡❝✐♠❛❧ ✮ ❂ ✵ ✭ ❤❡①❛❞❡❝✐♠❛❧ ✮
✷ ✶ ✭ ❞❡❝✐♠❛❧ ✮ ❂ ✶ ✭ ❤❡①❛❞❡❝✐♠❛❧ ✮
✸ ✷ ✭ ❞❡❝✐♠❛❧ ✮ ❂ ✷ ✭ ❤❡①❛❞❡❝✐♠❛❧ ✮
✹ ✸ ✭ ❞❡❝✐♠❛❧ ✮ ❂ ✸ ✭ ❤❡①❛❞❡❝✐♠❛❧ ✮
✺ ✹ ✭ ❞❡❝✐♠❛❧ ✮ ❂ ✹ ✭ ❤❡①❛❞❡❝✐♠❛❧ ✮
✻ ✺ ✭ ❞❡❝✐♠❛❧ ✮ ❂ ✺ ✭ ❤❡①❛❞❡❝✐♠❛❧ ✮
✼ ✻ ✭ ❞❡❝✐♠❛❧ ✮ ❂ ✻ ✭ ❤❡①❛❞❡❝✐♠❛❧ ✮
✽ ✼ ✭ ❞❡❝✐♠❛❧ ✮ ❂ ✼ ✭ ❤❡①❛❞❡❝✐♠❛❧ ✮
✾ ✽ ✭ ❞❡❝✐♠❛❧ ✮ ❂ ✽ ✭ ❤❡①❛❞❡❝✐♠❛❧ ✮
✶✵ ✾ ✭ ❞❡❝✐♠❛❧ ✮ ❂ ✾ ✭ ❤❡①❛❞❡❝✐♠❛❧ ✮
✶✶ ✶✵ ✭ ❞❡❝✐♠❛❧ ✮ ❂ ❆ ✭ ❤❡①❛❞❡❝✐♠❛❧ ✮
✶✷ ✶✶ ✭ ❞❡❝✐♠❛❧ ✮ ❂ ❇ ✭ ❤❡①❛❞❡❝✐♠❛❧ ✮
✶✸ ✶✷ ✭ ❞❡❝✐♠❛❧ ✮ ❂ ❈ ✭ ❤❡①❛❞❡❝✐♠❛❧ ✮
✶✹ ✶✸ ✭ ❞❡❝✐♠❛❧ ✮ ❂ ❉ ✭ ❤❡①❛❞❡❝✐♠❛❧ ✮
✶✺ ✶✹ ✭ ❞❡❝✐♠❛❧ ✮ ❂ ❊ ✭ ❤❡①❛❞❡❝✐♠❛❧ ✮
✶✻ ✶✺ ✭ ❞❡❝✐♠❛❧ ✮ ❂ ❋ ✭ ❤❡①❛❞❡❝✐♠❛❧ ✮
❈♦♥ ❡st❛s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❝✐♦♥❡s✱ ❡①♣r❡s❛r ♥ú♠❡r♦s ❡♥ ❡❧ s✐st❡♠❛ ❤❡①❛❞❡❝✐♠❛❧ ②❛ ♥♦ ❡s ❞✐❢í❝✐❧✿
✶ ✷✺✹ ✭ ❞❡❝✐♠❛❧ ✮ ✲❃
✷ ✷✺✹ ✴ ✶✻ ❂ ✶✺ ✭ r❡st♦ ✿ ✶✹✮
✸ ✶✹ ✴ ✶ ❂ ✶✹ ✭ s❡ t❡r♠✐♥ ó✮
❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ q✉❡
✷✺✹ ❂ ✶✺ ✯ ✶✻ ✶ ✰ ✶✹ ✯ ✶✻ ✵
♦ ❜✐❡♥

✷✾
✷✺✹ ✭❞❡❝✐♠❛❧✮❂ ❋❊ ✭❤❡①❛❞❡❝✐♠❛❧✮
❱❛♠♦s ❛ r❡♣❡t✐r❧♦ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥✈❡rt✐r ❞❡ ❞❡❝✐♠❛❧ ❛ ❤❡①❛❞❡❝✐♠❛❧ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ♠ás ❣r❛♥❞❡✿

✶ ✺✹✸✸✶ ✭ ❞❡❝✐♠❛❧ ✮ ✲❃
✷ ✺✹✸✸✶ ✴ ✹✵✾✻ ❂ ✶✸ ✭ r❡st♦ ✿ ✶✵✽✸✮
✸ ✶✵✽✸ ✴ ✷✺✻ ❂ ✹ ✭ r❡st♦ ✿ ✺✾✮
✹ ✺✾ ✴ ✶✻ ❂ ✸ ✭ r❡st♦ ✿ ✶✶✮
✺ ✶✶ ✴ ✶ ❂ ✶✶ ✭ s❡ t❡r♠✐♥ ó✮
❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ q✉❡✿ ✺✹✸✸✶ ❂ ✶✸ ✯ ✹✵✾✻ ✰ ✹ ✯ ✷✺✻ ✰ ✸ ✯ ✶✻ ✰ ✶✶ ✯ ✶
♦ ❜✐❡♥ ✷✺✹ ❂ ✶✸ ✯ ✶✻ ✸ ✰ ✹ ✯ ✶✻ ✷ ✰ ✸ ✯ ✶✻ ✶ ✰ ✶✶ ✯ ✶✻ ✵
❡s ❞❡❝✐r✿
✺✹✸✸✶ ✭❞❡❝✐♠❛❧✮❂ ❉✹✸❇ ✭❤❡①❛❞❡❝✐♠❛❧✮
❆❤♦r❛ ✈❛♠♦s ❛ ❞❛r ❡❧ ♣❛s♦ ✐♥✈❡rs♦✿ ❝♦♥✈❡rt✐r ❞❡ ❤❡①❛❞❡❝✐♠❛❧ ❛ ❞❡❝✐♠❛❧✱ ♣♦r ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦ ❡❧ ♥ú♠❡r♦
❆✷❇✺
❆✷❇✺ ✭❤❡①❛❞❡❝✐♠❛❧✮❂ ✶✵ ✯ ✶✻ ✸ ✰ ✷ ✯ ✶✻ ✷ ✰ ✶✶ ✯ ✶✻ ✶ ✰ ✺ ✯ ✶✻ ✵ ❂ ✹✶✻✺✸
❊❧ ♣❛s♦ ❞❡ ❤❡①❛❞❡❝✐♠❛❧ ❛ ❜✐♥❛r✐♦ t❛♠❜✐é♥ ❡s ✭r❡❧❛t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✮ rá♣✐❞♦✱ ♣♦rq✉❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❞í❣✐t♦ ❤❡①❛❞❡✲
❝✐♠❛❧ ❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡ ❛ ✉♥❛ s❡❝✉❡♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✹ ❜✐ts✿

✶ ✵ ✭ ❤❡①❛❞❡❝✐♠❛❧ ✮ ❂ ✵ ✭ ❞❡❝✐♠❛❧ ✮ ❂ ✵✵✵✵ ✭ ❜✐♥❛r✐♦ ✮

✷ ✶ ✭ ❤❡①❛❞❡❝✐♠❛❧ ✮ ❂ ✶ ✭ ❞❡❝✐♠❛❧ ✮ ❂ ✵✵✵✶ ✭ ❜✐♥❛r✐♦ ✮
✸ ✷ ✭ ❤❡①❛❞❡❝✐♠❛❧ ✮ ❂ ✷ ✭ ❞❡❝✐♠❛❧ ✮ ❂ ✵✵✶✵ ✭ ❜✐♥❛r✐♦ ✮
✹ ✸ ✭ ❤❡①❛❞❡❝✐♠❛❧ ✮ ❂ ✸ ✭ ❞❡❝✐♠❛❧ ✮ ❂ ✵✵✶✶ ✭ ❜✐♥❛r✐♦ ✮
✺ ✹ ✭ ❤❡①❛❞❡❝✐♠❛❧ ✮ ❂ ✹ ✭ ❞❡❝✐♠❛❧ ✮ ❂ ✵✶✵✵ ✭ ❜✐♥❛r✐♦ ✮
✻ ✺ ✭ ❤❡①❛❞❡❝✐♠❛❧ ✮ ❂ ✺ ✭ ❞❡❝✐♠❛❧ ✮ ❂ ✵✶✵✶ ✭ ❜✐♥❛r✐♦ ✮
✼ ✻ ✭ ❤❡①❛❞❡❝✐♠❛❧ ✮ ❂ ✻ ✭ ❞❡❝✐♠❛❧ ✮ ❂ ✵✶✶✵ ✭ ❜✐♥❛r✐♦ ✮
✽ ✼ ✭ ❤❡①❛❞❡❝✐♠❛❧ ✮ ❂ ✼ ✭ ❞❡❝✐♠❛❧ ✮ ❂ ✵✶✶✶ ✭ ❜✐♥❛r✐♦ ✮
✾ ✽ ✭ ❤❡①❛❞❡❝✐♠❛❧ ✮ ❂ ✽ ✭ ❞❡❝✐♠❛❧ ✮ ❂ ✶✵✵✵ ✭ ❜✐♥❛r✐♦ ✮
✶✵ ✾ ✭ ❤❡①❛❞❡❝✐♠❛❧ ✮ ❂ ✾ ✭ ❞❡❝✐♠❛❧ ✮ ❂ ✶✵✵✶ ✭ ❜✐♥❛r✐♦ ✮
✶✶ ❆ ✭ ❤❡①❛❞❡❝✐♠❛❧ ✮ ❂ ✶✵ ✭ ❞❡❝✐♠❛❧ ✮ ❂ ✶✵✶✵ ✭ ❜✐♥❛r✐♦ ✮
✶✷ ❇ ✭ ❤❡①❛❞❡❝✐♠❛❧ ✮ ❂ ✶✶ ✭ ❞❡❝✐♠❛❧ ✮ ❂ ✶✵✶✶ ✭ ❜✐♥❛r✐♦ ✮
✶✸ ❈ ✭ ❤❡①❛❞❡❝✐♠❛❧ ✮ ❂ ✶✷ ✭ ❞❡❝✐♠❛❧ ✮ ❂ ✶✶✵✵ ✭ ❜✐♥❛r✐♦ ✮
✶✹ ❉ ✭ ❤❡①❛❞❡❝✐♠❛❧ ✮ ❂ ✶✸ ✭ ❞❡❝✐♠❛❧ ✮ ❂ ✶✶✵✶ ✭ ❜✐♥❛r✐♦ ✮
✶✺ ❊ ✭ ❤❡①❛❞❡❝✐♠❛❧ ✮ ❂ ✶✹ ✭ ❞❡❝✐♠❛❧ ✮ ❂ ✶✶✶✵ ✭ ❜✐♥❛r✐♦ ✮
✶✻ ❋ ✭ ❤❡①❛❞❡❝✐♠❛❧ ✮ ❂ ✶✺ ✭ ❞❡❝✐♠❛❧ ✮ ❂ ✶✶✶✶ ✭ ❜✐♥❛r✐♦ ✮
❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ q✉❡✿
❆✷❇✺ ✭❤❡①❛❞❡❝✐♠❛❧✮❂ ✶✵✶✵ ✵✵✶✵ ✶✵✶✶ ✵✶✵✶ ✭❜✐♥❛r✐♦✮
② ❞❡ ✐❣✉❛❧ ♠♦❞♦✱ ❞❡ ❜✐♥❛r✐♦ ❛ ❤❡①❛❞❡❝✐♠❛❧ ❡s ❞✐✈✐❞✐r ❡♥ ❣r✉♣♦s ❞❡ ✹ ❜✐ts ② ❤❛❧❧❛r ❡❧ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛
✉♥♦ ❞❡ ❡❧❧♦s✿

✶ ✶✶✵✵✶✵✶✵✵✶✵✵✶✵✵✶✵✶✵✶✵✶✵✵✶✶✶ ❂❃
✷ ✵✶✶✵ ✵✶✵✶ ✵✵✶✵ ✵✶✵✵ ✶✵✶✵ ✶✵✶✵ ✵✶✶✶ ❂ ✻✺✷✹ ❆❆✼

✹✳✹✳✻✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦s ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦s

✶✳ ❊①♣r❡s❛r ❡♥ s✐st❡♠❛ ❤❡①❛❞❡❝✐♠❛❧ ❧♦s ♥ú♠❡r♦s ❞❡❝✐♠❛❧❡s ✶✽✱ ✶✸✶✱ ✽✸✱ ✷✹✺✳

✸✵
 ✷✳ ❊①♣r❡s❛r ❡♥ s✐st❡♠❛ ❤❡①❛❞❡❝✐♠❛❧ ❧♦s ♥ú♠❡r♦s ❜✐♥❛r✐♦s ❞❡ ✽ ❜✐ts✿ ✵✶✶✵✵✶✶✵✱ ✶✵✶✶✵✵✶✵✱
✶✶✶✶✶✶✶✶✱ ✵✵✶✵✶✶✵✶

✸✳ ❊①♣r❡s❛r ❡♥ ❡❧ s✐st❡♠❛ ❜✐♥❛r✐♦ ❧♦s ♥ú♠❡r♦s ❤❡①❛❞❡❝✐♠❛❧❡s ✷❋✱ ✸✼✱ ❆✵✱ ✶❆✷✳

✹✳ ❊①♣r❡s❛r ❡♥ ❡❧ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡❝✐♠❛❧ ❧♦s ♥ú♠❡r♦s ❤❡①❛❞❡❝✐♠❛❧❡s ✶❇✷✱ ✼✻✱ ❊✶✱ ✷❆✳

✹✳✹✳✼✳ ❋♦r♠❛t♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡s ❡♥t❡r❛s✿ ♦❝t✱ ❤❡①

❊♥ ❈ t❡♥❡♠♦s ❧❛ ♣♦s✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞ ❞❡ ❞❛r ✉♥ ✈❛❧♦r ❛ ✉♥❛ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❡❧ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡❝✐♠❛❧✱ ❝♦♠♦
❤❡♠♦s ❤❡❝❤♦ ❤❛st❛ ❛❤♦r❛✱ ♣❡r♦ t❛♠❜✐é♥ ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ✉s❛r ❡❧ s✐st❡♠❛ ♦❝t❛❧ s✐ ♣♦♥❡♠♦s ✉♥ ✵ ❛ ❧❛
✐③q✉✐❡r❞❛ ❞❡❧ ♥ú♠❡r♦✱ ♦ ❡❧ s✐st❡♠❛ ❤❡①❛❞❡❝✐♠❛❧✱ s✐ ✉s❛♠♦s ✵① ✭♣❡r♦ ♥♦ ❡①✐st❡ ✉♥❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞✐r❡❝t❛
❞❡ tr❛❜❛❥❛r ❝♦♥ ♥ú♠❡r♦s ❡♥ ❜✐♥❛r✐♦✮✿

✶ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ st❞✐♦ ✳❤ ❃
✷
✸ ✐♥t ♠❛✐♥ ✭✮ ④ ✴✯ ❈✉❡r♣♦ ❞❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ✯✴
✹ ✐♥t ♣r✐♠❡r◆✉♠❡r♦ ❀
✺ ✐♥t s❡❣✉♥❞♦◆✉♠❡r♦ ❀
✻ ✐♥t t❡r❝❡r◆✉♠❡r♦ ❀
✼ ♣r✐♠❡r◆✉♠❡r♦ ❂ ✶✺❀ ✴✯ ❉❡❝✐♠❛❧ ✯✴
✽ s❡❣✉♥❞♦◆✉♠❡r♦ ❂ ✵✶✺❀ ✴✯ ❖❝t❛❧ ✿ ✽✰✺❂✶✸ ✯✴
✾ t❡r❝❡r◆✉♠❡r♦ ❂ ✵ ①✶✺ ❀ ✴✯ ❍❡①❛❞❡❝✐♠❛❧ ✿ ✶✻✰✺❂✷✶ ✯✴
✶✵ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❊❧ ♣r✐♠❡r ♥✉♠❡r♦ ❡s ✪❞ ✱ ✧ ✱ ♣r✐♠❡r◆✉♠❡r♦ ✮❀
✶✶ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❡❧ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❡s ✪❞ ✱ ✧ ✱ s❡❣✉♥❞♦◆✉♠❡r♦ ✮ ❀
✶✷ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❡❧ t❡r❝❡r ♥✉♠❡r♦ ❡s ✪❞ ✳✧ ✱ t❡r❝❡r◆✉♠❡r♦ ✮❀
✶✸ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✶✹ ⑥
❊❧ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❡st❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❡s✿

❊❧ ♣r✐♠❡r ♥✉♠❡r♦ ❡s ✶✺✱ ❡❧ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❡s ✶✸✱ ❡❧ t❡r❝❡r ♥✉♠❡r♦ ❡s ✷✶✳

✹✳✹✳✽✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦s ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦s

❈r❡❛ ✉♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❡♥ ❈ q✉❡ ❡①♣r❡s❡ ❡♥ ❡❧ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡❝✐♠❛❧ ❧♦s ♥ú♠❡r♦s ♦❝t❛❧❡s ✶✻✷✱ ✼✻✱ ✷✹✶✱
✶✵✷✳ ❈r❡❛ ✉♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❡♥ ❈ q✉❡ ❡①♣r❡s❡ ❡♥ ❡❧ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡❝✐♠❛❧ ❧♦s ♥ú♠❡r♦s ❤❡①❛❞❡❝✐♠❛❧❡s ✶❇✷✱
✼✻✱ ❊✶✱ ✷❆✳

✹✳✹✳✾✳ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❝✐ó♥ ✐♥t❡r♥❛ ❞❡ ❧♦s ❡♥t❡r♦s

❆❤♦r❛ q✉❡ s❛❜❡♠♦s ❝ó♠♦ s❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♥ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❡♥ s✐st❡♠❛ ❜✐♥❛r✐♦✱ ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ❞❡t❛❧❧❛r ✉♥
♣♦❝♦ ♠ás ❝ó♠♦ s❡ ❛❧♠❛❝❡♥❛♥ ❧♦s ♥ú♠❡r♦s ❡♥t❡r♦s ❡♥ ❧❛ ♠❡♠♦r✐❛ ❞❡❧ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r✱ ❧♦ q✉❡ ❛②✉❞❛ ❛
❡♥t❡♥❞❡r ♣♦r q✉é t❡♥❡♠♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❛❧ ❛s✐❣♥❛r ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❡♥tr❡ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s q✉❡ ♥♦ s❡❛♥ ❡①❛❝t❛♠❡♥t❡
❞❡❧ ♠✐s♠♦ t✐♣♦✳

❊♥ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣✐♦✱ ❧♦s ♥ú♠❡r♦s ♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s s❡ ❛❧♠❛❝❡♥❛♥ ❝♦♠♦ ❤❡♠♦s ✈✐st♦ s❡❣ú♥ ❡❧ s✐st❡♠❛ ❜✐♥❛r✐♦✳ ❊❧
ú♥✐❝♦ ♠❛t✐③ q✉❡ ❢❛❧t❛ ❡s ✐♥❞✐❝❛r ❝✉❛♥t♦s ❜✐ts ❤❛② ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜❧❡s ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ♥ú♠❡r♦✳ ▲♦ ❤❛❜✐t✉❛❧ ❡s
✉s❛r ✶✻ ❜✐ts ♣❛r❛ ✉♥ ✏✐♥t✑ s✐ ❡❧ s✐st❡♠❛ ♦♣❡r❛t✐✈♦ ❡s ❞❡ ✶✻ ❜✐ts ✭❝♦♠♦ ▼s❉♦s✮ ② ✸✷ ❜✐ts ♣❛r❛
❧♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ♦♣❡r❛t✐✈♦s ❞❡ ✸✷ ❜✐ts ✭❝♦♠♦ ❧❛ ♠❛②♦rí❛ ❞❡ ❧❛s ✈❡rs✐♦♥❡s ❞❡ ❲✐♥❞♦✇s ② ❞❡ ▲✐♥✉① ✕♦
s✐st❡♠❛s ❯♥✐① ❡♥ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✲✮✳

✸✶
❊♥ ❝✉❛♥t♦ ❛ ✏s❤♦rt✑ ② ✏❧♦♥❣✑✱ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡ ❞❡❧ s✐st❡♠❛✳ ❱❛♠♦s ❛ ✈❡r❧♦ ❡♥✿

t✉r❜♦ ❈ ✭▼s❉❖❙✮ ●❈❈ ✸✳✹✳✷ ✭❲✐♥❞♦✇s ✸✷ ❜✐ts✮ ●❈❈ ✸✳✹✳✷ ✭▲✐♥✉① ✻✹ ❜✐ts✮
✐♥t✿ ❜✐ts ✶✻ ✸✷ ✸✷
✐♥t✿ ✈❛❧♦r ♠á①✐♠♦ ✸✷✼✻✼ ✷✶✹✼✹✽✸✻✹✼ ✷✶✹✼✹✽✸✻✹✼
s❤♦rt✿ ❜✐ts ✶✻ ✶✻ ✶✻
s❤♦rt✿ ✈❛❧♦r ♠á①✐♠♦ ✸✷✼✻✼ ✸✷✼✻✼ ✸✷✼✻✼
❧♦♥❣✿ ❜✐ts ✸✷ ✸✷ ✸✷
❧♦♥❣✿ ✈❛❧♦r ♠á①✐♠♦ ✷✶✹✼✹✽✸✻✹✼ ✷✶✹✼✹✽✸✻✹✼ ✷✶✹✼✹✽✸✻✹✼

P❛r❛ ❧♦s ♥ú♠❡r♦s ❡♥t❡r♦s ♥❡❣❛t✐✈♦s✱ ❡①✐st❡♥ ✈❛r✐❛s ❢♦r♠❛s ♣♦s✐❜❧❡s ❞❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛r❧♦s✳ ▲❛s ♠ás
❤❛❜✐t✉❛❧❡s s♦♥✿

❙✐❣♥♦ ② ♠❛❣♥✐t✉❞✿ ❡❧ ♣r✐♠❡r ❜✐t ✭❡❧ ❞❡ ♠ás ❛ ❧❛ ✐③q✉✐❡r❞❛✮ s❡ ♣♦♥❡ ❛ ✶ s✐ ❡❧ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❡s

♥❡❣❛t✐✈♦ ② s❡ ❞❡❥❛ ❛ ✵ s✐ ❡s ♣♦s✐t✐✈♦✳ ▲♦s ❞❡♠ás ❜✐ts s❡ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛♥ ❝♦♠♦ ②❛ ❤❡♠♦s ✈✐st♦✳

P♦r ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦✱ s✐ ✉s❛♠♦s ✹ ❜✐ts✱ t❡♥❞rí❛♠♦s

✶ ✸ ✭ ❞❡❝✐♠❛❧ ✮ ❂ ✵✵✶✶ ✲✸ ❂ ✶✵✶✶

✷ ✻ ✭ ❞❡❝✐♠❛❧ ✮ ❂ ✵✶✶✵ ✲✻ ❂ ✶✶✶✵

❊s ✉♥ ♠ét♦❞♦ ♠✉② s❡♥❝✐❧❧♦✱ ♣❡r♦ ❝♦♥ ❡❧ ✐♥❝♦♥✈❡♥✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ q✉❡ ❧❛s ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❡s ❝♦♥ ♥ú♠❡r♦s
♥❡❣❛t✐✈♦s ♥♦ s❡ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♥ ❝♦rr❡❝t❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ❱❛♠♦s ❛ ✈❡r ✉♥ ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❝♦♥ ♥ú♠❡r♦s ❞❡ ✽ ❜✐ts✿

✶ ✶✸ ✭ ❞❡❝✐♠❛❧ ✮ ❂ ✵✵✵✵ ✶✶✵✶ ✲ ✶✸ ✭ ❞❡❝✐♠❛❧ ✮ ❂ ✶✵✵✵ ✶✶✵✶

✷ ✸✹ ✭ ❞❡❝✐♠❛❧ ✮ ❂ ✵✵✶✵ ✵✵✶✵ ✲ ✸✹ ✭ ❞❡❝✐♠❛❧ ✮ ❂ ✶✵✶✵ ✵✵✶✵
✸ ✶✸ ✰ ✸✹ ❂ ✵✵✵✵ ✶✶✵✶ ✰ ✵✵✶✵ ✵✵✶✵ ❂ ✵✵✶✵ ✶✶✶✶ ❂ ✹✼ ✭ ❝♦rr❡❝t♦ ✮
✹ ✭ ✲✶✸✮ ✰ ✭ ✲✸✹✮ ❂ ✶✵✵✵ ✶✶✵✶ ✰ ✶✵✶✵ ✵✵✶✵ ❂ ✵✵✶✵ ✶✶✶✶ ❂ ✹✼ ✭
■◆❈❖❘❘❊❈❚❖ ✮
✺ ✶✸ ✰ ✭ ✲✸✹✮ ❂ ✵✵✵✵ ✶✶✵✶ ✰ ✶✵✶✵ ✵✵✶✵ ❂ ✶✵✶✵ ✶✶✶✶ ❂ ✲✹✼ ✭
■◆❈❖❘❘❊❈❚❖ ✮

❈♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❛ ✶✿ s❡ ❝❛♠❜✐❛♥ ❧♦s ❝❡r♦s ♣♦r ✉ ♣❛r❛ ❡①♣r❡s❛r ❧♦s ♥ú♠❡r♦s ♥❡❣❛t✐✈♦s✳

✶ P♦r ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦ ✱ ❝♦♥ ✹ ❜✐ts

✷ ✸ ✭ ❞❡❝✐♠❛❧ ✮ ❂ ✵✵✶✶ ✲✸ ❂ ✶✶✵✵
✸ ✻ ✭ ❞❡❝✐♠❛❧ ✮ ❂ ✵✶✶✵ ✲✻ ❂ ✶✵✵✶

❚❛♠❜✐é♥ ❡s ✉♥ ♠ét♦❞♦ s❡♥❝✐❧❧♦✱ ❡♥ ❡❧ q✉❡ ❧❛s ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❡s ❝♦♥ ♥ú♠❡r♦s ♥❡❣❛t✐✈♦s s❛❧❡♥ ❜✐❡♥✱ ②
q✉❡ só❧♦ t✐❡♥❡ ❝♦♠♦ ✐♥❝♦♥✈❡♥✐❡♥t❡ q✉❡ ❤❛② ❞♦s ❢♦r♠❛s ❞❡ ❡①♣r❡s❛r ❡❧ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ✵ ✭✵✵✵✵ ✵✵✵✵ ♦ ✶✶✶✶
✶✶✶✶✮✱ ❧♦ q✉❡ ❝♦♠♣❧✐❝❛ ❛❧❣✉♥♦s tr❛❜❛❥♦s ✐♥t❡r♥♦s ❞❡❧ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r✳

✹✳✹✳✶✵✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦s ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦s

✶✳ ❈♦♥✈❡rt✐r ❧♦s ♥ú♠❡r♦s ❞❡❝✐♠❛❧❡s ✶✸✱ ✸✹✱ ✲✶✸✱ ✲✸✹ ❛ s✐st❡♠❛ ❜✐♥❛r✐♦✱ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❛
✉♥♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡①♣r❡s❛r ❧♦s ♥ú♠❡r♦s ♥❡❣❛t✐✈♦s✳

✷✳ ❈❛❧❝✉❧❛r ✭❡♥ ❜✐♥❛r✐♦✮ ❡❧ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❧❛s ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❡s ✶✸✰✸✹✱ ✭✲✶✸✮✰✭✲✸✹✮✱ ✶✸✰✭✲✸✹✮ ② ❝♦♠✲
♣r♦❜❛r q✉❡ ❧♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s q✉❡ s❡ ♦❜t✐❡♥❡♥ s♦♥ ❧♦s ❝♦rr❡❝t♦s✳

✸✷
 ✸✳ ❈♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❛ ✷✿ ♣❛r❛ ❧♦s ♥❡❣❛t✐✈♦s✱ s❡ ❝❛♠❜✐❛♥ ❧♦s ❝❡r♦s ♣♦r ✉ ② s❡ s✉♠❛ ✉♥♦ ❛❧ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦✳

P♦r ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❝♦♥ ✹ ❜✐ts

✶ ✸ ✭ ❞❡❝✐♠❛❧ ✮ ❂ ✵✵✶✶ ✲ ✸ ❂ ✶✶✵✶

✷ ✻ ✭ ❞❡❝✐♠❛❧ ✮ ❂ ✵✶✶✵ ✲ ✻ ❂ ✶✵✶✵

❊s ✉♥ ♠ét♦❞♦ q✉❡ ♣❛r❡❝❡ ❝♦♠♣❧✐❝❛❞♦✱ ♣❡r♦ q✉❡ ♥♦ ❡s ❞✐❢í❝✐❧ ❞❡ s❡❣✉✐r✱ ❝♦♥ ❡❧ q✉❡ ❧❛s ♦♣❡r❛✲
❝✐♦♥❡s ❝♦♥ ♥ú♠❡r♦s ♥❡❣❛t✐✈♦s s❛❧❡♥ ❜✐❡♥✱ ② ♥♦ t✐❡♥❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ♣❛r❛ ❡①♣r❡s❛r ❡❧ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ✵
✭✵✵✵✵✵✵✵✵✮✳

➱st❡ ❡s ❡❧ ♠ét♦❞♦ q✉❡ s❡ s✉❡❧❡ ✉s❛r ♣❛r❛ ❝♦❞✐✜❝❛r ❧♦s ♥ú♠❡r♦s ♥❡❣❛t✐✈♦s ❡♥ ✉♥ s✐st❡♠❛
✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝♦ ❄r❡❛❧❄✳

✶✳ ❈♦♥✈❡rt✐r ❧♦s ♥ú♠❡r♦s ❞❡❝✐♠❛❧❡s ✶✸✱ ✸✹✱ ✲✶✸✱ ✲✸✹ ❛ s✐st❡♠❛ ❜✐♥❛r✐♦✱ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❛
❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❡①♣r❡s❛r ❧♦s ♥ú♠❡r♦s ♥❡❣❛t✐✈♦s✳

✷✳ ❈❛❧❝✉❧❛r ✭❡♥ ❜✐♥❛r✐♦✮ ❡❧ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❧❛s ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❡s ✶✸✰✸✹✱ ✭✲✶✸✮✰✭✲✸✹✮✱ ✶✸✰✭✲✸✹✮ ②

❝♦♠♣r♦❜❛r q✉❡ ❧♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s q✉❡ s❡ ♦❜t✐❡♥❡♥ s♦♥ ❧♦s ❝♦rr❡❝t♦s✳

❊♥ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✱ t♦❞♦s ❧♦s ❢♦r♠❛t♦s q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❡♥ ❣✉❛r❞❛r ♥ú♠❡r♦s ♥❡❣❛t✐✈♦s ✉s❛♥ ❡❧ ♣r✐♠❡r ❜✐t ♣❛r❛
❡❧ s✐❣♥♦✳ P♦r ❡s♦✱ s✐ ❞❡❝❧❛r❛♠♦s ✉♥❛ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ ❝♦♠♦ ✏✉♥s✐❣♥❡❞✑✱ ❡s❡ ♣r✐♠❡r ❜✐t s❡ ♣✉❡❞❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r
❝♦♠♦ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❡ ❧♦s ❞❛t♦s✱ ② ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ❛❧♠❛❝❡♥❛r ♥ú♠❡r♦s ♠ás ❣r❛♥❞❡s✳ P♦r ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦✱ ✉♥ ✏✉♥s✐❣♥❡❞
✐♥t✑ ❡♥ ▼s❉♦s ♣♦❞rí❛ t♦♠❛r ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❡♥tr❡ ✵ ② ✻✺✳✺✸✺✱ ♠✐❡♥tr❛s q✉❡ ✉♥ ✏✐♥t✑ ✭❝♦♥ s✐❣♥♦✮ ♣♦❞rí❛
t♦♠❛r ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❡♥tr❡ ✰✸✷✳✼✻✼ ② ✕✸✷✳✼✻✽✳

✹✳✹✳✶✶✳ ■♥❝r❡♠❡♥t♦ ② ❞❡❝r❡♠❡♥t♦

❍❛② ✉♥❛ ♦♣❡r❛❝✐ó♥ q✉❡ ❡s ♠✉② ❢r❡❝✉❡♥t❡ ❝✉❛♥❞♦ s❡ ❝r❡❛♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s✱ ♣❡r♦ q✉❡ ♥♦ t✐❡♥❡ ✉♥
sí♠❜♦❧♦ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦ ♣❛r❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛r❧❛ ❡♥ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛s✳ ❊s ✐♥❝r❡♠❡♥t❛r ❡❧ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ ✉♥❛ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ ❡♥
✉♥❛ ✉♥✐❞❛❞✿

❛ ❂ ❛✰✶❀
P✉❡s ❜✐❡♥✱ ❡♥ ❈✱ ❡①✐st❡ ✉♥❛ ♥♦t❛❝✐ó♥ ♠ás ❝♦♠♣❛❝t❛ ♣❛r❛ ❡st❛ ♦♣❡r❛❝✐ó♥✱ ② ♣❛r❛ ❧❛ ♦♣✉❡st❛ ✭❡❧
❞❡❝r❡♠❡♥t♦✮✿

✶ ❛ ✰✰❀ ❡s ❧♦ ♠✐s♠♦ q✉❡ ❛ ❂ ❛ ✰✶❀

✷ ❛ ✲ ✲❀ ❡s ❧♦ ♠✐s♠♦ q✉❡ ❛ ❂ ❛ ✲✶❀
P❡r♦ ❡st♦ t✐❡♥❡ ♠ás ♠✐st❡r✐♦ ❞❡❧ q✉❡ ♣✉❡❞❡ ♣❛r❡❝❡r ❡♥ ✉♥ ♣r✐♠❡r ✈✐st❛③♦✿ ❞✐st✐♥❣✉✐♠♦s ❡♥tr❡
✑♣r❡✐♥❝r❡♠❡♥t♦✑ ② ✑♣♦st✐♥❝r❡♠❡♥t♦✑✳ ❊♥ ❈ ❡s ♣♦s✐❜❧❡ ❤❛❝❡r ❛s✐❣♥❛❝✐♦♥❡s ❝♦♠♦✿

❜ ❂ ❛✰✰❀
❆sí✱ s✐ ✑❛✑ ✈❛❧❡ ✷✱ ❧♦ q✉❡ ❡st❛ ✐♥str✉❝❝✐ó♥ ❤❛❝❡ ❡s ❞❛r ❛ ✑❜✑ ❡❧ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ ✑❛✑ ② ❛✉♠❡♥t❛r ❡❧ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡
✑❛✑✳ P♦r t❛♥t♦✱ ❛❧ ✜♥❛❧ t❡♥❡♠♦s q✉❡ ❜❂✷ ② ❛❂✸ ✭♣♦st✐♥❝r❡♠❡♥t♦✿ s❡ ✐♥❝r❡♠❡♥t❛ ✑❛✑ tr❛s ❛s✐❣♥❛r
s✉ ✈❛❧♦r✮✳

❊♥ ❝❛♠❜✐♦✱ s✐ ❡s❝r✐❜✐♠♦s✿

❜ ❂ ✰✰❛❀
② ✑❛✑ ✈❛❧❡ ✷✱ ♣r✐♠❡r♦ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛♠♦s ✑❛✑ ② ❧✉❡❣♦ ❧♦s ❛s✐❣♥❛♠♦s ❛ ✑❜✑ ✭♣r❡✐♥❝r❡♠❡♥t♦✮✱ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ q✉❡
❛❂✸ ② ❜❂✸✳

P♦r s✉♣✉❡st♦✱ t❛♠❜✐é♥ ❞✐st✐♥❣✉✐♠♦s ♣♦st❞❡❝r❡♠❡♥t♦ ✭❛✕✮ ② ♣r❡❞❡❝r❡♠❡♥t♦ ✭✕❛✮✳

✸✸
✹✳✹✳✶✷✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦s ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦s
✶✳ ❈r❡❛r ✉♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ q✉❡ ✉s❡ tr❡s ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s ①✱②✱③✳ ❙✉s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧❡s s❡rá♥ ✶✺✱ ✲✶✵✱ ✷✳✶✹✼✳✹✽✸✳✻✹✼✳
❙❡ ❞❡❜❡rá ✐♥❝r❡♠❡♥t❛r ❡❧ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ ❡st❛s ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s✳ ➽◗✉é ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❡s♣❡r❛s q✉❡ s❡ ♦❜t❡♥❣❛♥❄
❈♦♥trást❛❧♦ ❝♦♥ ❡❧ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ♦❜t❡♥✐❞♦ ♣♦r ❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛✳

✷✳ ➽❈✉á❧ ❡s ❡❧ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❧❛s s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡s ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❡s❄ ❛❂✺❀ ❜❂✰✰❛❀ ❝❂❛✰✰❀ ❜❂❜✯✺❀ ❛❂❛✯✷❀

❨ ②❛ q✉❡ ❡st❛♠♦s ❤❛❜❧❛♥❞♦ ❞❡ ❧❛s ❛s✐❣♥❛❝✐♦♥❡s✱ ❤❛② q✉❡ ❝♦♠❡♥t❛r q✉❡ ❡♥ ❈ ❡s ♣♦s✐❜❧❡ ❤❛❝❡r
❛s✐❣♥❛❝✐♦♥❡s ♠ú❧t✐♣❧❡s✿

❛ ❂ ❜ ❂ ❝ ❂ ✶❀

✹✳✹✳✶✸✳ ❖♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❡s ❛❜r❡✈✐❛❞❛s✿ ✰❂

P❡r♦ ❛ú♥ ❤❛② ♠ás✳ ❚❡♥❡♠♦s ✐♥❝❧✉s♦ ❢♦r♠❛s r❡❞✉❝✐❞❛s ❞❡ ❡s❝r✐❜✐r ❝♦s❛s ❝♦♠♦ ✧❛ ❂ ❛✰✺✧✳ ❆❧❧á
✈❛♥✿ ❛ ✰❂ ❜ ❀ ❡s ❧♦ ♠✐s♠♦ q✉❡ ❛ ❂ ❛✰❜❀

❛ ✲❂ ❜ ❀ ❡s ❧♦ ♠✐s♠♦ q✉❡ ❛ ❂ ❛✲❜❀

❛ ✯❂ ❜ ❀ ❡s ❧♦ ♠✐s♠♦ q✉❡ ❛ ❂ ❛✯❜❀

❛ ✴❂ ❜ ❀ ❡s ❧♦ ♠✐s♠♦ q✉❡ ❛ ❂ ❛✴❜❀

❛ ✪❂ ❜ ❀ ❡s ❧♦ ♠✐s♠♦ q✉❡ ❛ ❂ ❛ ✪❜❀

✹✳✹✳✶✹✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦s ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦s

✶✳ ❈r❡❛r ✉♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ q✉❡ ✉s❡ tr❡s ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s ①✱②✱③✳ ❙✉s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧❡s s♦♥ ✶✺✱ ✲✶✵✱ ✷✶✹✳ ■♥❝r❡✲
♠❡♥t❛r ❡❧ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ ❡st❛s ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s ❡♥ ✶✷✱ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❡❧ ❢♦r♠❛t♦ ❛❜r❡✈✐❛❞♦✳ ➽◗✉é ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❡s♣❡r❛
♦❜t❡♥❡r❄ ❈♦♥trást❛❧♦ ❝♦♥ ❡❧ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ♦❜t❡♥✐❞♦ ♣♦r ❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛✳

✷✳ ➽❈✉á❧ ❡s ❡❧ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❧❛s s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡s ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❡s❄ ❛❂✺❀ ❜❂❛✰✷❀ ❜✲❂✸❀ ❝❂✲✸❀ ❝✯❂✷❀ ✰✰❝❀
❛✯❂❜❀

✹✳✹✳✶✺✳ ▼♦❞✐✜❝❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡ ❛❝❝❡s♦✿ ❝♦♥st✱ ✈♦❧❛t✐❧❡

P♦❞❡♠♦s ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r ❝♦♥ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s ❝✉②♦ ✈❛❧♦r r❡❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♥♦ ✈❛rí❡ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛✳ ❊♥t♦♥❝❡s✱
✉s❛♠♦s ❡❧ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛❞♦r ✏❝♦♥st✑ ♣❛r❛ ✐♥❞✐❝árs❡❧♦ ❛ ♥✉❡str♦ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦r✱ ② ♥♦ ❞❡❥❛rá ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛r❧❛s ♣♦r
❡rr♦r✳

❝♦♥st ✐♥t ▼❆❳■▼❖ ❂ ✶✵❀

s✐ ✐♥t❡♥t❛♠♦s✿ ▼❆❳■▼❖ ❂ ✶✵✵❀

♦❜t❡♥❡♠♦s ✉♥ ♠❡♥s❛❥❡ ❞❡ ❡rr♦r q✉❡ ✐♥❞✐❝❛ q✉❡ ♥♦ ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛r ✉♥❛ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡✳

P♦r ❝♦♥✈❡♥✐♦✱ s❡ ❡s❝r✐❜❡♥ ❧❛s ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡s ❝♦♥ ✉♥ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ❡♥ ♠❛②ús❝✉❧❛s✱ ♣❛r❛ ❞✐st✐♥❣✉✐r❧❛s ❞❡ ❧❛s
✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s ❝♦♥✈❡♥❝✐♦♥❛❧❡s✱ ❝✉②♦ ✈❛❧♦r sí ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛r✳

❚❛♠❜✐é♥✱ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠♦s ✭❛✉♥q✉❡ ❡s ♣♦❝♦ ❢r❡❝✉❡♥t❡✮ ❡♥ ❡❧ ❝❛s♦ ❝♦♥tr❛r✐♦✿ ✉♥❛ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ q✉❡ ❝❛♠❜✐❛
❞❡ ✈❛❧♦r s✐♥ q✉❡ ♥♦s♦tr♦s ❧❛ ♠♦❞✐✜q✉❡♠♦s ✭❛❝❝❡❞❡♠♦s ❛ ✉♥ ✈❛❧♦r q✉❡ ❝❛♠❜✐❛ ✏só❧♦✑✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❡❧ r❡❧♦❥
✐♥t❡r♥♦ ❞❡❧ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r✱ ♦ ♣♦rq✉❡ ❧♦s ❞❛t♦s s❡❛♥ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❞♦s ❝♦♥ ♦tr♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ q✉❡ t❛♠❜✐é♥
♣✉❡❞❛ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛r❧♦s✮✳ ❊♥ ❡s❡ ❝❛s♦✱ ✉s❛♠♦s ✏✈♦❧❛t✐❧❡✑✱ q✉❡ ❤❛❝❡ q✉❡ ❡❧ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦r ❝♦♠♣r✉❡❜❡ ❡❧
✈❛❧♦r ♠ás r❡❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❧❛ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ ❛♥t❡s ❞❡ ✉s❛r❧♦✱ ♣♦r s✐ ❤✉❜✐❡r❛ ❝❛♠❜✐❛❞♦✿

✈♦❧❛t✐❧❡ ✐♥t ♥✉♠❡r♦❉❡❯s✉❛r✐♦s ❂ ✶❀

✸✹
✹✳✺✳ ❚✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s r❡❛❧

❈✉❛♥❞♦ q✉❡r❡♠♦s ❛❧♠❛❝❡♥❛r ❞❛t♦s ❝♦♥ ❞❡❝✐♠❛❧❡s✱ ♥♦ s✐r✈❡ ❡❧ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s ✏✐♥t✑✳ ◆❡❝❡s✐t❛♠♦s
♦tr♦ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s q✉❡ sí ❡sté ♣r❡♣❛r❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❣✉❛r❞❛r ♥ú♠❡r♦s ✏r❡❛❧❡s✑ ✭❝♦♥ ❞❡❝✐♠❛❧❡s✮✳ ❊♥ ❡❧
♠✉♥❞♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛ ❤❛② ❞♦s ❢♦r♠❛s ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❥❛r ❝♦♥ ♥ú♠❡r♦s r❡❛❧❡s✿

❈♦♠❛ ✜❥❛✿ ❡❧ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ♠á①✐♠♦ ❞❡ ❝✐❢r❛s ❞❡❝✐♠❛❧❡s ❡stá ✜❥❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❛♥t❡♠❛♥♦✱ ② ❡❧ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡
❝✐❢r❛s ❡♥t❡r❛s t❛♠❜✐é♥✳ P♦r ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❝♦♥ ✉♥ ❢♦r♠❛t♦ ❞❡ ✸ ❡♥t❡r❛s ② ✹ ❞❡❝✐♠❛❧❡s✱ ❡❧ ♥ú♠❡r♦
✸✱✼✺ s❡ ❛❧♠❛❝❡♥❛ ❝♦rr❡❝t❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❡❧ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ✾✼✵✱✹✸✻✶ t❛♠❜✐é♥✱ ♣❡r♦ ❡❧ ✺✱✻✼✽✻✹✷ s❡ ❣✉❛r❞❛
❝♦♠♦ ✺✱✻✼✽✻ ✭s❡ ♣✐❡r❞❡ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ❧❛ ❝✉❛rt❛ ❝✐❢r❛ ❞❡❝✐♠❛❧✮ ② ❡❧ ✶✵✶✵ ♥♦ s❡ ❣✉❛r❞❛ ✭t✐❡♥❡
♠ás ❞❡ ✸ ❝✐❢r❛s ❡♥t❡r❛s✮✳

❈♦♠❛ ✢♦t❛♥t❡✿ ❡❧ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❞❡❝✐♠❛❧❡s ② ❞❡ ❝✐❢r❛s ❡♥t❡r❛s ❡s ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡✱ ❧♦ q✉❡ ✐♠♣♦rt❛ ❡s ❡❧

♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❝✐❢r❛s s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈❛s ✭❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡❧ ú❧t✐♠♦ ✵✮✳ P♦r ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❝♦♥ ✺ ❝✐❢r❛s s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈❛s
s❡ ❛❧♠❛❝❡♥❛♥ ♥ú♠❡r♦s ❝♦♠♦ ❡❧ ✶✸✹✵✺✵✵✵✵✵✵ ♦ ✵✱✵✵✵✵✵✵✼✸✹✾ ♣❡r♦ ♥♦ s❡ ❣✉❛r❞❛ ❝♦rr❡❝t❛♠❡♥t❡
❡❧ ✶✷✱✵✵✵✵✵✸✹✱ q✉❡ s❡ r❡❞♦♥❞❡❛ ❛ ✉♥ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❝❡r❝❛♥♦✳

✹✳✺✳✶✳ ❙✐♠♣❧❡ ② ❞♦❜❧❡ ♣r❡❝✐s✐ó♥

❚❡♥❡♠♦s ❞♦s t❛♠❛ñ♦s ♣❛r❛ ❡❧❡❣✐r✱ s❡❣ú♥ s✐ q✉❡r❡♠♦s ❣✉❛r❞❛r ♥ú♠❡r♦s ❝♦♥ ♠❛②♦r ❝❛♥t✐❞❛❞ ❞❡
❝✐❢r❛s ♦ ❝♦♥ ♠❡♥♦s✳ P❛r❛ ♥ú♠❡r♦s ❝♦♥ ♣♦❝❛s ❝✐❢r❛s s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈❛s ✭✉♥ ♠á①✐♠♦ ❞❡ ✻✮ ❡①✐st❡ ❡❧ t✐♣♦
✏✢♦❛t✑ ② ♣❛r❛ ♥ú♠❡r♦s q✉❡ ♥❡❝❡s✐t❡♥ ♠ás ♣r❡❝✐s✐ó♥ ✭✉♥❛s ✶✵✮ t❡♥❡♠♦s ❡❧ t✐♣♦ ✏❞♦✉❜❧❡✑✿

✢♦❛t ❞♦✉❜❧❡
❚❛♠❛ñ♦ ❡♥ ❜✐ts ✸✷ ✻✹
❱❛❧♦r ♠á①✐♠♦ ✲✸✱✹ ✶✵ ✲✸✽ ✲✶✱✼➲✶✵ ✲✸✵✽
❱❛❧♦r ♠í♥✐♠♦ ✸✱✹➲✶✵ ✸✽ ✶✱✼➲✶✵ ✸✵✽
❈✐❢r❛s s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈❛s ✻ ♦ ♠ás ✶✵ ♦ ♠ás

❊♥ ❛❧❣✉♥♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❡①✐st❡ ✉♥ t✐♣♦ ✏❧♦♥❣ ❞♦✉❜❧❡✑✱ ❝♦♥ ♠❛②♦r ♣r❡❝✐s✐ó♥ t♦❞❛✈í❛ ✭✹✵ ❜✐ts ♦
✐♥❝❧✉s♦ ✶✷✽ ❜✐ts✮✳

P❛r❛ ❞❡✜♥✐r❧♦s✱ s❡ ❤❛❝❡ ✐❣✉❛❧ q✉❡ ❡♥ ❡❧ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ ❧♦s ♥ú♠❡r♦s ❡♥t❡r♦s✿

✢♦❛t ①❀

♦ ❜✐❡♥✱ s✐ q✉❡r❡♠♦s ❞❛r ✉♥ ✈❛❧♦r ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ❡♥ ❡❧ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❞❡✜♥✐r❧♦s ✭r❡❝♦r❞❛♥❞♦ q✉❡ ♣❛r❛ ❧❛s
❝✐❢r❛s ❞❡❝✐♠❛❧❡s ♥♦ ❞❡❜❡♠♦s ✉s❛r ✉♥❛ ❝♦♠❛✱ s✐♥♦ ✉♥ ♣✉♥t♦✮✿

✢♦❛t ① ❂ ✶✷✳✺✻❀

✹✳✺✳✷✳ ▼♦str❛r ❡♥ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛ ♥ú♠❡r♦s r❡❛❧❡s

❊♥ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣✐♦ ❡s s❡♥❝✐❧❧♦✿ ✉s❛r❡♠♦s ✏♣r✐♥t❢ ✑✱ ❛❧ q✉❡ ❧❡ ✐♥❞✐❝❛r❡♠♦s ✏ ✪❢ ✑ ❝♦♠♦ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛t♦✿

♣r✐♥t❢✭✧❊❧ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ ① ❡s ✪❢✧✱ ①✮❀ ✴✯❊s❝r✐❜❡ ✶✷✳✺✻✵✵ ✯✴

P❡r♦ t❛♠❜✐é♥ ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ❞❡t❛❧❧❛r ❧❛ ❛♥❝❤✉r❛✱ ✐♥❞✐❝❛♥❞♦ ❡❧ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❝✐❢r❛s t♦t❛❧❡s ② ❡❧ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡
❝✐❢r❛s ❞❡❝✐♠❛❧❡s✱ s❡♣❛r❛❞❛s ♣♦r ✉♥ ♣✉♥t♦✿

♣r✐♥t❢✭✧❊❧ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ ① ❡s ✪✺✳✷❢✧✱ ①✮❀ ✴✯❊s❝r✐❜❡ ✶✷✳✺✻ ✯✴

❙✐ ✐♥❞✐❝❛♠♦s ✉♥❛ ❛♥❝❤✉r❛ ♠❛②♦r q✉❡ ❧❛ ♥❡❝❡s❛r✐❛✱ s❡ r❡❧❧❡♥❛ ❝♦♥ ❡s♣❛❝✐♦s ❛❧ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣✐♦ ✭q✉❡❞❛
❛❧✐♥❡❛❞♦ ❛ ❧❛ ❞❡r❡❝❤❛✮

✸✺
♣r✐♥t❢✭✧❊❧ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ ① ❡s ❭ ✪✼✳✷❢✧✱ ①✮❀ ❞❛♥❞♦✿ ✶✷✳✺✻

❙✐ q✉❡r❡♠♦s q✉❡ ést❡ ❛❧✐♥❡❛❞♦ ❛ ❧❛ ✐③q✉✐❡r❞❛ ✭❝♦♥ ❧♦s ❡s♣❛❝✐♦s ❞❡ s♦❜r❛ ❛❧ ✜♥❛❧✮✱ ❡s❝r✐❜✐♠♦s ❧❛
❛♠♣❧✐t✉❞ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♥ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ♥❡❣❛t✐✈♦✿

♣r✐♥t❢✭✧❊❧ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ ① ❡s ✪✲✼✳✷❢✧✱ ①✮❀ ❞❛♥❞♦✿ ✶✷✳✻

❙✐ ✐♥❞✐❝❛♠♦s ♠❡♥♦s ❞❡❝✐♠❛❧❡s q✉❡ ❧♦s ♥❡❝❡s❛r✐♦s✱ s❡ r❡❞♦♥❞❡❛ ❡❧ ♥ú♠❡r♦✿

♣r✐♥t❢✭✧❊❧ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ ① ❡s ✪✹✳✶❢✧✱ ①✮❀ ❊s❝r✐❜❡ ✶✷✳✻

❨ s✐ ✐♥❞✐❝❛♠♦s ♠❡♥♦s ❝✐❢r❛s ❡♥t❡r❛s q✉❡ ❧❛s ♥❡❝❡s❛r✐❛s✱ ♥♦ ❤❛❝❡ ❝❛s♦ ② ❡❧ ♥ú♠❡r♦ s❡ ❡s❝r✐❜❡ ❝♦♥
❧❛ ❝❛♥t✐❞❛❞ ❞❡ ❝✐❢r❛s q✉❡ s❡❛ ♥❡❝❡s❛r✐♦ ✉s❛r✿

♣r✐♥t❢✭✧❊❧ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ ① ❡s ✪✶✳✵❢✧✱ ①✮❀ ❊s❝r✐❜❡ ✶✸

❏✉♥t❡♠♦s t♦❞♦ ❡st♦ ❡♥ ✉♥ ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦✿

✶ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ st❞✐♦ ✳❤ ❃
✷
✸ ✐♥t ♠❛✐♥ ✭✮ ④
✹ ❢❧♦❛t ① ❂ ✶✷✳✺✻❀
✺ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❊❧ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ ① ❡s ✪❢ ✧ ✱ ① ✮❀
✻ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ♣❡r♦ ❧♦ ❡s❝r✐❜✐♠♦s ❝♦♥ ✷ ❞❡❝✐♠❛❧❡s ✪✺✳✷ ❢✧ ✱ ①✮ ❀
✼ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ♦ s♦❧♦ ❝♦♥ ✉♥♦ ✪✺✳✶ ❢✧ ✱ ①✮ ❀
✽ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ♦ ❝♦♥ ✼ ❝✐❢r❛s ✪✼✳✶ ❢✧ ✱ ①✮ ❀
✾ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ♦ ❛❧✐♥❡❛❞♦ ❛ ❧❛ ✐③q✉✐❡r❞❛ ✪ ✲✼✳✶ ❢✧ ✱ ①✮❀
✶✵ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭ q✉♦t ❀ ♦ s✐♥ ❞❡❝✐♠❛❧❡s ✪✷✳✵ ❢✧ ✱ ①✮❀
✶✶ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ♦ s♦❧♦ ❝♦♥ ✉♥❛ ❝✐❢r❛ ✪✶✳✵ ❢✧ ✱ ①✮❀
✶✷ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✶✸ ⑥
❊❧ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❡s✿

❊❧ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ ❢ ❡s ✶✷✳✺✻✵✵✵✵ ♣❡r♦ s✐ ❧♦ ❡s❝r✐❜✐♠♦s ❝♦♥ ✷ ❞❡❝✐♠❛❧❡s ❡s ✶✷✳✺✻ ♦ só❧♦ ❝♦♥ ✉♥♦✱ ✶✷✳✻ ♦
❝♦♥ ✼ ❝✐❢r❛s ✶✷✳✻ ♦ ❛❧✐♥❡❛❞♦ ❛ ❧❛ ✐③q✉✐❡r❞❛ ✶✷✳✻ ♦ s✐♥ ❞❡❝✐♠❛❧❡s ✶✸ ♦ ❝♦♥ ✉♥❛ ❝✐❢r❛ ✶✸✳

❙✐ q✉❡r❡♠♦s q✉❡ s❡❛ ❡❧ ✉s✉❛r✐♦ q✉✐❡♥ ✐♥tr♦❞✉③❝❛ ❧♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s✱ ✉s❛♠♦s ✧ ✪❢ç♦♠♦ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛t♦
❡♥ ✧s❝❛♥❢✧✿

s❝❛♥❢✭✧ ✪❢✧✱ ✫①✮❀

✹✳✺✳✸✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦s ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦s

✶✳ ❊❧ ✉s✉❛r✐♦ ❞❡ ♥✉❡str♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ✐♥❣r❡s❛ ❞♦s ♥ú♠❡r♦s ❞❡ ❤❛st❛ ✽ ❝✐❢r❛s s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈❛s✳ ❊❧

♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡❜❡ ♠♦str❛r ❡❧ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❞✐✈✐❞✐r ❡❧ ♣r✐♠❡r ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❡❧ s❡❣✉♥❞♦✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦
tr❡s ❝✐❢r❛s ❞❡❝✐♠❛❧❡s✳

✷✳ ❈r❡❛r ✉♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ q✉❡ ✉s❡ tr❡s ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s ①✱②✱③✳ ▲❛s tr❡s s♦♥ ♥ú♠❡r♦s r❡❛❧❡s✱ ② ❜❛st❛ ❝♦♥
❞♦s ❝✐❢r❛s ❞❡❝✐♠❛❧❡s✳ ❉❡❜❡ s♦❧✐❝✐t❛r ❛❧ ✉s✉❛r✐♦ ❧♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ♣❛r❛ ❧❛s tr❡s ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s ② ♠♦str❛r
❡♥ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛ ❝✉❛❧ ❡s ❡❧ ♠❛②♦r ❞❡ ❧♦s tr❡s ♥ú♠❡r♦s ✐♥❣r❡s❛❞♦s✳

✹✳✻✳ ❖♣❡r❛❞♦r ❞❡ t❛♠❛ñ♦✿ s✐③❡♦❢

❍❡♠♦s ❝♦♠❡♥t❛❞♦ ❧♦ q✉❡ ♦❝✉♣❛ ✉♥❛ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ ❞❡ t✐♣♦ ✐♥t✱ ❞❡ t✐♣♦ ❧♦♥❣ ✐♥t✱ ❞❡ t✐♣♦ ✢♦❛t✳✳✳
❚❡♥❡♠♦s ✉♥❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ s❛❜❡r ❡①❛❝t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❧♦ q✉❡ ♦❝✉♣❛✿ ✉♥ ♦♣❡r❛❞♦r ❧❧❛♠❛❞♦ ✏s✐③❡♦❢ ✑ ✭t❛♠❛ñ♦
❞❡✮✳ ❱❡❛♠♦s ✉♥ ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ s✉ ✉s♦✿

✸✻
 ✶ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ st❞✐♦ ✳❤ ❃
✷
✸ ✐♥t ♠❛✐♥ ✭✮ ④
✹ ❢❧♦❛t ❢ ❀
✺ s❤♦rt ✐♥t ✐ ❀
✻ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❊❧ t❛♠❛ ñ♦ ❞❡ ♠✐ ❢❧♦❛t ❡s ✪❞✧ ✱ s✐③❡♦❢ ❢✮❀
✼ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ② ❧♦ ♥♦r♠❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ✉♥ ❢❧♦❛t ❡s ✪❞✧ ✱ s✐③❡♦❢ ✭ ❢❧♦❛t ✮ ✮ ❀
✽ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ♣❡r♦ ✉♥ ❡♥t❡r♦ ❝♦rt♦ ♦❝✉♣❛ ✪❞✧ ✱ s✐③❡♦❢s♣❛♥ ❃ ✐ ✮❀
✾ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✶✵ ⑥
q✉❡ ♠✉❡str❛ ❧♦ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡✿

❊❧ t❛♠❛ñ♦ ❞❡ ✢♦❛t ❡s ✹ ② ❧♦ ♥♦r♠❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ✉♥ ✢♦❛t ❡s ✹✱ ✉♥ ❡♥t❡r♦ ❝♦rt♦ ♦❝✉♣❛ ✷

❈♦♠♦ s❡ ✈❡✱ ❤❛② ✉♥❛ ♣❡❝✉❧✐❛r✐❞❛❞✿ s✐ q✉✐❡r♦ s❛❜❡r ❧♦ q✉❡ ♦❝✉♣❛ ✉♥ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s✱ t❡♥❣♦ q✉❡
✐♥❞✐❝❛r❧♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♣❛ré♥t❡s✐s✿ s✐③❡♦❢✭✢♦❛t✮✱ ♣❡r♦ s✐ ❡s ✉♥❛ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡✱ ♥♦ ✉s♦ ♣❛ré♥t❡s✐s✿ s✐③❡♦❢ ✐✳ ❊❧
❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦r ♥♦ ♠✉❡str❛ ♠❡♥s❛❥❡ ❞❡ ❡rr♦r s✐ ✉s♦ ✉♥ ♣❛ré♥t❡s✐s ❝✉❛♥❞♦ s❡❛ ✉♥❛ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ s✐③❡♦❢✭✐✮✱
❛sí q✉❡ r❡s✉❧t❛ ❝ó♠♦❞♦ ♣♦♥❡r s✐❡♠♣r❡ ❡❧ ♣❛ré♥t❡s✐s✱ s✐♥ ♣❡♥s❛r s✐ ❧♦ ♣♦❞rí❛♠♦s ❛❤♦rr❛r✳

✹✳✻✳✶✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦s ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦s

✶✳ ❉❡s❝✉❜r✐r ❝✉❛❧ ❡s ❡❧ ❡s♣❛❝✐♦ ♦❝✉♣❛❞♦ ♣♦r ✉♥ ✏✐♥t✑ ❡♥ ❡❧ s✐st❡♠❛ ♦♣❡r❛t✐✈♦ ② ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦r q✉❡
✉t✐❧✐③❛s✳

✹✳✼✳ ❖♣❡r❛❞♦r ❞❡ ♠♦❧❞❡✿ ✭t✐♣♦✮ ♦♣❡r❛♥❞♦

❙✐ t❡♥❡♠♦s ❞♦s ♥ú♠❡r♦s ❡♥t❡r♦s ② ❤❛❝❡♠♦s s✉ ❞✐✈✐s✐ó♥✱ ❡❧ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ q✉❡ ♦❜t❡♥❡♠♦s ❡s ♦tr♦
♥ú♠❡r♦ ❡♥t❡r♦✱ s✐♥ ❞❡❝✐♠❛❧❡s✱ ❛✉♥q✉❡ ❧♦ ❣✉❛r❞❡♠♦s ❡♥ ✉♥❛ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ r❡❛❧✿

❢❧♦❛t ❢ ❂ ✺✴✷❀ ❢ ✈❛❧❡ ✷✳✵✵✵✵✵✵

❊st♦ s❡ ❞❡❜❡ ❛ q✉❡ ❧❛ ♦♣❡r❛❝✐ó♥ s❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛ ❡♥tr❡ ♥ú♠❡r♦s ❡♥t❡r♦s✱ s❡ ♦❜t✐❡♥❡ ✉♥ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ q✉❡ ❡s
✉♥ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❡♥t❡r♦✱ ② ❡s❡ ✈❛❧♦r ♦❜t❡♥✐❞♦ s❡ ❛s✐❣♥❛ ❛ ❧❛ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ ✏✢♦❛t✑✳

P❛r❛ ❡✈✐t❛r ❡s❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s✱ ✐♥❞✐❝❛♠♦s q✉❡ q✉❡r❡♠♦s ❝♦♥✈❡rt✐r ❡s♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❛ ♥ú♠❡r♦s
r❡❛❧❡s✳ ❈✉❛♥❞♦ s♦♥ ♥ú♠❡r♦s✱ ❜❛st❛ ❝♦♥ ✐♥❞✐❝❛r ✉♥ ❞❡❝✐♠❛❧✿

❢❧♦❛t ❢ ❂ ✺✳✵✴✷✳✵❀ ❛❤♦r❛ ❢ ✈❛❧❡ ✷✳✺✵✵✵✵✵

② s✐ s♦♥ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s✱ ❛ñ❛❞✐♠♦s ✏✭✢♦❛t✮✑ ❛♥t❡s ❞❡ ❡❧❧❛s ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ❧❛s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❡ ❝♦♠♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦s r❡❛❧❡s✿

❢❧♦❛t ❢ ❂ ✭❢❧♦❛t✮① ✴ ✭❢❧♦❛t✮②❀

❱❡❛♠♦s ✉♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t♦✿

✶ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ st❞✐♦ ✳❤ ❃
✷
✸ ✐♥t ♠❛✐♥ ✭✮ ④
✹ ✐♥t ♥✶ ❂ ✺ ✱ ♥✷ ❂ ✷❀
✺ ❢❧♦❛t ❞✐✈✐s✐♦♥✶ ✱ ❞✐✈✐s✐♦♥✷ ❀
✻ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ▼✐s ♥✉♠❡r♦s s♦♥ ✪❞ ② ✪❞✧ ✱ ♥✶ ✱ ♥✷ ✮ ❀
✼ ❞✐✈✐s✐♦♥✶ ❂ ♥✶ ✴ ♥✷ ❀
✽ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ② s✉ ❞✐✈✐s✐♦♥ ❡s ✪❢✧ ✱ ❞✐✈✐s✐♦♥✶ ✮❀
✾ ❞✐✈✐s✐♦♥✷ ❂ ✭ ❢❧♦❛t ✮ ♥✶ ✴ ✭ ❢❧♦❛t ✮ ♥✷ ❀

✸✼
✶✵ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ♣❡r♦ s✐ ❝♦♥✈✐❡rt♦ ❛♥t❡s ❛ ❢❧♦❛t ✿ ✪❢ ✧ ✱ ❞✐✈✐s✐♦♥✷ ✮ ❀
✶✶ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✶✷ ⑥
❝♦♥ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦✿

▲♦s ♥ú♠❡r♦s s♦♥ ✺ ② ✷ ② s✉ ❞✐✈✐s✐ó♥ ❡s ✷✳✵✵✵✵✵✵ ♣❡r♦ s✐ ❝♦♥✈✐❡rt♦ ❛♥t❡s ❛ ✢♦❛t✿ ✷✳✺✵✵✵✵✵

❉❡ ✐❣✉❛❧ ♠♦❞♦✱ ❝♦♥✈❡rt✐♠♦s ✉♥ ✏✢♦❛t✑ ❛ ✏✐♥t✑ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡s♣r❡❝✐❛r s✉s ❞❡❝✐♠❛❧❡s ② q✉❡❞❛r ❝♦♥ ❧❛ ♣❛rt❡
❡♥t❡r❛✿

✶ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ st❞✐♦ ✳❤ ❃
✷
✸ ✐♥t ♠❛✐♥ ✭✮ ④
✹ ❢❧♦❛t ① ❂ ✺ ✱✴ s♣❛♥ ❃ ② ❂ ✸✳✺❀
✺ ❢❧♦❛t ♣r♦❞✉❝t♦ ❀
✻ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ▼✐s ♥✉♠❡r♦s s♦♥ ✪✸✳✶ ❢ ② ✪✸✳✶ ❢✧ ✱ ① ✱ ② ✮❀
✼ ♣r♦❞✉❝t♦ ❂ ①✯ ②❀
✽ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ② s✉ ♣r♦❞✉❝t♦ ❡s ✪✸✳✶ ❢✧ ✱ ♣r♦❞✉❝t♦ ✮ ❀
✾ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ✱ s✐♥ ❞❡❝✐♠❛❧❡s s❡r✐❛ ✪❞✧ ✱ ✭ ✐♥t ✮ ♣r♦❞✉❝t♦ ✮ ❀
✶✵ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✶✶ ⑥
q✉❡ ♠✉❡str❛✿

▲♦s ♥ú♠❡r♦s s♦♥ ✺✳✵ ② ✸✳✺ ② s✉ ♣r♦❞✉❝t♦ ❡s ✶✼✳✺✱ s✐♥ ❞❡❝✐♠❛❧❡s ❡s ✶✼

✹✳✽✳ ❚✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s ❝❛rá❝t❡r

❚❡♥❡♠♦s ✉♥ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s✱ ✏❝❤❛r✑✱ q✉❡ ❛❧♠❛❝❡♥❛ ✉♥❛ ú♥✐❝❛ ❧❡tr❛ ✭♠❛♥✐♣✉❧❛r ✉♥❛ ❝❛❞❡♥❛ ❞❡
t❡①t♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❛ ❡s r❡❧❛t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠♣❧✐❝❛❞♦✮✳

❝❤❛r ❧❡tr❛❀
❆s✐❣♥❛r ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❡s s❡♥❝✐❧❧♦✿

❧❡tr❛ ❂ ✬❛✬❀
✭❉❡st❛❝❛r q✉❡ ✉s❛♠♦s ✉♥❛ ❝♦♠✐❧❧❛ s✐♠♣❧❡ ❡♥ ✈❡③ ❞❡ ❝♦♠✐❧❧❛s ❞♦❜❧❡s✮✳ ▼♦str❛r❧♦s ❡♥ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛ ❡s
❢á❝✐❧✿

♣r✐♥t❢✭✧ ✪❝✧✱ ❧❡tr❛✮❀

❆sí✱ ✉♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ q✉❡ r❡❝✐❜❡ ✉♥❛ ❧❡tr❛ t❡❝❧❡❛❞❛ ♣♦r ❡❧ ✉s✉❛r✐♦✱ ✜❥❛ ♦tr❛ ② ♠✉❡str❛ ❛♠❜❛s ❡s✿

✶ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ st❞✐♦ ✳❤ ❃
✷
✸ ✐♥t ♠❛✐♥ ✭✮ ④
✹ ❝❤❛r ❧❡tr❛✶ ✱ ❧❡tr❛✷ ❀
✺ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❚❡❝❧❡❛ ✉♥❛ ❧❡tr❛ ✧✮❀
✻ s❝❛♥❢ ✭✧ ✪❝✧ ✱ ✫ ❧❡tr❛✶ ✮ ❀
✼ ❧❡tr❛✷ ❂ ✬❛ ✬❀
✽ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ▲❛ ❧❡tr❛ ✐♥❣r❡s❛❞❛ ❡s ✪❝ ② ❧❛ ♣r❡❢✐❥❛❞❛ ❡s ✪❝✧ ✱
✾ ❧❡tr❛✶ ✱ ❧❡tr❛✷ ✮ ❀
✶✵ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀

✸✽
✶✶ ⑥

✹✳✽✳✶✳ ❙❡❝✉❡♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ ❡s❝❛♣❡✿ ❭♥ ② ♦tr❛s✳

❆❧ ✐❣✉❛❧ q✉❡ ❝♦♥ ❧❛s ❡①♣r❡s✐♦♥❡s ✪❞✱ q✉❡ t✐❡♥❡ ✉♥ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛❞♦ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✱ ♦❝✉rr❡ ❝♦♥ ❝✐❡rt♦s
❝❛r❛❝t❡r❡s✱ q✉❡ ❤❛❝❡♥ ❝♦s❛s ❝♦♠♦ ❜❛❥❛r ❛ ❧❛ ❧í♥❡❛ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ♦ ♠♦str❛r ❧❛s ❝♦♠✐❧❧❛s ❡♥ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛✳
❙♦♥ ❧❛s s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡s✿

❙❡❝✉❡♥❝✐❛ ❙✐❣♥✐✜❝❛❞♦
❭❛ ❊♠✐t❡ ✉♥ ♣✐t✐❞♦
❭❜ ❘❡tr♦❝❡s♦ ✭❜♦rr❛ ❡❧ ú❧t✐♠♦ ❝❛rá❝t❡r✮
❭❢ ❆✈❛♥❝❡ ❞❡ ♣á❣✐♥❛ ✭❡①♣✉❧s❛ ✉♥❛ ❤♦❥❛ ❡♥ ❧❛ ✐♠♣r❡s♦r❛✮
❭♥ ❆✈❛♥③❛ ❞❡ ❧í♥❡❛ ✭s❛❧t❛ ❛ ❧❛ ❧í♥❡❛ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡✮
❭r ❘❡t♦r♥♦ ❞❡ ❝❛rr♦ ✭✈❛ ❛❧ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣✐♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧í♥❡❛✮
❭t ❙❛❧t♦ ❞❡ t❛❜✉❧❛❝✐ó♥ ❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛❧
❭✈ ❙❛❧t♦ ❞❡ t❛❜✉❧❛❝✐ó♥ ✈❡rt✐❝❛❧
❭✬ ▼✉❡str❛ ✉♥❛ ❝♦♠✐❧❧❛ s✐♠♣❧❡
❭✧ ▼✉❡str❛ ✉♥❛ ❝♦♠✐❧❧❛ ❞♦❜❧❡
❭ ▼✉❡str❛ ✉♥❛ ❜❛rr❛ ✐♥✈❡rt✐❞❛
❭✵ ❈❛rá❝t❡r ♥✉❧♦ ✭◆❯▲▲✮
❭✼ ❊♠✐t❡ ✉♥ ♣✐t✐❞♦ ✭✐❣✉❛❧ q✉❡ ❭❛✮
❭❞❞❞ ❯♥ ✈❛❧♦r ❡♥ ♦❝t❛❧
❭①❞❞❞ ❯♥ ✈❛❧♦r ❡♥ ❤❡①❛❞❡❝✐♠❛❧

✹✳✽✳✷✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦ ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦

✶✳ ❈r❡❛r ✉♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ q✉❡ ♣✐❞❛ ❛❧ ✉s✉❛r✐♦ q✉❡ ✐♥❣r❡s❡ ❝✉❛tr♦ ❧❡tr❛s ② ❧❛s ♠✉❡str❡ ❡♥ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛
❥✉♥t❛s✱ ♣❡r♦ ❡♥ ♦r❞❡♥ ✐♥✈❡rs♦✱ ② ❡♥tr❡ ❝♦♠✐❧❧❛s ❞♦❜❧❡s✳ ❙✐ ❧❛s ❧❡tr❛s s♦♥ ❛✱ ❧✱ ♦✱ ❤✱ ❡s❝r✐❜❡
✧❤♦❧❛✧✳

✹✳✽✳✸✳ ■♥tr♦❞✉❝❝✐ó♥ ❛ ❧❛s ❞✐✜❝✉❧t❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❧❛s ❝❛❞❡♥❛s ❞❡ t❡①t♦

❊♥ ❡❧ ❧❡♥❣✉❛❥❡ ❈✱ ♥♦ ❡①✐st❡ ✉♥ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s ♣❛r❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ✉♥❛ ❝❛❞❡♥❛ ❞❡ t❡①t♦✳ ❊s♦ s✉♣♦♥❡
q✉❡ s✉ ♠❛♥❡❥♦ ♥♦ s❡❛ t❛♥ s❡♥❝✐❧❧♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❡❧ ❞❡ ❧♦s ♥ú♠❡r♦s ❡♥t❡r♦s✱ r❡❛❧❡s ② ❧❛s ❧❡tr❛s✳ ❉❡❜❡♠♦s
tr❛t❛r❧❛ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♥ ❜❧♦q✉❡ ❞❡ ✈❛r✐❛s ❧❡tr❛s✳

✸✾
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✺

❊str✉❝t✉r❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧
▲❛s ❡str✉❝t✉r❛s s❡❧❡❝t✐✈❛s s❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥ ♣❛r❛ t♦♠❛r ❞❡❝✐s✐♦♥❡s ❧ó❣✐❝❛s ② ❡①✐st❡♥ ❡♥ ❞♦s ✏❢♦r♠❛s✑✿
❧❛ s❡♥t❡♥❝✐❛ ✐❢✲t❤❡♥✲❡❧s❡ ② ❧❛ s❡♥t❡♥❝✐❛ s✇✐t❝❤✳

✺✳✶✳ ❊str✉❝t✉r❛s ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❛s

✺✳✶✳✶✳ ✐❢

▲❛ ♣r✐♠❡r❛ ✭✐❢✲t❤❡♥✲❡❧s❡✮ s❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛ ❞❡ ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❛ ❞♦❜❧❡ ✭s✐ s❡ ❝✉♠♣❧❡ ❝✐❡rt❛ ❝♦♥❞✐❝✐ó♥✱

❡♥t♦♥❝❡s✳✳✳✱ ❡♥ ❝❛s♦ ❝♦♥tr❛r✐♦✳✳✳✮✱ ② t✐❡♥❡ ❧❛ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❡str✉❝t✉r❛✿

✶ ✐❢ ✭ ❝♦♥❞✐❝✐ ó♥ ✮
✷ ❛❝❝✐ ó ♥ ✶❀
✸ ❡❧s❡
✹ ❛❝❝✐ ó ♥ ✷❀
▲❛ ♣r✐♠❡r❛ ❝♦♥str✉❝❝✐ó♥ q✉❡ ✉s❛♠♦s ❡s ✧s✐ ✳✳✳ ❡♥t♦♥❝❡s ✳✳✳✧✳ ❊❧ ❢♦r♠❛t♦ ❡♥ ❈ ❡s✿

✐❢ ✭❝♦♥❞✐❝✐ó♥✮s❡♥t❡♥❝✐❛❀
❱❡❛♠♦s ✉♥ ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦✿

✶ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ st❞✐♦ ✳❤ ❃
✷
✸ ✐♥t ♠❛✐♥ ✭✮ ④
✹ ✐♥t ♥✉♠❡r♦ ❀
✺ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❊s❝r✐❜❡ ✉♥ ♥✉♠❡r♦ ✿ ✧✮ ❀
✻ s❝❛♥❢ ✭✧ ✪❞✧ ✱ ✫ ♥✉♠❡r♦ ✮ ❀
✼ ✐❢ ✭ ♥✉♠❡r♦ ❃✵✮
✽ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❊❧ ♥✉♠❡r♦ ❡s ♣♦s✐t✐✈♦ ✳❭ ♥ ✧✮❀
✾ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✶✵ ⑥
P❛r❛ ❝♦♠♣r♦❜❛r q✉❡ ✉♥ ✈❛❧♦r ♥✉♠ér✐❝♦ ❡s ♠❛②♦r q✉❡ ♦tr♦✱ ✉s❛♠♦s ❡❧ sí♠❜♦❧♦ ✏❃✑✳

P❛r❛ ✈❡r s✐ ❞♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s s♦♥ ✐❣✉❛❧❡s✱ ✉s❛♠♦s ❞♦s sí♠❜♦❧♦s ❞❡ ✏✐❣✉❛❧✑✿ ✐❢ ✭♥✉♠❡r♦❂❂✵✮✳ ❊♥ t♦❞♦s
❧♦s ❝❛s♦s✱ ❧❛ ❝♦♥❞✐❝✐ó♥ ❛ ❝♦♠♣r♦❜❛r s❡ ✐♥❞✐❝❛ ❡♥tr❡ ♣❛ré♥t❡s✐s✳

◆♦ s❡ ❛❣r❡❣❛♥ ❧❧❛✈❡s ✏ ④✑ ❞❡ ❛♣❡rt✉r❛ ② ❝✐❡rr❡ ✏ ⑥✑ ❝✉❛♥❞♦ só❧♦ ❡s ✉♥❛ ✐♥str✉❝❝✐ó♥✳ ❚❛♠❜✐é♥ ♥♦ ❧❧❡✈❛
❧❛ ♣❛❧❛❜r❛ r❡s❡r✈❛❞❛ ✏t❤❡♥✑ ❡♥ ❈✳

✹✵
 ✶ ✐❢ ✭ ❝♦♥❞✐❝✐ ó♥ ✮
✷ ❛❝❝✐ ó ♥ ✶❀
❚❛♠❜✐é♥ s❡ ❞❛ ❡❧ ❝❛s♦ ❡♥ q✉❡ s❡ t✐❡♥❡ ♠ás ✐♥str✉❝❝✐♦♥❡s✱ ❡s❛ ♦♣❝✐ó♥ ❧❧❡✈❛ ✉♥❛ ❧❧❛✈❡ ❞❡ ❛♣❡rt✉r❛
✏ ④✏ ② ♦tr❛ ❞❡ ❝✐❡rr❡ ✏ ⑥✑✱ ♣♦r ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦✿

✶ ✐❢ ✭ ❝♦♥❞✐❝✐ ó♥ ✮ ④
✷ ❆❝❝✐ ó ♥ ✶❀
✸ ❆❝❝✐ ó ♥ ✷❀
✹ ❆❝❝✐ ó ♥ ✸❀
✺ ⑥
❚❛♠❜✐é♥ s❡ ❞❛ ❡❧ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ s❡❧❡❝❝✐♦♥❡s ❛♥✐❞❛❞❛s ❝♦♠♦ s❡ ♠✉❡str❛ ❛ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛❝✐ó♥✳

✶ ✐❢ ✭ ❝♦♥❞✐❝✐ ó ♥✶ ✮ ④
✷ ❆❝❝✐ ó ♥ ✶❀
✸ ✐❢ ✭ ❝♦♥❞✐❝✐ ó ♥✷ ✮
✹ ❆❝❝✐ ó ♥ ✸❀
✺ ⑥ ❡❧s❡ ④
✻ ❆❝❝✐ ó ♥ ✹❀
✼ ❆❝❝✐ ó ♥✺ ❀
✽ ⑥

✺✳✶✳✷✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦s ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦s

✶✳ ❈r❡❛r ✉♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ q✉❡ s♦❧✐❝✐t❡ ✉♥ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❡♥t❡r♦ ② ♠✉❡str❡ s✐ ❡s ♣❛r ✭❝♦♠♣r♦❜❛r s✐ ❡❧ r❡st♦
q✉❡ s❡ ♦❜t✐❡♥❡ ❛❧ ❞✐✈✐❞✐r ❡♥tr❡ ❞♦s ❡s ❝❡r♦✿ ✐❢ ✭① ✪ ✷ ❂❂ ✵✮✮✳

✷✳ ❈r❡❛r ✉♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ q✉❡ s♦❧✐❝✐t❡ ❞♦s ♥ú♠❡r♦s ❡♥t❡r♦s ② ♠✉❡str❡ ❝✉❛❧ ❡s ❡❧ ♠❛②♦r ❞❡ ❡❧❧♦s✳

✸✳ ❈r❡❛r ✉♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ q✉❡ s♦❧✐❝✐t❡ ❞♦s ♥ú♠❡r♦s ❡♥t❡r♦s ② ♠✉❡str❡ s✐ ❡❧ ♣r✐♠❡r♦ ❡s ♠ú❧t✐♣❧♦ ❞❡❧
s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ✭♣✐st❛✿ ✐❣✉❛❧ q✉❡ ❛♥t❡s✱ ❝♦♠♣r♦❜❛r s✐ ❡❧ r❡st♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❞✐✈✐s✐ó♥ ❡s ❝❡r♦✿ ❛ ✪ ❜ ❂❂ ✵✮✳

✺✳✶✳✸✳ ✐❢ ② ❧❛s s❡♥t❡♥❝✐❛s ❝♦♠♣✉❡st❛s

▲❛s s❡♥t❡♥❝✐❛s ❝♦♠♣✉❡st❛s s❡ ❢♦r♠❛♥ ❛❣r✉♣❛♥❞♦ ✈❛r✐❛s s❡♥t❡♥❝✐❛s s✐♠♣❧❡s ❡♥tr❡ ❧❧❛✈❡s ④ ② ⑥✿

✶ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ st❞✐♦ ✳❤ ❃
✷
✸ ✐♥t ♠❛✐♥ ✭✮ ④
✹ ✐♥t ♥✉♠❡r♦ ❀
✺ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❊s❝r✐❜❡ ✉♥ ♥✉♠❡r♦ ✿ ✧✮ ❀
✻ s❝❛♥❢ ✭✧ ✪❞✧ ✱ ✫ ♥✉♠❡r♦ ✮ ❀
✼ ✐❢ ✭ ♥✉♠❡r♦ ❃✵✮ ④
✽ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❊❧ ♥✉♠❡r♦ ❡s ♣♦s✐t✐✈♦ ✳❭ ♥ ✧✮❀
✾ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❘❡❝✉❡r❞❡ q✉❡ t❛♠❜✐❡♥ ♣✉❡❞❡ ✉s❛r ♥❡❣❛t✐✈♦s ✳❭ ♥ ✧✮❀
✶✵ ⑥ ✴✯ ❆q✉✐ ❛❝❛❜❛ ❡❧ ✧ ✐❢ ✧ ✯✴
✶✶
✶✷ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✶✸ ⑥

✹✶
❊♥ ❡st❡ ❝❛s♦✱ s✐ ❡❧ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❡s ♥❡❣❛t✐✈♦✱ s❡ ❤❛❝❡♥ ❞♦s ❝♦s❛s✿ ❡s❝r✐❜✐r ✉♥ t❡①t♦ ② ❧✉❡❣♦ ➼❡s❝r✐❜✐r ♦tr♦✦
✭❊s♦s ❞♦s ✏♣r✐♥t❢ ✑ ♣♦❞rí❛♥ s❡r ✉♥♦❀ ♣r♦♥t♦ ✐r❡♠♦s ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♥❞♦ ❝❛s♦s ❡♥ ❧♦ q✉❡ ♥❡❝❡s✐t❡♠♦s ❤❛❝❡r
❝♦s❛s ✏s❡r✐❛s✑ ❡♥ ✉♥❛ s❡♥t❡♥❝✐❛ ❝♦♠♣✉❡st❛✮✳

▲❛s ❧❧❛✈❡s ❢♦r♠❛♥ ✉♥ ❜❧♦q✉❡✱ ❧❛s ✉s❛♠♦s s✐ t❡♥❡♠♦s ♠ás ❞❡ ✉♥❛ s❡♥t❡♥❝✐❛ ❝ ❡♥ ❡❧ ❜❧♦q✉❡✳ ❚❛♠❜✐é♥✱
s❡ ✐♥❝❧✉②❡♥ ❞❡s♣✉és ❞❡ ✉♥ ï❢✧✱ ❝♦♠♦ s❡❣✉r✐❞❛❞✿ ✉♥ ❢❛❧❧♦ ❢r❡❝✉❡♥t❡ ❡s ❡s❝r✐❜✐r ✉♥❛ ú♥✐❝❛ s❡♥t❡♥❝✐❛
tr❛s ï❢✧✱ s✐♥ ❧❧❛✈❡s✱ ❧✉❡❣♦ ❛ñ❛❞✐r ✉♥❛ s❡❣✉♥❞❛ s❡♥t❡♥❝✐❛ ② ♦❧✈✐❞❛r❧❛s✱ t❛❧ q✉❡ ❧❛ s❡❣✉♥❞❛ ♦r❞❡♥ ♥♦
s❡ ❡❥❡❝✉t❛ s✐ s❡ ❝✉♠♣❧❡ ❧❛ ❝♦♥❞✐❝✐ó♥✱ s✐♥♦ s✐❡♠♣r❡✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❡♥✿

✶ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ st❞✐♦ ✳❤ ❃
✷
✸ ✐♥t ♠❛✐♥ ✭✮ ④
✹ ✐♥t ♥✉♠❡r♦ ❀
✺ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❊s❝r✐❜❡ ✉♥ ♥ú ♠❡r♦ ✿ ✧✮ ❀
✻ s❝❛♥❢ ✭✧ ✪❞✧ ✱ ✫ ♥✉♠❡r♦ ✮ ❀
✼ ✐❢ ✭ ♥✉♠❡r♦ ❃✵✮
✽ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❊❧ ♥ ú ♠❡r♦ ❡s ♣♦s✐t✐✈♦ ✳❭ ♥ ✧✮❀
✾ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❘❡❝✉❡r❞❡ q✉❡ ♣✉❡❞❡ ✉s❛r ♥❡❣❛t✐✈♦s ✳❭ ♥✧✮❀
✶✵ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✶✶ ⑥
❊♥ ❡st❡ ❝❛s♦✱ ♠✉❡str❛ ❘❡❝✉❡r❞❡ q✉❡ ♣✉❡❞❡ ✉s❛r ♥❡❣❛t✐✈♦s✧✱ ✐♥❝❧✉s♦ ❛❧ ✐♥❣r❡s❛r ✉♥ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ♥❡❣❛t✐✈♦✳
❙✐ ✈❡♠♦s ❧❛s ❞♦s s❡♥t❡♥❝✐❛s ♣❡♥s❛♠♦s q✉❡ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥ ❞❡❧ ï❢✧✱ ♣❡r♦ ♥♦ ❡s ❛sí✳ ❊s ✉♥ ❡rr♦r ❞✐❢í❝✐❧ ❞❡
❞❡t❡❝t❛r✳ ❉❡❜❡ ✐♥❝❧✉✐r ❧❛s ❧❧❛✈❡s tr❛s ✉♥ ï❢✧✱ ❧❡♥❣✉❛❥❡s ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❝✐ó♥ ♣♦st❡r✐♦r❡s ❛ ❈ ❧♦ ❡①✐❣❡♥✳

✺✳✶✳✹✳ ❖♣❡r❛❞♦r❡s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❧❡s

❱✐♠♦s q✉❡ ❡❧ sí♠❜♦❧♦ ✏❃✑ ❝♦♠♣r✉❡❜❛ s✐ ✉♥ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❡s ♠❛②♦r q✉❡ ♦tr♦✳ ❊❧ sí♠❜♦❧♦ ❞❡ ✏♠❡♥♦r
q✉❡✑ t❛♠❜✐é♥ ❡s s❡♥❝✐❧❧♦✱ ♣❡r♦ ❧♦s ❞❡♠ás s♦♥ ✉♥ ♣♦❝♦ ♠❡♥♦s ❡✈✐❞❡♥t❡s✱ ✈❡❛♠♦s ❧❛ ✜❣✉r❛ ✺✳✶✿

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✺✳✶✿ ❖♣❡r❛❞♦r❡s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❧❡s ❡♥ ❈

❨ ✉♥ ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦✿

✹✷
 ✶ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ st❞✐♦ ✳❤ ❃
✷
✸ ✐♥t ♠❛✐♥ ✭✮ ④
✹ ✐♥t ♥✉♠❡r♦ ❀
✺ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❊s❝r✐❜❡ ✉♥ ♥✉♠❡r♦ ✿ ✧✮ ❀
✻ s❝❛♥❢ ✭✧ ✪❞✧ ✱ ✫ ♥✉♠❡r♦ ✮ ❀
✼ ✐❢ ✭ ♥✉♠❡r♦ ✦❂✵✮
✽ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❊❧ ♥✉♠❡r♦ ♥♦ ❡s ❝❡r♦ ✳❭ ♥✧✮ ❀
✾ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✶✵ ⑥
▲♦s ♦♣❡r❛❞♦r❡s só❧♦ s❡ ✉s❛♥ t❛❧ ② ❝♦♠♦ ❛♣❛r❡❝❡♥ ❡♥ ❡s❛ t❛❜❧❛✳ P♦r ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦✱ ♥♦ ❡s ✉♥ ♦♣❡r❛❞♦r
✈á❧✐❞♦ ✑✦❁✑ ♣❛r❛ ❡①♣r❡s❛r q✉❡ ✉♥ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ♥♦ ❡s ♠❡♥♦r q✉❡ ♦tr♦✳

✺✳✶✳✺✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦s ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦s

✶✳ ❈r❡❛r ✉♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ q✉❡ ♠✉❧t✐♣❧✐q✉❡ ❞♦s ♥ú♠❡r♦s ❡♥t❡r♦s t❛❧ q✉❡ ♣✐❞❡ ✉♥ ♣r✐♠❡r ♥ú♠❡r♦
❡♥t❡r♦✳ ❙✐ ❡s ✵✱ ♠✉❡str❛ ❡♥ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛ ✏❊❧ ♣r♦❞✉❝t♦ ❞❡ ✵ ♣♦r ❝✉❛❧q✉✐❡r ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❡s ✵✑✳ ❙✐ ✐♥❣r❡s❛
✉♥♦ ❞✐st✐♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝❡r♦✱ ♣✐❞❡ ✉♥ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ② ♠✉❡str❛ ❡❧ ♣r♦❞✉❝t♦ ❞❡ ❛♠❜♦s✳

✷✳ ❈r❡❛r ✉♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ q✉❡ ♣✐❞❛ ❞♦s ♥ú♠❡r♦s r❡❛❧❡s✳ ❙✐ ❡❧ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ♥♦ ❡s ❝❡r♦✱ ♠✉❡str❛ ❡❧
r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❞✐✈✐❞✐r ❡♥tr❡ ❡❧ ♣r✐♠❡r♦ ② ❡❧ s❡❣✉♥❞♦✳ P❡r♦ s✐ ❡s ❝❡r♦✱ ♠✉❡str❛ ✏❊rr♦r✿ ◆♦ s❡
♣✉❡❞❡ ❞✐✈✐❞✐r ❡♥tr❡ ❝❡r♦✑✳

✺✳✶✳✻✳ ✐❢✲❡❧s❡

■♥❞✐❝❛♠♦s ❧♦ q✉❡ q✉❡r❡♠♦s q✉❡ ♦❝✉rr❛ ❡♥ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ q✉❡ ♥♦ s❡ ❝✉♠♣❧❛ ❧❛ ❝♦♥❞✐❝✐ó♥✱ ❝♦♥ ❧❛ ♦r❞❡♥
✏❡❧s❡✑ ✭❡♥ ❝❛s♦ ❝♦♥tr❛r✐♦✮✱ ❛sí✿

✶ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ st❞✐♦ ✳❤ ❃
✷
✸ ✐♥t ♠❛✐♥ ✭✮ ④
✹ ✐♥t ♥✉♠❡r♦ ❀
✺ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❊s❝r✐❜❡ ✉♥ ♥✉♠❡r♦ ✿ ✧✮ ❀
✻ s❝❛♥❢ ✭✧ ✪❞✧ ✱ ✫ ♥✉♠❡r♦ ✮ ❀
✼ ✐❢ ✭ ♥✉♠❡r♦ ❃✵✮
✽ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❊❧ ♥✉♠❡r♦ ❡s ♣♦s✐t✐✈♦ ✳❭ ♥ ✧✮❀
✾ ❡❧s❡
✶✵ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❊❧ ♥✉♠❡r♦ ❡s ❝❡r♦ ♦ ♥❡❣❛t✐✈♦ ✳❭ ♥✧✮❀
✶✶ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✶✷ ⑥
❊✈✐t❛rí❛♠♦s ❡❧ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ✏❡❧s❡✑ ❛❧ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r ✉♥ ✏✐❢ ✑ ❛ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ♦tr♦✱ ❛sí✿

✶ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ st❞✐♦ ✳❤ ❃
✷
✸ ✐♥t ♠❛✐♥ ✭✮ ④
✹ ✐♥t ♥✉♠❡r♦ ❀
✺ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❊s❝r✐❜❡ ✉♥ ♥✉♠❡r♦ ✿ ✧✮ ❀
✻ s❝❛♥❢ ✭✧ ✪❞✧ ✱ ✫ ♥✉♠❡r♦ ✮ ❀

✹✸
 ✼ ✐❢ ✭ ♥✉♠❡r♦ ❃✵✮
✽ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❊❧ ♥✉♠❡r♦ ❡s ♣♦s✐t✐✈♦ ✳❭ ♥ ✧✮❀
✾ ✐❢ ✭ ♥✉♠❡r♦ ❁❂✵✮
✶✵ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❊❧ ♥✉♠❡r♦ ❡s ❝❡r♦ ♦ ♥❡❣❛t✐✈♦ ✳❭ ♥ ✧✮❀
✶✶ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✶✷ ⑥
❊♥ ❡❧ ♣r✐♠❡r ❝❛s♦✱ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛ s✐ ❡❧ ✈❛❧♦r ❡s ♣♦s✐t✐✈♦❀ s✐ ♥♦ ❧♦ ❡s✱ ♣❛s❛ ❛ ❧❛ s❡❣✉♥❞❛ ♦r❞❡♥✱ ♣❡r♦ s✐ ❧♦
❡s✱ ❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ t❡r♠✐♥❛✳ ❊♥ ❡❧ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❝❛s♦✱ ❛✉♥q✉❡ ❡❧ ♥ú♠❡r♦ s❡❛ ♣♦s✐t✐✈♦✱ s❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛ ❧❛ s❡❣✉♥❞❛
❝♦♠♣r♦❜❛❝✐ó♥ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛r s✐ ❡s ♥❡❣❛t✐✈♦ ♦ ❝❡r♦✱ ♣♦r ❧♦ q✉❡ ❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❡s ❛❧❣♦ ♠ás ❧❡♥t♦✳

❊♥❧❛③❛♠♦s ❧♦s ✏✐❢ ✑ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ✏❡❧s❡✑✱ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡❝✐r ✏s✐ ♥♦ ❝✉♠♣❧❡ ❡st❛ ❝♦♥❞✐❝✐ó♥✱ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛ s✐ ❝✉♠♣❧❡
❡st❛ ♦tr❛✑✿

✶ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ st❞✐♦ ✳❤ ❃
✷
✸ ✐♥t ♠❛✐♥ ✭✮ ④
✹ ✐♥t ♥✉♠❡r♦ ❀
✺ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❊s❝r✐❜❛ ✉♥ ♥✉♠❡r♦ ✿ ✧✮ ❀
✻ s❝❛♥❢ ✭✧ ✪❞✧ ✱ ✫ ♥✉♠❡r♦ ✮ ❀
✼ ✐❢ ✭ ♥✉♠❡r♦ ❁ ✵✮
✽ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❊❧ ♥✉♠❡r♦ ❡s ♥❡❣❛t✐✈♦ ✳❭ ♥ ✧✮❀
✾ ❡❧s❡
✶✵ ✐❢ ✭ ♥✉♠❡r♦ ❂❂ ✵✮
✶✶ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❊❧ ♥✉♠❡r♦ ❡s ❝❡r♦ ✳❭ ♥✧✮❀
✶✷ ❡❧s❡
✶✸ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❊❧ ♥✉♠❡r♦ ❡s ♣♦s✐t✐✈♦ ✳❭ ♥ ✧✮❀
✶✹ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✶✺ ⑥

✺✳✶✳✼✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦ ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦

✶✳ ▼❡❥♦r❛r ❧❛ s♦❧✉❝✐ó♥ ❛ ❧♦s ❞♦s ❡❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦s ❞❡❧ ❛♣❛rt❛❞♦ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r✱ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ✏❡❧s❡✏✳

✺✳✶✳✽✳ ❖♣❡r❛❞♦r❡s ❧ó❣✐❝♦s

❊st❛s ❝♦♥❞✐❝✐♦♥❡s s❡ ❡♥❝❛❞❡♥❛♥ ❝♦♥ ✏②✑✱ ✏♦✑✱ ❡t❝✳✱ q✉❡ s❡ ✐♥❞✐❝❛♥ ❞❡ ❧❛ ✜❣✉r❛ ✺✳✷✿

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✺✳✷✿ ❖♣❡r❛❞♦r❡s ▲ó❣✐❝♦s

✹✹
 ❉❡ ♠♦❞♦ q✉❡ ❡s❝r✐❜✐♠♦s ❝♦s❛s ❝♦♠♦✿

✶ ✐❢ ✭✭ ♦♣❝✐♦♥ ❂❂✶✮ ✫✫ ✭ ✉s✉❛r✐♦ ❂❂✷✮ ✮ ✳✳✳

✷ ✐❢ ✭✭ ♦♣❝✐♦♥ ❂❂✶✮ ⑤⑤ ✭ ♦♣❝✐♦♥ ❂❂✸✮ ✮ ✳✳✳
✸ ✐❢ ✭✭✦✭ ♦♣❝✐♦♥ ❂❂ ♦♣❝❈♦rr❡❝t❛ ✮✮ ⑤⑤ ✭ t❡❝❧❛ ❂❂ ❊❙❈ ✮✮ ✳✳✳
✭❙✉♣♦♥✐❡♥❞♦ q✉❡ ❊❙❈ ❡s ✉♥❛ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡ ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛ ❝♦♥ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r✐❞❛❞✮✳

▲❛ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ❡s❝r✐❜✐r ✉♥❛ ❝♦♥❞✐❝✐ó♥ ❡s ✐♥❝♦rr❡❝t❛ ✭② ❡s ✉♥ ❡rr♦r ❢r❡❝✉❡♥t❡ ❡♥ ❧♦s q✉❡
❡♠♣✐❡③❛♥ ❛ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛r ❡♥ ❈✮✿ ✐❢ ✭ ♦♣❝✐♦♥✶ ⑤ ♦♣❝✐♦♥✷ ❂❂ ✸ ✮⑤

♣♦rq✉❡ ❧❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❝♦rr❡❝t❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣r♦❜❛r s✐ ❧❛ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ ✑♦♣❝✐♦♥✶✑ ♦ ❜✐❡♥ ✑♦♣❝✐♦♥✷✑ ✈❛❧❡♥ ✑✸✑ ❡s✿

✐❢ ✭✭ ♦♣❝✐♦♥✶ ❂❂ ✸ ✮♦r ✭ ♦♣❝✐♦♥✷ ❂❂ ✸ ✮✮

✺✳✶✳✾✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦s ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦s

✶✳ ❈r❡❛r ✉♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ q✉❡ ♣✐❞❛ ✉♥❛ ❧❡tr❛ ❛❧ ✉s✉❛r✐♦ ② ❞✐❣❛ s✐ s❡ tr❛t❛ ❞❡ ✉♥❛ ✈♦❝❛❧✳

✷✳ ❈r❡❛r ✉♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ q✉❡ ♣✐❞❛ ❞♦s ♥ú♠❡r♦s ❡♥t❡r♦s ② ♠✉❡str❡ ✑❯♥♦ ❞❡ ❧♦s ♥ú♠❡r♦s ❡s ♣♦s✐✲
t✐✈♦✑✱ ✑▲♦s ❞♦s ♥ú♠❡r♦s s♦♥ ♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s❄ ♦ ❜✐❡♥ ✑◆✐♥❣✉♥♦ ❞❡ ❧♦s ♥ú♠❡r♦s ❡s ♣♦s✐t✐✈♦✑✱ s❡❣ú♥
❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❛✳

✸✳ ❈r❡❛r ✉♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ q✉❡ ♣✐❞❛ tr❡s ♥ú♠❡r♦s r❡❛❧❡s ② ♠✉❡str❡ ❝✉á❧ ❡s ❡❧ ♠❛②♦r ❞❡ ❧♦s tr❡s✳

✹✳ ❈r❡❛r ✉♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ q✉❡ ♣✐❞❛ ❞♦s ♥ú♠❡r♦s ❡♥t❡r♦s ❝♦rt♦s ② ♠✉❡str❡ s✐ s♦♥ ✐❣✉❛❧❡s ♦✱ ❡♥ ❝❛s♦
❝♦♥tr❛r✐♦✱ ❝✉á❧ ❡s ❡❧ ♠❛②♦r ❞❡ ❡❧❧♦s✳

✺✳✶✳✶✵✳ ❈ó♠♦ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛ r❡❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❧❛ ❝♦♥❞✐❝✐ó♥ ❡♥ ✉♥ ✏✐❢ ✑

❈♦♠♦ ♦❝✉rr❡ ❡♥ ❈✿ ✉♥❛ ❝♦♥❞✐❝✐ó♥ ❝✉②♦ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ s❡❛ ✏❢❛❧s♦✑ ❞❡✈✉❡❧✈❡ ✉♥ ✵✱ ② ♦tr❛ ❝✉②♦
r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ s❡❛ ✏✈❡r❞❛❞❡r♦✑ ❞❡✈✉❡❧✈❡ ❡❧ ✈❛❧♦r ✶✿

✶ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ st❞✐♦ ✳❤ ❃
✷
✸ ✐♥t ♠❛✐♥ ✭✮ ④
✹ ✐♥t ♥✉♠❡r♦ ❀
✺ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ✷❂❂✸ ✈❛❧❡ ✪❞❭♥ ✧ ✱ ✷❂❂✸✮ ❀ ✴✯ ❊s❝r✐❜❡ ✵ ✯✴
✻ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ✷✦❂✸ ✈❛❧❡ ✪❞❭♥ ✧ ✱ ✷✦❂✸✮ ❀ ✴✯ ❊s❝r✐❜❡ ✶ ✯✴
✼ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✽ ⑥
❊♥ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✱ s✐ ❧❛ ✏❝♦♥❞✐❝✐ó♥✑ ❞❡ ✉♥ ✐❢ ❡s ❛❧❣♦ q✉❡ ✈❛❧❣❛ ✵✱ s❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛ q✉❡ ❧❛ ❝♦♥❞✐❝✐ó♥ ❡s ❢❛❧s❛ ✭♥♦
s❡ ❝✉♠♣❧❡✮✱ ② s✐ ❡s ❞✐st✐♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝❡r♦✱ ❧❛ ❝♦♥❞✐❝✐ó♥ ❡s ✈❡r❞❛❞❡r❛ ✭sí s❡ ❝✉♠♣❧❡✮✳ ❈♦♥ ❡st♦ ❤❛❝❡♠♦s
❝♦s❛s ❝♦♠♦ ést❛✿

✶ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ st❞✐♦ ✳❤ ❃
✷
✸ ✐♥t ♠❛✐♥ ✭✮ ④
✹ ✐♥t ♥✉♠❡r♦ ❀
✺ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❊s❝r✐❜❡ ✉♥ ♥✉♠❡r♦ ✿ ✧✮ ❀
✻ s❝❛♥❢ ✭✧ ✪❞✧ ✱ ✫ ♥✉♠❡r♦ ✮ ❀
✼ ✐❢ ✭ ♥✉♠❡r♦ ✦❂✵✮ ✴✯ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛❝✐♦♥ ♥♦r♠❛❧ ✯✴
✽ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❊❧ ♥✉♠❡r♦ ♥♦ ❡s ❝❡r♦ ✳❭ ♥✧✮ ❀

✹✺
 ✾ ✐❢ ✭ ♥✉♠❡r♦ ✮ ✴✯ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛❝✐♦♥ ✧ ❝♦♥ tr✉❝♦ ✧ ✯✴
✶✵ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❨ s✐❣✉❡ s✐♥ s❡r ❝❡r♦ ✳❭ ♥✧✮ ❀
✶✶ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✶✷ ⑥
❊♥ ❡st❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛✱ ❧❛ ❡①♣r❡s✐ó♥ ✑ ✐❢ ✭♥✉♠❡r♦✮✑ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛ ❡❧ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ ❧❛ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ ✏♥✉♠❡r♦✑✳ ❙✐ ❡s
❞✐st✐♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝❡r♦✱ ❧❛ ❝♦♥❞✐❝✐ó♥ ❡s ❝♦rr❡❝t❛ ② ❡❥❡❝✉t❛ ❡❧ ✏♣r✐♥t❢ ✑❀ s✐ ❧❛ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ ✏♥✉♠❡r♦✑ ❡s ✵✱ ❡s
❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛ q✉❡ ❧❛ ❝♦♥❞✐❝✐ó♥ ❡s ❢❛❧s❛✱ ② t❡r♠✐♥❛✳

❊s ♣r❡❢❡r✐❜❧❡ ❡✈✐t❛r ❡st❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥str✉❝❝✐♦♥❡s✳ ❘❡s✉❧t❛ ♠ás ❧❡❣✐❜❧❡ ❛❧❣♦ ❝♦♠♦✿

✏ ✐❢ ✭♥✉♠❡r♦✦❂✵✮✑ q✉❡ ✏✐❢✭♥✉♠❡r♦✮✑✳

✺✳✶✳✶✶✳ ❊❧ ♣❡❧✐❣r♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❛s✐❣♥❛❝✐ó♥ ❡♥ ✉♥ ✏✐❢ ✑

❈✉✐❞❛❞♦ ❝♦♥ ❡❧ ♦♣❡r❛❞♦r ❞❡ ✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞✿ ❤❛② q✉❡ r❡❝♦r❞❛r q✉❡ ❡❧ ❢♦r♠❛t♦ ❡s ✐❢ ✭❛❂❂❜✮ ✳✳✳ ❙✐
❡s❝r✐❜✐♠♦s ✐❢ ✭❛❂❜✮ ❡st❛♠♦s ❛s✐❣♥❛♥❞♦ ❛ ✏❛✑ ❡❧ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ ✏❜✑✳

▲❛ ♠❛②♦rí❛ ❞❡ ❧♦s ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦r❡s ❛✈✐s❛♥ ❝♦♥ ❡❧ ♠❡♥s❛❥❡ ✏P♦ss✐❜❧② ✐♥❝♦rr❡❝t ❛ss✐❣♥♠❡♥t✑ ✭q✉❡ tr❛✲
❞✉❝✐♠♦s ♣♦r ✏♣♦s✐❜❧❡♠❡♥t❡ ❛s✐❣♥❛❝✐ó♥ ❡s ✐♥❝♦rr❡❝t❛✑✮ ♦ ✏P♦ss✐❜❧② ✉♥✐♥t❡♥❞❡❞ ❛ss✐❣♥♠❡♥t✑✳ ❆ú♥
❛sí✱ só❧♦ ❡s ✉♥ ❛✈✐s♦✱ ❧❛ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❝✐ó♥ ♣r♦s✐❣✉❡✱ ② ❣❡♥❡r❛ ✉♥ ❡❥❡❝✉t❛❜❧❡✱ q✉❡ ♣✉❡❞❡ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛rs❡
✐♥❝♦rr❡❝t❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ❱❡❛♠♦s✿

✶ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ st❞✐♦ ✳❤ ❃
✷
✸ ✐♥t ♠❛✐♥ ✭✮ ④
✹ ✐♥t ♥✉♠❡r♦ ❀
✺ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❊s❝r✐❜❛ ✉♥ ♥ú ♠❡r♦ ✿ ✧✮ ❀
✻ s❝❛♥❢ ✭✧ ✪❞✧ ✱ ✫ ♥✉♠❡r♦ ✮ ❀
✼ ✐❢ ✭ ♥✉♠❡r♦ ❁ ✵✮
✽ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❊❧ ♥ ú ♠❡r♦ ❡s ♥❡❣❛t✐✈♦ ✳❭ ♥ ✧✮❀
✾ ❡❧s❡
✶✵ ✐❢ ✭ ♥✉♠❡r♦ ❂ ✵✮
✶✶ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❊❧ ♥ ú ♠❡r♦ ❡s ❝❡r♦ ✳❭ ♥✧✮❀
✶✷ ❡❧s❡
✶✸ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❊❧ ♥ ú ♠❡r♦ ❡s ♣♦s✐t✐✈♦ ✳❭ ♥ ❀✮ ❀
✶✹ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✶✺ ⑥
❊♥ ❡st❡ ❝❛s♦✱ s✐ ✐♥❣r❡s❛♠♦s ✉♥ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ♥❡❣❛t✐✈♦✱ ❝♦♠♣r✉❡❜❛ ❧❛ ♣r✐♠❡r❛ ❝♦♥❞✐❝✐ó♥✱ ❡s ❝♦rr❡❝t❛ ②
t❡r♠✐♥❛ s✐♥ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s✳ P❡r♦ s✐ ✐♥❣r❡s❛ ❝✉❛❧q✉✐❡r ♦tr❛ ❝♦s❛ ✭✵ ♦ ♣♦s✐t✐✈♦✮✱ ❧❛ ❡①♣r❡s✐ó♥ ✏✐❢ ✭♥✉♠❡✲
r♦❂✵✮✑ ♥♦ ❝♦♠♣r✉❡❜❛ s✉ ✈❛❧♦r✱ s✐♥♦ q✉❡ ❧❡ ❛s✐❣♥❛ ✉♥ ✈❛❧♦r ✵ ✭❢❛❧s♦✮✱ ♣♦r ❧♦ q✉❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛ ❧❛ ❛❝❝✐ó♥
❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞✐❡♥t❡ ❛ ✏❝❛s♦ ❝♦♥tr❛r✐♦✑ ✭❡❧s❡✮✿ s✐❡♠♣r❡ ♠✉❡str❛ ✏❊❧ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❡s ♣♦s✐t✐✈♦✑✳✳✳ ➼❛✉♥q✉❡ ✐♥✲
❣r❡s❡♠♦s ✉♥ ✵✦

❨ s✐ ❡st♦ ❡s ✉♥ ❡rr♦r✱ ➽♣♦r q✉é ❡❧ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦r ✏❛✈✐s❛✑ ❡♥ ✈❡③ ❞❡ ♣❛r❛r ② ❞❛r ✉♥ ❡rr♦r ✏s❡r✐♦✑❄ P✉❡s
♣♦rq✉❡ ♥♦ t✐❡♥❡ ♣♦r q✉é s❡r ♥❡❝❡s❛r✐❛♠❡♥t❡ ✉♥ ❡rr♦r✱ ❤❛❝❡♠♦s✿

✶ ❛ ❂ ❜
✷ ✐❢ ✭❛ ❃ ✷✮ ✳✳✳
♦ ❜✐❡♥✿ ✐❢ ✭✭❛❂❜✮❃ ✷✮
❊♥ ❧❛ ♠✐s♠❛ ♦r❞❡♥ ❛s✐❣♥❛♠♦s ❡❧ ✈❛❧♦r ② ❝♦♠♣❛r❛♠♦s ✭❛❧❣♦ ♣❛r❡❝✐❞♦ ❛ ✏ ❜ ❂ ✰✰❛✑✮✳ ❊♥ ❡st❡ ❝❛s♦✱
❧❛ ❛s✐❣♥❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡❧ ✏✐❢ ✑ ❡s ❝♦rr❡❝t❛✳

✹✻
✺✳✶✳✶✷✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦s ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦s
✶✳ ➽◗✉é ♠✉❡str❛ ❡♥ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛ ❡❧ s✐❣✉❡♥t❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦❄ ✐♥t ① ❂ ✺❀ ✐❢ ✭①❂❂✺✮♣r✐♥t❢✭✧❭ ✪❞✧✱ ①✮❀
✷✳ ➽◗✉é ♠✉❡str❛ ❡♥ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛ ❡st❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦❄ ✐♥t ① ❂ ✺❀ ✐❢ ✭①✮♣r✐♥t❢✭✧❙✐✧✮❀ ❡❧s❡ ♣r✐♥t❢✭
✧◆♦✧✮❀
✸✳ ➽◗✉é ♠✉❡str❛ ❡♥ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛ ❡st❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦❄ ✐♥t ① ❂ ✵❀ ✐❢ ✭①❂✺✮♣r✐♥t❢✭✧❙✐✧✮❀ ❡❧s❡ ♣r✐♥t❢
✭✧◆♦✧✮❀
✹✳ ➽◗✉é ♠✉❡str❛ ❡♥ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛ ❡st❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦❄ ✐♥t ① ❂ ✺❀ ✐❢ ✭①❂✵✮♣r✐♥t❢✭✧❙✐✧✮❀ ❡❧s❡ ♣r✐♥t❢
✭✧◆♦✧✮❀
✺✳ ➽◗✉é ♠✉❡str❛ ❡♥ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛ ❡st❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦❄ ✐♥t ① ❂ ✵❀ ✐❢ ✭①❂❂✺✮♣r✐♥t❢✭✧❙✐✧✮❡❧s❡ ♣r✐♥t❢
✭✧◆♦✧✮❀

✺✳✶✳✶✸✳ ■♥tr♦❞✉❝❝✐ó♥ ❛ ❧♦s ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛s ❞❡ ✢✉❥♦

❆ ✈❡❝❡s r❡s✉❧t❛ ❞✐❢í❝✐❧ ✈❡r ❞♦♥❞❡ ✉s❛r ✉♥ ✏❡❧s❡✑ ♦ q✉é ✐♥str✉❝❝✐♦♥❡s ❞❡ ✉♥ ✏✐❢ ✑ ❞❡❜❡♥ ✐r ❡♥tr❡
❧❧❛✈❡s ② ❝✉❛❧❡s ♥♦✳ ●❡♥❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❧❛ ❞✐✜❝✉❧t❛❞ ❡stá ❡♥ ❡❧ ❤❡❝❤♦ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡♥t❛r ❡s❝r✐❜✐r ❞✐r❡❝t❛♠❡♥t❡
✉♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❡♥ ❈✱ ❡♥ ✈❡③ ❞❡ ♣❡♥s❛r ❡♥ ❡❧ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ q✉❡ s❡ ♣r❡t❡♥❞❡ r❡s♦❧✈❡r✳

P❛r❛ ❝❡♥tr❛r♥♦s ❡♥ ❡❧ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✱ ❡①✐st❡♥ ♥♦t❛❝✐♦♥❡s ❣rá✜❝❛s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❧♦s ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛s ❞❡ ✢✉❥♦✱ ♣❛r❛
✈❡r q✉é ❤❛❝❡r ② ❝✉❛♥❞♦✳

❊♥ ♣r✐♠❡r ❧✉❣❛r✱ ✈❡❛♠♦s ❧♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❜ás✐❝♦s ❞❡ ✉♥ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ✢✉❥♦✱ ② ❧✉❡❣♦ ❧♦s ❛♣❧✐❝❛r❡♠♦s
❛ ✉♥ ❝❛s♦ ❝♦♥❝r❡t♦✱ ❧❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❝✐ó♥ ❛ ✉s❛r s❡ ❧❧❛♠❛ P❙❊✐♥t✳

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✺✳✸✿

❊❧ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ② ✜♥❛❧ ❞❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ s❡ ✐♥❞✐❝❛ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ✉♥ ❝ír❝✉❧♦✳ ▲♦s ♣r♦❝❡s♦s ✐♥t❡r♥♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦
❧❛s ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❡s✱ s❡ ❡♥❝✉❛❞r❛♥ ❡♥ ✉♥ r❡❝tá♥❣✉❧♦✳ ▲❛s ❡♥tr❛❞❛s ② s❛❧✐❞❛s ✭❡s❝r✐t✉r❛s ❡♥ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛

✹✼
② ❧❡❝t✉r❛s ❞❡ t❡❝❧❛❞♦✮ s❡ ✐♥❞✐❝❛♥ ❝♦♥ ✉♥ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧♦❣r❛♠♦ q✉❡ t❡♥❣❛ s✉ ❧❛❞♦s s✉♣❡r✐♦r ❡ ✐♥❢❡r✐♦r
❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛❧❡s✱ ♣❡r♦ ♥♦ t❡♥❣❛ ✈❡rt✐❝❛❧❡s ❧♦s ♦tr♦s ❞♦s✳ ▲❛s ❞❡❝✐s✐♦♥❡s s❡ ✐♥❞✐❝❛♥ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ✉♥ r♦♠❜♦✳

❱❛♠♦s ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛r❧♦ ❛ ✉♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ q✉❡ ♣✐❞❛ ✉♥ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ② ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❡ s✐ ❡s ♣♦s✐t✐✈♦✱ ♥❡❣❛t✐✈♦ ♦ ❝❡r♦✿

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✺✳✹✿ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❋❧✉❥♦

❊❧ ♣❛s♦ ❛❧ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞✐❡♥t❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❡♥ ❧❡♥❣✉❛❥❡ ❈ ❡s ✐♥♠❡❞✐❛t♦✿ s❛❜❡♠♦s ❝♦♠♦ ❧❡❡r ❞❡

t❡❝❧❛❞♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❡s❝r✐❜✐r ❡♥ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛✱ ② ❧❛s ❞❡❝✐s✐♦♥❡s s♦♥ ✉♥ ✏✐❢ ✑✱ q✉❡ s✐ s❡ ❝✉♠♣❧❡ ❡❥❡❝✉t❛ ❧❛ s❡♥t❡♥❝✐❛
q✉❡ ❛♣❛r❡❝❡ ❡♥ s✉ s❛❧✐❞❛ ✏s✐✑ ② s✐ ♥♦ s❡ ❝✉♠♣❧❡ ✭✏❡❧s❡✑✮ ❡❥❡❝✉t❛ ❧♦ q✉❡ ❛♣❛r❡③❝❛ ❡♥ s✉ s❛❧✐❞❛ ✏♥♦✑✳
❱❡❛ ❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❈ ❣❡♥❡r❛❞♦r ♣♦r P❙❊✐♥t✿

✶ ✴✯ ❊st❡ ❝♦❞✐❣♦ ❤❛ s✐❞♦ ❣❡♥❡r❛❞♦ ♣♦r ❡❧ ♠♦❞✉❧♦ ♣s❡①♣♦rt ✷✵✶✽✵✶✷✺ ✲

❧✻✹ ❞❡ P❙❡■♥t ✳
✷ ❊s ♣♦s✐❜❧❡ q✉❡ ❡❧ ❝♦❞✐❣♦ ❣❡♥❡r❛❞♦ ♥♦ s❡❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦rr❡❝t♦ ✳
❙✐ ❡♥❝✉❡♥tr❛
✸ ❡rr♦r❡s ♣♦r ❢❛✈♦r r❡♣♦rt❡❧♦s ❡♥ ❡❧ ❢♦r♦ ✭ ❤tt♣ ✿✴✴ ♣s❡✐♥t ✳
s♦✉r❝❡❢♦r❣❡ ✳ ♥❡t ✮✳ ✯✴
✹
✺ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ st❞✐♦ ✳❤ ❃
✻
✼ ✴✯ P❛r❛ ❧❡❡r ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s ❞❡ t❡①t♦ s❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛ s❝❛♥❢ ✱ q✉❡ ❧❡❡ s♦❧♦
✉♥❛ ♣❛❧❛❜r❛ ✳
✽ P❛r❛ ❧❡❡r ✉♥❛ ❧✐♥❡❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❛ ✭ ❡s ❞❡❝✐r ✱ ✐♥❝❧✉②❡♥❞♦ ❧♦s ❡s♣❛❝✐♦s
❡♥ ❜❧❛♥❝♦ ✮
✾ s❡ ❞❡❜❡ ✉t✐❧③❛r ❣❡s ✭ ❡❥ ✱ r❡❡♠♣❧❛③❛r s❝❛♥❢ ✭✧ ✪s✧✱ ①✮ ♣♦r ❣❡ts ✭①✮ ✮
♣❡r♦
✶✵ ♦❜❧✐❣❛ ❛ ❛❣r❡❣❛r ✉♥ ❣❡t❝❤❛r ✭✮ ❛♥t❡s ❞❡❧ ❣❡ts s✐ ❛♥t❡s ❞❡❧ ♠✐s♠♦
s❡ ❧❡② ó
✶✶ ♦tr❛ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ ❝♦♥ s❝❛♥❢ ✳ ✯✴
✶✷
✶✸ ✐♥t ♠❛✐♥ ✭✮ ④
✶✹ ❢❧♦❛t ♥ ❀
✶✺ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ✐♥❣r❡s❡ ✉♥ ♥✉♠❡r♦ ❭♥✧✮❀

✹✽
✶✻ s❝❛♥❢ ✭✧ ✪s✧ ✱♥✮ ❀
✶✼ ✐❢ ✭✭ ♥ ❂❂✵✮ ✮ ④
✶✽ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ✐♥❣r❡s♦ ✉♥ ❝❡r♦ ❭♥ ✧✮❀
✶✾ ⑥ ❡❧s❡ ④
✷✵ ✐❢ ✭✭♥ ❃✵✮ ✮ ④
✷✶ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ✐♥❣r❡s♦ ✉♥ ♣♦s✐t✐✈♦ ❭ ♥✧✮ ❀
✷✷ ⑥ ❡❧s❡ ④
✷✸ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ✐♥❣r❡s♦ ✉♥ ♥❡❣❛t✐✈♦ ❭ ♥✧✮ ❀
✷✹ ⑥
✷✺ ⑥
✷✻ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✷✼ ⑥

✺✳✶✳✶✹✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦s ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦s

✶✳ ❈r❡❛r ❡❧ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ✢✉❥♦ ② ❧❛ ✈❡rs✐ó♥ ❡♥ ❈ ❞❡ ✉♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ q✉❡ ❞é ❛❧ ✉s✉❛r✐♦ tr❡s ♦♣♦rt✉✲

♥✐❞❛❞❡s ♣❛r❛ ❛❞✐✈✐♥❛r ✉♥ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡❧ ✶ ❛❧ ✶✵✳

✷✳ ❈r❡❛r ❡❧ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ✢✉❥♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ q✉❡ ♣✐❞❡ ❛❧ ✉s✉❛r✐♦ ❞♦s ♥ú♠❡r♦s ② ❞✐❝❡ s✐ ✉♥♦
❞❡ ❡❧❧♦s ❡s ♣♦s✐t✐✈♦✱ s✐ ❧♦ s♦♥ ❧♦s ❞♦s ♦ s✐ ♥♦ ❧♦ ❡s ♥✐♥❣✉♥♦✳

✸✳ ❈r❡❛r ❡❧ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ✢✉❥♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ q✉❡ ♣✐❞❡ tr❡s ♥ú♠❡r♦s ❛❧ ✉s✉❛r✐♦ ② ❞✐❝❡ ❝✉á❧
❡s ❡❧ ♠❛②♦r ❞❡ ❧♦s tr❡s✳

✺✳✶✳✶✺✳ ❖♣❡r❛❞♦r ❝♦♥❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧✿ ❄

❊♥ ❈ ❤❛② ♦tr❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ❛s✐❣♥❛r ✉♥ ✈❛❧♦r s❡❣ú♥ ✉♥❛ ❝♦♥❞✐❝✐ó♥✳ ❊s ❡❧ ✏♦♣❡r❛❞♦r ❝♦♥❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧✑
q✉❡ s❡ ✉s❛✿

❝♦♥❞✐❝✐♦♥ ❄ ✈❛❧♦r✶ ✿ ✈❛❧♦r✷❀

② ❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡ ❛ ✏s✐ s❡ ❝✉♠♣❧❡ ❧❛ ❝♦♥❞✐❝✐ó♥✱ t♦♠❛ ❡❧ ✈❛❧♦r ✈✶❀ s✐ ♥♦✱ t♦♠❛ ❡❧ ✈❛❧♦r ✈✷✑✳ ❯♥ ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡
❝ó♠♦ ✉s❛r❧♦ ❡s✿

♥✉♠❡r♦▼❛②♦r ❂ ✭❛❃❜✮❄ ❛ ✿ ❜❀
q✉❡✱ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦ ❛ ✉♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ s❡♥❝✐❧❧♦✱ q✉❡❞❛✿

✶ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ st❞✐♦ ✳❤ ❃
✷
✸ ✐♥t ♠❛✐♥ ✭✮ ④
✹ ✐♥t ❛ ✱ ❜ ✱ ♠❛②♦r ❀
✺ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❊s❝r✐❜❛ ✉♥ ♥ú ♠❡r♦ ✿ ✧✮ ❀
✻ s❝❛♥❢ ✭✧ ✪❞✧ ✱ ✫ ❛✮❀
✼ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❊s❝r✐❜❛ ♦tr♦ ✿ ✧✮❀
✽ s❝❛♥❢ ✭✧ ✪❞✧ ✱ ✫ ❜✮❀
✾ ♠❛②♦r ❂ ✭❛ ❃ ❜✮ ❄ ❛ ✿ ❜❀
✶✵ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❊❧ ♠❛②♦r ❞❡ ❧♦s ♥ú ♠❡r♦s ❡s ✪❞ ✳❭ ♥ ✧ ✱ ♠❛②♦r ✮❀
✶✶ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✶✷ ⑥
❯♥ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦✱ q✉❡ s✉♠❡ ♦ r❡st❡ ❞♦s ♥ú♠❡r♦s s❡❣ú♥ ❧❛ ♦♣❝✐ó♥ s❡❧❡❝❝✐♦♥❛❞❛✱ ❡s✿

✹✾
 ✶ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ st❞✐♦ ✳❤ ❃
✷
✸ ✐♥t ♠❛✐♥ ✭✮ ④
✹ ✐♥t ❛ ✱ ❜ ✱ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❀
✺ ✐♥t ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥ ❀
✻ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❊s❝r✐❜❛ ✉♥ ♥ú ♠❡r♦ ✿ ✧✮ ❀
✼ s❝❛♥❢ ✭✧ ✪❞✧ ✱ ✫❛ ✮❀
✽ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❊s❝r✐❜❛ ♦tr♦ ✿ ✧✮❀
✾ s❝❛♥❢ ✭✧ ✪❞✧ ✱ ✫❜ ✮❀
✶✵ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❊s❝r✐❜❛ ✉♥❛ ♦♣❡r❛❝✐ ó ♥ ✭✶ ❂ r❡st❛ ❀ ♦tr♦ ❂ s✉♠❛ ✮ ✿ ✧✮ ❀
✶✶ s❝❛♥❢ ✭✧ ✪❞✧ ✱ ✫ ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥ ✮ ❀
✶✷ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❂ ✭ ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥ ❂❂ ✶✮ ❄ ❛ ✲❜ ✿ ❛✰ ❜❀
✶✸ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❊❧ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❡s ✪❞ ✳❭ ♥ ✧ ✱ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ✮ ❀
✶✹ r❡t✉r♥ ✴ s♣❛♥ ❃ ✵❀
✶✺ ⑥

✺✳✶✳✶✻✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦s ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦s

✶✳ ❈r❡❛r ✉♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ q✉❡ ✉s❡ ❡❧ ♦♣❡r❛❞♦r ❝♦♥❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ♠♦str❛r ❡❧ ✈❛❧♦r ❛❜s♦❧✉t♦ ❞❡ ✉♥
♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❢♦r♠❛✿ s✐ ❡s ♣♦s✐t✐✈♦✱ s❡ ♠✉❡str❛ t❛❧ ❝✉❛❧❀ s✐ ❡s ♥❡❣❛t✐✈♦✱ ❡❥❡❝✉t❛
❝❛♠❜✐♦ ❞❡ s✐❣♥♦✳

✷✳ ❈r❡❛r ✉♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ q✉❡ ✉s❡ ❡❧ ♦♣❡r❛❞♦r ❝♦♥❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❛s✐❣♥❛r ❛ ✉♥❛ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ ❧❧❛♠❛❞❛
✑✐❣✉❛❧❡s✑ ✭❡♥t❡r❛✮ ❡❧ ✈❛❧♦r ✶✱ s✐ ❧♦s ❞♦s ♥ú♠❡r♦s ✐♥❣r❡s❛❞♦s s♦♥ ✐❣✉❛❧❡s ♦ ❡❧ ✈❛❧♦r ✵ s✐ s♦♥
❞✐st✐♥t♦s✳

✸✳ ❯s❛r ❡❧ ♦♣❡r❛❞♦r ❝♦♥❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛r ❡❧ ♠❛②♦r ❞❡ ❞♦s ♥ú♠❡r♦s✳

✺✳✶✳✶✼✳ s✇✐t❝❤

❙✐ q✉❡r❡♠♦s ✈❡r ✈❛r✐♦s ♣♦s✐❜❧❡s ✈❛❧♦r❡s✱ ❡s ♣❡s❛❞♦ t❡♥❡r q✉❡ ❤❛❝❡r❧♦ ❝♦♥ ♠✉❝❤♦s ✏✐❢ ✑ s❡❣✉✐❞♦s
♦ ❡♥❝❛❞❡♥❛❞♦s✳ ▲❛ ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❛ ❡s ❧❛ ♦r❞❡♥ ✏s✇✐t❝❤✑✱ ❝✉②❛ s✐♥t❛①✐s ❡s

✶ s✇✐t❝❤ ✭ ❡①♣r❡s✐ ó♥✮ ④

✷ ❝❛s❡ ✈❛❧♦r✶ ✿ s❡♥t❡♥❝✐❛✶ ❀
✸ ❜r❡❛❦ ❀
✹ ❝❛s❡ ✈❛❧♦r✷ ✿ s❡♥t❡♥❝✐❛✷ ❀
✺ s❡♥t❡♥❝✐❛✷❜ ❀
✻ ❜r❡❛❦ ❀
✼ ✳✳✳
✽ ❝❛s❡ ✈❛❧♦r◆ ✿ s❡♥t❡♥❝✐❛◆ ❀
✾ ❜r❡❛❦ ❀
✶✵ ❞❡❢❛✉❧t ✿
✶✶ ♦tr❛❙❡♥t❡♥❝✐❛ ❀
✶✷ ⑥❀
❊s ❞❡❝✐r✱ s❡ ❡s❝r✐❜❡ tr❛s ✏s✇✐t❝❤✑ ❧❛ ❡①♣r❡s✐ó♥ ❛ ❛♥❛❧✐③❛r✱ ❡♥tr❡ ♣❛ré♥t❡s✐s✳ ❉❡s♣✉és✱ tr❛s ✈❛r✐❛s
ór❞❡♥❡s ✏❝❛s❡✑ s❡ ✐♥❞✐❝❛ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♥♦ ❞❡ ❧♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ♣♦s✐❜❧❡s✳ ▲♦s ♣❛s♦s ✭♣♦rq✉❡ ♣✉❡❞❡♥ s❡r ✈❛r✐♦s✮
q✉❡ s❡ ❞❡❜❡♥ ❞❛r s✐ s❡ tr❛t❛ ❞❡ ❡s❡ ✈❛❧♦r s❡ ✐♥❞✐❝❛♥ ❛ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛❝✐ó♥✱ t❡r♠✐♥❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♥ ✏❜r❡❛❦✑✳ ❙✐ ❤❛②

✺✵
q✉❡ ❤❛❝❡r ❛❧❣♦ ❡♥ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ q✉❡ ♥♦ s❡ ❝✉♠♣❧❛ ♥✐♥❣✉♥❛ ❞❡ ❧❛s ❝♦♥❞✐❝✐♦♥❡s✱ s❡ ❞❡t❛❧❧❛ tr❛s ✏❞❡❢❛✉❧t✑✳

❱❛♠♦s ❝♦♥ ✉♥ ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦✿

✶ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ st❞✐♦ ✳❤ ❃
✷
✸ ✐♥t ♠❛✐♥ ✭✮ ④
✹ ❝❤❛r t❡❝❧❛ ❀
✺ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ P✉❧s❡ ✉♥❛ t❡❝❧❛ ② ❧✉❡❣♦ ■♥tr♦ ✿ ✧✮❀
✻ s❝❛♥❢ ✭✧ ✪❝✧ ✱ ✫ t❡❝❧❛ ✮❀
✼ s✇✐t❝❤ ✭ t❡❝❧❛ ✮ ④
✽ ❝❛s❡ ✬ ✬✿ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❊s♣❛❝✐♦ ✳❭ ♥✧✮❀
✾ ❜r❡❛❦ ❀
✶✵ ❝❛s❡ ✬✶ ✬✿
✶✶ ❝❛s❡ ✬✷ ✬✿
✶✷ ❝❛s❡ ✬✸ ✬✿
✶✸ ❝❛s❡ ✬✹ ✬✿
✶✹ ❝❛s❡ ✬✺ ✬✿
✶✺ ❝❛s❡ ✬✻ ✬✿
✶✻ ❝❛s❡ ✬✼ ✬✿
✶✼ ❝❛s❡ ✬✽ ✬✿
✶✽ ❝❛s❡ ✬✾ ✬✿
✶✾ ❝❛s❡ ✬✵ ✬✿ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧❉í ❣✐t♦ ✳❭ ♥✧✮❀
✷✵ ❜r❡❛❦ ❀
✷✶ ❞❡❢❛✉❧t ✿ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ◆✐ ❡s♣❛❝✐♦ ♥✐ ❞ í ❣✐t♦ ✳❭ ♥✧✮❀
✷✷ ⑥
✷✸ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✷✹ ⑥

✺✳✶✳✶✽✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦s ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦s

✶✳ ❈r❡❛r ✉♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ q✉❡ ❧❡❛ ✉♥❛ ❧❡tr❛ ② ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❡ s✐ s❡ tr❛t❛ ❞❡ ✉♥❛ ✈♦❝❛❧✱ ✉♥ ❞í❣✐t♦ ♦ ✉♥❛
❝♦♥s♦♥❛♥t❡✳

✷✳ ❈r❡❛r ✉♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ q✉❡ ❧❡❛ ✉♥❛ ❧❡tr❛ ② ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❡ s✐ ❡s ✉♥ s✐❣♥♦ ❞❡ ♣✉♥t✉❛❝✐ó♥✱ ✉♥ ❞í❣✐t♦ ♦
❛❧❣ú♥ ♦tr♦ ❝❛rá❝t❡r✳

✸✳ ❘❡♣❡t✐r ❧♦s ❞♦s ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s ❛♥t❡r✐♦r❡s✱ ❡♠♣❧❡❛♥❞♦ ✑✐❢ ✑ ❡♥ ❧✉❣❛r ❞❡ ✑s✇✐t❝❤✑✳

✺✳✷✳ ❊str✉❝t✉r❛s r❡♣❡t✐t✐✈❛s

❍❡♠♦s ✈✐st♦ ❝ó♠♦ ❝♦♠♣r♦❜❛r ❝♦♥❞✐❝✐♦♥❡s✱ ♣❡r♦ ♥♦ ❝ó♠♦ ❤❛❝❡r q✉❡ ✉♥❛ ❝✐❡rt❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❡ ✉♥
♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ s❡ r❡♣✐t❛ ✉♥ ❝✐❡rt♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ✈❡❝❡s ♦ ♠✐❡♥tr❛s s❡ ❝✉♠♣❧❛ ✉♥❛ ❝♦♥❞✐❝✐ó♥ ✭❧♦ q✉❡ ❧❧❛♠❛♠♦s
✉♥ ✏❜✉❝❧❡✑✮✳ ❊♥ ❈✱ t❡♥❡♠♦s ✈❛r✐❛s ❢♦r♠❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉✐r❧♦✳

✺✳✷✳✶✳ ✇❤✐❧❡

❙✐ q✉❡r❡♠♦s q✉❡ ✉♥❛ s❡❝❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ♥✉❡str♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ s❡ r❡♣✐t❛ ♠✐❡♥tr❛s ❝✉♠♣❧❛ ✉♥❛ ❝✐❡rt❛ ❝♦♥❞✐✲
❝✐ó♥✱ ✉s❛♠♦s ❧❛ ♦r❞❡♥ ✏✇❤✐❧❡✑✳ ➱st❛✱ t✐❡♥❡ ❞♦s ❢♦r♠❛t♦s ❞✐st✐♥t♦s✱ s❡❣ú♥ ❝♦♠♣r♦❜❡♠♦s ❧❛ ❝♦♥❞✐❝✐ó♥

✺✶
❛❧ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣✐♦ ♦ ❛❧ ✜♥❛❧✳

❊♥ ❡❧ ♣r✐♠❡r ❝❛s♦✱ s✉ s✐♥t❛①✐s ❡s

✶ ✇❤✐❧❡ ✭ ❝♦♥❞✐❝✐ ó♥✮

✷ s❡♥t❡♥❝✐❛ ❀

❊s ❞❡❝✐r✱ ❧❛ s❡♥t❡♥❝✐❛ s❡ r❡♣✐t❡ ♠✐❡♥tr❛s ❧❛ ❝♦♥❞✐❝✐ó♥ s❡❛ ❝✐❡rt❛✳ ❙✐ ❡s ❢❛❧s❛ ❞❡s❞❡ ✉♥ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣✐♦✱ ❧❛
s❡♥t❡♥❝✐❛ ♥♦ s❡ ❡❥❡❝✉t❛✳ ❙✐ q✉❡r❡♠♦s q✉❡ s❡ r❡♣✐t❛ ♠ás ❞❡ ✉♥❛ s❡♥t❡♥❝✐❛✱ ❜❛st❛ ❛❣r✉♣❛r❧❛s ❡♥tr❡
② ✳ ❈♦♠♦ ♦❝✉rr❡ ❝♦♥ ï❢✧✱ ❡s r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛❜❧❡ ✐♥❝❧✉✐r ❧❛s ❧❧❛✈❡s✱ ❛✉♥q✉❡ s❡❛ ✉♥❛ ú♥✐❝❛ s❡♥t❡♥❝✐❛✱ ♣❛r❛
❡✈✐t❛r ❡rr♦r❡s ♣♦st❡r✐♦r❡s ❞✐❢í❝✐❧❡s ❞❡ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛r✳

❯♥ ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦ q✉❡ ♠✉❡str❡ s✐ ❝❛❞❛ ♥ú♠❡r♦ q✉❡ ✐♥❣r❡s❡♠♦s ❡s ♣♦s✐t✐✈♦ ♦ ♥❡❣❛t✐✈♦✱ ② ♣❛r❡ ❝✉❛♥❞♦
✐♥❣r❡s❡♠♦s ❡❧ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ✵✱ ❡s✿

✶ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ st❞✐♦ ✳❤ ❃
✷
✸ ✐♥t ♠❛✐♥ ✭✮ ④
✹ ✐♥t ♥✉♠❡r♦ ❀
✺
✻ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❚❡❝❧❡❛ ✉♥ ♥ ú ♠❡r♦ ✭✵ ♣❛r❛ s❛❧✐r ✮✿ ✧✮ ❀
✼ s❝❛♥❢ ✭✧ ✪❞✧ ✱ ✫ ♥✉♠❡r♦ ✮ ❀
✽ ✇❤✐❧❡ ✭ ♥✉♠❡r♦ ✦❂✵✮ ④
✾ ✐❢ ✭ ♥✉♠❡r♦ ❃ ✵✮ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❊s ♣♦s✐t✐✈♦ ❭♥ ✧✮❀
✶✵ ❡❧s❡ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❊s ♥❡❣❛t✐✈♦ ❭ ♥✧✮ ❀
✶✶ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❚❡❝❧❡❛ ♦tr♦ ♥ú ♠❡r♦ ✭✵ ♣❛r❛ s❛❧✐r ✮✿ ✧✮❀
✶✷ s❝❛♥❢ ✭✧ ✪❞✧ ✱ ✫ ♥✉♠❡r♦ ✮ ❀
✶✸ ⑥
✶✹
✶✺ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✶✻ ⑥

❊♥ ❡st❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛✱ s✐ ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝❡ ✵ ❧❛ ♣r✐♠❡r❛ ✈❡③✱ ❧❛ ❝♦♥❞✐❝✐ó♥ ❡s ❢❛❧s❛ ② ♥✐ s✐q✉✐❡r❛ s❡ ❡♥tr❛ ❛❧

❜❧♦q✉❡ ❞❡❧ ✏✇❤✐❧❡✑✱ t❡r♠✐♥❛♥❞♦ ❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛✳

◆♦t❛✿ ❘❡❝♦r❞❛r q✉❡ ✉♥❛ ❝♦♥❞✐❝✐ó♥ ❢❛❧s❛ ❡s ✵ ② ✉♥❛ ✈❡r❞❛❞❡r❛ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♥ ✈❛❧♦r ❞✐st✐♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝❡r♦✱
✈❡♠♦s q✉❡ ✏ ✇❤✐❧❡ ✭♥✉♠❡r♦ ✦❂ ✵✮✑ s❡ ❛❜r❡✈✐❛ ❝♦♠♦ ✏ ✇❤✐❧❡ ✭♥✉♠❡r♦✮✑✳

✺✳✷✳✷✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦s ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦s

✶✳ ❈r❡❛r ✉♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ q✉❡ s♦❧✐❝✐t❡ ❛❧ ✉s✉❛r✐♦ s✉ ❝♦♥tr❛s❡ñ❛ ✭♥✉♠ér✐❝❛✮✳ ❉❡❜❡ t❡r♠✐♥❛r ❝✉❛♥❞♦
✐♥tr♦❞✉③❝❛ ❡❧ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ✹✺✻✼✱ ♣❡r♦ ✈♦❧✈❡r ❛ ♣❡❞✐r t❛♥t❛s ✈❡❝❡s ❝♦♠♦ s❡❛ ♥❡❝❡s❛r✐♦✳

✷✳ ❈r❡❛ ✉♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ q✉❡ ♠✉❡str❡ ❡♥ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛ ❧♦s ♥ú♠❡r♦s ❞❡❧ ✶ ❛❧ ✶✵✱ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ✏✇❤✐❧❡✏✳

✸✳ ❈r❡❛ ✉♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ q✉❡ ♠✉❡str❡ ❡♥ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛ ❧♦s ♥ú♠❡r♦s ♣❛r❡s ❞❡❧ ✷✻ ❛❧ ✶✵ ✭❞❡s❝❡♥❞❡♥t❡✮✱
✉s❛♥❞♦ ✏✇❤✐❧❡✏✳

✹✳ ❈r❡❛r ✉♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ q✉❡ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❡ ❝✉á♥t❛s ❝✐❢r❛s t✐❡♥❡ ✉♥ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❡♥t❡r♦ ♣♦s✐t✐✈♦ ✭♣✐st❛✿ s❡
❤❛❝❡ ❞✐✈✐❞✐❡♥❞♦ ✈❛r✐❛s ✈❡❝❡s ❡♥tr❡ ✶✵✮✳

✺✷
✺✳✷✳✸✳ ❞♦ ✳✳✳ ✇❤✐❧❡

❊st❡ ❡s ❡❧ ♦tr♦ ❢♦r♠❛t♦ q✉❡ t✐❡♥❡ ❧❛ ♦r❞❡♥ ✏✇❤✐❧❡✑✿ ❧❛ ❝♦♥❞✐❝✐ó♥ s❡ ❝♦♠♣r✉❡❜❛ ❛❧ ✜♥❛❧✳ ❊❧ ♣✉♥t♦
❡♥ q✉❡ ❝♦♠✐❡♥③❛ ❛ r❡♣❡t✐rs❡ s❡ ✐♥❞✐❝❛ ❝♦♥ ❧❛ ♦r❞❡♥ ✏❞♦✑✱ ❛sí✿

✶ ❞♦
✷ s❡♥t❡♥❝✐❛ ❀
✸ ✇❤✐❧❡ ✭ ❝♦♥❞✐❝✐ ó♥✮ ❀
❆❧ ✐❣✉❛❧ q✉❡ ❡♥ ❡❧ ❝❛s♦ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r✱ s✐ q✉❡r❡♠♦s r❡♣❡t✐r ✈❛r✐❛s ór❞❡♥❡s ✭❡s ❧♦ ❤❛❜✐t✉❛❧✮✱ ❞❡❜❡♠♦s
❡♥❝❡rr❛r❧❛s ❡♥tr❡ ❧❧❛✈❡s✳ ◆✉❡✈❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❡s r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛❜❧❡ ✐♥❝❧✉✐r s✐❡♠♣r❡ ❧❛s ❧❧❛✈❡s✳

❈♦♠♦ ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦✱ ✈❡❛♠♦s❡❧ tí♣✐❝♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ q✉❡ ♣✐❞❡ ✉♥❛ ❝❧❛✈❡ ❞❡ ❛❝❝❡s♦ ② ♥♦ ❞❡❥❛ ❡♥tr❛r ❤❛st❛ q✉❡
✐♥❣r❡s❡♠♦s ❧❛ ❝❧❛✈❡ ❝♦rr❡❝t❛✳ ❈♦♠♦ ❛✉♥ ♠❛♥❡❥❛♠♦s ❝❛❞❡♥❛s ❞❡ t❡①t♦✱ ❧❛ ❝❧❛✈❡ ❡s ✉♥ ♥ú♠❡r♦✿

✶ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ st❞✐♦ ✳❤ ❃
✷
✸ ✐♥t ♠❛✐♥ ✭✮ ④
✹ ✐♥t ✈❛❧✐❞❛ ❂ ✼✶✶❀
✺ ✐♥t ❝❧❛✈❡ ❀
✻ ❞♦ ④
✼ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ■♥tr♦❞✉③❝❛ s✉ ❝❧❛✈❡ ♥✉♠ é r✐❝❛ ✿ ✧✮❀
✽ s❝❛♥❢ ✭✧ ✪❞✧ ✱ ✫ ❝❧❛✈❡ ✮❀
✾ ✐❢ ✭ ❝❧❛✈❡ ✦❂ ✈❛❧✐❞❛ ✮ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ◆♦ ✈á ❧✐❞❛ ✦❭ ♥✧✮❀
✶✵ ⑥
✶✶ ✇❤✐❧❡ ✭ ❝❧❛✈❡ ❂❂ ✈❛❧✐❞❛ ✮❀
✶✷ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❆❝❡♣t❛❞❛ ✳❭ ♥✧✮ ❀
✶✸ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✶✹ ⑥
❊♥ ❡st❡ ❝❛s♦✱ s❡ ❝♦♠♣r✉❡❜❛ ❧❛ ❝♦♥❞✐❝✐ó♥ ❛❧ ✜♥❛❧✱ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ q✉❡ ♣r❡❣✉♥t❛ ❧❛ ❝❧❛✈❡ ❛❧ ♠❡♥♦s ✉♥❛
✈❡③✳ ▼✐❡♥tr❛s q✉❡ ❧❛ r❡s♣✉❡st❛ ♥♦ s❡❛ ❝♦rr❡❝t❛✱ ✈✉❡❧✈❡ ❛ ♣r❡❣✉♥t❛r✳ ❋✐♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❝✉❛♥❞♦ ❧❛ ❝❧❛✈❡
❝♦rr❡❝t❛✱ ❡❧ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r ♠✉❡str❛ ✏❆❝❡♣t❛❞❛✑ ② t❡r♠✐♥❛✳

✺✳✷✳✹✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦s ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦s

✶✳ ❈r❡❛r ✉♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ q✉❡ s♦❧✐❝✐t❡ ♥ú♠❡r♦s ♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ② ❝❛❧❝✉❧❡ ❧❛ s✉♠❛ ❞❡ t♦❞♦s ❡❧❧♦s ✭t❡r♠✐♥❛
❝✉❛♥❞♦ s❡ ✐♥❣r❡s❡ ✉♥ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ♥❡❣❛t✐✈♦ ♦ ❝❡r♦✮✳

✷✳ ❈r❡❛ ✉♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ q✉❡ ♠✉❡str❡ ❡♥ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛ ❧♦s ♥ú♠❡r♦s ❞❡❧ ✶ ❛❧ ✶✵✱ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ✧❞♦✳✳✇❤✐❧❡✧✳

✸✳ ❈r❡❛ ✉♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ q✉❡ ♠✉❡str❡ ❡♥ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛ ❧♦s ♥ú♠❡r♦s ♣❛r❡s ❞❡❧ ✷✻ ❛❧ ✶✵ ✭❞❡s❝❡♥❞✐❡♥❞♦✮✱
✉s❛♥❞♦ ✧❞♦✳✳✇❤✐❧❡✧✳

✹✳ ❈r❡❛ ✉♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ q✉❡ ♣✐❞❛ ✉♥ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❞❡ ✉s✉❛r✐♦ ✭✉♥ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❡♥t❡r♦✮ ② s✉ ❝♦♥tr❛s❡ñ❛
♥✉♠ér✐❝❛ ✭♦tr♦ ❡♥t❡r♦✮✱ ② ♥♦ s✐❣❛ ❤❛st❛ q✉❡ ✐♥tr♦❞✉③❝❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ✶✵✷✹ ② ❝♦♥tr❛s❡ñ❛
✹✺✻✼✳

✺✳✷✳✺✳ ❢♦r

➱st❛ ❡s ❧❛ ♦r❞❡♥ q✉❡ ✉s❛♠♦s ♣❛r❛ ❝r❡❛r ♣❛rt❡s ❞❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ q✉❡ s❡ r❡♣✐t❛♥ ✉♥ ❝✐❡rt♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦
❞❡ ✈❡❝❡s✳ ❊❧ ❢♦r♠❛t♦ ❞❡ ✏❢♦r✑ ❡s✿

✺✸
 ✶ ❢♦r ✭ ✈❛❧♦r■♥✐❝✐❛❧ ❀ ❈♦♥❞✐❝✐ ó ♥❘❡♣❡t✐❝✐ ó ♥❀ ■♥❝r❡♠❡♥t♦ ✮
✷ ❙❡♥t❡♥❝✐❛ ❀
❆sí✱ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥t❛r ❞❡❧ ✶ ❛❧ ✶✵✱ t❡♥❡♠♦s ✶ ❝♦♠♦ ✈❛❧♦r ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧✱ ❁❂✶✵ ❝♦♠♦ ❝♦♥❞✐❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ r❡♣❡t✐❝✐ó♥✱ ②
❡❧ ✐♥❝r❡♠❡♥t♦ ❡s ❞❡ ✶ ❡♥ ✶✳ P♦r t❛♥t♦✱ ❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ q✉❡❞❛✿

✶ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ st❞✐♦ ✳❤ ❃
✷
✸ ✐♥t ♠❛✐♥ ✭✮ ④
✹ ✐♥t ❝♦♥t❛❞♦r ❀
✺ ❢♦r ✭ ❝♦♥t❛❞♦r ❂✶❀ ❝♦♥t❛❞♦r ❁❂✶✵❀ ❝♦♥t❛❞♦r ✰✰✮
✻ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ✪❞ ✧ ✱ ❝♦♥t❛❞♦r ✮❀
✼ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✽ ⑥
❘❡❝♦r❞❡♠♦s q✉❡ ✏ ❝♦♥t❛❞♦r✰✰✑ ❡s ✉♥❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❛❜r❡✈✐❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❡s❝r✐❜✐r ✏ ❝♦♥t❛❞♦r❂❝♦♥t❛❞♦r✰✶✑✱ ❞❡
♠♦❞♦ q✉❡ ❡♥ ❡st❡ ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛♠♦s ❧❛ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ ❞❡ ✉♥♦ ❡♥ ✉♥♦✳

✺✳✷✳✻✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦s ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦s

✶✳ ❈r❡❛r ✉♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ q✉❡ ♠✉❡str❡ ❧♦s ♥ú♠❡r♦s ❞❡❧ ✶✺ ❛❧ ✺✱ ❞❡s❝❡♥❞✐❡♥❞♦ ✭♣✐st❛✿ ❡♥ ❝❛❞❛ ♣❛s❛❞❛
❞❡s❝♦♥t❛r ✶✱ ♣♦r ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦ ❤❛❝✐❡♥❞♦ ✐✕✮✳

✷✳ ❈r❡❛r ✉♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ q✉❡ ♠✉❡str❡ ❧♦s ♣r✐♠❡r♦s ♦❝❤♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦s ♣❛r❡s ✭♣✐st❛✿ ❡♥ ❝❛❞❛ ♣❛s❛❞❛
❛✉♠❡♥t❛r ❞❡ ✷ ❡♥ ✷✱ ♦ ❜✐❡♥ ♠♦str❛r ❡❧ ❞♦❜❧❡ ❞❡❧ ✈❛❧♦r q✉❡ ❤❛❝❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥t❛❞♦r✮✳

❊♥ ✉♥ ✏❢♦r✑✱ r❡❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❧❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❧❧❛♠❛❞❛ ✏■♥❝r❡♠❡♥t♦✑ ♥♦ ✐♥❝r❡♠❡♥t❛ ❧❛ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡✱ ❛✉♥q✉❡ ❡s s✉

✉s♦ ❤❛❜✐t✉❛❧✳ ❊s ✉♥❛ ♦r❞❡♥ q✉❡ s❡ ❡❥❡❝✉t❛ ❝✉❛♥❞♦ s❡ t❡r♠✐♥❡ ❧❛ ✏❙❡♥t❡♥❝✐❛✑ ② ❛♥t❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣r♦❜❛r
s✐ t♦❞❛✈í❛ s❡ ❝✉♠♣❧❡ ❧❛ ❝♦♥❞✐❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ r❡♣❡t✐❝✐ó♥✳

P♦r ❡s♦✱ s✐ ❡s❝r✐❜✐♠♦s ❧❛ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❧í♥❡❛✿

❢♦r ✭❝♦♥t❛❞♦r❂✶❀ ❝♦♥t❛❞♦r❁❂✶✵❀ ✮

❧❛ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ ✏❝♦♥t❛❞♦r✑ ♥♦ s❡ ✐♥❝r❡♠❡♥t❛ ♥✉♥❝❛✱ ♣♦r ❧♦ q✉❡ ♥✉♥❝❛ s❡ ❝✉♠♣❧❡ ❧❛ ❝♦♥❞✐❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ s❛❧✐❞❛✿
q✉❡❞❛♠♦s ❡♥❝❡rr❛❞♦s ❞❛♥❞♦ ✈✉❡❧t❛s ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ♦r❞❡♥ q✉❡ s✐❣❛ ❛❧ ✏❢♦r✑✳

❯♥ ❝❛s♦ ❡①❛❣❡r❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❛❧❣♦ q✉❡ ❡♥tr❛ ② ❞❡ ❧♦ q✉❡ ♥♦ s❡ s❛❧❡ ❡s ❧❛ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ♦r❞❡♥✿ ❢♦r ✭ ❀ ❀ ✮
▲♦s ❜✉❝❧❡s ✏❢♦r✑ s❡ ♣✉❡❞❡♥ ❛♥✐❞❛r ✭✐♥❝❧✉✐r ✉♥♦ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ♦tr♦✮✱ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ q✉❡ ❡s❝r✐❜✐♠♦s ❧❛s t❛❜❧❛s
❞❡ ♠✉❧t✐♣❧✐❝❛r ❞❡❧ ✶ ❛❧ ✺ ❝♦♥✿

✶ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ st❞✐♦ ✳❤ ❃
✷
✸ ✐♥t ♠❛✐♥ ✭✮ ④
✹ ✐♥t t❛❜❧❛ ✱ ♥✉♠❡r♦ ❀
✺ ❢♦r ✭ t❛❜❧❛ ❂✶❀ t❛❜❧❛ ❁❂✺❀ t❛❜❧❛ ✰✰✮
✻ ❢♦r ✭ ♥✉♠❡r♦ ❂✶❀ ♥✉♠❡r♦ ❁❂✶✵❀ ♥✉♠❡r♦ ✰✰✮
✼ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ✪❞ ♣♦r ✪❞ ❡s ✪❞ ❭♥✧ ✱ t❛❜❧❛ ✱ ♥✉♠❡r♦ ✱ t❛❜❧❛ ✯ ♥✉♠❡r♦ ✮ ❀
✽ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✾ ⑥
❊♥ ❡st♦s ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s ✈✐♠♦s q✉❡ ❞❡s♣✉és ❞❡ ✏❢♦r✑ ❤❛② ✉♥❛ ú♥✐❝❛ s❡♥t❡♥❝✐❛✳ ❙✐ q✉❡r❡♠♦s ❤❛❝❡r ✈❛r✐❛s
❝♦s❛s✱ ❜❛st❛ ❞❡✜♥✐r❧❛s ❝♦♠♦ ✉♥ ❜❧♦q✉❡ ✭✉♥❛ s❡♥t❡♥❝✐❛ ❝♦♠♣✉❡st❛✮ ❡♥tr❡ ❧❧❛✈❡s✳ P❛r❛ ♠❡❥♦r❛r ❡❧
❡❥❡♠♣❧♦ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r ♣❛r❛ ❞❡❥❛r ✉♥❛ ❧í♥❡❛ ❡♥ ❜❧❛♥❝♦ ❡♥tr❡ t❛❜❧❛ ② t❛❜❧❛✿

✺✹
 ✶ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ st❞✐♦ ✳❤ ❃
✷
✸ ✐♥t ♠❛✐♥ ✭✮ ④
✹ ✐♥t t❛❜❧❛ ✱ ♥✉♠❡r♦ ❀
✺ ❢♦r ✭ t❛❜❧❛ ❂✶❀ t❛❜❧❛ ❁❂✺❀ t❛❜❧❛ ✰✰✮ ④
✻ ❢♦r ✭ ♥✉♠❡r♦ ❂✶❀ ♥✉♠❡r♦ ❁❂✶✵❀ ♥✉♠❡r♦ ✰✰✮
✼ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ✪❞ ♣♦r ✪❞ ❡s ✪❞ ❭♥✧ ✱ t❛❜❧❛ ✱ ♥✉♠❡r♦ ✱ t❛❜❧❛ ✯ ♥✉♠❡r♦ ✮ ❀
✽ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❭♥✧✮❀
✾ ⑥
✶✵ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✶✶ ⑥

❆❧ ✐❣✉❛❧ q✉❡ ♦❝✉rr❡ ❝♦♥ ï❢ ❝♦♥ ✧✇❤✐❧❡✧✱ ❡s ❝♦st✉♠❜r❡ ✐♥❝❧✉✐r ❧❛s ❧❧❛✈❡s✱ ❛✉♥q✉❡ ❤❛②❛ ✉♥❛ ú♥✐❝❛
✷

♦r❞❡♥ q✉❡ s❡ r❡♣✐t❛ ❡♥ ❡❧ ✧❢♦r✧✱ ♣❛r❛ ❡✈✐t❛r ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♠✐❡♥t♦s ✐♥❝♦rr❡❝t♦s ❡♥ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ ❛ñ❛❞✐r ♠ás
s❡♥t❡♥❝✐❛s q✉❡ ❞❡❜❛♥ r❡♣❡t✐rs❡ ② s❡ ♦❧✈✐❞❛ ✐♥❝❧✉✐r ❧❛s ❧❧❛✈❡s ❡♥ ❡s❡ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦✳

P❛r❛ ✏❝♦♥t❛r✑ ♥♦ ♥❡❝❡s❛r✐❛♠❡♥t❡ ❤❛② q✉❡ ✉s❛r ♥ú♠❡r♦s✳ P♦r ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❝♦♥t❛♠♦s ❧❡tr❛s ❛sí✿

✶ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ st❞✐♦ ✳❤ ❃
✷
✸ ✐♥t ♠❛✐♥ ✭✮ ④
✹ ❝❤❛r ❧❡tr❛ ❀
✺ ❢♦r ✭ ❧❡tr❛ ❂ ✬❛ ✬❀ ❧❡tr❛ ❁❂ ✬③ ✬❀ ❧❡tr❛ ✰✰✮
✻ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ✪❝✧ ✱ ❧❡tr❛ ✮❀
✼ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✽ ⑥

❊♥ ❡st❡ ❝❛s♦✱ ❡♠♣❡③❛♠♦s ❡♥ ✏❛✑ ② t❡r♠✐♥❛♠♦s ❡♥ ✏③✑✱ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛♥❞♦ ❞❡ ✉♥♦ ❡♥ ✉♥♦✳

❙✐ q✉❡r❡♠♦s ❝♦♥t❛r ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡❝r❡❝✐❡♥t❡✱ ♦ ❞❡ ❞♦s ❡♥ ❞♦s✱ ♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✐♥t❡r❡s❡✱ ❜❛st❛ ✐♥❞✐❝❛r❧♦ ❡♥ ❧❛
❝♦♥❞✐❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ✜♥❛❧✐③❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡❧ ✏❢♦r✑ ② ❡♥ ❧❛ ♣❛rt❡ q✉❡ ❧♦ ✐♥❝r❡♠❡♥t❛✿

✶ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ st❞✐♦ ✳❤ ❃
✷
✸ ✐♥t ♠❛✐♥ ✭✮ ④
✹ ❝❤❛r ❧❡tr❛ ❀
✺ ❢♦r ✭ ❧❡tr❛ ❂ ✬③ ✬❀ ❧❡tr❛ ❃❂ ✬❛ ✬❀ ❧❡tr❛ ✲❂✷✮
✻ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ✪❝✧ ✱ ❧❡tr❛ ✮❀
✼ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✽ ⑥

✺✳✷✳✼✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦s ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦s

✶✳ ❈r❡❛r ✉♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ q✉❡ ♠✉❡str❡ ❧❛s ❧❡tr❛s ❞❡ ❧❛ ❩ ❛ ❧❛ ❆ ✭♠❛②ús❝✉❧❛s✱ ❞❡s❝❡♥❞❡♥t❡✮✳

✷✳ ❈r❡❛r ✉♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ q✉❡ ♠✉❡str❡ ❡♥ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛ ❧❛ t❛❜❧❛ ❞❡ ♠✉❧t✐♣❧✐❝❛r ❞❡❧ ✻✳

✸✳ ❈r❡❛r ✉♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ q✉❡ ♠✉❡str❡ ❡♥ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛ ❧♦s ♥ú♠❡r♦s ❞❡❧ ✶ ❛❧ ✺✵ q✉❡ s❡❛♥ ♠ú❧t✐♣❧♦s ❞❡
✸ ✭♣✐st❛✿ r❡❝♦rr❡r ❡s♦s ♥ú♠❡r♦s ② ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛r s✐ ❡❧ r❡st♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❞✐✈✐s✐ó♥ ❡♥tr❡ ✸ r❡s✉❧t❛ ✵✮✳

✺✺
✺✳✷✳✽✳ ❙❡♥t❡♥❝✐❛ ❜r❡❛❦

❙❛❧✐♠♦s ❞❡ ✉♥ ❜✉❝❧❡ ✏❢♦r✑ ❛♥t❡s ❞❡ t✐❡♠♣♦ ❝♦♥ ❧❛ ♦r❞❡♥ ✏❜r❡❛❦✑✿

✶ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ st❞✐♦ ✳❤ ❃
✷
✸ ✐♥t ♠❛✐♥ ✭✮ ④
✹ ✐♥t ✐ ❀
✺
✻ ❢♦r ✭ ✐ ❂✵❀ ✐ ❁❂✶✵❀ ✐ ✰✰✮ ④
✼ ✐❢ ✭✐ ❂❂✺✮ ❜r❡❛❦ ❀
✽ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ✪❞ ✧ ✱ ✐✮ ❀
✾ ⑥
✶✵
✶✶ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✶✷ ⑥
❊❧ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❡st❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❡s✿

✵ ✶ ✷ ✸ ✹
✭❡♥ ❝✉❛♥t♦ s❡ ❧❧❡❣❛ ❛❧ ✈❛❧♦r ✺✱ s❡ ✐♥t❡rr✉♠♣❡ ❡❧ ✏❢♦r✑✱ ♣♦r ❧♦ q✉❡ ♥♦ s❡ ❛❧❝❛♥③❛ ❡❧ ✈❛❧♦r ✶✵✮✳

✺✳✷✳✾✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦ ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦

✶✳ ❈r❡❛r ✉♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ q✉❡ s♦❧✐❝✐t❡ ✉♥ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ✭❡♥tr❡ ✶ ② ✶✵✵✮ ② ♠✉❡str❡ t❛♥t❛s ❧❡tr❛s ✑❆✑ ❝♦♠♦
✐♥❞✐q✉❡ ❡s❡ ♥ú♠❡r♦✱ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ✧❜r❡❛❦✧♣❛r❛ t❡r♠✐♥❛r✳

✺✳✷✳✶✵✳ ❙❡♥t❡♥❝✐❛ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❡

P♦❞❡♠♦s s❛❧t❛r ❛❧❣✉♥❛ r❡♣❡t✐❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ✉♥ ❜✉❝❧❡ ❝♦♥ ❧❛ ♦r❞❡♥ ✏❝♦♥t✐♥✉❡✑✿

✶ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ st❞✐♦ ✳❤ ❃
✷
✸ ✐♥t ♠❛✐♥ ✭✮ ④
✹ ✐♥t ✐ ❀
✺ ❢♦r ✭ ✐ ❂✵❀ ✐ ❁❂✶✵❀ ✐ ✰✰✮ ④
✻ ✐❢ ✭✐ ❂❂✺✮ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❡ ❀
✼ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ✪❞ ✧ ✱ ✐✮ ❀
✽ ⑥
✾ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✶✵ ⑥
❊❧ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❡st❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❡s✿

✵ ✶ ✷ ✸ ✹ ✻ ✼ ✽ ✾ ✶✵
❊♥ é❧✱ ♦❜s❡r✈❛♠♦s q✉❡ ♥♦ ❛♣❛r❡❝❡ ❡❧ ✈❛❧♦r ✺✳

✺✳✷✳✶✶✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦ ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦

✶✳ ❈r❡❛r ✉♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ q✉❡ ♣✐❞❛ ✉♥ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ✭❡♥tr❡ ✶ ② ✷✵✮ ② ♠✉❡str❡ ❧♦s ♥ú♠❡r♦s ❡❧ ✶ ❛❧ ✷✵✱
❡①❝❡♣t♦ ❡❧ ✐♥❞✐❝❛❞♦ ♣♦r ❡❧ ✉s✉❛r✐♦✱ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ç♦♥t✐♥✉❡✧♣❛r❛ ❡✈✐t❛r ❡s❡ ✈❛❧♦r✳

✺✻
 ✷✳ ➽◗✉é ♠✉❡str❛ ❡♥ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛ ❡st❡ ❢r❛❣♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦❄ ❢♦r ✭✐❂✶❀ ✐❁✹❀ ✐✰✰✮♣r✐♥t❢✭✧ ✪❞✧✱
✐✮❀
✸✳ ➽◗✉é ♠✉❡str❛ ❡♥ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛ ❡st❡ ❢r❛❣♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦❄ ❢♦r ✭✐❂✶❀ ✐❃✹❀ ✐✰✰✮♣r✐♥t❢✭✧ ✪❞✧✱
✐✮❀
✹✳ ➽◗✉é ♠✉❡str❛ ❡♥ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛ ❡st❡ ❢r❛❣♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦❄ ❢♦r ✭✐❂✶❀ ✐❁❂✹❀ ✐✰✰✮❀ ♣r✐♥t❢✭✧ ✪
❞✧✱ ✐✮❀
✺✳ ➽◗✉é ♠✉❡str❛ ❡♥ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛ ❡st❡ ❢r❛❣♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦❄ ❢♦r ✭✐❂✶❀ ✐❁✹❀ ✮♣r✐♥t❢✭✧ ✪❞✧✱ ✐✮❀
✻✳ ➽◗✉é ♠✉❡str❛ ❡♥ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛ ❡st❡ ❢r❛❣♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦❄ ❢♦r ✭✐❂✶❀ ❀ ✐✰✰✮♣r✐♥t❢✭✧ ✪❞✧✱ ✐✮❀
✼✳ ➽◗✉é ♠✉❡str❛ ❡♥ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛ ❡st❡ ❢r❛❣♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦❄

✶ ❢♦r ✭ ✐❂ ✵ ❀ ✐ ❁❂ ✹ ❀ ✐ ✰✰✮ ④
✷ ✐❢ ✭ ✐ ❂❂ ✷ ✮ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❡ ❀ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭ ✧ ✪❞ ✧ ✱ ✐ ✮❀ ⑥

✽✳ ➽◗✉é ♠✉❡str❛ ❡♥ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛ ❡st❡ ❢r❛❣♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦❄

✶ ❢♦r ✭ ✐❂ ✵ ❀ ✐ ❁❂ ✹ ❀ ✐ ✰✰✮ ④
✷ ✐❢ ✭ ✐ ❂❂ ✷ ✮ ❜r❡❛❦ ❀ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭ ✧ ✪❞ ✧ ✱ ✐ ✮❀ ⑥

✾✳ ➽◗✉é ♠✉❡str❛ ❡♥ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛ ❡st❡ ❢r❛❣♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦❄

✶ ❢♦r ✭ ✐❂ ✵ ❀ ✐ ❁❂ ✹ ❀ ✐ ✰✰✮ ④
✷ ✐❢ ✭ ✐ ❂❂ ✶✵ ✮ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❡ ❀ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭ ✧ ✪❞ ✧ ✱ ✐✮❀ ⑥

✶✵✳ ➽◗✉é ♠✉❡str❛ ❡♥ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛ ❡st❡ ❢r❛❣♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦❄

✶ ❢♦r ✭ ✐❂ ✵ ❀ ✐ ❁❂ ✹ ❀ ✐ ✰✰✮
✷ ✐❢ ✭ ✐ ❂❂ ✷ ✮ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❡ ❀ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭ ✧ ✪❞ ✧ ✱ ✐ ✮❀

✺✳✷✳✶✷✳ ❙❡♥t❡♥❝✐❛ ❣♦t♦

❊❧ ❧❡♥❣✉❛❥❡ ❈ t❛♠❜✐é♥ ❛❞♠✐t❡ ❧❛ ♦r❞❡♥ ✏❣♦t♦✑✱ ♣❛r❛ ❤❛❝❡r s❛❧t♦s ✐♥❝♦♥❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧❡s✳ ❙✉ ✉s♦
✐♥❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛❞♦ ❡stá ♠❛❧ ✈✐st♦✱ ♣♦rq✉❡ ❛②✉❞❛ ❛ ❤❛❝❡r ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s ❧❧❡♥♦s ❞❡ s❛❧t♦s✱ ❞✐❢í❝✐❧❡s ❞❡ s❡❣✉✐r✳
P❡r♦ ❡♥ ❝❛s♦s ❝♦♥❝r❡t♦s ♣✉❡❞❡ s❡r ♠✉② út✐❧✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛r❛ s❛❧✐r ❞❡ ✉♥ ❜✉❝❧❡ ♠✉② ❛♥✐❞❛❞♦ ✭✉♥ ✏❢♦r✑
❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ♦tr♦ ✏❢♦r✑ q✉❡ ❛ s✉ ✈❡③ ❡stá ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ♦tr♦ ✏❢♦r✑✿ ❡♥ ❡st❡ ❝❛s♦✱ ✏❜r❡❛❦✑ só❧♦ s❛❧❞rí❛ ❞❡❧
✏❢♦r✑ ♠ás ✐♥t❡r♥♦✮✳

❊❧ ❢♦r♠❛t♦ ❞❡ ✏❣♦t♦✑ ❡s✿

✶ ❣♦t♦ ❢✐♥ ❀
② ❧❛ ♣♦s✐❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ s❛❧t♦ s❡ ✐♥❞✐❝❛ ❝♦♥ s✉ ♥♦♠❜r❡ s❡❣✉✐❞♦ ❞❡ ❞♦s ♣✉♥t♦s ✭✿✮

❝♦♠♦ ❡♥ ❡❧ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦✿

✶ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ st❞✐♦ ✳❤ ❃
✷
✸ ✐♥t ♠❛✐♥ ✭✮ ④
✹ ✐♥t ✐ ✱ ❥❀
✺

✺✼
 ✻ ❢♦r ✭ ✐ ❂✵❀ ✐ ❁❂✺❀ ✐ ✰✰✮
✼ ❢♦r ✭ ❥ ❂✵❀ ❥ ❁❂✷✵❀ ❥ ✰❂✷✮ ④
✽ ✐❢ ✭✭ ✐ ❂❂✶✮ ✫✫ ✭❥ ❃❂✼✮ ✮ ❣♦t♦ s❛❧✐❞❛ ❀
✾ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ✐ ✈❛❧❡ ✪❞ ② ❥ ✈❛❧❡ ✪❞ ✳❭ ♥✧ ✱ ✐ ✱ ❥✮❀
✶✵ ⑥
✶✶ s❛❧✐❞❛ ✿
✶✷ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❋✐♥ ❞❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❭ ♥✧✮ ❀
✶✸
✶✹ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✶✺ ⑥
❊❧ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❡st❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❡s✿

✶ ✐ ✈❛❧❡ ✵ ② ❥ ✈❛❧❡ ✵✳
✷ ✐ ✈❛❧❡ ✵ ② ❥ ✈❛❧❡ ✷✳
✸ ✐ ✈❛❧❡ ✵ ② ❥ ✈❛❧❡ ✹✳
✹ ✐ ✈❛❧❡ ✵ ② ❥ ✈❛❧❡ ✻✳
✺ ✐ ✈❛❧❡ ✵ ② ❥ ✈❛❧❡ ✽✳
✻ ✐ ✈❛❧❡ ✵ ② ❥ ✈❛❧❡ ✶✵✳
✼ ✐ ✈❛❧❡ ✵ ② ❥ ✈❛❧❡ ✶✷✳
✽ ✐ ✈❛❧❡ ✵ ② ❥ ✈❛❧❡ ✶✹✳
✾ ✐ ✈❛❧❡ ✵ ② ❥ ✈❛❧❡ ✶✻✳
✶✵ ✐ ✈❛❧❡ ✵ ② ❥ ✈❛❧❡ ✶✽✳
✶✶ ✐ ✈❛❧❡ ✵ ② ❥ ✈❛❧❡ ✷✵✳
✶✷ ✐ ✈❛❧❡ ✶ ② ❥ ✈❛❧❡ ✵✳
✶✸ ✐ ✈❛❧❡ ✶ ② ❥ ✈❛❧❡ ✷✳
✶✹ ✐ ✈❛❧❡ ✶ ② ❥ ✈❛❧❡ ✹✳
✶✺ ✐ ✈❛❧❡ ✶ ② ❥ ✈❛❧❡ ✻✳
✶✻ ❋✐♥ ❞❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛
❱❡♠♦s q✉❡ ❝✉❛♥❞♦ ✐❂✶ ② ❥❃❂✼✱ s❡ s❛❧❡ ❞❡ ❧♦s ❞♦s ✏❢♦r✑✳

✺✳✷✳✶✸✳ ❘❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❧♦s ❞✐st✐♥t♦s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❜✉❝❧❡

❊♥ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✱ ✐♥t❡r❡s❛ ✉s❛r ✏✇❤✐❧❡✑ ❝✉❛♥❞♦ ❧❛ ♣❛rt❡ r❡♣❡t✐t✐✈❛ ♥♦ s❡ ❧❧❡❣✉❡ ❛ r❡♣❡t✐r ♥✉♥❝❛
✭❝✉❛♥❞♦ ❧❡❡♠♦s ✉♥ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦✱ s✐ ❡stá ✈❛❝í♦✱ ♥♦ ❤❛❜rá ❞❛t♦s q✉❡ ❧❡❡r✮✳

❉❡ ✐❣✉❛❧ ♠♦❞♦✱ ✏❞♦✳✳✳✇❤✐❧❡✑ ❡s ❧♦ ❛❞❡❝✉❛❞♦ ❝✉❛♥❞♦ q✉❡r❡♠♦s r❡♣❡t✐r ❛❧ ♠❡♥♦s ✉♥❛ ✈❡③ ✭♣❡❞✐r
✉♥❛ ❝❧❛✈❡ ❞❡ ❛❝❝❡s♦✱ s❡ ♣r❡❣✉♥t❛r ❛❧ ♠❡♥♦s ✉♥❛ ✈❡③ ❛❧ ✉s✉❛r✐♦✱ ♦ q✉✐③á ♠ás ✈❡❝❡s✱ s✐ ❧❛ ✐♥❣r❡s❛
❝♦rr❡❝t❛♠❡♥t❡✮✳

❊♥ ❝✉❛♥t♦ ❛ ✏❢♦r✑✱ ❡s ❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥t❡ ❛ ✉♥ ✏✇❤✐❧❡✑✱ ♣❡r♦ ❧❛ s✐♥t❛①✐s ❤❛❜✐t✉❛❧ ❞❡ ❧❛ ♦r❞❡♥ ✏❢♦r✑ ❤❛❝❡ q✉❡
s❡❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ út✐❧ ❝✉❛♥❞♦ s❛❜❡♠♦s ❡①❛❝t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝✉❛♥t❛s ✈❡❝❡s q✉❡r❡♠♦s q✉❡ s❡ r❡♣✐t❛ ✭✶✵
✈❡❝❡s ❡s ✏❢♦r ✭✐❂✶❀ ✐❁❂✶✵❀ ✐✰✰✮✑✮✳

✺✳✷✳✶✹✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦s ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦s

✶✳ ❈r❡❛r ✉♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ q✉❡ ❞é ❛❧ ✉s✉❛r✐♦ ❧❛ ♦♣♦rt✉♥✐❞❛❞ ❞❡ ❛❞✐✈✐♥❛r ✉♥ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡❧ ✶ ❛❧ ✶✵✵

✭♣r❡✜❥❛❞♦ ❡♥ ❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛✮ ❡♥ ✉♥ ♠á①✐♠♦ ❞❡ ✻ ✐♥t❡♥t♦s✳ ❊♥ ❝❛❞❛ ♣❛s❛❞❛ ❛✈✐s❛ ❞❡ s✐ s❡ ❤❛
♣❛s❛❞♦ ♦ s❡ ❤❛ q✉❡❞❛❞♦ ❝♦rt♦✳

✺✽
✷✳ ❈r❡❛r ✉♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ q✉❡ ❞❡s❝♦♠♣♦♥❣❛ ✉♥ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❝♦♠♦ ♣r♦❞✉❝t♦ ❞❡ s✉ ❢❛❝t♦r❡s ♣r✐♠♦s✳ P♦r

❡❥❡♠♣❧♦✱ ✻✵ ❂ ✷ ✯ ✷ ✯ ✸ ✯ ✺

✺✾
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✻

❊♥tr❛❞❛✴s❛❧✐❞❛ ❜ás✐❝❛

❱❡❛♠♦s ❝♦♥ ❞❡t❛❧❧❡ ❧❛s ór❞❡♥❡s ❤❛❜✐t✉❛❧❡s ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ② s❛❧✐❞❛ ❡stá♥❞❛r✿ ♣r✐♥t❢ ② s❝❛♥❢✱
q✉❡ ②❛ ❝♦♥♦❝❡♠♦s✱ ♣✉t❝❤❛r ② ❣❡t❝❤❛r✱ q✉❡ ❛✉♥ ♥♦ ❤❛❜í❛♠♦s ✈✐st♦✳ ❚♦❞❛s ❡❧❧❛s s❡ ❡♥❝✉❡♥tr❛♥
❞❡✜♥✐❞❛s ❡♥ ❁st❞✐♦✳❤❃

✻✳✶✳ ♣r✐♥t❢

❈♦♥♦❝❡♠♦s ❡❧ ♠❛♥❡❥♦ ❜ás✐❝♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ♦r❞❡♥ ✑ ♣r✐♥t❢✑✿

printf (f ormato[dato1 , ..., daton ])

✭❡❧ ❝♦r❝❤❡t❡ ✐♥❞✐❝❛ q✉❡ ❧❛ ❝❛❞❡♥❛ ❞❡ t❡①t♦ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛t♦ ❞❡❜❡ ❡①✐st✐r✱ ♣❡r♦ ❧♦s ❞❛t♦s ❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧❡s s♦♥
♦♣❝✐♦♥❛❧❡s✱ ♣✉❡❞❡♥ ♥♦ ❛♣❛r❡❝❡r✮✳

❊st❛ ♦r❞❡♥ ♠✉❡str❛ ✉♥ t❡①t♦ ❢♦r♠❛t❡❛❞♦ ❡♥ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛✳ P❛r❛ ✉s❛r❧❛ ❡s ♥❡❝❡s❛r✐♦ ✐♥❝❧✉✐r ❁st❞✐♦✳❤❃❛❧
♣r✐♥❝✐♣✐♦ ❞❡ ♥✉❡str♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛✳ ❍❡♠♦s ✈✐st♦ ❝ó♠♦ ❡♠♣❧❡❛r❧❛ ♣❛r❛ ♠♦str❛r ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❡♥t❡r♦s✱ ♥ú✲
♠❡r♦s r❡❛❧❡s ② ❝❛r❛❝t❡r❡s✳ ❱❡❛♠♦s ♠ás ❞❡t❛❧❧❡s s♦❜r❡ q✉é ♠♦str❛r ② ❝ó♠♦ ❤❛❝❡r❧♦✳

❧♦s ✑❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛t♦✑ s♦♥✿

❝ ❯♥ ú♥✐❝♦ ❝❛rá❝t❡r
❞ ❯♥ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❡♥t❡r♦ ❞❡❝✐♠❛❧ ✭❡♥ ❜❛s❡ ✶✵✮ ❝♦♥ s✐❣♥♦
❢ ❯♥ ♥ú♠❡r♦ r❡❛❧ ✭❝♦♠❛ ✢♦t❛♥t❡✮
❡ ❯♥ ♥ú♠❡r♦ r❡❛❧ ❡♥ ♥♦t❛❝✐ó♥ ❡①♣♦♥❡♥❝✐❛❧✱ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❧❛ ✑❡✑ ♠✐♥ús❝✉❧❛
❊ ❯♥ ♥ú♠❡r♦ r❡❛❧ ❡♥ ♥♦t❛❝✐ó♥ ❡①♣♦♥❡♥❝✐❛❧✱ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❧❛ ✑❊✑ ♠❛②ús❝✉❧❛
❣ ❯s❛ ✑❡✑ ♦ ✑❢ ✑ ✭❡❧ ♠ás ❝♦rt♦✮✱ ❝♦♥ ✑❡✑ ♠✐♥ús❝✉❧❛
● ❯s❛ ✑❡✑ ♦ ✑❢ ✑ ✭❡❧ ♠ás ❝♦rt♦✮✱ ❝♦♥ ✑❊✑ ♠❛②ús❝✉❧❛
✐ ❯♥ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❡♥t❡r♦ ❞❡❝✐♠❛❧ ❝♦♥ s✐❣♥♦
✉ ❯♥ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❡♥t❡r♦ ❞❡❝✐♠❛❧ s✐♥ s✐❣♥♦ ✭✉♥s✐❣♥❡❞✮
❤ ❈♦rt♦ ✭♠♦❞✐✜❝❛❞♦r ♣❛r❛ ✉♥ ❡♥t❡r♦✮
❧ ▲❛r❣♦ ✭♠♦❞✐✜❝❛❞♦r ♣❛r❛ ✉♥ ❡♥t❡r♦✮
① ❯♥ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❡♥t❡r♦ ❞❡❝✐♠❛❧ s✐♥ s✐❣♥♦ ❡♥ ❤❡①❛❞❡❝✐♠❛❧ ✭❜❛s❡ ✶✻✮
❳ ❯♥ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❡♥t❡r♦ ❞❡❝✐♠❛❧ s✐♥ s✐❣♥♦ ❡♥ ❤❡①❛❞❡❝✐♠❛❧ ❡♥ ♠❛②ús❝✉❧❛s
♦ ❯♥ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❡♥t❡r♦ ❞❡❝✐♠❛❧ s✐♥ s✐❣♥♦ ❡♥ ♦❝t❛❧ ✭❜❛s❡ ✽✮
s ❯♥❛ ❝❛❞❡♥❛ ❞❡ t❡①t♦ ✭q✉❡ ✈❡r❡♠♦s ❡♥ ❡❧ ♣ró①✐♠♦ t❡♠❛✮

❙✐ ✉s❛♠♦s ✪ s❡ ♠✉❡str❛ ❡❧ sí♠❜♦❧♦ ❞❡ ♣♦r❝❡♥t❛❥❡ ❡♥ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛✳

✻✵
❊①✐st❡ ♦tr❛ ♣♦s✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞ q✉❡ tr❛t❛♠♦s ❡♥ ❡❧ ❛♣❛rt❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❧♦s ✑♣✉♥t❡r♦s✑✳

❆❞❡♠ás✱ ❧❛s ór❞❡♥❡s ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛t♦ ♣✉❡❞❡♥ t❡♥❡r ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛❞♦r❡s✱ q✉❡ s❡ s✐tú❛♥ ❡♥tr❡ ❡❧ ✪ ✪ ② ❧❛ ❧❡tr❛
✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛t✐✈❛ ❞❡❧ ❝ó❞✐❣♦✳

❙✐ ❡❧ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛❞♦r ❡s ✉♥ ♥ú♠❡r♦✱ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛ ❧❛ ❛♠♣❧✐t✉❞ ♠í♥✐♠❛ ❡♥ ❧❛ q✉❡ s❡ ❡s❝r✐❜❡ ❡s❡

❛r❣✉♠❡♥t♦ ✭♣♦r ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦✿ ✪✺❞✮✳

❙✐ ❡s❡ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❡♠♣✐❡③❛ ♣♦r ✵✱ ❧♦s ❡s♣❛❝✐♦s s♦❜r❛♥t❡s ✭s✐ ❧♦s ❤❛②✮ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❛♠♣❧✐t✉❞ ♠í♥✐♠❛ s❡
r❡❧❧❡♥❛♥ ❝♦♥ ✵ ✭♣♦r ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦✿ ✪✵✼❞✮✳

❙✐ ❡s❡ ♥ú♠❡r♦ t✐❡♥❡ ❞❡❝✐♠❛❧❡s✱ ✐♥❞✐❝❛ ❡❧ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❞í❣✐t♦s t♦t❛❧❡s ② ❞❡❝✐♠❛❧❡s s✐ ❧♦s q✉❡ s❡
✈❛ ❛ ❡s❝r✐❜✐r ❡s ✉♥ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ✭♣♦r ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦ ✪✺✳✷❢ ✮✱ ♦ ❧❛ ❛♠♣❧✐t✉❞ ♠í♥✐♠❛ ② ♠á①✐♠❛ s✐ s❡ tr❛t❛
❞❡ ✉♥❛ ❝❛❞❡♥❛ ❞❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r❡s ✭❝♦♠♦ ✪✶✵✳✶✵s✮✳

❙✐ ❡❧ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❡s ♥❡❣❛t✐✈♦✱ ❧❛ s❛❧✐❞❛ s❡ ❥✉st✐✜❝❛rá ❛ ❧❛ ✐③q✉✐❡r❞❛✱ ❞❡❥❛♥❞♦ ❡s♣❛❝✐♦s ❡♥ ❜❧❛♥❝♦

❛❧ ✜♥❛❧ ✭❡♥ ❝❛s♦ ❝♦♥tr❛r✐♦✱ s✐ ♥♦ s❡ ❞✐❝❡ ♥❛❞❛✱ s❡ ❥✉st✐✜❝❛ ❛ ❧❛ ❞❡r❡❝❤❛✱ ❞❡❥❛♥❞♦ ❧♦s ❡s♣❛❝✐♦s
❛❧ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣✐♦✮✳

❱❛♠♦s ❛ ✈❡r ✉♥ ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ t♦❞♦ ❡st♦✿

✶ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ st❞✐♦ ✳❤ ❃
✷
✸ ✐♥t ♠❛✐♥ ✭✮ ④
✹ ✐♥t ❡♥t❡r♦ ❂ ✶✷✸✹❀
✺ ✐♥t ❡♥t❡r♦◆❡❣ ❂ ✲✶✷✸✹❀
✻ ❢❧♦❛t r❡❛❧ ❂ ✷✸✹✳✺✻✼❀
✼ ❝❤❛r ❧❡tr❛ ❂ ✬❊ ✬❀
✽ ✐♥t ❝♦♥t❛❞♦r ❀
✾ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭ ✬✬❊❧ ♥ú ♠❡r♦ ❡♥t❡r♦ ✈❛❧❡ ✪❞ ❡♥ ♥♦t❛❝✐ ó ♥ ❞❡❝✐♠❛❧ ✱❭ ♥ ✬✬✱
❡♥t❡r♦ ✮❀
✶✵ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭ ✬✬ ② ✪♦ ❡♥ ♥♦t❛❝✐ ó♥ ♦❝t❛❧ ✱❭ ♥ ✬✬✱ ❡♥t❡r♦ ✮❀
✶✶ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭ ✬✬ ② ✪① ❡♥ ♥♦t❛❝✐ ó♥ ❤❡①❛❞❡❝✐♠❛❧ ✱❭ ♥ ✬✬✱ ❡♥t❡r♦ ✮❀
✶✷ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭ ✬✬ ② ✪❳ ❡♥ ♥♦t❛❝✐ ó♥ ❤❡①❛❞❡❝✐♠❛❧ ❡♥ ♠❛② ú s❝✉❧❛s ✱❭ ♥ ✬✬✱
❡♥t❡r♦ ✮❀
✶✸ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭ ✬✬ ② ✪❧❞ s✐ ❧❡ ❤❛❝❡♠♦s q✉❡ ❝r❡❛ q✉❡ ❡s ❡♥t❡r♦ ❧❛r❣♦ ✱❭ ♥
✬✬✱ ❡♥t❡r♦ ✮❀
✶✹ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭ ✬✬ ② ✪✶✵❞ s✐ ♦❜❧✐❣❛♠♦s ❛ ✉♥❛ ❝✐❡rt❛ ❛♠♣❧✐t✉❞ ✱❭ ♥ ✬✬✱
❡♥t❡r♦ ✮❀
✶✺ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭ ✬✬ ② ✪✲✶✵❞ s✐ ❛❥✉st❛♠♦s ❛ ❧❛ ✐③q✉✐❡r❞❛ ✳❭ ♥ ✬✬✱ ❡♥t❡r♦ ✮❀
✶✻ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭ ✬✬❊❧ ❡♥t❡r♦ ♥❡❣❛t✐✈♦ ✈❛❧❡ ✪❞❭ ♥ ✬✬✱ ❡♥t❡r♦◆❡❣ ✮❀
✶✼ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭ ✬✬ ② ❤❛❝❡♠♦s q✉❡ ❝r❡❛ q✉❡ ❡s ♣♦s✐t✐✈♦ ✿ ✪✉ ✭ ✐♥❝♦rr❡❝t♦ ✮
✳❭ ♥ ✬✬✱
✶✽ ❡♥t❡r♦◆❡❣ ✮❀
✶✾ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭ ✬✬❊❧ ♥ú ♠❡r♦ r❡❛❧ ✈❛❧❡ ✪❢ ❡♥ ♥♦t❛❝✐ ó♥ ♥♦r♠❛❧ ❭ ♥ ✬✬✱ r❡❛❧ ✮ ❀
✷✵ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭ ✬✬ ② ✪✺✳✷ ❢ s✐ ❧✐♠✐t❛♠♦s ❛ ❞♦s ❞❡❝✐♠❛❧❡s ✱❭ ♥ ✬✬✱ r❡❛❧ ✮ ❀
✷✶ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭ ✬✬ ② ✪❡ ❡♥ ♥♦t❛❝✐ ó♥ ❝✐❡♥t í ❢✐❝❛ ✭ ❡①♣♦♥❡♥❝✐❛❧ ✮ ✳❭ ♥ ✬✬✱
r❡❛❧ ✮ ❀
✷✷ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭ ✬✬▲❛ ❧❡tr❛ ❡s ✪❝ ② ✉♥ t❡①t♦ ❡s ✪s ✳❭ ♥ ✬✬✱ ❧❡tr❛ ✱ ✬✬ ❍♦❧❛ ✬✬
✮❀

✻✶
✷✸ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭ ✬✬ P♦♥❡♠♦s ❭ ✬✬ t❛♥t♦ ♣♦r ❝✐❡♥t♦ ❭ ✬✬✿ ✺✵ ✪ ✪✳❭ ♥ ✬✬✮❀
✷✹
✷✺ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✷✻ ⑥
❊❧ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❡st❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❡s✿

✶ ❊❧ ♥ú ♠❡r♦ ❡♥t❡r♦ ✈❛❧❡ ✶✷✸✹ ❡♥ ♥♦t❛❝✐ ó♥ ❞❡❝✐♠❛❧ ✱

✷
✸ ② ✷✸✷✷ ❡♥ ♥♦t❛❝✐ ó♥ ♦❝t❛❧ ✱
✹
✺ ② ✹ ❞✷ ❡♥ ♥♦t❛❝✐ ó ♥ ❤❡①❛❞❡❝✐♠❛❧ ✱
✻
✼ ② ✹ ❉✷ ❡♥ ♥♦t❛❝✐ ó ♥ ❤❡①❛❞❡❝✐♠❛❧ ❡♥ ♠❛② ú s❝✉❧❛s ✱
✽
✾ ② ✶✷✸✹ s✐ ❧❡ ❤❛❝❡♠♦s q✉❡ ❝r❡❛ q✉❡ ❡s ❡♥t❡r♦ ❧❛r❣♦ ✱
✶✵
✶✶ ② ✶✷✸✹ s✐ ♦❜❧✐❣❛♠♦s ❛ ✉♥❛ ❝✐❡rt❛ ❛♠♣❧✐t✉❞ ✱
✶✷
✶✸ ② ✶✷✸✹ s✐ ❛❥✉st❛♠♦s ❛ ❧❛ ✐③q✉✐❡r❞❛ ✳
✶✹
✶✺ ❊❧ ❡♥t❡r♦ ♥❡❣❛t✐✈♦ ✈❛❧❡ ✲✶✷✸✹
✶✻
✶✼ ② ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ❤❛❝❡r q✉❡ ❝r❡❛ q✉❡ ❡s ♣♦s✐t✐✈♦ ✿ ✹✷✾✹✾✻✻✵✻✷ ✭ ✐♥❝♦rr❡❝t♦
✮✳
✶✽
✶✾ ❊❧ ♥ú ♠❡r♦ r❡❛❧ ✈❛❧❡ ✷✸✹✳✺✻✼✵✵✶ ❡♥ ♥♦t❛❝✐ ó ♥ ♥♦r♠❛❧
✷✵
✷✶ ② ✷✸✹✳✺✼ s✐ ❧✐♠✐t❛♠♦s ❛ ❞♦s ❞❡❝✐♠❛❧❡s ✱
✷✷
✷✸ ② ✷✳✸✹✺✻✼✵ ❡ ✰✵✵✷ ❡♥ ♥♦t❛❝✐ ó ♥ ❝✐❡♥t í ❢✐❝❛ ✭ ❡①♣♦♥❡♥❝✐❛❧ ✮ ✳
✷✹
✷✺ ▲❛ ❧❡tr❛ ❡s ❊ ② ❡❧ t❡①t♦ ❍♦❧❛ ✳
P♦♥❡♠♦s ✑t❛♥t♦ ♣♦r ❝✐❡♥t♦✑✿ ✺✵ ✪✳

❈❛s✐ t♦❞♦ ❡s ❢á❝✐❧ ❞❡ s❡❣✉✐r✱ ♣❡r♦ ❛ú♥ ✈❡♠♦s ❛❧❣✉♥❛ ❝♦s❛ ❞❡s❝♦♥❝❡rt❛♥t❡✳

➽P♦r q✉é ❡❧ ♥ú♠❡r♦ r❡❛❧ ❛♣❛r❡❝❡ ❝♦♠♦ ✷✸✹✳✺✻✼✵✵✶✱ s✐ ❧♦ ❤❡♠♦s ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✷✸✹✳✺✻✼✑✳ ❍❛② q✉❡
r❡❝♦r❞❛r q✉❡ ❧♦s ♥ú♠❡r♦s r❡❛❧❡s s❡ ❛❧♠❛❝❡♥❛♥ ❝♦♥ ✉♥❛ ❝✐❡rt❛ ♣ér❞✐❞❛ ❞❡ ♣r❡❝✐s✐ó♥✳ ❯♥ ✑ ❢❧♦❛t✑
❣❛r❛♥t✐③❛ q✉❡ ✻ ❝✐❢r❛s s♦♥ ❝♦rr❡❝t❛s✳ ❙✐ ♠♦str❛♠♦s ❡❧ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❝♦♥ ♠ás ❞❡ ✻ ❞✐❣✐t♦s ✭✉s❛♠♦s ✾✮✱
♣✉❡❞❡ q✉❡ ❡❧ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ♥♦ s❡❛ t♦t❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦rr❡❝t♦✳ ❙✐ ❡st❛ ♣ér❞✐❞❛ ❞❡ ♣r❡❝✐s✐ó♥ ❡s ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♣❛r❛ ❡❧
✉s♦ q✉❡ q✉❡r❛♠♦s ❞❛r❧❡✱ ❞❡❜❡♠♦s ✉s❛r ♦tr♦ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❞❛t♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❞♦✉❜❧❡✳

▲♦ ❞❡ q✉❡ ❡❧ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ♥❡❣❛t✐✈♦ q✉❡❞❡ ♠❛❧ ❝✉❛♥❞♦ ❧♦ ✐♥t❡♥t❛♠♦s ❡s❝r✐❜✐r ❝♦♠♦ ♣♦s✐t✐✈♦✱ t❛♠❜✐é♥
s✉❡♥❛ ❝♦♥♦❝✐❞♦✿ s✐ ❡❧ ♣r✐♠❡r ❜✐t ❞❡ ✉♥ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❝♦♥ s✐❣♥♦ ❡s ✉♥♦✱ ✐♥❞✐❝❛ q✉❡ ❡s ✉♥ ♥❡❣❛t✐✈♦✱ ♠✐❡♥tr❛s
q✉❡ ❡♥ ✉♥ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ♣♦s✐t✐✈♦ ❡❧ ♣r✐♠❡r ❜✐t ❡s ❡❧ ❞✐❣✐t♦ ❜✐♥❛r✐♦ ♠ás ❣r❛♥❞❡ ✭s❡ ❝♦♥♦❝❡ ❝♦♠♦ ✑❡❧ ❜✐t
♠ás s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈♦✑✮✳ P♦r ❡s♦✱ t❛♥t♦ ❡❧ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ✲✶✷✸✹ ❝♦♠♦ ❡❧ ✹✷✾✹✾✻✻✵✻✷ s❡ tr❛❞✉❝❡♥ ❡♥ ❧❛ ♠✐s♠❛
s❡❝✉❡♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❝❡r♦s ② ✉♥♦s✱ q✉❡ ❧❛ s❡♥t❡♥❝✐❛ ✑ ♣r✐♥t❢✑ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛ ❞❡ ✉♥❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ✉ ♦tr❛ s❡❣ú♥ ❧❡
❞✐❣❛♠♦s q✉❡ ❡❧ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❡❧ ♣♦s✐t✐✈♦ ♦ ♥❡❣❛t✐✈♦✳

❈♦♠♦ ❝✉r✐♦s✐❞❛❞✱ ❡s❡ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ✹✷✾✹✾✻✻✵✻✷ ❡s ✉♥ ✈❛❧♦r ❞✐st✐♥t♦ ✭✻✹✸✵✷✮ s✐ ✉s❛♠♦s ✉♥ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦r

✻✷
❞❡ ✶✻ ❜✐ts ❡♥ ✈❡③ ❞❡ ✉♥♦ ❞❡ ✸✷✱ ♣♦rq✉❡ ❡s ✉♥❛ s❡❝✉❡♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✶✻ ❝❡r♦s ② ✉♥♦s✱ ❡♥ ✈❡③ ❞❡ ✉♥❛ ❞❡ ✸✷
❝❡r♦s ② ✉♥♦s✳

❖tr❛ ♦♣❝✐ó♥ ❛✈❛♥③❛❞❛ ❡s ✉s❛r ✉♥ ❛st❡r✐s❝♦ ✭✯✮ ♣❛r❛ ✐♥❞✐❝❛r ❧❛ ❛♠♣❧✐t✉❞ ♦ ♣r❡❝✐s✐ó♥✱ ❧♦s ♣r✐♠❡r♦s
❞❛t♦s ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ s❡rá♥ ❧♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s q✉❡ s❡ t♦♠❡♥ ♣❛r❛ ✐♥❞✐❝❛r ❧❛ ❛♠♣❧✐t✉❞ ② ❧❛ ♣r❡❝✐s✐ó♥ r❡❛❧✿

✶ ✐♥t ♠✐♥✐♠♦ ❂ ✺❀
✷ ✐♥t ♠ á ①✐♠♦ ❂ ✶✵❀
✸ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭ ✬✬ ✪✯✳✯ s ✬✬✱ ♠✐♥✐♠♦ ✱ ♠❛①✐♠♦ ✱ ✬✬ ♠❡♥s❛❥❡ ✬✬✮❀

✻✳✶✳✶✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦s ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦s

✶✳ ❊s❝r✐❜✐r ✉♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ q✉❡ ♣✐❞❛ ✉♥ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❡♥t❡r♦ ② ♠✉❡str❡ s✉s ❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥t❡s ❡♥ ❢♦r♠❛✲
t♦ ❤❡①❛❞❡❝✐♠❛❧ ② ❡♥ ♦❝t❛❧✳ ❉❡❜❡ s❡❣✉✐r ♣✐❞✐❡♥❞♦ ✭② ❝♦♥✈✐rt✐❡♥❞♦✮ ♥ú♠❡r♦s ❤❛st❛ q✉❡ s❡
✐♥tr♦❞✉③❝❛ ✵✳

✷✳ ❯♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ q✉❡ ♣✐❞❛ ✷ ♥ú♠❡r♦s r❡❛❧❡s ② ♠✉❡str❡ s✉ ❞✐✈✐s✐ó♥ ❝♦♥ ✷ ❞❡❝✐♠❛❧❡s ✭❡①❝❡♣t♦ s✐
❡❧ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❡s ✵❀ ❡♥ ❡s❡ ❝❛s♦✱ ❞❡❜❡ ♠♦str❛r ✑♥♦ s❡ ♣✉❡❞❡ ❞✐✈✐❞✐r✑✮✳

✻✳✷✳ s❝❛♥❢

❈♦♠♦ ②❛ s❛❜❡♠♦s✱ ❡❧ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ✑ s❝❛♥❢✑ r❡❝✉❡r❞❛ ♠✉❝❤♦ ❛❧ ❞❡ ✑ ♣r✐♥t❢✑✱ s❛❧✈♦ ♣♦rq✉❡ ❤❛② q✉❡
❛ñ❛❞✐r ❡❧ sí♠❜♦❧♦ ✫ ❛♥t❡s ❞❡ ❧♦s ♥♦♠❜r❡s ❞❡ ❧❛s ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s ♥✉♠ér✐❝❛s ❡♥ ❧❛s q✉❡ q✉❡r❡♠♦s ❛❧♠❛❝❡♥❛r
❧♦s ❞❛t♦s✳ ❆✉♥ ❛sí✱ ❧♦s ❝ó❞✐❣♦s ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛t♦ ♥♦ s♦♥ ❡①❛❝t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❧♦s ♠✐s♠♦s✳ ❱❡❛♠♦s ❧♦s ♠ás
✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s✿

❝ ❯♥ ú♥✐❝♦ ❝❛rá❝t❡r
❞ ❯♥ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❡♥t❡r♦ ❞❡❝✐♠❛❧ ✭❡♥ ❜❛s❡ ✶✵✮ ❝♦♥ s✐❣♥♦
❉ ❯♥ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❡♥t❡r♦ ❞❡❝✐♠❛❧ ✭❡♥ ❜❛s❡ ✶✵✮ s✐♥ s✐❣♥♦
❢ ❯♥ ♥ú♠❡r♦ r❡❛❧ ✭❝♦♠❛ ✢♦t❛♥t❡✮
❡✱ ❊ ❯♥ ♥ú♠❡r♦ r❡❛❧ ❡♥ ♥♦t❛❝✐ó♥ ❡①♣♦♥❡♥❝✐❛❧✳
❣✱● P❡r♠✐t❡ ✑❡✑ ♦ ✑❢ ✑
✐ ❯♥ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❡♥t❡r♦ ❝♦♥ s✐❣♥♦
■ ❯♥ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❡♥t❡r♦ ❧❛r❣♦ ❝♦♥ s✐❣♥♦
✉ ❯♥ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❡♥t❡r♦ ❞❡❝✐♠❛❧ s✐♥ s✐❣♥♦ ✭✉♥s✐❣♥❡❞✮
❯ ❯♥ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❡♥t❡r♦ ❞❡❝✐♠❛❧ ❧❛r❣♦ s✐♥ s✐❣♥♦ ✭✉♥s✐❣♥❡❞✮
❤ ❈♦rt♦ ✭♠♦❞✐✜❝❛❞♦r✱ ♣❛r❛ ✉♥ ❡♥t❡r♦✮
❧ ▲❛r❣♦ ✭♠♦❞✐✜❝❛❞♦r✱ ♣❛r❛ ✉♥ ❡♥t❡r♦✮
① ❯♥ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❡♥t❡r♦ s✐♥ s✐❣♥♦ ❡♥ ❤❡①❛❞❡❝✐♠❛❧ ✭❜❛s❡ ✶✻✮
❳ ❯♥ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❡♥t❡r♦ ❧❛r❣♦ s✐♥ s✐❣♥♦ ❡♥ ❤❡①❛❞❡❝✐♠❛❧
♦ ❯♥ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❡♥t❡r♦ s✐♥ s✐❣♥♦ ❡♥ ♦❝t❛❧ ✭❜❛s❡ ✽✮
❖ ❯♥ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❡♥t❡r♦ ❧❛r❣♦ s✐♥ s✐❣♥♦ ❡♥ ♦❝t❛❧ ✭❜❛s❡ ✽✮
s ❯♥❛ ❝❛❞❡♥❛ ❞❡ t❡①t♦ ✭q✉❡ ✈❡r❡♠♦s ❡♥ ❡❧ ♣ró①✐♠♦ t❡♠❛✮

▲❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛ ♠ás ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ❡s q✉❡ s✐ ❡♥ ✈❡③ ❞❡ ✉♥ ❡♥t❡r♦ q✉❡r❡♠♦s ✉♥♦ ❧❛r❣♦✱ ✉s❛♠♦s ❡❧
♠✐s♠♦ ❝❛rá❝t❡r ❡♥ ♠❛②ús❝✉❧❛s✳

❆❧ ✐❣✉❛❧ q✉❡ ❡♥ ✑ ♣r✐♥t❢✑✱ s❡ ✐♥❞✐❝❛ ✉♥ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❛♥t❡s ❞❡❧ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛❞♦r✱ ♣❛r❛ ❧❛ ❝❛♥t✐❞❛❞ ♠á①✐♠❛
❞❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r❡s ❛ ❧❡❡r✳ P♦r ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❧❛ ♦r❞❡♥ ✑ s❝❛♥❢✭✬✬ ✪✶✵s✬✬✱ ✫t❡①t♦✮✑ ❧❡❡ ✉♥ t❡①t♦ ❞❡ t❛♠❛ñ♦

✻✸
♠á①✐♠♦ ❞❡ ✶✵ ❧❡tr❛s✳

❆✉♥ ❛sí✱ ✑ s❝❛♥❢✑ ❛ ✈❡❝❡s ❞❛ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❡s❝♦♥❝❡rt❛♥t❡s✱ ♣♦r ❧♦ q✉❡ ♥♦ ❡s ❧❛ ♦r❞❡♥ ♠ás ❛❞❡❝✉❛❞❛
♣❛r❛ ❝r❡❛r ✉♥ ❡♥t♦r♥♦ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❧✳ ▼ás ❛❞❡❧❛♥t❡ ✈❡♠♦s ❢♦r♠❛s ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❛s ❞❡ ❧❡❡r ❞❡❧ t❡❝❧❛❞♦✳

✻✳✷✳✶✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦s ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦s

✶✳ ❯♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ q✉❡ ♣✐❞❛ ✉♥ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❤❡①❛❞❡❝✐♠❛❧ ② ♠✉❡str❡ s✉ ❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥t❡ ❡♥ ❜❛s❡ ✶✵✳

✷✳ ❯♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ q✉❡ ♣✐❞❛ ✉♥ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ♦❝t❛❧ ② ♠✉❡str❡ s✉ ❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥t❡ ❡♥ ❜❛s❡ ✶✵✳

✸✳ ❯♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ q✉❡ ♣✐❞❛ ❛❧ ✉s✉❛r✐♦ ✉♥❛ ❧❡tr❛✱ ❞❡s♣✉és ♣✐❞❛ ✉♥❛ s❡❣✉♥❞❛ ❧❡tr❛✱ ② ❧❛s ♠✉❡str❡
❡♥ ❡❧ ♦r❞❡♥ ❝♦♥tr❛r✐♦ ❛❧ q✉❡ s❡ ✐♥tr♦❞✉❥❡r♦♥✳

✻✳✸✳ ♣✉t❝❤❛r

❯♥❛ ❢♦r♠❛ s❡♥❝✐❧❧❛ ❞❡ ♠♦str❛r ✉♥ ú♥✐❝♦ ❝❛rá❝t❡r ❡♥ ❧❛ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛✱ ❡s✿

♣✉t❝❤❛r✭✬❆✬✮❀
♦ s✐ ✉s❛♠♦s ✉♥❛ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡✿

♣✉t❝❤❛r✭①✮❀

✻✳✸✳✶✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦ ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦

✶✳ ❯♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ q✉❡ ♠✉❡str❡ ❧❛s ❧❡tr❛s ❞❡ ❧❛ ❆ ✭❛ ♠❛②ús❝✉❧❛✮ ❛ ❧❛ ❩ ✭③ ♠❛②ús❝✉❧❛✮✱ ✉s❛♥❞♦

✑ ❢♦r✑ ② ✑ ♣✉t❝❤❛r✑✳

✻✳✹✳ ❣❡t❝❤❛r

❊♥ ❛❧❣✉♥♦s ❡♥t♦r♥♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❝✐ó♥ ♣❛r❛ ❲✐♥❞♦✇s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ❞❡t❡♥❡r ♠♦♠❡♥tá♥❡❛✲

♠❡♥t❡ ❧❛ ❡❥❡❝✉❝✐ó♥✱ ✉s❛♠♦s ❧❛ ♦r❞❡♥ ❣❡t❝❤❛r✭✮❀✳ ❘❡❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡s ♠ás q✉❡ ❡s♦✿ ❧❡❡ ❡❧ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡
❝❛rá❝t❡r ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜❧❡ ❡♥ ❡❧ ❜✉✛❡r ❞❡❧ t❡❝❧❛❞♦ ✭✉♥❛ ♠❡♠♦r✐❛ ✐♥t❡r♠❡❞✐❛ q✉❡ ❛❧♠❛❝❡♥❛ t♦❞❛s ❧❛s t❡✲
❝❧❛s q✉❡ ♣r❡s✐♦♥❛♠♦s✮✿

❧❡tr❛ ❂ ❣❡t❝❤❛r✭✮❀
❙✐ ♥♦ q✉❡❞❛♥ ♠ás ❧❡tr❛s ♣♦r ❧❡❡r✱ ❡❧ ✈❛❧♦r q✉❡ ♠✉❡str❛ ❡s ❊❖❋✱ ✉♥❛ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡ ♣r❡❞❡✜♥✐❞❛ q✉❡
✐♥❞✐❝❛ ❡❧ ✜♥❛❧ ❞❡ ✉♥ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ✭❊♥❞ ❖❢ ❋✐❧❡✮ ♦✱ ❡♥ ❡st❡ ❝❛s♦✱ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜❧❡ ♣♦r t❡❝❧❛❞♦✳
❙❡ ✉s❛ ❛sí✿

✶ ❧❡tr❛ ❂ ❣❡t❝❤❛r ✭✮ ❀
✷ ✐❢ ✭ ❧❡tr❛ ❂❂ ❊❖❋ ✮
✸ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭ ✬✬◆♦ ❤❛② ♠ás ❧❡tr❛s ✬✬✮❀
❱❡❛♠♦s ✉♥ ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡❧ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❣❡t❝❤❛r ② ♣✉t❝❤❛r✿

✶ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ st❞✐♦ ✳❤ ❃
✷
✸ ✐♥t ♠❛✐♥ ✭✮ ④
✹ ❝❤❛r ❧❡tr❛✶ ✱ ❧❡tr❛✷ ❀
✺ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭ ✬✬ ■♥tr♦❞✉❝❡ ❞♦s ❧❡tr❛s ② ♣r❡s✐♦♥❛ ■♥tr♦ ✿ ✬✬✮❀

✻✹
 ✻ ❧❡tr❛✶ ❂ ❣❡t❝❤❛r ✭✮ ❀
✼ ❧❡tr❛✷ ❂ ❣❡t❝❤❛r ✭✮ ❀
✽ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭ ✬✬ ❍❛s t❡❝❧❡❛❞♦ ✿ ✬✬✮❀
✾ ♣✉t❝❤❛r ✭ ❧❡tr❛✶ ✮❀
✶✵ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭ ✬✬ ② t❛♠❜✐ é♥ ✪❝ ✬✬✱ ❧❡tr❛✷ ✮❀
✶✶ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✶✷ ⑥
❆✉♥q✉❡ ✑ ❣❡t❝❤❛r✑ ❧❡❛ t❡❝❧❛ ❛ t❡❝❧❛✱ ♥♦ ❛♥❛❧✐③❛ ❧♦ ✐♥❣r❡s❛❞♦ ❤❛st❛ q✉❡ ♣r❡s✐♦♥❛♠♦s ■♥tr♦✳ ❙✐
✐♥❣r❡s❛♠♦s ✈❛r✐❛s ❧❡tr❛s✱ ❧❛ ♣r✐♠❡r❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ✉s❛♠♦s ❧❛ ♦r❞❡♥ ❣❡t❝❤❛r ♠✉❡str❛ ❧❛ ♣r✐♠❡r❛ ❧❡tr❛❀
❧❛ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ✈❡③ ❧❛ s❡❣✉♥❞❛ ② ❛sí s✉❝❡s✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳

❙ó❧♦ ❧❡❡♠♦s ❞♦s ❧❡tr❛s✳ ❙✐ ✐♥❣r❡s❛♠♦s tr❡s ♦ ♠ás✱ ❧❛s ú❧t✐♠❛s s❡ ♣✐❡r❞❡♥✳ ❙✐ ✐♥❣r❡s❛♠♦s ✉♥❛ ❧❡tr❛
② ♣r❡s✐♦♥❛♠♦s ■♥tr♦✱ ✑❧❡tr❛✶✑ ❡s ❧❛ ✐♥❣r❡s❛❞❛✳✳✳ ➼② ✑❧❡tr❛✷✑ ❡s ■♥tr♦ ✭❡❧ ❝❛rá❝t❡r ❵❭♥✬ ❞❡ ❛✈❛♥❝❡ ❞❡
❧í♥❡❛✮✦

❊st♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❧♦s t❡♥❡♠♦s s✐ ✐♥t❡♥t❛♠♦s ❧❡❡r ❧❡tr❛ ❛ ❧❡tr❛ ❝♦♥ ✑ s❝❛♥❢✭✬✬ ✪❝✬✬✱ ✳✳✳✮✑ ❛sí q✉❡
♣❛r❛ ❤❛❝❡r ❡st♦ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ✜❛❜❧❡ ♥❡❝❡s✐t❛♠♦s ♦tr❛s ór❞❡♥❡s✱ q✉❡ ♥♦ s♦♥ ❡stá♥❞❛r ❡♥ ❈ s✐♥♦ q✉❡
❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥ ❞❡ ♥✉❡str♦ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦r ② ♥✉❡str♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ♦♣❡r❛t✐✈♦✳

❯♥❛ ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❛ ❡s ✉♥❛ s❡❣✉♥❞❛ ♦r❞❡♥ ✑ ❣❡t❝❤❛r✑ ♣❛r❛ ❧❛ t❡❝❧❛ ■♥tr♦✿

t❡❝❧❛ ❂ ❣❡t❝❤❛r✭✮❀ ❣❡t❝❤❛r✭✮❀

❖ ❜✐❡♥ ❧❡❡r ❞♦s ❝❛r❛❝t❡r❡s ❝♦♥ ✑ s❝❛♥❢✑ ✭❧❛ ❧❡tr❛ ❡s♣❡r❛❞❛ ② ❡❧ ■♥tr♦ ❛ ❧❡❡r✮✿

s❝❛♥❢✭✬✬ ✪❝ ✪❝✬✬✱ ✫t❡❝❧❛✮❀

✻✳✹✳✶✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦ ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦

✶✳ ❯♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ q✉❡ ♣✐❞❛ ✹ ❧❡tr❛s ✭✉s❛♥❞♦ ✑ ❣❡t❝❤❛r✑✮ ② ❧❛s ♠✉❡str❡ ❡♥ ♦r❞❡♥ ✐♥✈❡rs♦ ✭s✐ ❧❛s
❧❡tr❛s s♦♥ ✑❤ ♦ ❧ ❛✑✱ ❡s❝r✐❜❡ ✑❛❧♦❤✑✮✳

✻✺
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✼

❆rr❡❣❧♦s ② ❡str✉❝t✉r❛s
✼✳✵✳✶✳ ❈❧❛s✐✜❝❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❧❛s ❡str✉❝t✉r❛s ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s
❯♥❛ ❡str✉❝t✉r❛ ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s ❡s ✉♥❛ ❝♦❧❡❝❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s q✉❡ s♦♥ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛❞♦s ♣♦r s✉ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❝✐ó♥
② ❧❛s ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❡s q✉❡ s❡ ❞❡✜♥❡♥ ❞❡ ❡❧❧❛✳

✶✳ ❆rr❡❣❧♦s✳

✷✳ ❈♦♥❥✉♥t♦s✳

✸✳ ❘❡❣✐str♦s✳

❆rr❡❣❧♦✿ ✭❛rr❛②✮ ❡s ❧❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ♠ás s✐♠♣❧❡ ❞❡ ❧❛s ❡str✉❝t✉r❛s✱ ② ❡s ✉♥ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ✜♥✐t♦ ② ♦r❞❡♥❛❞♦ ❞❡
❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❤♦♠♦❣é♥❡♦s✳

❘❡❣✐str♦✿ ❉❛t♦ ❡str✉❝t✉r❛❞♦✱ ❞♦♥❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♥♦ ❞❡ s✉s ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s s❡ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛ ❝❛♠♣♦✳ ▲♦s ❝❛♠♣♦s
❞❡ ✉♥ r❡❣✐str♦ ♣✉❡❞❡♥ s❡r ❞❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s t✐♣♦s✱ ♣♦r ❧♦ t❛♥t♦✱ t❛♠❜✐é♥ ♣✉❡❞❡♥ s❡r r❡❣✐str♦s ♦ ❛rr❡❣❧♦s✳
❈❛❞❛ ❝❛♠♣♦ s❡ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛ ♣♦r ✉♥ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ú♥✐❝♦ ✭❡❧ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛❞♦r ❞❡❧ ❝❛♠♣♦✮✳

❈♦♥❥✉♥t♦s✿ ❈♦❧❡❝❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ♦❜❥❡t♦s ❞❡❧ ♠✐s♠♦ t✐♣♦ ❜❛s❡✱ ❡❧ ❝✉❛❧ ❡s ✉♥ t✐♣♦ ♦r❞✐♥❛❧ ✭❡♥t❡r♦s✱ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r❡s✱
❡♥✉♠❡r❛❞♦s ② s✉❜r❛♥❣♦✮✳

✼✳✶✳ ❈♦♥❝❡♣t♦s ❜ás✐❝♦s s♦❜r❡ ❛rr❡❣❧♦s

✼✳✶✳✶✳ ❉❡✜♥✐❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ✉♥ ❛rr❡❣❧♦ t❛❜❧❛ ② ❛❝❝❡s♦ ❛ ❧♦s ❞❛t♦s

❯♥❛ t❛❜❧❛✱ ✈❡❝t♦r✱ ♠❛tr✐③ ♦ ❛rr❛② ✭s✐♥ó♥✐♠♦ ❞❡ ✑❛rr❡❣❧♦✑✮ ❡s ✉♥ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡❧
♠✐s♠♦ t✐♣♦✳ ❊st♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s t✐❡♥❡♥ t♦❞♦s ❡❧ ♠✐s♠♦ ♥♦♠❜r❡✱ ② ♦❝✉♣❛♥ ✉♥ ❡s♣❛❝✐♦ ❝♦♥t✐❣✉♦ ❡♥ ❧❛
♠❡♠♦r✐❛✳

P❛r❛ ❞❡✜♥✐r ✉♥ ❣r✉♣♦ ❞❡ ✹ ♥ú♠❡r♦s ❡♥t❡r♦s✱ ✉s❛♠♦s✿

✐♥t ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦❬✹❪❀
❆❝❝❡❞❡♠♦s ❛ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♥♦ ❞❡ ❧♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧❡s ♣♦r s✉ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ✭❡❥❡♠♣❧♦✮ ② ❡❧ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡❧
❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ q✉❡ ♥♦s ✐♥t❡r❡s❛✱ ♣❡r♦ s❡ ❡♠♣✐❡③❛ ❛ ♥✉♠❡r❛r ❞❡s❞❡ ✵✱ ❛sí q✉❡ ❡♥ ❡❧ ❝❛s♦ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r t❡♥❡♠♦s
✹ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s✱ q✉❡ s♦♥ ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦❬✵❪✱ ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦❬✶❪✱ ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦❬✷❪✱ ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦❬✸❪✳

P❛r❛ ❞❡✜♥✐r ✉♥ ❣r✉♣♦ ❞❡ ✺ ♥ú♠❡r♦s ❡♥t❡r♦s ② ❤❛❧❧❛r s✉ s✉♠❛✱ ❤❛❝❡♠♦s✿

✶ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ st❞✐♦ ✳❤ ❃
✷

✻✻
 ✸ ✐♥t ♠❛✐♥ ✭✮ ④
✹ ✐♥t ♥✉♠❡r♦ ❬✺❪❀ ✴✯ ❯♥ ❛rr❛② ❞❡ ✺ ♥ ú ♠❡r♦s ❡♥t❡r♦s ✯✴
✺ ✐♥t s✉♠❛ ❀ ✴✯ ❯♥ ❡♥t❡r♦ q✉❡ ❡s ❧❛ s✉♠❛ ✯✴
✻
✼ ♥✉♠❡r♦ ❬✵❪ ❂ ✷✵✵❀ ✴✯ ▲❡s ❞❛♠♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ✯✴
✽ ♥✉♠❡r♦ ❬✶❪ ❂ ✶✺✵❀
✾ ♥✉♠❡r♦ ❬✷❪ ❂ ✶✵✵❀
✶✵ ♥✉♠❡r♦ ❬✸❪ ❂ ✲✺✵❀
✶✶ ♥✉♠❡r♦ ❬✹❪ ❂ ✸✵✵❀
✶✷ ✴✯ ❨ ❤❛❧❧❛♠♦s ❧❛ s✉♠❛ ✯✴
✶✸ s✉♠❛ ❂ ♥✉♠❡r♦ ❬✵❪ ✰ ♥✉♠❡r♦ ❬✶❪ ✰ ♥✉♠❡r♦ ❬✷❪ ✰ ♥✉♠❡r♦ ❬✸❪ ✰
♥✉♠❡r♦ ❬✹❪❀
✶✹ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭ ✬✬❙✉ s✉♠❛ ❡s ✪❞ ✬✬✱ s✉♠❛ ✮ ❀
✶✺
✶✻ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✶✼ ⑥

✼✳✶✳✷✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦s ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦s

✶✳ ❯♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ q✉❡ ♣✐❞❛ ✹ ♥ú♠❡r♦s✱ ❧♦s ❛❧♠❛❝❡♥❡ ✭✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ✉♥❛ t❛❜❧❛✮✱ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❡ s✉ ♠❡❞✐❛
❛r✐t♠ét✐❝❛ ② ❞❡s♣✉és ♠✉❡str❡ ❡♥ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛ ❧❛ ♠❡❞✐❛ ② ❧♦s ❞❛t♦s ✐♥❣r❡s❛❞♦s✳

✷✳ ❯♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ q✉❡ ♣✐❞❛ ✺ ♥ú♠❡r♦s r❡❛❧❡s ② ❧✉❡❣♦ ❧♦s ♠✉❡str❡ ❡♥ ❡❧ ♦r❞❡♥ ❝♦♥tr❛r✐♦ ❛❧ q✉❡ s❡
✐♥tr♦❞✉❥❡r♦♥✳

✼✳✶✳✸✳ ❱❛❧♦r ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ❞❡ ✉♥❛ t❛❜❧❛

❆❧ ✐❣✉❛❧ q✉❡ ♦❝✉rr❡ ❝♦♥ ❧❛s ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s ✑♥♦r♠❛❧❡s✑✱ ❞❛♠♦s ✈❛❧♦r ❛ ❧♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ✉♥❛ t❛❜❧❛ ❛❧
♣r✐♥❝✐♣✐♦ ❞❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛✳ ❊st♦ ❡s ♠ás ❝ó♠♦❞♦ q✉❡ ✐♥❣r❡s❛r ❧♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ✉♥♦ ♣♦r ✉♥♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❤❡♠♦s
❤❡❝❤♦ ❛♥t❡s✳ ❊st❛ ✈❡③✱ t♦❞♦s ❧♦s ✐♥❞✐❝❛♠♦s ❡♥tr❡ ❧❧❛✈❡s✱ s❡♣❛r❛❞♦s ♣♦r ❝♦♠❛s✿

✶ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ st❞✐♦ ✳❤ ❃
✷
✸ ✐♥t ♠❛✐♥ ✭✮ ④
✹ ✴✯ ❯♥ ❛rr❛② ❞❡ ✺ ♥ú ♠❡r♦s ❡♥t❡r♦s ✯✴
✺ ✐♥t ♥✉♠❡r♦ ❬✺❪ ❂ ④✷✵✵ ✱ ✶✺✵ ✱ ✶✵✵ ✱ ✲✺✵ ✱ ✸✵✵⑥❀
✻ ✐♥t s✉♠❛ ❀ ✴✯ ❯♥ ❡♥t❡r♦ q✉❡ s❡r á ❧❛ s✉♠❛ ✯✴
✼ ✴✯ ❨ ❤❛❧❧❛♠♦s ❧❛ s✉♠❛ ✯✴
✽ s✉♠❛ ❂ ♥✉♠❡r♦ ❬✵❪ ✰ ♥✉♠❡r♦ ❬✶❪ ✰ ♥✉♠❡r♦ ❬✷❪ ✰ ♥✉♠❡r♦ ❬✸❪ ✰ ♥✉♠❡r♦
❬✹❪❀
✾ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭ ✬✬❙✉ s✉♠❛ ❡s ✪❞ ✬✬✱ s✉♠❛ ✮ ❀
✶✵ ✴✯ ◆♦t❛ ✿ ❡st❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❡s ❛❧❣♦ ♠❡♥♦s ❡♥❣♦rr♦s❛ ✱ ♣❡r♦ t♦❞❛✈ í ❛ ♥♦ ✯✴
✶✶ ✴✯ ❡st á ❜✐❡♥ ❤❡❝❤♦ ✳ ▲♦ s❡❣✉✐r❡♠♦s ♠❡❥♦r❛♥❞♦ ✯✴
✶✷
✶✸ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✶✹ ⑥

✻✼
✼✳✶✳✹✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦s ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦s
✶✳ ❯♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ q✉❡ ❛❧♠❛❝❡♥❡ ❡♥ ✉♥❛ t❛❜❧❛ ❡❧ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❞í❛s q✉❡ t✐❡♥❡ ❝❛❞❛ ♠❡s ✭s✉♣♦♥❣❛
q✉❡ ❡s ✉♥ ❛ñ♦ ♥♦ ❜✐s✐❡st♦✮✱ ♣✐❞❛ ❛❧ ✉s✉❛r✐♦ q✉❡ ❧❡ ✐♥❞✐q✉❡ ✉♥ ♠❡s ✭✶❂❡♥❡r♦✱ ✶✷❂❞✐❝✐❡♠❜r❡✮
② ♠✉❡str❡ ❡♥ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛ ❡❧ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❞í❛s q✉❡ t✐❡♥❡ ❡s❡ ♠❡s✳

✷✳ ❯♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ q✉❡ ❛❧♠❛❝❡♥❡ ❡♥ ✉♥❛ t❛❜❧❛ ❡❧ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❞í❛s q✉❡ t✐❡♥❡ ❝❛❞❛ ♠❡s ✭❛ñ♦ ♥♦
❜✐s✐❡st♦✮✱ ♣✐❞❛ ❛❧ ✉s✉❛r✐♦ q✉❡ ❧❡ ✐♥❞✐q✉❡ ✉♥ ♠❡s ✭✷ ♣❛r❛ ❢❡❜r❡r♦✮ ② ✉♥ ❞í❛ ✭❡❧ ✶✺✮ ② ❞✐❣❛ q✉é
♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❞í❛ ❡s ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡❧ ❛ñ♦ ✭❡❧ ✶✺ ❞❡ ❢❡❜r❡r♦ ❡s ❡❧ ❞í❛ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ✹✻✱ ❡❧ ✸✶ ❞❡ ❞✐❝✐❡♠❜r❡ ❡s
❡❧ ❞í❛ ✸✻✺✮✳

✼✳✶✳✺✳ ❘❡❝♦rr✐❡♥❞♦ ❧♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ✉♥❛ t❛❜❧❛

❊s ❞❡ ❡s♣❡r❛r q✉❡ ❡①✐st❛ ✉♥❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❝ó♠♦❞❛ ❞❡ ❛❝❝❡❞❡r ❛ ✈❛r✐♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ✉♥ ❛rr❡❣❧♦✱ s✐♥
t❡♥❡r q✉❡ r❡♣❡t✐r❧♦s t♦❞♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❡♥✿

s✉♠❛ ❂ ♥✉♠❡r♦❬✵❪ ✰ ♥✉♠❡r♦❬✶❪ ✰ ♥✉♠❡r♦❬✷❪ ✰ ♥✉♠❡r♦❬✸❪ ✰ ♥✉♠❡r♦❬✹❪❀

❊❧ ✑tr✉❝♦✑ ❝♦♥s✐st❡ ❡♥ ❡♠♣❧❡❛r ❝✉❛❧q✉✐❡r❛ ❞❡ ❧❛s ❡str✉❝t✉r❛s r❡♣❡t✐t✐✈❛s ✈✐st❛s ✭✇❤✐❧❡✱ ❞♦✳✳✇❤✐❧❡✱
❢♦r✮✱ ❛sí✿

✶ s✉♠❛ ❂ ✵❀ ✴✯ ❱❛❧♦r ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ✯✴

✷ ❢♦r ✭ ✐ ❂✵❀ ✐ ❁❂✹❀ ✐ ✰✰✮
✸ s✉♠❛ ✰❂ ♥✉♠❡r♦ ❬✐ ❪❀
❊♥ ❡st❡ ❝❛s♦✱ s✉♠❛♠♦s ✺ ♥ú♠❡r♦s✱ ♥♦ ❤❡♠♦s ❡s❝r✐t♦ ♠❡♥♦s✱ ♣❡r♦ ♣♦❞❡♠♦s tr❛❜❛❥❛r ❝♦♥ ✶✵✵ ♦ ✺✵✵
♦ ✶✵✵✵ ♥ú♠❡r♦s✱ ❧❛ ♣r♦❞✉❝t✐✈✐❞❛❞ ❡stá ❝❧❛r❛✳

✼✳✶✳✻✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦s ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦s

✶✳ ❆ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦✱ q✉❡ ❛❧♠❛❝❡♥❛ ❡♥ ✉♥❛ t❛❜❧❛ ❡❧ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❞í❛s q✉❡ t✐❡♥❡
❝❛❞❛ ♠❡s✱ ❝r❡❛r ♦tr♦ q✉❡ ♣✐❞❛ ❛❧ ✉s✉❛r✐♦ q✉❡ ✐♥❞✐q✉❡ ❧❛ ❢❡❝❤❛✱ ❞❡t❛❧❧❛♥❞♦ ❡❧ ❞í❛ ✭✶ ❛❧ ✸✶✮
② ❡❧ ♠❡s ✭✶❂❡♥❡r♦✱ ✶✷❂❞✐❝✐❡♠❜r❡✮✱ ❝♦♠♦ r❡s♣✉❡st❛ ♠✉❡str❡ ❡♥ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛ ❡❧ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❞í❛s
q✉❡ q✉❡❞❛♥ ❤❛st❛ ✜♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❛ñ♦✳

✷✳ ❈r❡❛r ✉♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ q✉❡ ♣✐❞❛ ❛❧ ✉s✉❛r✐♦ ✶✵ ♥ú♠❡r♦s ② ❧✉❡❣♦ ❧♦s ♠✉❡str❡ ❡♥ ♦r❞❡♥ ✐♥✈❡rs♦
✭❞❡❧ ú❧t✐♠♦ ❛❧ ♣r✐♠❡r♦✮✳

✸✳ ❈r❡❛r ✉♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ q✉❡ ♣✐❞❛ ❛❧ ✉s✉❛r✐♦ ✶✵ ♥ú♠❡r♦s✱ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❡ s✉ ♠❡❞✐❛ ② ❧✉❡❣♦ ♠✉❡str❡ ❧♦s
q✉❡ ❡stá♥ ♣♦r ❡♥❝✐♠❛ ❞❡ ❧❛ ♠❡❞✐❛✳

✹✳ ❯♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ q✉❡ ♣✐❞❛ ❛❧ ✉s✉❛r✐♦ ✶✵ ♥ú♠❡r♦s ❡♥t❡r♦s ② ❝❛❧❝✉❧❡ ✭② ♠✉❡str❡✮✱ ❡❧ ♠❛②♦r ❞❡

❡❧❧♦s✳

✼✳✷✳ ❈❛❞❡♥❛s ❞❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r❡s

✼✳✷✳✶✳ ❉❡✜♥✐❝✐ó♥✳ ▲❡❝t✉r❛ ❞❡s❞❡ t❡❝❧❛❞♦

P❛r❛ ❧❛s ❝❛❞❡♥❛s ❞❡ t❡①t♦✱ ❧❛ s✐t✉❛❝✐ó♥ s❡ ❝♦♠♣❧✐❝❛ ✉♥ ♣♦❝♦✿ s❡ ❝r❡❛♥ ❝♦♠♦ ✑❛rr❡❣❧♦s✑ ❞❡
❝❛r❛❝t❡r❡s✳ ❊stá♥ ❢♦r♠❛❞❛s ♣♦r ✉♥❛ s✉❝❡s✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r❡s t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛ ❝♦♥ ✉♥ ❝❛rá❝t❡r ♥✉❧♦ ✭❭✵✮✱
❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ q✉❡ r❡s❡r✈❛♠♦s ✉♥❛ ❧❡tr❛ ♠ás ❞❡ ❧❛s q✉❡ ♥❡❝❡s✐t❛♠♦s✳ P❛r❛ ❛❧♠❛❝❡♥❛r ❡❧ t❡①t♦ ✑❍♦❧❛✑
✉s❛♠♦s ✑❝❤❛r s❛❧✉❞♦❬✺❪✑✳

✻✽
❊st❡ ❝❛rá❝t❡r ♥✉❧♦ ❧♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥ ❧❛s ór❞❡♥❡s ❡stá♥❞❛r q✉❡ tr❛t❛♥ ❝♦♥ ❡❧ ♠❛♥❡❥♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❡♥❛s✿ ❧❛s q✉❡
♠✉❡str❛♥ ❡♥ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛✱ ❧❛s q✉❡ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛♥ ❝❛❞❡♥❛s✱ ❧❛s q✉❡ ❞❛♥ ❛ ✉♥❛ ❝❛❞❡♥❛ ✉♥ ❝✐❡rt♦ ✈❛❧♦r✱ ❡t❝✳
P♦r t❛♥t♦✱ s✐ ♥♦ q✉❡r❡♠♦s ✉s❛r ❡s❛s ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❡s ② só❧♦ ✈❛♠♦s ❛ ❛❝❝❡❞❡r ❧❡tr❛ ❛ ❧❡tr❛ ✭❝♦♠♦ ❡♥ ❧♦s
ú❧t✐♠♦s ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s✮ ❜❛st❛ ❝♦♥ ✑❝❤❛r s❛❧✉❞♦❬✹❪✑✱ ♣❡r♦ s✐ ✉s❛♠♦s ❝✉❛❧q✉✐❡r❛ ❞❡ ❡st❛s ♣♦s✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s
✭❡s ❧♦ ❤❛❜✐t✉❛❧✮✱ r❡s❡r✈❛♠♦s ✉♥❛ ❧❡tr❛ ♠ás ❞❡ ❧❛s ✑♥❡❝❡s❛r✐❛s✑✱ ♣❛r❛ ❡s❡ ❝❛rá❝t❡r ♥✉❧♦✱ q✉❡ ✐♥❞✐❝❛
❡❧ ✜♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❝❛❞❡♥❛✱ ② q✉❡ t♦❞❛s ❡s❛s ór❞❡♥❡s ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥ ♣❛r❛ s❛❜❡r ❞♦♥❞❡ t❡r♠✐♥❛ ❧❛ ❝❛❞❡♥❛✳

❯♥ ♣r✐♠❡r ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ q✉❡ s♦❧✐❝✐t❛ ♥✉❡str♦ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ② s❛❧✉❞❡ ❡s✿

✶ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ st❞✐♦ ✳❤ ❃
✷
✸ ✐♥t ♠❛✐♥ ✭✮ ④
✹ ❝❤❛r t❡①t♦ ❬✹✵❪❀ ✴✯ P❛r❛ ❣✉❛r❞❛r ❤❛st❛ ✸✾ ❧❡tr❛s ✯✴
✺
✻ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭ ✬✬ ■♥tr♦❞✉❝❡ t✉ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ✿ ✬✬✮❀
✼ s❝❛♥❢ ✭ ✬✬ ✪s ✬✬✱ ✫ t❡①t♦ ✮❀
✽ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭ ✬✬❍♦❧❛ ✱ ✪s❭♥ ✬✬✱ t❡①t♦ ✮❀
✾
✶✵ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✶✶ ⑥
❉♦s ❝♦♠❡♥t❛r✐♦s✿

✶✳ ❙✐ ❧❛ ❝❛❞❡♥❛ ❝♦♥t✐❡♥❡ ❡s♣❛❝✐♦s✱ s❡ ❧❡❡ ❤❛st❛ ❡❧ ♣r✐♠❡r ❡s♣❛❝✐♦✳ ❊st♦ s❡ ♣✉❡❞❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛r ✉♥❛
✈❡♥t❛❥❛ ♦ ✉♥ ✐♥❝♦♥✈❡♥✐❡♥t❡✱ s❡❣ú♥ ❡❧ ✉s♦ q✉❡ s❡ ❧❡ q✉✐❡r❛ ❞❛r✳

✷✳ ❙✐❡♥❞♦ ❡str✐❝t♦s✱ ♥♦ ❤❛❝❡ ❢❛❧t❛ ✑✫✑ ❡♥ ✑s❝❛♥❢ ✑ ❝✉❛♥❞♦ ❡st❛♠♦s ❧❡②❡♥❞♦ ❝❛❞❡♥❛s ❞❡ t❡①t♦ ✭sí
♣❛r❛ ❧♦s ❞❡♠ás t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s✮✳ ▲♦s ♠♦t✐✈♦s s❡ ❡①♣♦♥❡♥ ♠ás ❛❞❡❧❛♥t❡✱ ❝✉❛♥❞♦ ❤❛❜❧❡♠♦s ❞❡
❞✐r❡❝❝✐♦♥❡s ❞❡ ♠❡♠♦r✐❛ ② ❞❡ ♣✉♥t❡r♦s✳ ❊st❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ s❡ ❡s❝r✐❜❡✿

✶ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ st❞✐♦ ✳❤ ❃
✷
✸ ✐♥t ♠❛✐♥ ✭✮ ④
✹ ❝❤❛r t❡①t♦ ❬✹✵❪❀
✺ ✴✯ P❛r❛ ❣✉❛r❞❛r ❤❛st❛ ✸✾ ❧❡tr❛s ✯✴
✻
✼ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭ ✬✬ ■♥tr♦❞✉❝❡ t✉ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ✿ ✬✬✮❀
✽ s❝❛♥❢ ✭ ✬✬ ✪s ✬✬✱ t❡①t♦ ✮❀
✾ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭ ✬✬❍♦❧❛ ✱ ✪s❭♥ ✬✬✱ t❡①t♦ ✮❀
✶✵
✶✶ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✶✷ ⑥

✼✳✷✳✷✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦ ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦

✶✳ ❯♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ q✉❡ ♣✐❞❛ t✉ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ② ✉♥❛ ❝✐❢r❛✱ ② ❡s❝r✐❜❛ t✉ ♥♦♠❜r❡ t❛♥t❛s ✈❡❝❡s ❝♦♠♦ ✐♥❞✐q✉❡
❡s❛ ❝✐❢r❛✳

✷✳ ❯♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ s✐♠✐❧❛r ❛❧ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r✱ ♣❡r♦ q✉❡ ♣✐❞❛ ❡♥ ♣r✐♠❡r ❧✉❣❛r ❧❛ ❝✐❢r❛ ② ❞❡s♣✉és t✉ ♥♦♠❜r❡✱
② ❧✉❡❣♦ ❧♦ ♠✉❡str❡ t❛♥t❛s ✈❡❝❡s ❝♦♠♦ ✐♥❞✐q✉❡ ❡s❛ ❝✐❢r❛✳

✻✾
✼✳✷✳✸✳ ❈ó♠♦ ❛❝❝❡❞❡r ❛ ❧❛s ❧❡tr❛s q✉❡ ❢♦r♠❛♥ ✉♥❛ ❝❛❞❡♥❛

▲❡❡♠♦s ✭♦ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛♠♦s✮ ✉♥❛ ❞❡ ❧❛s ❧❡tr❛s ❞❡ ✉♥❛ ❝❛❞❡♥❛ ❞❡ ✐❣✉❛❧ ❢♦r♠❛ q✉❡ ❧❡❡♠♦s ♦ ♠♦❞✐✲
✜❝❛♠♦s ❧♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❝✉❛❧q✉✐❡r t❛❜❧❛✿ ❡❧ ♣r✐♠❡r ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❡s t❡①t♦❬✵❪✱ ❡❧ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❡s t❡①t♦❬✶❪ ②
❛sí s✉❝❡s✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✿

✶ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ st❞✐♦ ✳❤ ❃
✷
✸ ✐♥t ♠❛✐♥ ✭✮ ④
✹ ❝❤❛r t❡①t♦ ❬✹✵❪❀ ✴✯ P❛r❛ ❣✉❛r❞❛r ❤❛st❛ ✸✾ ❧❡tr❛s ✯✴
✺
✻ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭ ✬✬ ■♥tr♦❞✉❝❡ t✉ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ✿ ✬✬✮❀
✼ s❝❛♥❢ ✭ ✬✬ ✪s ✬✬✱ t❡①t♦ ✮❀
✽ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭ ✬✬❍♦❧❛ ✱ ✪s✳ ❚✉ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ❡s ✪❝❭♥ ✬✬✱ t❡①t♦ ✱ t❡①t♦ ❬✵❪✮ ❀
✾
✶✵ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✶✶ ⑥

✼✳✷✳✹✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦ ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦

✶✳ ❯♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ q✉❡ ♣✐❞❛ ❛❧ ✉s✉❛r✐♦ q✉❡ ✐♥❣r❡s❡ ✉♥❛ ♣❛❧❛❜r❛✱ ❝❛♠❜✐❡ s✉ ♣r✐♠❡r❛ ❧❡tr❛ ♣♦r ✉♥❛
✑❆✑ ② ♠✉❡str❡ ❧❛ ♣❛❧❛❜r❛ r❡s✉❧t❛♥t❡✳

✼✳✷✳✺✳ ▲♦♥❣✐t✉❞ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❝❛❞❡♥❛

❊♥ ✉♥❛ ❝❛❞❡♥❛ ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ✑❝❤❛r t❡①t♦❬✹✵❪✑ ❧♦ ❤❛❜✐t✉❛❧ ❡s ♥♦ ♦❝✉♣❛r ❧❛s ✸✾ ❧❡tr❛s ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜❧❡s✳
❙✐ ❣✉❛r❞❛♠♦s ✾ ❧❡tr❛s ✭② ❡❧ ❝❛rá❝t❡r ♥✉❧♦ q✉❡ ♠❛r❝❛ ❡❧ ✜♥❛❧✮✱ t❡♥❡♠♦s ✸✵ ♣♦s✐❝✐♦♥❡s ♥♦ ✉s❛❞❛s✳
➱st❛s✱ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♥t✐❡♥❡♥ ✑❜❛s✉r❛✑✱ ❝♦♥s❡r✈❛♥ s✉ ❝♦♥t❡♥✐❞♦ ♣r❡✈✐♦✱ ♣♦rq✉❡ ❡❧ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦r ❧❛s
r❡s❡r✈❛ ♣❡r♦ ♥♦ ❧❛s ✑❧✐♠♣✐❛✑✳ P❛r❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛r ❧❛ ❧♦♥❣✐t✉❞ r❡❛❧ ❞❡ ♥✉❡str❛ ❝❛❞❡♥❛ t❡♥❡♠♦s ❞♦s
♦♣❝✐♦♥❡s✿

✶✳ ▲❡❡♠♦s ❧❛ ❝❛❞❡♥❛ ❝❛rá❝t❡r ♣♦r ❝❛rá❝t❡r ❞❡s❞❡ ❡❧ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣✐♦ ❤❛st❛ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r ❡❧ ❝❛rá❝t❡r ♥✉❧♦
✭❭✵✮ q✉❡ ♠❛r❝❛ ❡❧ ✜♥❛❧✳

✷✳ ❍❛② ✉♥❛ ♦r❞❡♥ ♣r❡❞❡✜♥✐❞❛ q✉❡ ❧♦ ❤❛❝❡ ♣♦r ♥♦s♦tr♦s✱ ② q✉❡ ❞✐❝❡ ❝✉❛♥t❛s ❧❡tr❛s ❤❡♠♦s ✉s❛❞♦
r❡❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡♥ ♥✉❡str❛ ❝❛❞❡♥❛✳ ❊s ✑str❧❡♥✑✱ q✉❡ s❡ ✉s❛ ❛sí✿

✶ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ st❞✐♦ ✳❤ ❃
✷ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ str✐♥❣ ✳❤ ❃
✸
✹ ✐♥t ♠❛✐♥ ✭✮ ④
✺ ❝❤❛r t❡①t♦ ❬✹✵❪❀
✻
✼ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭ ✬✬ ■♥tr♦❞✉❝❡ ✉♥❛ ♣❛❧❛❜r❛ ✿ ✬✬✮❀
✽ s❝❛♥❢ ✭ ✬✬ ✪s ✬✬✱ t❡①t♦ ✮❀
✾ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭ ✬✬ ❍❛s t❡❝❧❡❛❞♦ ✪❞ ❧❡tr❛s ✬✬✱ str❧❡♥ ✭ t❡①t♦ ✮✮ ❀
✶✵
✶✶ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✶✷ ⑥

✼✵
❈♦♠♦ ❡s ❞❡ ❡s♣❡r❛r✱ s✐ ❡s❝r✐❜✐♠♦s ✑❍♦❧❛✑✱ ❡st❛ ♦r❞❡♥ ♠✉❡str❛ q✉❡ ✐♥❣r❡s❛♠♦s ✹ ❧❡tr❛s ✭♥♦ ❝✉❡♥t❛
❡❧ ❭✵ q✉❡ s❡ ❛ñ❛❞❡ ❛✉t♦♠át✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛❧ ✜♥❛❧✮✳

❙✐ ❡♠♣❧❡❛♠♦s ✑str❧❡♥✑✱ ♦ ❛❧❣✉♥❛ ❞❡ ❧❛s ♦tr❛s ór❞❡♥❡s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s ❝♦♥ ❝❛❞❡♥❛s ❞❡ t❡①t♦ q✉❡ ✈❡♠♦s
❡♥ ❡st❡ t❡♠❛✱ ✐♥❝❧✉✐♠♦s ❁str✐♥❣✳❤❃✱ q✉❡ ❡s ❞♦♥❞❡ s❡ ❞❡✜♥❡♥ t♦❞❛s ❡❧❧❛s✳

✼✳✷✳✻✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦s ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦s

✶✳ ❯♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ q✉❡ ♣✐❞❛ t✉ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ② ❧♦ ♠✉❡str❡ ❡♥ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛ s❡♣❛r❛♥❞♦ ❝❛❞❛ ❧❡tr❛ ❞❡ ❧❛

s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❝♦♥ ✉♥ ❡s♣❛❝✐♦✳ ❙✐ t✉ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ❡s ✑❏✉❛♥✑✱ ❛♣❛r❡❝❡ ❡♥ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛ ✑❏ ✉ ❛ ♥✑✳

✷✳ ❯♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ q✉❡ ♣✐❞❛ t✉ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ② ❧♦ ♠✉❡str❡ ❡♥ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛ s❡♣❛r❛♥❞♦ ❛❧ r❡✈és✳ ❆❤♦r❛✱ s✐ t✉

♥♦♠❜r❡ ❡s ✑❏✉❛♥✑✱ ❛♣❛r❡❝❡ ❡♥ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛ ✑♥❛✉❏✑✳

✼✳✷✳✼✳ ❊♥tr❛❞❛ s❛❧✐❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❡♥❛s✿ ❣❡ts✱ ♣✉ts

❍❡♠♦s ✈✐st♦ q✉❡ s✐ ❧❡❡♠♦s ✉♥❛ ❝❛❞❡♥❛ ❞❡ t❡①t♦ ❝♦♥ ✑ s❝❛♥❢✑✱ s❡ ❞❡t✐❡♥❡ ❡♥ ❡❧ ♣r✐♠❡r ❡s♣❛❝✐♦ ❡♥
❜❧❛♥❝♦ ② ♥♦ s✐❣✉❡ ❧❡②❡♥❞♦ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ❡s❡ ♣✉♥t♦✳ ❊①✐st❡♥ ♦tr❛s ór❞❡♥❡s ❞✐s❡ñ❛❞❛s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛♠❡♥t❡
♣❛r❛ ♠❛♥❡❥❛r ❝❛❞❡♥❛s ❞❡ t❡①t♦✱ ② q✉❡ s✐r✈❡♥ ❡♥ ❝❛s♦s ❝♦♠♦ ést❡✳

P❛r❛ ❧❡❡r ✉♥❛ ❝❛❞❡♥❛ ❞❡ t❡①t♦ ✭❝♦♠♣❧❡t❛✱ s✐♥ ♣❛r❛r ❡♥ ❡❧ ♣r✐♠❡r ❡s♣❛❝✐♦✮✱ ✉s❛♠♦s ❧❛ ♦r❞❡♥ ✑ ❣❡ts✑✱
❛sí✿

❣❡ts✭t❡①t♦✮❀
❉❡ ✐❣✉❛❧ ♠♦❞♦✱ ♣❛r❛ ♠♦str❛r ✉♥ t❡①t♦ ❡♥ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛ ✉s❛♠♦s ✑ ♣✉ts✑✱ q✉❡ ♠✉❡str❛ ❧❛ ❝❛❞❡♥❛ ❞❡ t❡①t♦
② ❛✈❛♥③❛ ❛ ❧❛ ❧í♥❡❛ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡✿ ♣✉ts✭t❡①t♦✮❀
❊s ❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥t❡ ❛ ❡st❛ ♦tr❛ ♦r❞❡♥✿

♣r✐♥t❢✭✬✬ ✪s❭♥✬✬✱ t❡①t♦✮❀

✼✳✷✳✽✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦ ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦

✶✳ ❯♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ q✉❡ ♣✐❞❛ ✉♥❛ ❢r❛s❡ ② ❧❛ ♠✉❡str❡ ❡♥ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛ s✐♥ ❡s♣❛❝✐♦s✳ P♦r ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦✱ s✐ ❧❛
❢r❛s❡ ❡s ✑❍♦❧❛✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❡stás✑✱ ♠✉❡str❛ ✑❍♦❧❛✱❝♦♠♦ ❡stás✑✳

❊①✐st❡ ✉♥ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❝✉❛♥❞♦ s❡ ♠❡③❝❧❛ ❡❧ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ✑ ❣❡ts✑ ② ❡❧ ❞❡ ✑ s❝❛♥❢✑✿ s✐ ❧❡❡♠♦s ✉♥ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❝♦♥
✑ s❝❛♥❢✭✬✬ ✪❞✬✬✱ ✳✳✳✬✬✱ ❧❛ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ ♥✉♠ér✐❝❛ ❣✉❛r❞❛ ❡❧ ♥ú♠❡r♦✳✳✳ ♣❡r♦ ❡❧ ■♥tr♦ q✉❡ ♣r❡s✐♦♥❛♠♦s
❞❡s♣✉és ❞❡ ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝✐r ❡s❡ ♥ú♠❡r♦ q✉❡❞❛ ❡♥ ❡❧ ❜✉✛❡r ✭❧❛ ♠❡♠♦r✐❛ ✐♥t❡r♠❡❞✐❛ ❞❡❧ t❡❝❧❛❞♦✮✳ ❆
❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛❝✐ó♥✱ ❧❡❡♠♦s ✉♥ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦✱ ♥♦ ❤❛② ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✱ ♣♦rq✉❡ ♦♠✐t❡ ❡s❡ ■♥tr♦✱ ♣❡r♦ s✐ ❧❡❡♠♦s
✉♥❛ ❝❛❞❡♥❛ ❞❡ t❡①t♦✱ ❡s❡ ■♥tr♦ ❡s ❛❝❡♣t❛❜❧❡✱ ♣♦rq✉❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♥❛ ❝❛❞❡♥❛ ✈❛❝í❛✳ P♦r ❡s♦✱ ❝✉❛♥❞♦
♣r✐♠❡r♦ ❧❡❡♠♦s ✉♥ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ② ❧✉❡❣♦ ✉♥❛ ❝❛❞❡♥❛ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ✑ ❣❡ts✑✱ t❡♥❡♠♦s q✉❡ ✑❛❜s♦r❜❡r✑ ❡❧ ■♥tr♦✱
♦ ❞❡ ❧♦ ❝♦♥tr❛r✐♦ ❡❧ t❡①t♦ ♥♦ s❡ ❧❡❡ ❝♦rr❡❝t❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ❯♥❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ❤❛❝❡r❧♦ ❡s ✉s❛♥❞♦ ✑ ❣❡t❝❤❛r✑✿

✶ s❝❛♥❢ ✭ ✬✬ ✪❞ ✬✬✱ ✫ ♥✉♠❡r♦ ✮ ❀

✷ ❣❡t❝❤❛r ✭✮ ❀
✸ ❣❡ts ✭ t❡①t♦ ✮ ❀
❆❞❡♠ás✱ ❡①✐st❡ ✉♥ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧✿ ♠✉❝❤♦s ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦r❡s q✉❡ s✐❣✉❡♥ ❡❧ ❡stá♥❞❛r ❈✾✾ ♣✉❡❞❡♥
❞❛r ❡❧ ❛✈✐s♦ ❞❡ q✉❡ ✑ ❣❡ts✑ ❡s ✉♥❛ ♦r❞❡♥ ♥♦ s❡❣✉r❛ ② ♥♦ ❞❡❜❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛rs❡✑✳ ❊♥ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦r❡s q✉❡
s✐❣✉❡♥ ❡❧ ❡stá♥❞❛r ❈✶✶ ✭♣r♦♣✉❡st♦ ❡♥ ❞✐❝✐❡♠❜r❡ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✶✮✱ ❡s ♣♦s✐❜❧❡ q✉❡ ❡st❛ ♦r❞❡♥ ♥✐ s✐q✉✐❡r❛
❡sté ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜❧❡✳ ❙❡ ❞❡❜❡ ❛ q✉❡ ✑ ❣❡ts✑ ♥♦ ❝♦♠♣r✉❡❜❛ q✉❡ ❤❛②❛ ❡s♣❛❝✐♦ s✉✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❧♦s ❞❛t♦s
q✉❡ ✐♥tr♦❞✉③❝❛ ❡❧ ✉s✉❛r✐♦✱ ❧♦ q✉❡ ❞❛ ❧✉❣❛r ❛ ✉♥ ❡rr♦r ❞❡ ❞❡s❜♦r❞❛♠✐❡♥t♦ ② ❛ q✉❡ ❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ s❡

✼✶
❝♦♠♣♦rt❡ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ✐♠♣r❡✈✐s✐❜❧❡✳

❊♥ ✉♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❢✉❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ♣rá❝t✐❝❛✱ ❝r❡❛❞♦ ♣♦r ✉♥ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣✐❛♥t❡✱ ♥♦ ❡s ♣❡❧✐❣r♦s♦✱ ♣❡r♦ sí ❡♥ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡

✉♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❡♥ ❈ ✑♣r♦❢❡s✐♦♥❛❧✑ q✉❡ ❡sté ❞❛♥❞♦ s❡r✈✐❝✐♦ ❛ ✉♥❛ ♣á❣✐♥❛ ❲❡❜✱ ❞♦♥❞❡ ❡❧ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ✑ ❣❡ts✑
sí s✉♣♦♥❞rí❛ ✉♥❛ ✈✉❧♥❡r❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞✳ P♦r ❡s♦✱ ❡♥ ❡❧ ❡stá♥❞❛r ❈✶✶ s❡ ♣r♦♣♦♥❡ ✉♥❛ ♦r❞❡♥ ✑ ❣❡ts❴s✑✱ q✉❡
✐♥❞✐❝❛ ❡❧ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ❞❡ ❧❛ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ ♣❡r♦ t❛♠❜✐é♥ ❡❧ t❛♠❛ñ♦ ♠á①✐♠♦ ♣❡r♠✐t✐❞♦✳

✼✳✷✳✾✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦s ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦s

✶✳ ❯♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ q✉❡ ♣✐❞❛ t✉ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ✭✉s❛♥❞♦ ✑ ❣❡ts✑✮ ② ✉♥❛ ❝✐❢r❛✱ ② ❡s❝r✐❜❛ t✉ ♥♦♠❜r❡ t❛♥t❛s
✈❡❝❡s ❝♦♠♦ ✐♥❞✐q✉❡ ❡s❛ ❝✐❢r❛✳

✷✳ ❯♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ s✐♠✐❧❛r ❛❧ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r✱ ♣❡r♦ q✉❡ ♣✐❞❛ ❡♥ ♣r✐♠❡r ❧✉❣❛r ❧❛ ❝✐❢r❛ ② ❞❡s♣✉és t✉ ♥♦♠❜r❡
✭❝♦♥ ✑ ❣❡ts✑✮✱ ② ❧✉❡❣♦ ❡s❝r✐❜❛ ❡❧ ♥♦♠❜r❡ t❛♥t❛s ✈❡❝❡s ❝♦♠♦ ✐♥❞✐q✉❡ ❡s❛ ❝✐❢r❛✳

✼✳✷✳✶✵✳ ❆s✐❣♥❛♥❞♦ ❛ ✉♥❛ ❝❛❞❡♥❛ ❡❧ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ ♦tr❛✿ str❝♣②✱ str♥❝♣②❀ str❝❛t

❈✉❛♥❞♦ q✉❡r❡♠♦s ❞❛r ❛ ✉♥❛ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ ❡❧ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ ♦tr❛✱ ✉s❛♠♦s a = 2✱ ♦ a = b✳ ❊♥ ❧❛s ❝❛❞❡♥❛s
❞❡ t❡①t♦✱ ◆❖ ❡s ❧❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❝♦rr❡❝t❛✱ ♥♦ ❤❛❝❡♠♦s saludo =′′ hola′′ ♦ texto1 = texto2✳ ❙✐ ❧♦ ❤❛❝❡♠♦s✱
❧❛s ❞♦s ❝❛❞❡♥❛s ❞❡❜❡♥ ❡st❛r ❡♥ ❧❛ ♠✐s♠❛ ♣♦s✐❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ♠❡♠♦r✐❛✱ ② q✉❡ ❧♦s ❝❛♠❜✐♦s ❡♥ ✉♥❛ ❞❡ ❡❧❧❛s
s❡ r❡✢❡❥❡♥ ❡♥ ❧❛ ♦tr❛✳ ▲❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❝♦rr❡❝t❛ ❞❡ ❣✉❛r❞❛r ❡♥ ✉♥❛ ❝❛❞❡♥❛ ❞❡ t❡①t♦ ✉♥ ❝✐❡rt♦ ✈❛❧♦r ❡s✿

str❝♣② ✭❞❡st✐♥♦✱ ♦r✐❣❡♥✮❀

❊s ❞❡❝✐r✱ ✉s❛♠♦s ✉♥❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ❧❧❛♠❛❞❛ ✑ str❝♣②✑ ✭str✐♥❣ ❝♦♣②✱ ❝♦♣✐❛r ❝❛❞❡♥❛✮✱ q✉❡ s❡ ❡♥❝✉❡♥tr❛ ❡♥
str❝♣② ✭s❛❧✉❞♦✱ ✬✬❤♦❧❛✬✬✮❀
✑str✐♥❣✳❤✑✳ ❱❡❛♠♦s ❞♦s ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦s ❞❡ s✉ ✉s♦✿

② str❝♣② ✭t❡①t♦❉❡❢✐♥✐t✐✈♦✱ t❡①t♦Pr♦✈✐s✐♦♥❛❧✮❀

❊s ♥✉❡str❛ r❡s♣♦♥s❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞ q✉❡ ❧❛ ❝❛❞❡♥❛ ❞❡ ❞❡st✐♥♦ t❡♥❣❛ s✉✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❡s♣❛❝✐♦ r❡s❡r✈❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♣✐❛r
❧♦ q✉❡ q✉❡r❡♠♦s✳ ❙✐♥♦✱ s♦❜r❡s❝r✐❜✐♠♦s ❞✐r❡❝❝✐♦♥❡s ❞❡ ♠❡♠♦r✐❛ ❡♥ ❧❛s q✉❡ ♥♦ s❛❜❡♠♦s q✉é ❤❛②✳

P❛r❛ ❡✈✐t❛r ❡st❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✱ ✐♥❞✐❝❛♠♦s q✉❡ q✉❡r❡♠♦s ❝♦♣✐❛r só❧♦ ❧♦s ♣r✐♠❡r♦s ♥ ❜②t❡s ❞❡ ♦r✐❣❡♥✱
❝♦♥ ❧❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ✑ str♥❝♣②✑✱ ❛sí✿

str♥❝♣② ✭❞❡st✐♥♦✱ ♦r✐❣❡♥✱ ♥✮❀

❱❡❛♠♦s ✉♥ ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦✱ q✉❡ s♦❧✐❝✐t❡ ✉♥❛ ❢r❛s❡ ② ❣✉❛r❞❡ ❡♥ ♦tr❛ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ ❧❛s ✹ ♣r✐♠❡r❛s ❧❡tr❛s✿

✶ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ st❞✐♦ ✳❤ ❃
✷ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ str✐♥❣ ✳❤ ❃
✸
✹ ✐♥t ♠❛✐♥ ✭✮ ④
✺ ❝❤❛r t❡①t♦✶ ❬✹✵❪ ✱ t❡①t♦✷ ❬✹✵❪ ✱ t❡①t♦✸ ❬✶✵❪❀
✻
✼ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭ ✬✬ ■♥tr♦❞✉❝❡ ✉♥ ❢r❛s❡ ✿ ✬✬✮❀
✽ ❣❡ts ✭ t❡①t♦✶ ✮❀
✾
✶✵ str❝♣② ✭ t❡①t♦✷ ✱ t❡①t♦✶ ✮❀
✶✶ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭ ✬✬ ❯♥❛ ❝♦♣✐❛ ❞❡ t✉ t❡①t♦ ❡s ✪s ❭♥ ✬✬✱ t❡①t♦✷ ✮❀
✶✷ str♥❝♣② ✭ t❡①t♦✸ ✱ t❡①t♦✶ ✱ ✹✮ ❀
✶✸ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭ ✬✬❨ s✉s ✹ ♣r✐♠❡r❛s ❧❡tr❛s s♦♥ ✪s❭ ♥ ✬✬✱ t❡①t♦✸ ✮❀
✶✹
✶✺ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✶✻ ⑥

✼✷
❋✐♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❡①✐st❡ ♦tr❛ ♦r❞❡♥ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛ ❝♦♥ ❡st❛s ❞♦s✿ ❛ñ❛❞✐r ✉♥❛ ❝❛❞❡♥❛ ❛❧ ✜♥❛❧ ❞❡ ♦tr❛ ✭❝♦♥✲
❝❛t❡♥❛r❧❛✮✿ str❝❛t ✭❞❡st✐♥♦✱ ♦r✐❣❡♥✮❀
❱❡❛♠♦s ✉♥ ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ s✉ ✉s♦✱ q✉❡ ♣✐❞❛ ♥✉❡str♦ ♥♦♠❜r❡✱ ❛♣❡❧❧✐❞♦ ② ❝r❡❡ ✉♥❛ ♥✉❡✈❛ ❝❛❞❡♥❛ ❞❡
t❡①t♦ q✉❡ ❝♦♥t❡♥❣❛ ❧♦s ❞♦s✱ s❡♣❛r❛❞♦s ♣♦r ✉♥ ❡s♣❛❝✐♦✿

✶ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ st❞✐♦ ✳❤ ❃
✷ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ str✐♥❣ ✳❤ ❃
✸
✹ ✐♥t ♠❛✐♥ ✭✮ ④
✺ ❝❤❛r t❡①t♦✶ ❬✹✵❪ ✱ t❡①t♦✷ ❬✹✵❪ ✱ t❡①t♦✸ ❬✹✵❪❀
✻
✼ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭ ✬✬ ■♥tr♦❞✉❝❡ t✉ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ✿ ✬✬✮❀
✽ ❣❡ts ✭ t❡①t♦✶ ✮❀
✾
✶✵ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭ ✬✬ ■♥tr♦❞✉❝❡ t✉ ❛♣❡❧❧✐❞♦ ✿ ✬✬✮❀
✶✶ ❣❡ts ✭ t❡①t♦✷ ✮❀
✶✷
✶✸ str❝❛t ✭ t❡①t♦✶ ✱ ✬✬ ✬✬✮❀ ✴✯ ❆ñ ❛❞♦ ✉♥ ❡s♣❛❝✐♦ ❛❧ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ✯✴
✶✹ str❝❛t ✭ t❡①t♦✶ ✱ t❡①t♦✷ ✮❀ ✴✯ ❨ ❧✉❡❣♦ ❡❧ ❛♣❡❧❧✐❞♦ ✯✴
✶✺ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭ ✬✬❚❡ ❧❧❛♠❛s ✪s❭ ♥ ✬✬✱ t❡①t♦✶ ✮❀
✶✻
✶✼ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✶✽ ⑥

✼✳✷✳✶✶✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦ ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦

✶✳ ❯♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ q✉❡ ♣✐❞❛ ✉♥❛ ♣❛❧❛❜r❛✱ ② ❧❛ ❛❧♠❛❝❡♥❡ ❡♥ ❧❛ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ ❧❧❛♠❛❞❛ ✑t❡①t♦✑✳ ▲✉❡❣♦✱
♣✐❞❛ ✉♥❛ s❡❣✉♥❞❛ ♣❛❧❛❜r❛✱ ② ❧❛ ❛❣r❡❣✉❡ ❛❧ ✜♥❛❧ ❞❡ ✑t❡①t♦✑✳ ❋✐♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ♣✐❞❛ ✉♥❛ t❡r❝❡r❛
♣❛❧❛❜r❛✱ ② ❧❛ ❣✉❛r❞❡ ❡♥ ❧❛ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ ✑t❡①t♦✑ ② ❡♥ ♦tr❛ ❧❧❛♠❛❞❛ ✑t❡①t♦✷✑✳

✼✳✷✳✶✷✳ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛♥❞♦ ❝❛❞❡♥❛s✿ str❝♠♣

P❛r❛ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛r ❞♦s ❝❛❞❡♥❛s ❛❧❢❛❜ét✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ✉s❛♠♦s✿ str❝♠♣ ✭❝❛❞✶✱ ❝❛❞✷✮❀

❊st❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ❞❡✈✉❡❧✈❡ ✉♥ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❡♥t❡r♦✿

✵ s✐ ❛♠❜❛s ❝❛❞❡♥❛s s♦♥ ✐❣✉❛❧❡s✳

❯♥ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ♥❡❣❛t✐✈♦✱ s✐ ❝❛❞❡♥❛✶ ❁❝❛❞❡♥❛✷✳

❯♥ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ♣♦s✐t✐✈♦✱ s✐ ❝❛❞✶ ❃❝❛❞✷✳

▲❛s ❝❛❞❡♥❛s s❡ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛♥ ❝♦♠♦ ❡♥ ✉♥ ❞✐❝❝✐♦♥❛r✐♦✱ ♣❡r♦ ❤❛② q✉❡ t❡♥❡r ❡♥ ❝✉❡♥t❛ ❝✐❡rt❛s ❝♦s❛s✳

❆❧ ✐❣✉❛❧ q✉❡ ❡♥ ✉♥ ❞✐❝❝✐♦♥❛r✐♦✱ ❧❛s ♣❛❧❛❜r❛s q✉❡ ❡♠♣✐❡❝❡♥ ♣♦r ❇ s❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥ ✑♠❛②♦r❡s✑ q✉❡ ❧❛s
q✉❡ ❡♠♣✐❡③❛♥ ♣♦r ❆✳

❙✐ ❞♦s ❝❛❞❡♥❛s ❝♦♠✐❡♥③❛♥ ♣♦r ❧❛ ♠✐s♠❛ ❧❡tr❛ ✭♦ ❧❛s ♠✐s♠❛s ❧❡tr❛s✮✱ s❡ ♦r❞❡♥❛♥ ❜❛sá♥❞♦s❡ ❡♥ ❧❛
♣r✐♠❡r❛ ❧❡tr❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡✱ ❛❧ ✐❣✉❛❧ q✉❡ ❡♥ ❡❧ ❞✐❝❝✐♦♥❛r✐♦✳

▲❛ ♣r✐♠❡r❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛ ❡stá q✉❡ ❧❛ ❞✐st✐♥❝✐ó♥ ❡♥tr❡ ♠❛②ús❝✉❧❛s ② ♠✐♥ús❝✉❧❛s✳ ❊♥ ❡❧ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❆❙❈■■✱
❧❛s ♠❛②ús❝✉❧❛s ❛♣❛r❡❝❡♥ ❛♥t❡s q✉❡ ❧❛s ♠✐♥ús❝✉❧❛s✱ ❛sí q✉❡ ❧❛s ♣❛❧❛❜r❛s ❡s❝r✐t❛s ❡♥ ♠❛②ús❝✉❧❛s

✼✸
s❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥ ✑♠❡♥♦r❡s✑ q✉❡ ❧❛s ♣❛❧❛❜r❛s ❡s❝r✐t❛s ❡♥ ♠✐♥ús❝✉❧❛s✳ ▲❛ ❝❛❞❡♥❛ ✑❛❧❛✑ ❡s ♠❡♥♦r q✉❡
✑❤♦❧❛✑✱ ♣♦rq✉❡ ✉♥❛ ❡♠♣✐❡③❛ ♣♦r ✑❛✑ ② ❧❛ ♦tr❛ ♣♦r ✑❤✑✱ ♣❡r♦ ✑❍♦❧❛✑ ❡s ♠❡♥♦r q✉❡ ✑❛❧❛✑ ♣♦rq✉❡ ❧❛
♣r✐♠❡r❛ ❡♠♣✐❡③❛ ❝♦♥ ✉♥❛ ❧❡tr❛ ❡♥ ♠❛②ús❝✉❧❛s ② ❧❛ s❡❣✉♥❞❛ ❝♦♥ ✉♥❛ ❧❡tr❛ ❡♥ ♠✐♥ús❝✉❧❛s✳

▲❛ s❡❣✉♥❞❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛ ❡s q✉❡ ❡❧ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❆❙❈■■ ❡stá♥❞❛r ♥♦ ✐♥❝❧✉②❡ ❡ñ❡✱ ✈♦❝❛❧❡s ❛❝❡♥t✉❛❞❛s ♥✐
❝❛r❛❝t❡r❡s ✐♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧❡s✱ ❛sí q✉❡ ❡st♦s ❝❛r❛❝t❡r❡s ✑❡①tr❛ñ♦s✑ ❛♣❛r❡❝❡♥ ❞❡s♣✉és ❞❡ ❧♦s ✑♥♦r♠❛❧❡s✑✱
❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ q✉❡ ✑❛❞✐ós✑ s❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛ ✑♠❛②♦r✑ q✉❡ ✑❛❞✐♣♦s♦✑✱ ♣♦rq✉❡ ❧❛ ♦ ❛❝❡♥t✉❛❞❛ ❡stá ❞❡s♣✉és ❞❡
t♦❞❛s ❧❛s ❧❡tr❛s ❞❡❧ ❛❧❢❛❜❡t♦ ✐♥❣❧és✳

❱❡❛♠♦s ✉♥ ♣r✐♠❡r ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦ q✉❡ ♣✐❞❛ ❞♦s ♣❛❧❛❜r❛s ② ❞✐❣❛ s✐ ❤❡♠♦s ✐♥❣r❡s❛❞♦ ❧❛ ♠✐s♠❛ ♣❛❧❛❜r❛ ❞♦s
✈❡❝❡s✿

✶ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ st❞✐♦ ✳❤ ❃
✷ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ str✐♥❣ ✳❤ ❃
✸
✹
✺ ✐♥t ♠❛✐♥ ✭✮ ④
✻ ❝❤❛r t❡①t♦✶ ❬✹✵❪ ✱ t❡①t♦✷ ❬✹✵❪❀
✼
✽ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭ ✬✬ ■♥tr♦❞✉❝❡ ✉♥❛ ♣❛❧❛❜r❛ ✿ ✬✬✮❀
✾ ❣❡ts ✭ t❡①t♦✶ ✮❀
✶✵
✶✶ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭ ✬✬ ■♥tr♦❞✉❝❡ ♦tr❛ ♣❛❧❛❜r❛ ✿ ✬✬✮❀
✶✷ ❣❡ts ✭ t❡①t♦✷ ✮❀
✶✸
✶✹ ✐❢ ✭ str❝♠♣ ✭ t❡①t♦✶ ✱ t❡①t♦✷ ✮ ❂❂✵✮
✶✺ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭ ✬✬ ❙♦♥ ✐❣✉❛❧❡s ❭ ♥ ✬✬✮❀
✶✻ ❡❧s❡
✶✼ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭ ✬✬ ❙♦♥ ❞✐st✐♥t❛s ❭♥ ✬✬✮❀
✶✽
✶✾ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✷✵ ⑥
P♦❞❡♠♦s ♠❡❥♦r❛r ❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❧♦ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❡ q✉é ♣❛❧❛❜r❛ ❡s ✑♠❡♥♦r✑ ❞❡ ❧❛s ❞♦s✿

✶ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ st❞✐♦ ✳❤ ❃
✷ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ str✐♥❣ ✳❤ ❃
✸
✹ ✐♥t ♠❛✐♥ ✭✮ ④
✺ ❝❤❛r t❡①t♦✶ ❬✹✵❪ ✱ t❡①t♦✷ ❬✹✵❪❀
✻ ✐♥t ❝♦♠♣❛r❛❝✐♦♥ ❀
✼ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭ ✬✬ ■♥tr♦❞✉❝❡ ✉♥❛ ♣❛❧❛❜r❛ ✿ ✬✬✮❀
✽ ❣❡ts ✭ t❡①t♦✶ ✮❀
✾ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭ ✬✬ ■♥tr♦❞✉❝❡ ♦tr❛ ♣❛❧❛❜r❛ ✿ ✬✬✮❀
✶✵ ❣❡ts ✭ t❡①t♦✷ ✮❀
✶✶ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛❝✐♦♥ ❂ str❝♠♣ ✭ t❡①t♦✶ ✱ t❡①t♦✷ ✮ ❀
✶✷
✶✸ ✐❢ ✭ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛❝✐♦♥ ❂❂✵✮
✶✹ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭ ✬✬ ❙♦♥ ✐❣✉❛❧❡s ❭ ♥ ✬✬✮❀
✶✺ ❡❧s❡ ✐❢ ✭ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛❝✐♦♥ ❃✵✮

✼✹
✶✻ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭ ✬✬▲❛ ♣r✐♠❡r❛ ♣❛❧❛❜r❛ ❡s ♠❛②♦r ❭♥ ✬✬✮❀
✶✼ ❡❧s❡
✶✽ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭ ✬✬▲❛ s❡❣✉♥❞❛ ♣❛❧❛❜r❛ ❡s ♠❛②♦r ❭♥ ✬✬✮❀
✶✾
✷✵ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✷✶ ⑥

✼✳✷✳✶✸✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦ ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦

✶✳ ❈r❡❛r ✉♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ q✉❡ ♣✐❞❛ ❛❧ ✉s✉❛r✐♦ s✉ ❝❧❛✈❡ ② t❡r♠✐♥❡ ❝✉❛♥❞♦ ✐♥tr♦❞✉③❝❛ ❧❛ ♣❛❧❛❜r❛
✑❝❧❛✈❡✑✱ ♦ ❧❛ ♣✐❞❛ t❛♥t❛s ✈❡❝❡s ❝♦♠♦ s❡❛ ♥❡❝❡s❛r✐♦✳

✷✳ ❈r❡❛r ✉♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ q✉❡ ♣✐❞❛ ❛❧ ✉s✉❛r✐♦ s✉ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ② s✉ ❝♦♥tr❛s❡ñ❛✱ ② ♥♦ ❧❡ ❞❡❥❡ s❡❣✉✐r ❤❛st❛
q✉❡ ✐♥tr♦❞✉③❝❛ ❝♦♠♦ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ✑❉✐❛♥❛✑ ② ❝♦♠♦ ❝♦♥tr❛s❡ñ❛ ✑❉❛✈✐❞✑✳

✼✳✷✳✶✹✳ ❖tr❛s ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❡s ❞❡ ❝❛❞❡♥❛s

❍❛② ❞♦s ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❡s ♠ás ♣❛r❛ ❧❛s ❝❛❞❡♥❛s ❞❡ t❡①t♦✿ ✑ s♣r✐♥t❢✑ ② ✑ ss❝❛♥❢✑✳

▲❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ✑ s♣r✐♥t❢✑ ❝r❡❛ ✉♥❛ ❝❛❞❡♥❛ ❞❡ t❡①t♦ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ✉♥❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛t♦ ② ✉♥♦s
♣❛rá♠❡tr♦s✱ ❛❧ ✐❣✉❛❧ q✉❡ ✑ ♣r✐♥t❢✑✱ ♣❡r♦ ❧❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛ ❡stá ❡♥ q✉❡ ✑ ♣r✐♥t❢✑ ♠❛♥❞❛ s✉ s❛❧✐❞❛ ❛ ❧❛
♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛✱ ♠✐❡♥tr❛s q✉❡ ✑ s♣r✐♥t❢✑ ❧❛ ❣✉❛r❞❛ ❡♥ ✉♥❛ ❝❛❞❡♥❛ ❞❡ t❡①t♦✳

❙✐ t❡♥❡♠♦s✿

♣r✐♥t❢✭✬✬❊❧ ♥✉♠❡r♦ ✪❞ ♠✉❧t✐♣❧✐❝❛❞♦ ♣♦r ✷ ✈❛❧❡ ✪❞❭♥✬✬✱ ✺✵✱ ✺✵✯✷✮❀

❊♥ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛ ❛♣❛r❡❝❡✿

❊❧ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ✺✵ ♠✉❧t✐♣❧✐❝❛❞♦ ♣♦r ✷ ✈❛❧❡ ✶✵✵

❙✐ t❡♥❡♠♦s ✉♥❛ ❝❛❞❡♥❛ ❞❡ t❡①t♦ ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❝❤❛r ❝❛❞❡♥❛❬✶✵✵❪ ② ❡s❝r✐❜✐♠♦s✿

s♣r✐♥t❢✭❝❛❞❡♥❛✱✬✬❊❧ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ✪❞ ♠✉❧t✐♣❧✐❝❛❞♦ ♣♦r ✷ ✈❛❧❡ ✪❞❭♥✬✬✱ ✺✵✱ ✺✵✯✷✮❀ ❊♥ ♣❛♥t❛✲

❧❧❛ ♥♦ ❛♣❛r❡❝❡ ♥❛❞❛✱ ②❛ q✉❡ ✑❝❛❞❡♥❛✑ ♣❛s❛ ❛ ❝♦♥t❡♥❡r ❡❧ t❡①t♦ ❛♥t❡s ♠♦str❛❞♦✳ ❆❤♦r❛✱ ❡s❝r✐❜✐♠♦s
❡st❡ t❡①t♦ ❝♦♥✿

♣✉ts✭❝❛❞❡♥❛✮❀
♦ ❜✐❡♥ ❝♦♥✿

♣r✐♥t❢✭✬✬ ✪s✬✬✱ ❝❛❞❡♥❛✮❀

➽◗✉é ✉t✐❧✐❞❛❞ t✐❡♥❡ ❡st❛ ♦r❞❡♥❄ ❡s út✐❧ ❝✉❛♥❞♦ q✉❡r❛♠♦s ❢♦r♠❛t❡❛r t❡①t♦ q✉❡ ♥♦ ❛♣❛r❡③❝❛ ❞✐r❡❝✲
t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡♥ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛✱ s✐♥♦ q✉❡ ❧❛ ❡♥✈✐❛♠♦s ❛ ✉♥ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦✱ ❧❛ ♠♦str❛♠♦s ❡♥ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛ ❣rá✜❝❛✱ ♦ ❧❛
❡♥✈✐❛♠♦s ❛ tr❛✈és ❞❡ ✉♥❛ r❡❞ ♠❡❞✐❛♥t❡ ✑ s♦❝❦❡ts✑✳

P♦r ♦tr❛ ♣❛rt❡✱ ✑ ss❝❛♥❢✑ ❡s s✐♠✐❧❛r ❛ ✑ s❝❛♥❢✑✱ ❝♦♥ ❧❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛ q✉❡ ❧♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ♣❛r❛ ❧❛s ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s
♥♦ s❡ ❧❡❡♥ ❞❡s❞❡ ❡❧ t❡❝❧❛❞♦✱ s✐♥♦ ❞❡s❞❡ ✉♥❛ ❝❛❞❡♥❛ ❞❡ t❡①t♦✳

✶ str❝♣② ✭ ❝❛❞❡♥❛ ✱ ✬✬✷✵ ✸✵ ✬✬✮❀

✷ ss❝❛♥❢ ✭ ❝❛❞❡♥❛ ✱ ✬✬ ✪❞ ✪❞ ✬✬✱ ✫ ♣r✐♠❡r◆✉♠ ✱ ✫ s❡❣✉♥❞♦◆✉♠ ✮ ❀

◆♦t❛✿ ss❝❛♥❢ ❞❡✈✉❡❧✈❡ ❡❧ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡t❡❝t❛❞♦s✱ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♠♣r♦❜❛r s✐ ❤❛ t♦♠❛❞♦

t♦❞♦s ❧♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ✐♥❣r❡s❛❞♦s ♦ ♠❡♥♦s ✭❡❧ ✉s✉❛r✐♦ ❤❛ ✐♥❣r❡s❛❞♦ ♠❡♥♦s ❞❡ ❧♦s ❡s♣❡r❛❞♦s
♦ ❛❧❣✉♥♦ ❡stá ✐♥❝♦rr❡❝t♦✮✳

✼✺
 ✶ ✐❢ ✭ ss❝❛♥❢ ✭ ❝❛❞❡♥❛ ✱ ✬✬ ✪❞ ✪❞ ✬✬✱ ✫ ♣r✐♠❡r◆✉♠ ✱ ✫ s❡❣✉♥❞♦◆✉♠ ✮ ❁✷✮
✷ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭ ✬✬ ❉❡❜❡ ✐♥❣r❡s❛r ❞♦s ♥✉♠❡r♦s ✬✬✮❀

✼✳✷✳✶✺✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦ ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦

✶✳ ❯♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ q✉❡ ♣✐❞❛ t✉ ♥♦♠❜r❡✱ t✉ ❞í❛ ② ♠❡s ❞❡ ♥❛❝✐♠✐❡♥t♦ ② ❧♦ ✉♥❛ ❡♥ ✉♥❛ ❝❛❞❡♥❛✱
s❡♣❛r❛♥❞♦ ❡❧ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❢❡❝❤❛ ♣♦r ✉♥❛ ❝♦♠❛ ② ❡❧ ❞í❛ ❞❡❧ ♠❡s ♣♦r ✉♥❛ ❜❛rr❛ ✐♥❝❧✐♥❛❞❛✱
❛sí✿ ✑❉❛✈✐❞✱ ♥❛❝✐❞♦ ❡❧ ✵✹✴✶✷✑✳

❯♥❛ t❡r❝❡r❛ ♦r❞❡♥ q✉❡ r❡s✉❧t❛ út✐❧ ❡s ✑ strstr✑✳ ❈♦♠♣r✉❡❜❛ s✐ ✉♥❛ ❝❛❞❡♥❛ ❝♦♥t✐❡♥❡ ✉♥ ❝✐❡rt♦ t❡①t♦✳
❉❡✈✉❡❧✈❡ ◆❯▲▲ ✭✉♥ ✈❛❧♦r ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✮ s✐ ♥♦ ❧❛ ❝♦♥t✐❡♥❡✱ ② ♦tr♦ ✈❛❧♦r ❡♥ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ q✉❡ ❧❛ ❝♦♥t❡♥❣❛✿

✶ ✐❢ ✭ strstr ✭ ❢r❛s❡ ✱ ✬✬ ❍♦❧❛ ✬✬✮ ❂❂ ◆❯▲▲ ✮

✷ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭ ✬✬◆♦ ❤❛s ✐♥❣r❡s❛❞♦ ❧❛ ♣❛❧❛❜r❛ ❍♦❧❛ ✬✬✮❀

◆♦t❛✿ ❊①✐st❡♥ ♠ás ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❡s ♣❛r❛ ♠❛♥✐♣✉❧❛r ❝❛❞❡♥❛s✱ ❡stá♥ ❧❛s ♠ás ❤❛❜✐t✉❛❧❡s ② ❤❛②
♦tr❛s q✉❡ ❜✉s❝❛♥ ✉♥❛ ❧❡tr❛ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ✉♥❛ ❝❛❞❡♥❛ ✭str❝❤r✮✱ ✉♥❛ ❝❛❞❡♥❛ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ♦tr❛
❝❛❞❡♥❛ ✭strstr✮✱ ✑❞❛r ❧❛ ✈✉❡❧t❛✑ ❛ ✉♥❛ ❝❛❞❡♥❛ ✭strr❡✈✮✱ ❡t❝✳

❙❡❣ú♥ ❡❧ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦r q✉❡ ✉s❡♠♦s✱ t❡♥❡♠♦s ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❡s ♣r❡♣❛r❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥✈❡rt✐r ✉♥❛
❝❛❞❡♥❛ ❛ ♠❛②ús❝✉❧❛s ✭str✉♣r✮ ♦ ❛ ♠✐♥ús❝✉❧❛s ✭str❧✇r✮✳

✼✳✷✳✶✻✳ ❱❛❧♦r ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ❞❡ ✉♥❛ ❝❛❞❡♥❛ ❞❡ t❡①t♦

❆s✐❣♥❛♠♦s ✉♥ ✈❛❧♦r ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ❛ ✉♥❛ ❝❛❞❡♥❛ ❞❡ t❡①t♦✱ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❞♦s ❢♦r♠❛t♦s ❞✐st✐♥t♦s✿

✶✳ ❊❧ ❢♦r♠❛t♦ ✑❝❧ás✐❝♦✑ ♣❛r❛ ❛s✐❣♥❛r ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❛ t❛❜❧❛s✿ ❝❤❛r ♥♦♠❜r❡❬✺✵❪❂ ④✬❏✬✱✬✉✬✱✬❛✬✱✬♥✬⑥❀

✷✳ ❖tr♦ ❢♦r♠❛t♦ ❝♦♠♣❛❝t♦ ❡s✿ ❝❤❛r ♥♦♠❜r❡❬✺✵❪❂✬✬❏✉❛♥✬✬❀

P❡r♦ ❛t❡♥t♦s ❝♦♥ ❡st❡ ú❧t✐♠♦✿ r❡❝♦r❞❛r q✉❡ só❧♦ s❡ ✉s❛ ❛❧ ❞❡❝❧❛r❛r ❧❛ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡✱ ❛❧ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣✐♦ ❞❡❧
♣r♦❣r❛♠❛✳ ❙✐ ❡st❛♠♦s ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ é❧✱ ✉s❛♠♦s ❧❛ ♦r❞❡♥ ✑ str❝♣②⑤✑ ♣❛r❛ ❛s✐❣♥❛r ✉♥ ✈❛❧♦r ❛ ✉♥❛ ❝❛❞❡♥❛
❞❡ t❡①t♦✳

✼✳✸✳ ❚❛❜❧❛s ❜✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧❡s

❉❡❝❧❛r❛♠♦s t❛❜❧❛s ❞❡ ❞♦s ♦ ♠ás ❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❡s✳ ❙✐ ❣✉❛r❞❛♠♦s ❧♦s ❞❛t♦s ❞❡ ❞♦s ❣r✉♣♦s ❞❡ ❛❧✉♠✲
♥♦s✱ ❝❛❞❛ ❣r✉♣♦ t✐❡♥❡ ✷✵ ❛❧✉♠♥♦s✱ t❡♥❡♠♦s ❞♦s ♦♣❝✐♦♥❡s✿

❯s❛♠♦s ✐♥t ❞❛t♦s❆❧✉♠♥♦s❬✹✵❪ ❞♦♥❞❡ ❧♦s ✷✵ ♣r✐♠❡r♦s ❞❛t♦s ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♥ ❛ ✉♥ ❣r✉♣♦ ❞❡

❛❧✉♠♥♦s ② ❧♦s ✷✵ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡s ❛❧ ♦tr♦ ❣r✉♣♦✳

❚❛♠❜✐é♥✱ ❡♠♣❧❡❛♠♦s ✐♥t ❞❛t♦s❆❧✉♠♥♦s❬✷❪❬✷✵❪✱ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ❧♦s ❞❛t♦s ❞❡ ❧❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❛t♦s❆✲
❧✉♠♥♦s❬✵❪❬✐❪ s♦♥ ❞❡❧ ♣r✐♠❡r ❣r✉♣♦✱ ② ❞❛t♦s❆❧✉♠♥♦s❬✶❪❬✐❪ s♦♥ ❞❡❧ s❡❣✉♥❞♦✳

❊♥ ❝✉❛❧q✉✐❡r ❝❛s♦✱ s✐ ✐♥❞✐❝❛♠♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧❡s✱ ❧♦ ❤❛❝❡♠♦s ❡♥tr❡ ❧❧❛✈❡s✱ ✐❣✉❛❧ q✉❡ s✐ ❢✉❡r❛ ✉♥❛
t❛❜❧❛ ❞❡ ✉♥❛ ❞✐♠❡♥s✐ó♥✳ ❱❡❛♠♦s ✉♥ ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ s✉ ✉s♦✿

✼✻
 ✶ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ st❞✐♦ ✳❤ ❃
✷
✸ ✐♥t ♠❛✐♥ ✭✮ ④
✹ ✐♥t ♥♦t❛s ❬✷❪❬✶✵❪ ❂ ④ ✶✱ ✷✱ ✸ ✱ ✹ ✱ ✺✱ ✻✱ ✼ ✱ ✽✱ ✾✱ ✶✵ ✱ ✶✶ ✱ ✶✷ ✱
✶✸ ✱ ✶✹ ✱ ✶✺ ✱ ✶✻ ✱ ✶✼ ✱ ✶✽ ✱ ✶✾ ✱ ✷✵ ⑥❀
✺
✻ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ▲❛ ♥♦t❛ ❞❡❧ t❡r❝❡r ❛❧✉♠♥♦ ❞❡❧ ❣r✉♣♦s ✶ ❡s ✪❞ ✧ ✱ ♥♦t❛s
❬✵❪❬✷❪✮ ❀
✼
✽ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✾ ⑥

❊st❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❛rr❡❣❧♦s ❛❧♠❛❝❡♥❛♥ ♠❛tr✐❝❡s✱ ❝✉❛♥❞♦ ❤❛② q✉❡ r❡s♦❧✈❡r ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦s ❝♦♠✲
♣❧❡❥♦s✳
❚❛♠❜✐é♥✱ ✉s❛♠♦s ❛rr❡❣❧♦s ❞❡ ❞♦s ❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❡s s✐ ❛❧♠❛❝❡♥❛♠♦s ✉♥❛ ❧✐st❛ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❡♥❛s ❞❡ t❡①t♦✱
❝♦♠♦✿

✶ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ st❞✐♦ ✳❤ ❃
✷
✸ ✐♥t ♠❛✐♥ ✭✮ ④
✹ ❝❤❛r ♠❡♥s❛❥❡❊rr♦r ❬✺❪❬✽✵❪ ❂ ④
✺ ✬✬ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ♥♦ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦ ✬✬✱
✻ ✬✬❊❧ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ♥♦ s❡ ♣✉❡❞❡ ❛❜r✐r ♣❛r❛ ❡s❝r✐t✉r❛ ✬✬✱
✼ ✬✬❊❧ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ❡st á ✈❛❝ í♦ ✬✬✱
✽ ✬✬❊❧ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ❝♦♥t✐❡♥❡ ❞❛t♦s ❞❡ t✐♣♦ ✐♥❝♦rr❡❝t♦ ✬✬
✾ ✬✬❊❧ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ❡st á s✐❡♥❞♦ ✉s❛❞♦ ✬✬
✶✵ ⑥❀
✶✶
✶✷ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭ ✬✬❊❧ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ♠❡♥s❛❥❡ ❞❡ ❡rr♦r ❡s ✿ ✪s ✬✬✱ ♠❡♥s❛❥❡❊rr♦r
❬✶❪✮ ❀
✶✸ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭ ✬✬▲❛ ♣r✐♠❡r❛ ❧❡tr❛ ❞❡❧ t❡r❝❡r ♠❡♥s❛❥❡ ❞❡ ❡rr♦r ❡s ✿ ✪❝ ✬✬
✱ ♠❡♥s❛❥❡❊rr♦r ❬✷❪❬✵❪✮ ❀
✶✹
✶✺ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✶✻ ⑥

✼✳✸✳✶✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦s ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦s

✶✳ ❯♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ q✉❡ ❣✉❛r❞❡ ❧♦s ♥♦♠❜r❡s ❞❡ ❧♦s ♠❡s❡s✳ ❊❧ ✉s✉❛r✐♦ ✐♥❞✐❝❛ ✉♥ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ♠❡s ✭✸✮
② ❧❡ ♠✉❡str❛ ❡❧ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ❞❡ ❞✐❝❤♦ ♠❡s ✭▼❛r③♦✮✳

✷✳ ❯s❛r ✉♥ ❛rr❡❣❧♦ ❞❡ ✸ ❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❡s ♣❛r❛ ❛❧♠❛❝❡♥❛r ❧♦s ♥♦♠❜r❡s ❞❡ ❧♦s ♠❡s❡s ❡♥ ❡s♣❛ñ♦❧ ❡
✐♥❣❧és✳ ❊❧ ✉s✉❛r✐♦ ✐♥❞✐❝❛ ✉♥ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ♠❡s ✭✸✮ ② s❡ ♠✉❡str❛ ❡❧ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ❞❡ ❡s❡ ♠❡s ❡♥ ❡s♣❛ñ♦❧
✭▼❛r③♦✮ ❡ ✐♥❣❧és ✭▼❛r❝❤✮✳

✼✼
✼✳✹✳ ❆rr❡❣❧♦s ✐♥❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦s

❙✐ ❛s✐❣♥❛♠♦s ✈❛❧♦r✭❡s✮ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧✭❡s✮ ❛ ✉♥ ❛rr❡❣❧♦✱ ♥♦ ❡s ♥❡❝❡s❛r✐♦ ✐♥❞✐❝❛r s✉ t❛♠❛ñ♦✱ ❡❧ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦r

❧♦ ❛s✐❣♥❛ s❡❣ú♥ ❧♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ✐♥❣r❡s❛❞♦s✱ ❛sí✿

✶ ✐♥t ♣✉♥t♦ ❬❪ ❂ ④✶✵ ✱ ✵ ✱ ✲✶✵⑥❀

✷ ❝❤❛r s❛❧✉❞♦ ❬ ❪ ❂ ✬✬ ❤♦❧❛ ✬✬❀
✸ ❝❤❛r ♠❡♥s❛❥❡s ❬❪❬✽✵❪ ❂ ④ ✬✬ ❇✐❡♥✈❡♥✐❞♦ ✬✬✱ ✬✬ ❍❛st❛ ♦tr❛ ✬✬⑥❀

✼✳✹✳✶✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦s ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦s

✶✳ ❯♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ q✉❡ ♣✐❞❛ ✶✵ ♥♦♠❜r❡s ② ❧♦s ❛❧♠❛❝❡♥❡✳ ❉❡s♣✉és✱ ♣✐❞❛ ✐♥❣r❡s❡ ✉♥ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ②
❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛ s✐ s❡ ❡♥❝✉❡♥tr❛ ♦ ♥♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❧♦s ✶✵ ✐♥❣r❡s❛❞♦s ❛♥t❡s✳ P✐❞❛ ♦tr♦ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ② ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❡
s✐ s❡ ❡♥❝✉❡♥tr❛ ❡♥tr❡ ❡❧❧♦s✱ ② ❛sí s✉❝❡s✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❤❛st❛ q✉❡ ✐♥❣r❡s❡ ✑✜♥✑✳

✷✳ ❯♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ q✉❡ r❡s❡r✈❡ ❡s♣❛❝✐♦ ♣❛r❛ ✶✵✵ ♥♦♠❜r❡s ✭❝♦♥ ✉♥ ♠á①✐♠♦ ❞❡ ✽✵ ❧❡tr❛s ❝❛❞❛
✉♥♦✮✳ ❊❧ ✉s✉❛r✐♦ ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝❡ ✉♥ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③✱ ❤❛st❛ q✉❡ s❡ ♣r❡s✐♦♥❡ ■♥tr♦ s✐♥ ✐♥❣r❡s❛r
♥❛❞❛✱ t❡r♠✐♥❛♥❞♦ ❧❛ ❝❛♣t✉r❛ ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s ② ❧✉❡❣♦ ♠✉❡str❛ ❡♥ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ ❞❡ ❧♦s ♥♦♠❜r❡s
✐♥tr♦❞✉❝✐❞♦s✳

✼✳✺✳ ❊str✉❝t✉r❛s

✼✳✺✳✶✳ ❉❡✜♥✐❝✐ó♥ ② ❛❝❝❡s♦ ❛ ❧♦s ❞❛t♦s

❯♥ r❡❣✐str♦ ❡s ✉♥❛ ❛❣r✉♣❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s✱ ❧♦s ❝✉❛❧❡s ♥♦ ♥❡❝❡s❛r✐❛♠❡♥t❡ s♦♥ ❞❡❧ ♠✐s♠♦ t✐♣♦✳ ❙❡
❞❡✜♥❡♥ ❝♦♥ ❧❛ ♣❛❧❛❜r❛ ✑ str✉❝t⑤✑✳

P❛r❛ ❛❝❝❡❞❡r ❛ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♥♦ ❞❡ ❧♦s ❞❛t♦s q✉❡ ❢♦r♠❛♥ ❡❧ r❡❣✐str♦✱ t❛♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ❧❡❡r s✉ ✈❛❧♦r ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛r❛
❝❛♠❜✐❛r❧♦✱ ❞❡❜❡ ✐♥❞✐❝❛r ❡❧ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ❞❡ ❧❛ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ ② ❡❧ ❞❡❧ ❞❛t♦ ✭♦ ❝❛♠♣♦✮ s❡♣❛r❛❞♦s ♣♦r ✉♥ ♣✉♥t♦✿

✶ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ st❞✐♦ ✳❤ ❃
✷
✸ ✐♥t ♠❛✐♥ ✭✮ ④
✹ str✉❝t ④
✺ ❝❤❛r ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ❀
✻ ✐♥t ❡❞❛❞ ❀
✼ ❢❧♦❛t ♥♦t❛ ❀
✽ ⑥ ♣❡rs♦♥❛ ❀
✾
✶✵ ♣❡rs♦♥❛ ✳ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ❂ ✬❏ ✬❀
✶✶ ♣❡rs♦♥❛ ✳ ❡❞❛❞ ❂ ✷✵❀
✶✷ ♣❡rs♦♥❛ ✳ ♥♦t❛ ❂ ✼✳✺❀
✶✸ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭ ✬✬▲❛ ❡❞❛❞ ❡s ✪❞ ✬✬✱ ♣❡rs♦♥❛ ✳ ❡❞❛❞ ✮❀
✶✹
✶✺ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✶✻ ⑥
❈♦♠♦ ❡s ❤❛❜✐t✉❛❧ ❡♥ ❈✱ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡❝❧❛r❛r ✉♥❛ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ ❞❡❜❡♠♦s ✐♥❞✐❝❛r ❡❧ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❞❛t♦ ✭str✉❝t ✳✳✳⑤ ✮
② ❞❡s♣✉és s✉ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ✭♣❡rs♦♥❛✮✳

❚❛♠❜✐é♥✱ ❞❡❝❧❛r❛♠♦s ♥✉❡str♦ r❡❣✐str♦ ②✱ ❧✉❡❣♦✱ ❞❡✜♥✐♠♦s ❧❛s ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s ❞❡r✐✈❛❞❛s ❞❡ ❡s❡ t✐♣♦✿

✼✽
 ✶ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ st❞✐♦ ✳❤ ❃
✷
✸ str✉❝t ❞❛t♦sP❡rs♦♥❛ ④
✹ ❝❤❛r ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ❀
✺ ✐♥t ❡❞❛❞ ❀
✻ ❢❧♦❛t ♥♦t❛ ❀
✼ ⑥❀
✽
✾ ✐♥t ♠❛✐♥ ✭✮ ④
✶✵ str✉❝t ❞❛t♦sP❡rs♦♥❛ ❢✐❝❤❛ ❀
✶✶
✶✷ ❢✐❝❤❛ ✳ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ❂ ✬❏ ✬❀
✶✸ ❢✐❝❤❛ ✳ ❡❞❛❞ ❂ ✷✵❀
✶✹ ❢✐❝❤❛ ✳ ♥♦t❛ ❂ ✼✳✺❀
✶✺ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭ ✬✬▲❛ ❡❞❛❞ ❡s ✪❞ ✬✬✱ ❢✐❝❤❛ ✳ ❡❞❛❞ ✮ ❀
✶✻
✶✼ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✶✽ ⑥

✼✳✺✳✷✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦ ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦

✶✳ ❯♥ ✑ str✉❝t✑ q✉❡ ❛❧♠❛❝❡♥❡ ❞❛t♦s ❞❡ ✉♥❛ ❝❛♥❝✐ó♥ ❡♥ ❢♦r♠❛t♦ ▼P✸✿ ❆rt✐st❛✱ ❚ít✉❧♦✱ ❉✉r❛❝✐ó♥
✭❡♥ s❡❣✉♥❞♦s✮✱ ❚❛♠❛ñ♦ ❞❡❧ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ✭❡♥ ❑❇✮✳ ❊❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡❜❡ ♣❡❞✐r ❧♦s ❞❛t♦s ❞❡ ✉♥❛
❝❛♥❝✐ó♥✱ ❛❧♠❛❝❡♥❛r❧♦s ❡♥ ❞✐❝❤♦ ✑ str✉❝t✑ ② ♠♦str❛r❧♦s ❡♥ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛✳

✼✳✺✳✸✳ ❛rr❡❣❧♦s ❞❡ ❡str✉❝t✉r❛s

❍❡♠♦s ❣✉❛r❞❛❞♦ ✈❛r✐♦s ❞❛t♦s ❞❡ ✉♥❛ ♣❡rs♦♥❛✳ ❙❡ ❛❧♠❛❝❡♥❛♥ ❧♦s ❞❡ ✈❛r✐❛s ♣❡rs♦♥❛s ❛❧ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛r
❡❧ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❧♦s ✑ str✉❝t✑ ❝♦♥ ❧♦s ❛rr❡❣❧♦s ✈✐st♦s✳ P❛r❛ ❣✉❛r❞❛r ❧♦s ❞❛t♦s ❞❡ ✶✵✵ ❛❧✉♠♥♦s ❤❛❝❡♠♦s✿

✶ str✉❝t ④
✷ ❝❤❛r ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ❀
✸ ✐♥t ❡❞❛❞ ❀
✹ ❢❧♦❛t ♥♦t❛ ❀
✺ ⑥ ❛❧✉♠♥♦s ❬✶✵✵❪❀
▲❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ❞❡❧ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ❞❡❧ ♣r✐♠❡r ❛❧✉♠♥♦ ❡s ✑❛❧✉♠♥♦s❬✵❪✳✐♥✐❝✐❛❧✑✱ ② ❧❛ ❡❞❛❞ ❞❡❧ ú❧t✐♠♦ ❡s ✑❛❧✉♠✲
♥♦s❬✾✾❪✳❡❞❛❞✑✳

✼✳✺✳✹✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦s ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦s

✶✳ ❆♠♣❧✐❛r ❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ✈✐st♦ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ❛❧♠❛❝❡♥❡ ❞❛t♦s ❞❡ ✶✵✵ ❝❛♥❝✐♦♥❡s✳ ❉❡❜❡ t❡♥❡r ✉♥ ♠❡♥ú
q✉❡ ♣❛r❛ ❧❛s ♦♣❝✐♦♥❡s✿ ❛ñ❛❞✐r ✉♥❛ ♥✉❡✈❛ ❝❛♥❝✐ó♥✱ ♠♦str❛r ❡❧ tít✉❧♦ ❞❡ ❧❛s ❝❛♥❝✐♦♥❡s✱ ❜✉s❝❛r
❧❛ ❝❛♥❝✐ó♥ q✉❡ ❝♦♥t❡♥❣❛ ✉♥ ❝✐❡rt♦ t❡①t♦ ✭❡♥ ❡❧ ❛rt✐st❛ ♦ ❡♥ ❡❧ tít✉❧♦✮✳

✷✳ ❯♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ q✉❡ ❣✉❛r❞❡ ❞❛t♦s ❞❡ ✑✐♠á❣❡♥❡s✑ ✭❛r❝❤✐✈♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r q✉❡ ❝♦♥t❡♥❣❛♥

❢♦t♦❣r❛❢í❛s ♦ ❝✉❛❧q✉✐❡r ♦tr♦ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥ ❣rá✜❝❛✮✳ ❉❡ ❝❛❞❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♥ ❣✉❛r❞❛r✿ ♥♦♠❜r❡
✭t❡①t♦✮✱ ❛♥❝❤♦ ❡♥ ♣í①❡❧❡s ✭❝♦♠♦ ✷✵✵✵✮✱ ❛❧t♦ ❡♥ ♣í①❡❧❡s ✭✸✵✵✵✮✱ t❛♠❛ñ♦ ❡♥ ❑❜ ✭✶✹✺✱✻✮✳ ❊❧
♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡❜❡ ❛❧♠❛❝❡♥❛r ❤❛st❛ ✼✵✵ ✐♠á❣❡♥❡s ✭❛✈✐s❛ ❝✉❛♥❞♦ s✉ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞ ❡sté ❧❧❡♥❛✮✳ ❈♦♥

✼✾
 ❧❛s ♦♣❝✐♦♥❡s✿ ❛ñ❛❞✐r ✉♥❛ ✜❝❤❛ ♥✉❡✈❛✱ ✈❡r ❧❛s ✜❝❤❛s ✭♥ú♠❡r♦ ② ♥♦♠❜r❡ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♥✮✱
❜✉s❝❛r ❧❛ ✜❝❤❛ q✉❡ t❡♥❣❛ ✉♥ ❝✐❡rt♦ ♥♦♠❜r❡✳

✼✳✺✳✺✳ ❊str✉❝t✉r❛s ❛♥✐❞❛❞❛s

❊♥❝♦♥tr❛♠♦s ✉♥ r❡❣✐str♦ ❝♦♥ ✈❛r✐♦s ❞❛t♦s ② q✉❡✱ ❛ s✉ ✈❡③✱ ♦❝✉rr❛ q✉❡ ✉♥♦ ❞❡ ❡s♦s ❞❛t♦s ❡sté
❢♦r♠❛❞♦ ♣♦r ✈❛r✐♦s ❞❛t♦s✳ P❛r❛ ❡❧❧♦✱ ❞❡s❞❡ ❈✱ ✐♥❝❧✉✐♠♦s ✉♥ ✑ str✉❝t✑ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ♦tr♦✱ ❛sí✿

✶ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ st❞✐♦ ✳❤ ❃
✷
✸ str✉❝t ❢❡❝❤❛◆❛❝✐♠✐❡♥t♦ ④
✹ ✐♥t ❞✐❛ ❀
✺ ✐♥t ♠❡s ❀
✻ ✐♥t ❛♥②♦ ❀
✼ ⑥❀
✽
✾ str✉❝t ④
✶✵ ❝❤❛r ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ❀
✶✶ str✉❝t ❢❡❝❤❛◆❛❝✐♠✐❡♥t♦ ❞✐❛❉❡◆❛❝✐♠✐❡♥t♦ ❀
✶✷ ❢❧♦❛t ♥♦t❛ ❀
✶✸ ⑥ ♣❡rs♦♥❛ ❀
✶✹
✶✺ ✐♥t ♠❛✐♥ ✭✮ ④
✶✻ ♣❡rs♦♥❛ ✳ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ❂ ✬■ ✬❀
✶✼ ♣❡rs♦♥❛ ✳ ❞✐❛❉❡◆❛❝✐♠✐❡♥t♦ ✳ ♠❡s ❂ ✽❀
✶✽ ♣❡rs♦♥❛ ✳ ♥♦t❛ ❂ ✼✳✺❀
✶✾ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭ ✬✬▲❛ ♥♦t❛ ❡s ✪❢ ✬✬✱ ♣❡rs♦♥❛ ✳ ♥♦t❛ ✮❀
✷✵
✷✶ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✷✷ ⑥

✼✳✺✳✻✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦s ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦s

✶✳ ❆♠♣❧✐❛r ❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡❧ ❛♣❛rt❛❞♦ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ❡❧ ❝❛♠♣♦ ✑❞✉r❛❝✐ó♥✑ ❛❧♠❛❝❡♥❡ ♠✐♥✉t♦s
② s❡❣✉♥❞♦s✱ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ✉♥ ✑ str✉❝t✑ ❛♥✐❞❛❞♦ q✉❡ ❝♦♥t❡♥❣❛ ❛ s✉ ✈❡③ ❡st♦s ❞♦s ❝❛♠♣♦s✳

♣♦s✐❝✐ó♥ ✵❀ s✐ t❡♥❡♠♦s ❞♦s ✜❝❤❛s✱ ✵ ② ✶✱ ❧✉❡❣♦ ❛ñ❛❞✐♠♦s ❧❛ ♣♦s✐❝✐ó♥ ✷❀ ❡♥ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✱ s✐ t❡♥❡♠♦s

✑♥✑ ✜❝❤❛s✱ ❛ñ❛❞✐♠♦s ❝❛❞❛ ♥✉❡✈❛ ✜❝❤❛ ❡♥ ❧❛ ♣♦s✐❝✐ó♥ ✑♥✑✳ P♦r ♦tr❛ ♣❛rt❡✱ ♣❛r❛ r❡✈✐s❛r ❧❛s ✜❝❤❛s✱
r❡❝♦rr❡r❡♠♦s ❞❡s❞❡ ❧❛ ♣♦s✐❝✐ó♥ ✵ ❤❛st❛ ❧❛ ♥✲✶✱ ❤❛❝✐❡♥❞♦ ❛❧❣♦ ❝♦♠♦✿

❢♦r ✭✐❂✵❀ ✐❁❂♥✲✶❀ ✐✰✰✮④ ✳✳✳ ♠ás ór❞❡♥❡s ✳✳✳⑥

♦ ❜✐❡♥ ❛❧❣♦ ❝♦♠♦✿

❢♦r ✭✐❂✵❀ ✐❁♥❀ ✐✰✰✮④ ✳✳✳ ♠ás ór❞❡♥❡s ✳✳✳⑥

❊❧ r❡st♦ ❞❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ♥♦ ❡s ❞✐❢í❝✐❧✿ ❧❡❡♠♦s ② ❝♦♠♣❛r❛♠♦s t❡①t♦s ② ♥ú♠❡r♦s✳ ❙ó❧♦ ❤❛❝❡♠♦s tr❡s
❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❝✐♦♥❡s✿

▲♦s t❡①t♦s ✭♥♦♠❜r❡ ❞❡❧ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦✮ ♣✉❡❞❡♥ ❝♦♥t❡♥❡r ❡s♣❛❝✐♦s✱ ♣♦r ❧♦ q✉❡ ✉s❛♠♦s ✑ ❣❡ts✑ ❡♥ ✈❡③
❞❡ ✑ s❝❛♥❢✑✳

✽✵
 ❊s ✑♣❡❧✐❣r♦s♦✑ ♠❡③❝❧❛r ❧❛s ór❞❡♥❡s ✑ ❣❡ts✑ ② ✑ s❝❛♥❢✑✿ s✐ ❧❡❡♠♦s ✉♥ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❝♦♥ ✑ s❝❛♥❢✑✱
② ♣r❡s✐♦♥❛♠♦s ✑■♥tr♦✑ q✉❡❞❛ ❡♥ ❡❧ ❜✉✛❡r ❞❡❧ t❡❝❧❛❞♦✱ ❧♦ q✉❡ ♣✉❡❞❡ ♣r♦✈♦❝❛r q✉❡ ❝✉❛♥❞♦
✐♥t❡♥t❡♠♦s ❧❡❡r ❝♦♥ ✑ ❣❡ts✑ ♦tr♦ t❡①t♦✱ ❧❡❛♠♦s ❧❛ t❡❝❧❛ ✑■♥tr♦✑✳

P❛r❛ ❡✈✐t❛r❧♦✱ ❧❡❡♠♦s ❧♦s ♥ú♠❡r♦s ✑❡♥ ❞♦s ❡t❛♣❛s✑✿ ♣r✐♠❡r♦✱ ✉♥❛ ❝❛❞❡♥❛ ❝♦♥ ✑ ❣❡ts✑ ② ❧✉❡❣♦✱
❧❛ ❝♦♥✈❡rt✐♠♦s ❛ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❝♦♥ ✑ ss❝❛♥❢✑✳

❧✐♠✐t❛♠♦s ❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❛ ✶✵✵✵ ✜❝❤❛s❀ ❛sí q✉❡✱ s✐ q✉✐❡r❡ ❛❣r❡❣❛r ✉♥❛ ♠ás✱ ❞❡❜❡ ❛s❡❣✉r❛r q✉❡ ❤❛②
✉♥ ❧✉❣❛r ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜❧❡✳

❈♦♥ t♦❞♦ ❡st♦✱ ♥✉❡str♦ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❢✉❡♥t❡ q✉❡❞❛ ❛sí✿

✶ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ st❞✐♦ ✳❤ ❃
✷ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ str✐♥❣ ✳❤ ❃
✸
✹ str✉❝t ④
✺ ❝❤❛r ♥♦♠❜r❡❋✐❝❤ ❬✹✶❪❀ ✴✯ ◆♦♠❜r❡ ❞❡❧ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ✯✴
✻ ✉♥s✐❣♥❡❞ ❧♦♥❣ t❛♠❛♥②♦ ❀ ✴✯ ❊❧ t❛♠❛ ñ♦ ❡♥ ❜②t❡s ✯✴
✼ ⑥ ❢✐❝❤❛s ❬✶✵✵✵❪❀
✽
✾ ✐♥t ♥✉♠❡r♦❋✐❝❤❛s ❂✵❀ ✴✯ ◆ú ♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❢✐❝❤❛s q✉❡ ②❛ t❡♥❡♠♦s ✯✴
✶✵ ✐♥t ✐ ❀ ✴✯ P❛r❛ ❜✉❝❧❡s ✯✴
✶✶
✶✷ ✐♥t ♦♣❝✐♦♥ ❀ ✴✯ ▲❛ ♦♣❝✐♦♥ ❞❡❧ ♠❡♥✉ q✉❡ ❡❧✐❥❛ ❡❧
✉s✉❛r✐♦ ✯✴
✶✸
✶✹ ❝❤❛r t❡①t♦❚❡♠♣♦r❛❧ ❬✹✵❪❀ ✴✯ P❛r❛ ❝✉❛♥❞♦ ♣r❡❣✉♥t❡♠♦s ❛❧ ✉s✉❛r✐♦
✯✴
✶✺ ✉♥s✐❣♥❡❞ ❧♦♥❣ ♥✉♠❡r♦❚❡♠♣♦r❛❧ ❀
✶✻
✶✼ ✐♥t ♠❛✐♥ ✭✮ ④
✶✽ ❞♦ ④
✶✾ ✴✯ ▼❡♥✉ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ✯✴
✷✵ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭ ✬✬ ❊s❝♦❥❛ ✉♥❛ ♦♣❝✐ ó ♥ ✿❭ ♥ ✬✬✮❀
✷✶ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭ ✬✬✶✳ ✲ ❆ñ ❛❞✐r ❞❛t♦s ❞❡ ✉♥ ♥✉❡✈♦ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ❭♥ ✬✬✮❀
✷✷ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭ ✬✬✷✳ ✲ ▼♦str❛r ❧♦s ♥♦♠❜r❡s ❞❡ t♦❞♦s ❧♦s ❛r❝❤✐✈♦s ❭♥ ✬✬✮❀
✷✸ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭ ✬✬✸✳ ✲ ▼♦str❛r ❛r❝❤✐✈♦s q✉❡ s❡❛♥ ❞❡ ♠❛s ❞❡ ✉♥ ❝✐❡rt♦
t❛♠❛ ñ ♦❭♥ ✬✬✮❀
✷✹ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭ ✬✬✹✳ ✲ ❱❡r ❞❛t♦s ❞❡ ✉♥ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ❭ ♥ ✬✬✮❀
✷✺ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭ ✬✬✺✳ ✲ ❙❛❧✐r ❭ ♥ ✬✬✮❀
✷✻
✷✼ ✴✯ P❛r❛ ❡✈✐t❛r ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❝♦♥ ❞❛t♦s ♠❛❧ ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝✐❞♦s ✱
✷✽ ❧❡❡♠♦s ❝♦♥ ✬✬ ❣❡ts ✬✬ ② ❧✉❡❣♦ ❧♦ ❢✐❧tr❛♠♦s ❝♦♥ ✬✬ ss❝❛♥❢ ✬✬ ✯✴
✷✾ ❣❡ts ✭ t❡①t♦❚❡♠♣♦r❛❧ ✮❀
✸✵ ss❝❛♥❢ ✭ t❡①t♦❚❡♠♣♦r❛❧ ✱ ✬✬ ✪❞ ✬✬✱ ✫ ♦♣❝✐♦♥ ✮ ❀
✸✶
✸✷ ✴✯ ❍❛❝❡♠♦s ✉♥❛ ❝♦s❛ ✉ ♦tr❛ s❡❣ ú♥ ❧❛ ♦♣❝✐ ó♥ ❡s❝♦❣✐❞❛ ✯✴
✸✸ s✇✐t❝❤ ✭ ♦♣❝✐♦♥ ✮ ④
✸✹ ❝❛s❡ ✶✿ ✴✯ ❆ñ ❛❞✐r ✉♥ ❞❛t♦ ♥✉❡✈♦ ✯✴

✽✶
✸✺ ✐❢ ✭ ♥✉♠❡r♦❋✐❝❤❛s ❁ ✶✵✵✵✮ ④ ✴✯ ❙✐ q✉❡❞❛ ❧✉❣❛r ✯✴
✸✻ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭ ✬✬ ■♥tr♦❞✉❝❡ ❡❧ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ❞❡❧ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ✿ ✬✬✮❀
✸✼ ❣❡ts ✭ ❢✐❝❤❛s ❬ ♥✉♠❡r♦❋✐❝❤❛s ❪✳ ♥♦♠❜r❡❋✐❝❤ ✮❀
✸✽ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭ ✬✬ ■♥tr♦❞✉❝❡ ❡❧ t❛♠❛ ñ♦ ❡♥ ❑❇ ✿ ✬✬✮❀
✸✾ ❣❡ts ✭ t❡①t♦❚❡♠♣♦r❛❧ ✮❀
✹✵ ss❝❛♥❢ ✭ t❡①t♦❚❡♠♣♦r❛❧ ✱ ✬✬ ✪❧❞ ✬✬ ✱✫ ❢✐❝❤❛s ❬ ♥✉♠❡r♦❋✐❝❤❛s ❪✳
t❛♠❛♥②♦ ✮❀
✹✶ ✴✯ ❨ ②❛ t❡♥❡♠♦s ✉♥❛ ❢✐❝❤❛ ♠ás ✯✴
✹✷ ♥✉♠❡r♦❋✐❝❤❛s ✰✰❀
✹✸ ⑥ ❡❧s❡ ✴✯ ❙✐ ♥♦ ❤❛② ❤✉❡❝♦ ♣❛r❛ ♠ ás ❢✐❝❤❛s ✱ ❛✈✐s❛♠♦s ✯✴
✹✹ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭ ✬✬▼á ①✐♠♦ ❞❡ ❢✐❝❤❛s ❛❧❝❛♥③❛❞♦ ✭✶✵✵✵✮ ✦❭ ♥ ✬✬✮❀
✹✺ ❜r❡❛❦ ❀
✹✻ ❝❛s❡ ✷✿ ✴✯ ▼♦str❛r t♦❞♦s ✯✴
✹✼ ❢♦r ✭ ✐ ❂✵❀ ✐ ❁ ♥✉♠❡r♦❋✐❝❤❛s ❀ ✐ ✰✰✮
✹✽ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭ ✬✬ ◆♦♠❜r❡ ✿ ✪s❀ ❚❛♠❛ ñ♦✿ ✪❧❞ ❑❜ ❭♥ ✬✬✱ ❢✐❝❤❛s ❬✐ ❪✳
♥♦♠❜r❡❋✐❝❤ ✱ ❢✐❝❤❛s ❬✐ ❪✳ t❛♠❛♥②♦ ✮❀
✹✾ ❜r❡❛❦ ❀
✺✵ ❝❛s❡ ✸✿ ✴✯ ▼♦str❛r s❡❣ ú♥ ❡❧ t❛♠❛ ñ♦ ✯✴
✺✶ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭ ✬✬❆ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ q✉❡ t❛♠❛ ñ♦ q✉✐❡r❡s q✉❡ t❡ ♠✉❡str❡ ❄ ✬✬✮
❀
✺✷ ❣❡ts ✭ t❡①t♦❚❡♠♣♦r❛❧ ✮❀
✺✸ ss❝❛♥❢ ✭ t❡①t♦❚❡♠♣♦r❛❧ ✱ ✬✬ ✪❧❞ ✬✬✱ ✫ ♥✉♠❡r♦❚❡♠♣♦r❛❧ ✮❀
✺✹ ❢♦r ✭ ✐ ❂✵❀ ✐ ❁ ♥✉♠❡r♦❋✐❝❤❛s ❀ ✐ ✰✰✮
✺✺ ✐❢ ✭ ❢✐❝❤❛s ❬✐ ❪✳ t❛♠❛♥②♦ ❃❂ ♥✉♠❡r♦❚❡♠♣♦r❛❧ ✮
✺✻ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭ ✬✬ ◆♦♠❜r❡ ✿ ✪s❀ ❚❛♠❛ ñ♦✿ ✪❧❞ ❑❜ ❭♥ ✬✬✱ ❢✐❝❤❛s ❬✐ ❪✳
♥♦♠❜r❡❋✐❝❤ ✱ ❢✐❝❤❛s ❬✐ ❪✳ t❛♠❛♥②♦ ✮❀
✺✼ ❜r❡❛❦ ❀
✺✽ ❝❛s❡ ✹✿
✺✾ ✴✯ ❱❡r t♦❞♦s ❧♦s ❞❛t♦s ✭ ♣♦❝♦s ✮ ❞❡ ✉♥ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ✯✴
✻✵ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭ ✬✬❉❡ q✉ é ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ q✉✐❡r❡s ✈❡r t♦❞♦s ❧♦s ❞❛t♦s ❄ ✬✬✮❀
✻✶ ❣❡ts ✭ t❡①t♦❚❡♠♣♦r❛❧ ✮❀
✻✷ ❢♦r ✭ ✐ ❂✵❀ ✐ ❁ ♥✉♠❡r♦❋✐❝❤❛s ❀ ✐ ✰✰✮
✻✸ ✐❢ ✭ str❝♠♣ ✭ ❢✐❝❤❛s ❬✐ ❪✳ ♥♦♠❜r❡❋✐❝❤ ✱ t❡①t♦❚❡♠♣♦r❛❧ ✮ ❂❂ ✵✮
✻✹ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭ ✬✬ ◆♦♠❜r❡ ✿ ✪s❀ ❚❛♠❛ ñ♦✿ ✪❧❞ ❑❜ ❭♥ ✬✬✱
✻✺ ❢✐❝❤❛s ❬✐ ❪✳ ♥♦♠❜r❡❋✐❝❤ ✱ ❢✐❝❤❛s ❬✐ ❪✳ t❛♠❛♥②♦ ✮ ❀
✻✻ ❜r❡❛❦ ❀
✻✼ ❝❛s❡ ✺✿ ✴✯ ❙❛❧✐r ✿ ❛✈✐s❛♠♦s ❞❡ q✉❡ s❛❧✐♠♦s ✯✴
✻✽ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭ ✬✬ ❋✐♥ ❞❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❭♥ ✬✬✮❀
✻✾ ❜r❡❛❦ ❀
✼✵ ❞❡❢❛✉❧t ✿ ✴✯ ❖tr❛ ♦♣❝✐♦♥ ✿ ♥♦ ✈á ❧✐❞❛ ✯✴
✼✶ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭ ✬✬ ❖♣❝✐ ó ♥ ❞❡s❝♦♥♦❝✐❞❛ ✦❭ ♥ ✬✬✮❀
✼✷ ❜r❡❛❦ ❀
✼✸ ⑥
✼✹ ⑥ ✇❤✐❧❡ ✭ ♦♣❝✐♦♥ ✦❂ ✺✮ ❀ ✴✯ ❙✐ ❧❛ ♦♣❝✐♦♥ ❡s ✺ ✱ t❡r♠✐♥❛♠♦s ✯✴
✼✺
✼✻ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✼✼ ⑥

✽✷
❊❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛ ② ❤❛❝❡ ❧♦ q✉❡ t✐❡♥❡ q✉❡ ❤❛❝❡r✱ ♣❡r♦ ❡s ♠❡❥♦r❛❜❧❡✳ P♦r s✉♣✉❡st♦✱ ❡♥ ✉♥ ❝❛s♦
r❡❛❧ ❡s ❤❛❜✐t✉❛❧ q✉❡ ❝❛❞❛ ✜❝❤❛ ❣✉❛r❞❡ ♠ás ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥ q✉❡ só❧♦ ❡s♦s ❞♦s ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s q✉❡ ❤❡♠♦s
♣r❡✈✐st♦ ❡st❛ ✈❡③✳ ❙✐ ♠✉❡str❛ t♦❞♦s ❧♦s ❞❛t♦s ❡♥ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛ ② s♦♥ ♠✉❝❤♦s ❞❛t♦s✱ ♣✉❡❞❡ ♦❝✉rr✐r q✉❡
❛♣❛r❡③❝❛♥ ❡♥ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛ t❛♥ rá♣✐❞♦ q✉❡ ♥♦ ❞é t✐❡♠♣♦ ❛ ❧❡❡r❧♦s✱ ❛sí q✉❡ ❡s ❞❡s❡❛❜❧❡ q✉❡ ❞❡t❡♥❣❛ ❡❧
❧✐st❛❞♦ ❝✉❛♥❞♦ s❡ ❧❧❡♥❛ ❧❛ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥ ✭✉♥❛ ♣❛✉s❛ ❝❛❞❛ ✷✺ ❞❛t♦s✮✳ P♦r s✉♣✉❡st♦✱ ❤❛②
♣r❡❣✉♥t❛s q✉❡ ❤❛❝❡r s♦❜r❡ ♥✉❡str♦s ❞❛t♦s✳ ❨ ❛❞❡♠ás✱ ❝✉❛♥❞♦ s❛❧❣❛♠♦s ❞❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ s❡ ❜♦rr❛♥
t♦❞♦s ❧♦s ❞❛t♦s ✐♥❣r❡s❛❞♦s✱ ♣❡r♦ ❡s♦ ❡s ❧♦ ú♥✐❝♦ ✑❝❛s✐ ✐♥❡✈✐t❛❜❧❡✑✱ ♣♦rq✉❡ ❛ú♥ ♥♦ ♠❛♥❡❥❛♠♦s
❛r❝❤✐✈♦s✳

✼✳✺✳✼✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦s ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦s

✶✳ ❯♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ q✉❡ ♣✐❞❛ ❡❧ ♥♦♠❜r❡✱ ❡❧ ❛♣❡❧❧✐❞♦ ② ❧❛ ❡❞❛❞ ❞❡ ✉♥❛ ♣❡rs♦♥❛✱ ❧♦s ❛❧♠❛❝❡♥❡ ❡♥ ✉♥
✑ str✉❝t✑ ② ❧✉❡❣♦ ♠✉❡str❡ ❧♦s tr❡s ❞❛t♦s ❡♥ ✉♥❛ ♠✐s♠❛ ❧í♥❡❛✱ s❡♣❛r❛❞♦s ♣♦r ❝♦♠❛s✳

✷✳ ❯♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ q✉❡ ♣✐❞❛ ❞❛t♦s ❞❡ ✽ ♣❡rs♦♥❛s✿ ♥♦♠❜r❡✱ ❞í❛✱ ♠❡s✱ ② ❛ñ♦ ❞❡ ♥❛❝✐♠✐❡♥t♦ ✭s❡
❛❧♠❛❝❡♥❛♥ ❡♥ ✉♥❛ t❛❜❧❛ ❝♦♥ str✉❝ts✮✳ ❉❡s♣✉és✱ r❡♣❡t✐r ❧♦ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡✿ ♣r❡❣✉♥t❛r ✉♥ ♥ú♠❡r♦
❞❡ ♠❡s ② ♠♦str❛r ❡♥ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛ ❧♦s ❞❛t♦s ❞❡ ❧❛s ♣❡rs♦♥❛s q✉❡ ❝✉♠♣❧❛♥ ❛ñ♦s ❡♥ ❡s❡ ♠❡s✳
❚❡r♠✐♥❛ ❞❡ r❡♣❡t✐rs❡ ❝✉❛♥❞♦ s❡ t❡❝❧❡❡ ✵ ❝♦♠♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ♠❡s✳

✸✳ ❯♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ q✉❡ s❡❛ ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ ❛❧♠❛❝❡♥❛r ❧♦s ❞❛t♦s ❞❡ ✺✵ ♣❡rs♦♥❛s✿ ♥♦♠❜r❡✱ ❞✐r❡❝❝✐ó♥✱
t❡❧é❢♦♥♦✱ ❡❞❛❞ ✭✉s❛♥❞♦ ✉♥❛ t❛❜❧❛ ❝♦♥ str✉❝ts✮✳ ❉❡❜❡ ♣❡❞✐r ❧♦s ❞❛t♦s ✉♥♦ ♣♦r ✉♥♦✱ ❤❛st❛
q✉❡ ✉♥ ♥♦♠❜r❡ s❡ ✐♥tr♦❞✉③❝❛ ✈❛❝í♦ ✭■♥tr♦ s✐♥ t❡❝❧❡❛r ♥❛❞❛✮✳ ❊♥t♦♥❝❡s ❞❡❜❡ ❛♣❛r❡❝❡r ✉♥
♠❡♥ú q✉❡✿

▼♦str❛r ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ ❞❡ ❧♦s ♥♦♠❜r❡s✳

▼♦str❛r ❧❛s ♣❡rs♦♥❛s ❞❡ ✉♥❛ ❝✐❡rt❛ ❡❞❛❞✳

▼♦str❛r ❧❛s ♣❡rs♦♥❛s ❝✉②❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ s❡❛ ❧❛ q✉❡ ❡❧ ✉s✉❛r✐♦ ✐♥❞✐q✉❡✳

❙❛❧✐r ❞❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛✳

✭❧ó❣✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❡st❡ ♠❡♥ú ❞❡❜❡ r❡♣❡t✐rs❡ ❤❛st❛ q✉❡ ❡❧✐❥❛ ❧❛ ♦♣❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ✑s❛❧✐r✑✮✳

✹✳ ▼❡❥♦r❛r ❧❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s ❞❡ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦s ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ♥♦ s❡ ✐♥tr♦❞✉③❝❛♥ t❛♠❛ñ♦s ✐♥❝♦rr❡❝t♦s ✭♥ú✲
♠❡r♦s ♥❡❣❛t✐✈♦s✮ ♥✐ ♥♦♠❜r❡s ❞❡ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ✈❛❝í♦s✳

✺✳ ❆♠♣❧✐❛r ❧❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s ❞❡ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦s ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ✐♥❝❧✉②❛ ✉♥❛ ♦♣❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❜úsq✉❡❞❛ ♣❛r❝✐❛❧✱ ❡♥
❧❛ q✉❡ ❡❧ ✉s✉❛r✐♦ ✐♥❞✐q✉❡ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❡❧ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ② ♠✉❡str❡ t♦❞♦s ❧♦s ❛r❝❤✐✈♦s q✉❡ ❝♦♥t✐❡♥❡♥ ❡s❡
❢r❛❣♠❡♥t♦ ✭✉s❛♥❞♦ ✑ strstr✑✮✳

✻✳ ❆♠♣❧✐❛r ❧❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s ❞❡ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦s ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ❜♦rr❛r ✉♥ ❝✐❡rt♦ ❞❛t♦ ✭✑♠♦✈❡r ❤❛❝✐❛ ❛trás✑
t♦❞♦s ❧♦s ❞❛t♦s q✉❡ ❤❛❜í❛ ❞❡s♣✉és ❞❡ ❡s❡✱ ② ❞✐s♠✐♥✉✐r ❡❧ ❝♦♥t❛❞♦r ❞❡ ❧❛ ❝❛♥t✐❞❛❞ ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s
q✉❡ t❡♥❡♠♦s✮✳

✼✳ ▼❡❥♦r❛r ❧❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s ❞❡ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦s ♣❛r❛ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛r ✉♥ ❝✐❡rt♦ ❞❛t♦ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ s✉ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ✭❡❧
❞❛t♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ✸✮✳ ❊♥ ❡s❛ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛❝✐ó♥✱ ❡❧ ✉s✉❛r✐♦ ♣r❡s✐♦♥❛ ■♥tr♦ ♣❛r❛ ✐♥❞✐❝❛r q✉❡ ♥♦ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛
✉♥ ❝✐❡rt♦ ❞❛t♦✱ ❡♥ ✈❡③ ❞❡ r❡❡♠♣❧❛③❛r❧♦ ♣♦r ✉♥❛ ❝❛❞❡♥❛ ✈❛❝í❛✳

✽✳ ❆♠♣❧✐❛r ❧❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s ❞❡ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦r❞❡♥❛r ❧♦s ❞❛t♦s ♣♦r ♥♦♠❜r❡✳ P❛r❛ ❡❧❧♦✱ ❜✉s❝❛r
✐♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥ s♦❜r❡ ❛❧❣ú♥ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ♦r❞❡♥❛❝✐ó♥ s❡♥❝✐❧❧♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❡❧ ✑♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❜✉r❜✉❥❛✑ ✭✈❡r
s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❛♣❛rt❛❞♦✮✱ ② ❛♣❧✐❝❛r❧♦ ❛ ❡st❡ ❝❛s♦ ❝♦♥❝r❡t♦✳

✽✸
✼✳✻✳ ❈❛s♦ ❞❡ ❡st✉❞✐♦

❊s❝r✐❜❛♠♦s ✉♥ ❝❛s♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t♦ ❝♦♥ ❛rr❡❣❧♦s ✭✑ ❛rr❛②s✑✮✱ r❡❣✐str♦s ❝♦♥ ✭✑ str✉❝t✑✮ q✉❡ ♠❛♥✐♣✉❧❡
❝❛❞❡♥❛s✳

▲❛ ✐❞❡❛ ❡s✿ ❈r❡❛r ✉♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ q✉❡ ❛❧♠❛❝❡♥❡ ❞❛t♦s ❞❡ ✶✵✵✵ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦s ✭❛r❝❤✐✈♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r✮✳ P❛✲
r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦✱ ❣✉❛r❞❛r✿ ◆♦♠❜r❡ ✭♠á①✐♠♦ ✹✵ ❧❡tr❛s✮✱ ❚❛♠❛ñ♦ ✭❡♥ ❑❇✱ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ✵ ❛ ✷✳✵✵✵✳✵✵✵✳✵✵✵✮✳
❊❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ♠✉❡str❛ ✉♥ ♠❡♥ú ❝♦♥ ❧❛s s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡s ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❡s✿

✶✳ ❆ñ❛❞✐r ❞❛t♦s ❞❡ ✉♥ ♥✉❡✈♦ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦✳

✷✳ ▼♦str❛r ❧♦s ♥♦♠❜r❡s ❞❡ t♦❞♦s ❧♦s ❛r❝❤✐✈♦s ❛❧♠❛❝❡♥❛❞♦s✳

✸✳ ▼♦str❛r ❧♦s ❛r❝❤✐✈♦s q✉❡ s❡❛♥ ❞❡ ♠ás ❞❡ ✉♥ ❝✐❡rt♦ t❛♠❛ñ♦ ✭♣♦r ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦✱ ✷✵✵✵ ❑❇✮✳

✹✳ ❱❡r ❧♦s ❞❛t♦s ❞❡ ✉♥ ❝✐❡rt♦ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ✭❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ s✉ ♥♦♠❜r❡✮✳

✺✳ ❙❛❧✐r ❞❡ ❧❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❝✐ó♥ ✭❝♦♠♦ ♥♦ s❛❜❡♠♦s ❛❧♠❛❝❡♥❛r ❧♦s ❞❛t♦s✱ ést♦s s❡ ♣✐❡r❞❡♥✮✳

Pr♦♣♦♥❣❛ ❡str❛t❡❣✐❛s ② ❧✉❡❣♦ ❝♦♠❡♥t❡ ❡st❛s ♠❡❥♦r❛s q✉❡ s❡ ♣♦❞rí❛ ✭✐♥❝❧✉s♦ s❡ ❞❡❜❡✮ ❤❛❝❡r✳

✼✳✼✳ ▼ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ ♦r❞❡♥❛❝✐ó♥

❊s ❢r❡❝✉❡♥t❡ ♦r❞❡♥❛r ❧♦s ❞❛t♦s q✉❡ t❡♥❡♠♦s ❡♥ ✉♥ ❛rr❛②✳ P❛r❛ ❡❧❧♦ ❡①✐st❡♥ ✈❛r✐♦s ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s
❞❡ ♦r❞❡♥❛❝✐ó♥✱ ❛❧❣✉♥♦s ♥♦ s♦♥ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡s✱ ♣❡r♦ ❢á❝✐❧❡s ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛r✳ ▲❛ ❢❛❧t❛ ❞❡
❡✜❝✐❡♥❝✐❛ s❡ r❡✜❡r❡ ❛ q✉❡ ❧❛ ♠❛②♦rí❛ ❞❡ ❡❧❧♦s s❡ ❜❛s❛♥ ❡♥ ❞♦s ❜✉❝❧❡s ✑ ❢♦r✑ ❛♥✐❞❛❞♦s✱ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ q✉❡
❡♥ ❝❛❞❛ ♣❛s❛❞❛ q✉❡❞❡ ♦r❞❡♥❛❞♦ ✉♥ ❞❛t♦✱ ② s❡ ♣❛s❛ t❛♥t❛s ✈❡❝❡s ❝♦♠♦ ❞❛t♦s ❡①✐st❡♥✱ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ q✉❡
♣❛r❛ ✉♥ ❛rr❛② ❝♦♥ ✶✳✵✵✵ ❞❛t♦s✱ ❤❛❜rí❛ q✉❡ ❤❛❝❡r ✉♥ ♠✐❧❧ó♥ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛❝✐♦♥❡s✳

❊①✐st❡♥ ♠❡❥♦r❛s ✭❝♦♠♦ ❝❛♠❜✐❛r ✉♥♦ ❞❡ ❧♦s ✑ ❢♦r✑ ♣♦r ✉♥ ✑ ✇❤✐❧❡✑✱ ♣❛r❛ ♥♦ r❡♣❛s❛r ❧♦s ❞❛t♦s
♣❛r❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♦r❞❡♥❛❞♦s✮✱ ❛sí ❝♦♠♦ ♠ét♦❞♦s ♠ás ❡❢❡❝t✐✈♦s✱ ♣❡r♦ ❞✐❢í❝✐❧❡s ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛r✳

❉❡❜✐❞♦ ❛ q✉❡ ❧❛s ❡str✉❝t✉r❛s ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s s♦♥ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛❧♠❛❝❡♥❛r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥✱ ♣❛r❛ r❡❝✉♣❡r❛r❧❛
❞❡ ♠❛♥❡r❛ ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❡s ❞❡s❡❛❜❧❡ ❡sté ♦r❞❡♥❛❞❛✳

❊♥ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧ ✱❧♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ ♦r❞❡♥❛♠✐❡♥t♦ ♥♦ s♦♥ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ❝♦♥ ❢r❡❝✉❡♥❝✐❛✱ ❡♥ ❛❧❣✉♥♦s ❝❛s♦s só❧♦
✉♥❛ ✈❡③✳ ❍❛② ♠ét♦❞♦s ❢á❝✐❧❡s ❞❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r q✉❡ s♦♥ út✐❧❡s ❡♥ ❧♦s ❝❛s♦s ❞ó♥❞❡ ❡❧ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡
❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❛ ♦r❞❡♥❛r ♥♦ ❡s ♠✉② ❣r❛♥❞❡ ✭♠❡♥♦s ❞❡ ✺✵✵ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s✮✳ P♦r ♦tr♦ ❧❛❞♦✱ ❤❛② ♠ét♦❞♦s
s♦✜st✐❝❛❞♦s✱ ♠ás ❞✐❢í❝✐❧❡s ❞❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r ♣❡r♦ ♠ás ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡s ❡♥ ❝✉❡st✐ó♥ ❞❡ t✐❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❡❥❡❝✉❝✐ó♥✳

▲♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s s❡♥❝✐❧❧♦s ♣♦r ❧♦ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧ r❡q✉✐❡r❡♥ ❞❡ ❛♣r♦①✐♠❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ♥ ① ♥ ♣❛s♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦r❞❡♥❛r ♥
❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s✳

▲♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s s✐♠♣❧❡s s♦♥✿ ✐♥s❡rt✐♦♥ s♦rt ✭♦ ♣♦r ✐♥s❡r❝✐ó♥ ❞✐r❡❝t❛✮ s❡❧❡❝t✐♦♥ s♦rt✱ ❜✉❜❜❧❡ s♦rt✱ ②
s❤❡❧❧s♦rt✱ ❡♥ ❞ó♥❞❡ ❡❧ ú❧t✐♠♦ ❡s ✉♥❛ ❡①t❡♥só♥ ❛❧ ✐♥s❡rt✐♦♥ s♦rt✱ s✐❡♥❞♦ ♠ás rá♣✐❞♦✳ ▲♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s
♠ás ❝♦♠♣❧❡❥♦s s♦♥ ❡❧ q✉✐❝❦✲s♦rt✱ ❡❧ ❤❡❛♣ s♦rt✱ r❛❞✐① ② ❛❞❞r❡ss✲❝❛❧❝✉❧❛t✐♦♥ s♦rt✳ ❊❧ ♦r❞❡♥❛r ✉♥
❣r✉♣♦ ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛ ♠♦✈❡r ❧♦s ❞❛t♦s ♦ s✉s r❡❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛s ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ q✉❡❞❡♥ ❡♥ ✉♥❛ s❡❝✉❡♥❝✐❛ t❛❧
q✉❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❡ ✉♥ ♦r❞❡♥✱ ❡❧ ❝✉❛❧ ♣✉❡❞❡ s❡r ♥✉♠ér✐❝♦✱ ❛❧❢❛❜ét✐❝♦ ♦ ✐♥❝❧✉s♦ ❛❧❢❛♥✉♠ér✐❝♦✱ ❛s❝❡♥❞❡♥t❡
♦ ❞❡s❝❡♥❞❡♥t❡✳

❊❧ ♦r❞❡♥❛♠✐❡♥t♦ s❡ ❡❢❡❝t✉❛ ♠♦✈✐❡♥❞♦ ❧♦s r❡❣✐str♦s ❝♦♥ ❧❛s ❝❧❛✈❡s✳ ❊❧ ♠♦✈❡r ✉♥ r❡❣✐st♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t♦
✐♠♣❧✐❝❛ ✉♥ ❝♦st♦✱ ❡❧ ❝✉❛❧ s❡ ✐♥❝r❡♠❡♥t❛ s❡❣ú♥ ❡❧ t❛♠❛ñ♦ ❞❡❧ r❡❣✐str♦✳ P♦r ❡❧❧♦✱ ❡s ❞❡s❡❛❜❧❡ ❡✈✐t❛r
❡❧ ♠♦✈✐♠✐❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❧♦s r❡❣✐str♦s✳ ❯♥❛ ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❛ ❡s ❝r❡❛r ✉♥❛ t❛❜❧❛ ❞❡ r❡❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛s ❛ ❧♦s r❡❣✐str♦s ②
♠♦✈❡r ❧❛s r❡❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛s ② ♥♦ ❧♦s ❞❛t♦s✳

✽✹
❆ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛❝✐ó♥✱ s❡ ♠✉❡str❛♥ ❧♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ ♦r❞❡♥❛♠✐❡♥t♦ ❡♠♣❡③❛♥❞♦ ♣♦r ❡❧ ♠ás s❡♥❝✐❧❧♦ ②
❛✈❛♥③❛♥❞♦ ❤❛❝✐❛ ❧♦s s♦✜st✐❝❛❞♦s✳

▲❛ ❡✜❝✐❡♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❧♦s ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s s❡ ♠✐❞❡ ♣♦r ❡❧ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛❝✐♦♥❡s ❡ ✐♥t❡r❝❛♠❜✐♦s q✉❡ ❤❛❝❡✱
❡s ❞❡❝✐r✱ s❡ t♦♠❛ ♥ ❝♦♠♦ ❡❧ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s q✉❡ t✐❡♥❡ ❡❧ ❛rr❡❣❧♦ ❛ ♦r❞❡♥❛r ② s❡ ❞✐❝❡ q✉❡ ✉♥
❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ r❡❛❧✐③❛ ❖✭♥✷✮ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛❝✐♦♥❡s ❝✉❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛ ♥ ✈❡❝❡s ❧♦s ♥ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s✱ ♥ ① ♥ ❂ n✷ ✳

✼✳✼✳✶✳ ❖r❞❡♥❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❜✉r❜✉❥❛

▲❛ ❖r❞❡♥❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❜✉r❜✉❥❛ ❡s ✉♥ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❞❡ ♦r❞❡♥❛♠✐❡♥t♦✳ ❋✉♥❝✐♦♥❛ r❡✈✐s❛♥❞♦ ❝❛❞❛ ❡❧❡✲

♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ ❛ ♦r❞❡♥❛r ❝♦♥ ❡❧ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡✱ ✐♥t❡r❝❛♠❜✐á♥❞♦❧♦s ❞❡ ♣♦s✐❝✐ó♥ s✐ ❡stá♥ ❡♥ ❡❧ ♦r❞❡♥
❡q✉✐✈♦❝❛❞♦✳ ❊s ♥❡❝❡s❛r✐♦ r❡✈✐s❛r ✈❛r✐❛s ✈❡❝❡s ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ ❤❛st❛ q✉❡ ♥♦ s❡ ♥❡❝❡s✐t❡♥ ♠ás ✐♥t❡r❝❛♠❜✐♦s✱
❧♦ ❝✉❛❧ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛ q✉❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ ❡stá ♦r❞❡♥❛❞❛✳ ❊st❡ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ♦❜t✐❡♥❡ s✉ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❝♦♠♦
s✉❜❡♥ ♣♦r ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ ❧♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❧♦s ✐♥t❡r❝❛♠❜✐♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦ s✐ ❢✉❡r❛♥ ♣❡q✉❡ñ❛s ✑❜✉r❜✉❥❛s✑✳
❊s ❝♦♥♦❝✐❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❡❧ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡❧ ✐♥t❡r❝❛♠❜✐♦ ❞✐r❡❝t♦✳ ❉❛❞♦ q✉❡ ✉s❛ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛❝✐♦♥❡s ♣❛r❛ ♦♣❡r❛r
❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s✱ s❡ ❧♦ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛ ✉♥ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛❝✐ó♥✱ s✐❡♥❞♦ ❡❧ ♠ás s❡♥❝✐❧❧♦ ❞❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r✳

✶ ❜✉r❜✉❥❛
✷ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ st❞✐♦ ✳❤ ❃
✸ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ ❝♦♥✐♦ ✳❤ ❃
✹ ✐♥t ❛ ❬✸❪❂④✸ ✱✷ ✱✶⑥❀
✺ ✐♥t ✐ ✱❥ ✱ ❛✉① ✱ ♥ ❂✸❀
✻ ✈♦✐❞ ♠❛✐♥ ✭✮ ④
✼ ❝❧rs❝r ✭✮ ❀
✽ ❢♦r ✭✐ ❂✵❀ ✐ ❁❂ ♥❀✐ ✰✰✮ ④
✾ ❢♦r ✭❥ ❂✵❀ ❥ ❁♥ ✲✶❀ ❥ ✰✰✮ ④
✶✵ ✐❢ ✭ ❛❬❥ ❪❃❛ ❬❥ ✰✶❪✮ ④
✶✶ ❛✉① ❂❛ ❬❥ ❪❀
✶✷ ❛❬ ❥ ❪❂ ❛❬❥ ✰✶❪❀
✶✸ ❛❬ ❥ ✰✶❪❂ ❛✉① ❀
✶✹ ⑥
✶✺ ⑥
✶✻ ⑥
✶✼ ❢♦r ✭✐ ❂✵❀ ✐ ❁✸❀ ✐ ✰✰✮ ④
✶✽ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ✪❞✧ ✱❛✮ ❀
✶✾ ⑥
✷✵ ❣❡t❝❤ ✭✮ ❀
✷✶ ⑥

✼✳✼✳✷✳ ❖r❞❡♥❛♠✐❡♥t♦ ❙❤❡❧❧

❊❧ ♦r❞❡♥❛♠✐❡♥t♦ ❙❤❡❧❧ ❞❡❜❡ s✉ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ♣♦r s✉ ✐♥✈❡♥t♦r ❉♦♥❛❧❞ ❙❤❡❧❧✳ ❙✉ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❝✐ó♥ ♦r✐✲
❣✐♥❛❧✱ r❡q✉✐❡r❡ ❖✭♥✷✮ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛❝✐♦♥❡s ❡ ✐♥t❡r❝❛♠❜✐♦s ❡♥ ❡❧ ♣❡♦r ❝❛s♦✳ ❯♥ ❝❛♠❜✐♦ ♠❡♥♦r ♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦
♣♦r ❱✳ Pr❛tt ♣r♦❞✉❝❡ ✉♥❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❝✐ó♥ ❝♦♥ ✉♥ r❡♥❞✐♠✐❡♥t♦ ❞❡ O(nlog2 n) ❡♥ ❡❧ ♣❡♦r ❝❛s♦✳ ❊s
♠❡❥♦r q✉❡ ❧❛s O(n2) ❝♦♠♣❛r❛❝✐♦♥❡s r❡q✉❡r✐❞❛s ♣♦r ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s s✐♠♣❧❡s ♣❡r♦ ♣❡♦r q✉❡ ❡❧ ó♣t✐♠♦
❖✭♥ ❧♦❣ ♥✮✳ ❆✉♥q✉❡ ❡s ❢á❝✐❧ ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧❛r ♣♦rq✉❡ t✐❡♥❡ ✉♥ s❡♥t✐❞♦ ✐♥t✉✐t✐✈♦ ❞❡ s✉ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♠✐❡♥t♦✱
❡s ❞✐❢í❝✐❧ ❛♥❛❧✐③❛r s✉ t✐❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❡❥❡❝✉❝✐ó♥✳

❊❧ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❙❤❡❧❧ s♦rt ♠❡❥♦r❛ ❡❧ ♦r❞❡♥❛♠✐❡♥t♦ ♣♦r ✐♥s❡r❝✐ó♥ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛♥❞♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s s❡♣❛r❛❞♦s

✽✺
♣♦r ✉♥ ❡s♣❛❝✐♦ ❞❡ ✈❛r✐❛s ♣♦s✐❝✐♦♥❡s✳ ❚❛❧ q✉❡ ✉♥ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❤❛❝❡ ✑s❛❧t♦s ❣r❛♥❞❡s✑ ❤❛❝✐❛ s✉ ♣♦s✐❝✐ó♥
❡s♣❡r❛❞❛✳ ▲♦s ♣❛s♦s ♠ú❧t✐♣❧❡s s♦❜r❡ ❧♦s ❞❛t♦s s❡ ❤❛❝❡♥ ❝♦♥ t❛♠❛ñ♦s ❞❡ ❡s♣❛❝✐♦ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠ás
♣❡q✉❡ñ♦s✳ ❊❧ ú❧t✐♠♦ ♣❛s♦ ❞❡❧ ❙❤❡❧❧ s♦rt ❡s ✉♥ ♦r❞❡♥❛♠✐❡♥t♦ s✐♠♣❧❡ ♣♦r ✐♥s❡r❝✐ó♥✱ ♣❛r❛ ❡♥t♦♥❝❡s✱
❡stá ❣❛r❛♥t✐③❛❞♦ q✉❡ ❧♦s ❞❛t♦s ❞❡❧ ✈❡❝t♦r ❡stá♥ ❝❛s✐ ♦r❞❡♥❛❞♦s✳

❚é❝♥✐❝❛ ❞❡❧ ▼ét♦❞♦✿ s❡ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛ ♦r❞❡♥❛❝✐ó♥ ♣♦r ✐♥s❡r❝✐ó♥ ❝♦♥ ✐♥❝r❡♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡❝r❡❝✐❡♥t❡s✳

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✼✳✶✿

❊❥❡♠♣❧♦

❖❜t❡♥❡r ❧❛s s❡❝✉❡♥❝✐❛s ♣❛r❝✐❛❧❡s ❞❡❧ ✈❡❝t♦r s❡❣ú♥ ♦r❞❡♥❛♠✐❡♥t♦ ❙❤❡❧❧ ❡♥ ♦r❞❡♥ ❝r❡❝✐❡♥t❡ ❧❛ s✐✲
❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❧✐st❛✿

✻ ✶ ✺ ✷ ✸ ✹ ✵

❊❧ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ ❡s ✻✱ ♣♦r ❧♦ q✉❡ ❡❧ s❛❧t♦ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ❡s ✻✴✷ ❂ ✸✳ ▲❛ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ t❛❜❧❛
♠✉❡str❛ ❡❧ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ r❡❝♦rr✐❞♦s r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦s ❡♥ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ ❝♦♥ ❧♦s s❛❧t♦s ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞✐❡♥t❡✳

❘❡❝♦rr✐❞♦ ❙❛❧t♦ ■♥t❡r❝❛♠❜✐♦s ▲✐st❛

✶ ✸ ✭✻✱✷✮✱✭✺✱✹✮✱✭✻✱✵✮ ✷ ✶ ✹ ✵ ✸ ✺ ✻
✷ ✸ ✭✷✱ ✵✮ ✵ ✶ ✹ ✷ ✸ ✺ ✻
✸ ✸ ♥✐♥❣✉♥♦ ✵ ✶ ✹ ✷ ✸ ✺ ✻

s❛❧t♦ 3/2 = 1

✹ ✶ ✭✹✱✷✮✱✭✹✱✸✮ ✵ ✶ ✷ ✸ ✹ ✺ ✻
✺ ✶ ♥✐♥❣✉♥♦ ✵ ✶ ✷ ✸ ✹ ✺ ✻

❈♦❞✐✜❝❛❝✐ó♥ ❙❤❡❧❧

✶ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ st❞✐♦ ✳❤ ❃
✷ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ ❝♦♥✐♦ ✳❤ ❃
✸ ✐♥t ❛ ❬✺❪❀
✹ ✐♥t ♥ ❂✺❀
✺ ✈♦✐❞ ♠❛✐♥ ✭✮ ④
✻ ✐♥t ✐♥t❡r ❂✭ ♥ ✴✷✮ ✱✐ ❂✵ ✱ ❥ ❂✵ ✱ ❦ ❂✵ ✱ ❛✉① ❀

✽✻
 ✼ ❝❧rs❝r ✭✮ ❀
✽ ❢♦r ✭ ✐ ❂✵❀ ✐ ❁✺❀ ✐ ✰✰✮ ④
✾ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ■◆❙❊❘❚❆ ❯◆ ❱❆▲❖❘ ❉❊▲ ■◆❉■❈❊ ✪❞✧ ✱ ✐✮ ❀
✶✵ s❝❛♥❢ ✭✧ ✪❞✧ ✱✫ ❛ ✮❀
✶✶ ⑥
✶✷ ✇❤✐❧❡ ✭ ✐♥t❡r ❃✵✮ ④
✶✸ ❢♦r ✭✐ ❂ ✐♥t❡r ❀✐ ❁ ♥❀✐ ✰✰✮ ④
✶✹ ❥❂✐ ✲ ✐♥t❡r ❀
✶✺ ✇❤✐❧❡ ✭❥ ❃❂✵✮ ④
✶✻ ❦❂ ❥✰ ✐♥t❡r ❀
✶✼ ✐❢ ✭ ❛❬❥ ❪ ❁❂ ❛❬❦ ❪✮ ④
✶✽ ❥ ✲ ✲❀
✶✾ ⑥ ❡❧s❡ ④
✷✵ ❛✉① ❂❛ ❬❥ ❪❀
✷✶ ❛❬ ❥ ❪❂ ❛❬❦ ❪❀
✷✷ ❛❬ ❦ ❪❂ ❛✉① ❀
✷✸ ❥❂❥ ✲ ✐♥t❡r ❀
✷✹ ⑥
✷✺ ⑥
✷✻ ⑥
✷✼ ✐♥t❡r ❂ ✐♥t❡r ✴✷❀
✷✽ ⑥
✷✾ ❢♦r ✭✐ ❂✵❀ ✐ ❁✺❀ ✐ ✰✰✮ ④
✸✵ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ✪❞ ♥ ✧ ✱❛ ✮❀
✸✶ ❣❡t❝❤ ✭✮ ❀
✸✷ ⑥
✸✸ ⑥
❖tr❛ ❝♦❞✐✜❝❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡❧ ▼ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❙❤❡❧❧
✶ ✈♦✐❞ ❙❤❡❧❧ ✭ ✐♥t ❛ ❬❪ ✱ ✐♥t ♥✮ ④
✷ ✐♥t ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧♦ ✱✐ ✱❥ ✱ ❦❀
✸ ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧♦ ❂♥ ✴✷❀
✹ ✇❤✐❧❡ ✭ ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧♦ ❃✵✮ ④
✺ ❢♦r ✭✐ ❂ ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧♦ ❀✐ ❁♥❀ ✐ ✰✰✮ ④
✻ ❥❂✐ ✲ ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧♦ ❀
✼ ✇❤✐❧❡ ✭❥ ❃❂✵✮ ④
✽ ❦❂ ❥✰ ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧♦ ❀
✾ ✐❢ ✭ ❛❬❥ ❪ ❁❂ ❛❬❦ ❪✮
✶✵ ❥ ❂ ✲✶❀
✶✶ ❡❧s❡ ④
✶✷ ✐♥t t❡♠♣ ❀
✶✸ t❡♠♣ ❂ ❛❬❥ ❪❀
✶✹ ❛❬ ❥ ❪❂ ❛❬❦ ❪❀
✶✺ ❛❬ ❦ ❪❂ t❡♠♣ ❀
✶✻ ❥ ✲❂ ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧♦ ❀
✶✼ ⑥
✶✽ ⑥

✽✼
✶✾ ⑥
✷✵ ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧♦ ❂ ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧♦ ✴✷❀
✷✶ ⑥

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✼✳✷✿

✼✳✼✳✸✳ ❖r❞❡♥❛♠✐❡♥t♦ ♣♦r ✐♥s❡r❝✐ó♥

❊♥ ❡❧ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❞❡ ✐♥s❡r❝✐ó♥✱ ❝❛❞❛ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ s❡ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥ ❧♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❝♦♥t✐❣✉♦s ❞❡ s✉

✐③q✉✐❡r❞❛✱ ✉♥♦ tr❛s ♦tr♦✳ ❙✐ ❡❧ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❛ ✐♥s❡rt❛r ❡s ❡❧ ♠ás ♣❡q✉❡ñ♦ ❤❛② q✉❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ♠✉❝❤❛s
❝♦♠♣❛r❛❝✐♦♥❡s ❛♥t❡s ❞❡ ❝♦❧♦❝❛r❧♦ ❡♥ s✉ ❧✉❣❛r ❞❡✜♥✐t✐✈♦✳ ❊❧ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❞❡ ❙❤❡❧❧ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛ ❧♦s s❛❧t♦s
❝♦♥t✐❣✉♦s r❡s✉❧t❛♥t❡s ❞❡ ❧❛s ❝♦♠♣❛r❛❝✐♦♥❡s ♣♦r s❛❧t♦s ❞❡ ♠❛②♦r t❛♠❛ñ♦ ② ❝♦♥ ❡❧❧♦ s❡ ❝♦♥s✐❣✉❡ q✉❡
n
❧❛ ♦r❞❡♥❛❝✐ó♥ s❡❛ ♠ás rá♣✐❞❛✳ ●❡♥❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ s❡ t♦♠❛ ❝♦♠♦ s❛❧t♦ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ✭s✐❡♥❞♦ ♥ ❡❧ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡
2
❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s✮✱ ❧✉❡❣♦ s❡ r❡❞✉❝❡ ❡❧ s❛❧t♦ ❛ ❧❛ ♠✐t❛❞ ❡♥ ❝❛❞❛ r❡♣❡t✐❝✐ó♥ ❤❛st❛ q✉❡ ❡❧ s❛❧t♦ ❡s ❞❡ t❛♠❛ñ♦
✶✳
▲♦s ♣❛s♦s ❛ s❡❣✉✐r ♣♦r ❡❧ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❡♥ ✉♥❛ ❧✐st❛ ❞❡ ♥ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s s♦♥✿
n
✶✳ ❉✐✈✐❞✐r ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧ ❡♥ ❣r✉♣♦s ❞❡ ❞♦s✱ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ✉♥ ✐♥❝r❡♠❡♥t♦ ♦ s❛❧t♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❧♦s
2
n
❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ✳
2
✷✳ ❈❧❛r✐✜❝❛r ❝❛❞❛ ❣r✉♣♦ ♣♦r s❡♣❛r❛❞♦✱ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛♥❞♦ ❧❛s ♣❛r❡❥❛s ❞❡ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s✱ ② s✐ ♥♦ ❡stá♥
♦r❞❡♥❛❞♦s✱ s❡ ✐♥t❡r❝❛♠❜✐❛♥✳
n
✸✳ ❙❡ ❞✐✈✐❞❡ ❛❤♦r❛ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ ❡♥ ❧❛ ♠✐t❛❞ ❞❡ ❣r✉♣♦s ✭ ✮✱ ❝♦♥ ✉♥ ✐♥❝r❡♠❡♥t♦ ♦ s❛❧t♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❧♦s
4
n
❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s t❛♠❜✐é♥ ♠✐t❛❞ ✭ ✮✱ ② ♥✉❡✈❛♠❡♥t❡ s❡ ❝❧❛s✐✜❝❛ ❝❛❞❛ ❣r✉♣♦ ♣♦r s❡♣❛r❛❞♦✳
4
✹✳ ❆sí s✉❝❡s✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✱ s❡ s✐❣✉❡ ❞✐✈✐❞✐❡♥❞♦ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ ❡♥ ❧❛ ♠✐t❛❞ ❞❡ ❣r✉♣♦s q✉❡ ❡♥ ❡❧ r❡❝♦rr✐❞♦
❛♥t❡r✐♦r ❝♦♥ ✉♥ ✐♥❝r❡♠❡♥t♦ ♦ s❛❧t♦ ❞❡❝r❡❝✐❡♥t❡ ❡♥ ❧❛ ♠✐t❛❞ q✉❡ ❡❧ s❛❧t♦ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r✱ ② ❧✉❡❣♦
❝❧❛s✐✜❝❛♥❞♦ ❝❛❞❛ ❣r✉♣♦ ♣♦r s❡♣❛r❛❞♦✳
✺✳ ❊❧ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ t❡r♠✐♥❛ ❝✉❛♥❞♦ s❡ ❝♦♥s✐❣✉❡ q✉❡ ❡❧ t❛♠❛ñ♦ ❞❡❧ s❛❧t♦ ❡s ✶✳

✽✽
❊❧ ♦r❞❡♥❛♠✐❡♥t♦ ♣♦r ✐♥s❡r❝✐ó♥ ❡s ✉♥❛ ♠❛♥❡r❛ ♥❛t✉r❛❧ ❞❡ ♦r❞❡♥❛r ♣❛r❛ ✉♥ s❡r ❤✉♠❛♥♦✱ ② ♣✉❡❞❡
✉s❛rs❡ ❢á❝✐❧♠❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦r❞❡♥❛r ✉♥ ♠❛③♦ ❞❡ ❝❛rt❛s ♥✉♠❡r❛❞❛s ❡♥ ❢♦r♠❛ ❛r❜✐tr❛r✐❛✳ ❘❡q✉✐❡r❡ O(n2 )
♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❡s ♣❛r❛ ♦r❞❡♥❛r ✉♥❛ ❧✐st❛ ❞❡ ♥ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s✳
■♥✐❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ s❡ t✐❡♥❡ ✉♥ só❧♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦✱ q✉❡ ❡s ✉♥ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ♦r❞❡♥❛❞♦✳ ❉❡s♣✉és✱ ❝✉❛♥❞♦ ❤❛② ❦
❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ♦r❞❡♥❛❞♦s ❞❡ ♠❡♥♦r ❛ ♠❛②♦r✱ s❡ t♦♠❛ ❡❧ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❦✰✶ ② s❡ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥ t♦❞♦s ❧♦s
❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ②❛ ♦r❞❡♥❛❞♦s✱ ❞❡t❡♥✐é♥❞♦s❡ ❝✉❛♥❞♦ ❡♥❝✉❡♥tr❛ ✉♥ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ♠❡♥♦r ✭❧♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ♠❛✲
②♦r❡s ❤❛♥ s✐❞♦ ❞❡s♣❧❛③❛❞♦s ✉♥❛ ♣♦s✐❝✐ó♥ ❛ ❧❛ ❞❡r❡❝❤❛✮ ♦ ❝✉❛♥❞♦ ♥♦ ❡♥❝✉❡♥tr❛ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ✭t♦❞♦s
❢✉❡r♦♥ ❞❡s♣❧❛③❛❞♦s ② ❡s ❡❧ ♠ás ♣❡q✉❡ñ♦✮✳ ❊♥ ❡st❡ ♣✉♥t♦ s❡ ✐♥s❡rt❛ ❡❧ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❦✰✶ ❞❡s♣❧❛③❛♥❞♦
❧♦s ❞❡♠ás ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s✳
❚é❝♥✐❝❛ ❞❡❧ ♠ét♦❞♦✿ ❊❧ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ♦r❞❡♥❛❝✐ó♥ ♣♦r ✐♥s❡r❝✐ó♥ ❡s s✐♠✐❧❛r ❛❧ ♣r♦❝❡s♦ tí♣✐❝♦ ❞❡ ♦r❞❡✲
♥❛r t❛r❥❡t❛s ❞❡ ♥♦♠❜r❡s ✭❝❛rt❛s ❞❡ ✉♥❛ ❜❛r❛❥❛✮ ❡♥ ♦r❞❡♥ ❛❧❢❛❜ét✐❝♦✱ q✉❡ ❝♦♥s✐st❡ ❡♥ ✐♥s❡rt❛r ✉♥
♥♦♠❜r❡ ❡♥ s✉ ♣♦s✐❝✐ó♥ ❝♦rr❡❝t❛ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ✉♥❛ ❧✐st❛ ♦ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ q✉❡ ②❛ ❡stá ♦r❞❡♥❛❞♦✳

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✼✳✸✿

▲❛ ♦r❞❡♥❛❝✐ó♥ ♣♦r ✐♥s❡r❝✐ó♥ ❝♦♥t❡♠♣❧❛ ❧♦s s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡s ♣❛s♦s✿

✶✳ ❊❧ ♣r✐♠❡r ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❆❬✵❪ s❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛ ♦r❞❡♥❛❞♦❀ ❡s ❞❡❝✐r✱ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ❝♦♥st❛ ❞❡ ✉♥ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦✳
✷✳ ❙❡ ✐♥s❡rt❛ ❆❬✶❪ ❡♥ ❧❛ ♣♦s✐❝✐ó♥ ❝♦rr❡❝t❛✱ ❞❡❧❛♥t❡ ♦ ❞❡trás ❞❡ ❆❬✵❪✱ ❞❡♣❡♥❞✐❡♥❞♦ ❞❡ q✉❡ s❡❛
♠❡♥♦r ♦ ♠❛②♦r✳
✸✳ P♦r ❝❛❞❛ ❜✉❝❧❡ ♦ ✐t❡r❛❝✐ó♥ ✐ ✭❞❡s❞❡ ✐❂✶ ❤❛st❛ ♥✲✶✮ s❡ ❡①♣❧♦r❛ ❧❛ s✉❜❧✐st❛ ❆❬✐✲✶❪ ✳ ✳ ❆
❬✵❪ ❜✉s❝❛♥❞♦ ❧❛ ♣♦s✐❝✐ó♥ ❝♦rr❡❝t❛ ❞❡ ✐♥s❡r❝✐ó♥❀ ❛ ❧❛ ✈❡③ s❡ ♠✉❡✈❡♥ ❤❛❝✐❛ ❛❜❛❥♦ ✭❛ ❧❛ ❞❡r❡❝❤❛
❡♥ ❧❛ s✉❜❧✐st❛✮✱ ✉♥❛ ♣♦s✐❝✐ó♥✱ t♦❞♦s ❧♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ♠❛②♦r❡s q✉❡ ❡❧ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❛ ✐♥s❡rt❛r ❆❬✐❪✱
♣❛r❛ ❞❡❥❛r ✈❛❝í❛ ❡s❛ ♣♦s✐❝✐ó♥✳
✹✳ ■♥s❡rt❛r ❡❧ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❛ ❧❛ ♣♦s✐❝✐ó♥ ❝♦rr❡❝t❛✳
❊❥❡♠♣❧♦✿
▲❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ■♥s❡r❝✐ó♥✭✮ t✐❡♥❡ ❞♦s ❛r❣✉♠❡♥t♦s✱ ❡❧ ❛rr❛② ❛❬❪ ❛ ♦r❞❡♥❛r ❝r❡❝✐❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡✱ ② ❡❧ ♥ú♠❡r♦
❞❡ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ♥✳ ▲❛ ❝♦❞✐✜❝❛❝✐ó♥ s✉♣♦♥❡ q✉❡ ❧♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s s♦♥ ❞❡ t✐♣♦ ❡♥t❡r♦✳
✶ ✈♦✐❞ ■♥s❡r❝✐♦♥ ✭ ✐♥t ❬❪ ❛ ✱ ✐♥t ♥ ✮ ④
✷ ✐♥t ✐ ✱ ❥❀
✸ ✐♥t ❛✉① ❀

✽✾
 ✹ ❢♦r ✭ ✐ ❂ ✶❀ ✐ ❁ ♥❀ ✐ ✰✰✮ ④
✺ ❥ ❂ ✐❀
✻ ❛✉① ❂ ❛❬✐ ❪❀
✼ ✇❤✐❧❡ ✭ ❥ ❃ ✵ ✫✫ ❛✉① ❁ ❛❬❥ ✲✶❪✮ ④
✽ ❛❬ ❥❪ ❂ ❛❬❥ ✲✶❪❀
✾ ❥ ✲ ✲❀
✶✵ ⑥
✶✶ ❛❬ ❥❪ ❂ ❛✉① ❀
✶✷ ⑥
✶✸ ⑥
❉❡✜♥✐❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❋✉♥❝✐♦♥❡s✿
✶ ✈♦✐❞ ■♥s❡r❝✐♦♥ ✭ ✐♥t ❬❪ ❛ ✱ ✐♥t ♥ ✮ ④
✷ ✐♥t ✐ ✱ ❥❀
✸ ✐♥t ❛✉① ❀
✹ ❢♦r ✭ ✐ ❂ ✶❀ ✐ ❁ ♥❀ ✐ ✰✰✮ ④
✺ ❥ ❂ ✐❀
✻ ❛✉① ❂ ❛❬✐ ❪❀
✼ ✇❤✐❧❡ ✭ ❥ ❃ ✵ ✫✫ ❛✉① ❁ ❛❬❥ ✲✶❪✮ ④
✽ ❛❬ ❥❪ ❂ ❛❬❥ ✲✶❪❀
✾ ❥ ✲ ✲❀
✶✵ ⑥
✶✶ ❛❬ ❥❪ ❂ ❛✉① ❀
✶✷ ⑥
✶✸ ⑥
✶✹ ✈♦✐❞ ✐♠♣r✐♠✐r▲✐st❛ ✭ ✐♥t ❛ ❬❪ ✱ ✐♥t ♥ ✮ ④
✶✺ ✐♥t ✐ ❀
✶✻ ❢♦r ✭ ✐ ❂ ✵ ❀ ✐ ❁ ♥ ❀ ✐ ✰✰✮ ④
✶✼ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ✪❞✧ ✱ ❛❬ ✐ ❪✮ ❀
✶✽ ⑥
✶✾ ⑥
✷✵ ✈♦✐❞ ❡♥tr❛❞❛▲✐st❛ ✭ ✐♥t ❛ ❬❪ ✱ ✐♥t ♥✮ ④
✷✶ ✐♥t ✐ ❀
✷✷ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❭♥ ❊♥tr❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❧♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❭ ♥✧✮ ❀
✷✸ ❢♦r ✭ ✐ ❂ ✵ ❀ ✐ ❁ ♥ ❀ ✐ ✰✰✮ ④
✷✹ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❛❬ ✪❞❪ ❂ ✧ ✱✐ ✮❀
✷✺ s❝❛♥❢ ✭✧ ✪❞✧ ✱ ❛ ✰✐✮❀
✷✻ ⑥
✷✼ ⑥
❖tr♦ ♠ét♦❞♦
✶ ✐♥s❡r❝❝✐♦♥
✷ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ st❞✐♦ ✳❤ ❃
✸ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ ❝♦♥✐♦ ✳❤ ❃
✹ ✐♥t ❛ ❬✹❪❂④✹ ✱✶ ✱✼ ✱✷⑥❀
✺ ✐♥t ♥ ❂✹❀
✻ ✐♥t ✐ ✱❥ ✱ ❛✉① ❀

✾✵
 ✼ ✈♦✐❞ ♠❛✐♥ ✭✮ ④
✽ ❝❧rs❝r ✭✮ ❀
✾ ❢♦r ✭✐ ❂✶❀ ✐ ❁♥ ❀✐ ✰✰✮ ④
✶✵ ❥❂ ✐❀
✶✶ ❛✉① ❂❛ ❀
✶✷ ✇❤✐❧❡ ✭❥ ❃✵ ✫✫ ❛✉① ❁ ❛❬❥ ✲✶❪✮ ④
✶✸ ❛❬ ❥ ❪❂ ❛❬❥ ✲✶❪❀
✶✹ ❥ ✲ ✲❀
✶✺ ⑥
✶✻ ❛❬ ❥ ❪❂ ❛✉① ❀
✶✼ ⑥
✶✽ ❢♦r ✭✐ ❂✵❀ ✐ ❁✹❀ ✐ ✰✰✮ ④
✶✾ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ✪❞✧ ✱❛✮ ❀
✷✵ ⑥
✷✶ ❣❡t❝❤ ✭✮ ❀
✷✷ ⑥

✼✳✼✳✹✳ ❖r❞❡♥❛♠✐❡♥t♦ ♣♦r s❡❧❡❝❝✐ó♥

❊❧ ♦r❞❡♥❛♠✐❡♥t♦ ♣♦r s❡❧❡❝❝✐ó♥ ❡s ✉♥ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ q✉❡ r❡q✉✐❡r❡ O(n2 ) ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❡s ♣❛r❛ ♦r❞❡♥❛r

✉♥❛ ❧✐st❛ ❞❡ ♥ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s✳

❙✉ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♠✐❡♥t♦ ❡s ❡❧ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡✿

✶ ❇✉s❝❛r ❡❧ ♠í ♥✐♠♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛

✷ ■♥t❡r❝❛♠❜✐❛r❧♦ ❝♦♥ ❡❧ ♣r✐♠❡r♦
✸ ❇✉s❝❛r ❡❧ ♠í ♥✐♠♦ ❡♥ ❡❧ r❡st♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛
✹ ■♥t❡r❝❛♠❜✐❛r❧♦ ❝♦♥ ❡❧ s❡❣✉♥❞♦
✺ ❨ ❡♥ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧ ✿
✻ ❇✉s❝❛r ❡❧ ♠í ♥✐♠♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❡♥tr❡ ✉♥❛ ♣♦s✐❝✐ ó ♥ ✐ ② ❡❧ ❢✐♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❧❛
❧✐st❛
✼ ■♥t❡r❝❛♠❜✐❛r ❡❧ ♠í ♥✐♠♦ ❝♦♥ ❡❧ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣♦s✐❝✐ ó♥ ✐
❉❡ ❡st❛ ♠❛♥❡r❛✱ ❡s❝r✐❜✐♠♦s ❡❧ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ♣s❡✉❞♦❝ó❞✐❣♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦r❞❡♥❛r ✉♥❛ ❧✐st❛ ❞❡ ♥ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s

✐♥❞❡①❛❞♦s ❞❡s❞❡ ❡❧ ✶✿

✶ ♣❛r❛ ✐ ❂✶ ❤❛st❛ ♥ ✲✶
✷ ♠✐♥✐♠♦ ❂ ✐❀
✸ ♣❛r❛ ❥ ❂✐ ✰✶ ❤❛st❛ ♥
✹ s✐ ❧✐st❛ ❬❥ ❪ ❁ ❧✐st❛ ❬ ♠✐♥✐♠♦ ❪ ❡♥t♦♥❝❡s
✺ ♠✐♥✐♠♦ ❂ ❥ ✴✯ ✭✦✮ ✯✴
✻ ❢✐♥ s✐
✼ ❢✐♥ ♣❛r❛
✽ ✐♥t❡r❝❛♠❜✐❛r ✭ ❧✐st❛ ❬✐ ❪✱ ❧✐st❛ ❬ ♠✐♥✐♠♦ ❪✮
✾ ❢✐♥ ♣❛r❛

✶ s❡❧❡❝❝✐♦♥
✷ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ st❞✐♦ ✳❤ ❃
✸ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ ❝♦♥✐♦ ✳❤ ❃

✾✶
 ✹ ✐♥t ① ❬✹❪❂④✶ ✱✹ ✱✽ ✱✻⑥❀
✺ ✐♥t ♥ ❂✹ ✱ ❥ ❂✵ ✱ ✐ ❂✵❀
✻ ✐♥t t❡♠♣ ❂✵ ✱ ♠✐♥✐♠♦ ❂✵❀
✼ ✈♦✐❞ ♠❛✐♥ ✭✮ ④
✽ ❝❧rs❝r ✭✮ ❀
✾ ❢♦r ✭✐ ❂✵❀ ✐ ❁♥ ✲✶❀ ✐ ✰✰✮ ④
✶✵ ♠✐♥✐♠♦ ❂✐ ❀
✶✶ ❢♦r ✭❥ ❂✐ ✰✶❀ ❥ ❁♥❀ ❥ ✰✰✮ ④
✶✷ ✐❢ ✭ ①❬ ♠✐♥✐♠♦ ❪ ❃ ①❬ ❥ ❪✮ ④
✶✸ ♠✐♥✐♠♦ ❂❥ ❀
✶✹ ⑥
✶✺ ⑥
✶✻ t❡♠♣ ❂ ①❬ ♠✐♥✐♠♦ ❪❀
✶✼ ①❬ ♠✐♥✐♠♦ ❪❂ ① ❀
✶✽ ①❂ t❡♠♣ ❀
✶✾ ⑥
✷✵ ❢♦r ✭✐ ❂✵❀ ✐ ❁♥ ❀✐ ✰✰✮ ④
✷✶ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ✪❞✧ ✱①✮ ❀
✷✷ ⑥
✷✸ ❣❡t❝❤ ✭✮ ❀
✷✹ ⑥

✼✳✼✳✺✳ ❖r❞❡♥❛♠✐❡♥t♦ ◗✉✐❝❦s♦rt

❊❧ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ♦r❞❡♥❛♠✐❡♥t♦ ◗✉✐❝❦s♦rt ❝✉②♦ ❛✉t♦r ❡s ❆✳ ❍♦❛r❡✳ ▲❛ ✐❞❡❛ ❞❡❧ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❡s s✐♠♣❧❡✱
s❡ ❜❛s❛ ❡♥ ❞✐✈✐❞✐r ❡♥ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♦♥❡s ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ ❛ ♦r❞❡♥❛r✱ ♣♦r ❧♦ q✉❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛ ❧❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ❞✐✈✐❞❡ ② ✈❡♥❝❡rás✳
❊❧ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❡s✱ ♣♦s✐❜❧❡♠❡♥t❡✱ ❡❧ ♠ás ♣❡q✉❡ñ♦ ❞❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦✱ ♠ás rá♣✐❞♦✱ ♠ás ❡❧❡❣❛♥t❡✱ ♠ás ✐♥t❡r❡s❛♥t❡
② ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❧♦s ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❞❡ ♦r❞❡♥❛❝✐ó♥ ❝♦♥♦❝✐❞♦s✳
❚é❝♥✐❝❛ ❞❡❧ ▼ét♦❞♦✿ ➱st❡ ❞✐✈✐❞❡ ❧♦s ♥ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ ❛ ♦r❞❡♥❛r ❡♥ ❞♦s ♣❛rt❡s ♦ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♦♥❡s
s❡♣❛r❛❞❛s ♣♦r ✉♥ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦✿ ✉♥❛ ♣❛rt✐❝✐ó♥ ✐③q✉✐❡r❞❛✱ ✉♥ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❝❡♥tr❛❧ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞♦ ♣✐✈♦t❡ ♦
❞❡ ♣❛rt✐❝✐ó♥✱ ② ✉♥❛ ♣❛rt✐❝✐ó♥ ❞❡r❡❝❤❛✳ ▲❛ ❞✐✈✐s✐ó♥ s❡ ❤❛❝❡ ❞❡ t❛❧ ❢♦r♠❛ q✉❡ ❧♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡
❧❛ ♣r✐♠❡r❛ s✉❜❧✐st❛ ✭♣❛rt✐❝✐ó♥ ✐③q✉✐❡r❞❛✮ s♦♥ ♠❡♥♦r❡s q✉❡ ❧♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❧❛ s❡❣✉♥❞❛ s✉❜❧✐st❛
✭♣❛rt✐❝✐ó♥ ❞❡r❡❝❤❛✮✳ ▲❛s ❞♦s s✉❜❧✐st❛s s❡ ♦r❞❡♥❛♥ ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞✐❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡✳
P❛r❛ ❞✐✈✐❞✐r ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ ❡♥ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♦♥❡s ✭s✉❜❧✐st❛s✮ s❡ ❡❧✐❣❡ ✉♥♦ ❞❡ ❧♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ ② s❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛
❝♦♠♦ ♣✐✈♦t❡ ♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣❛rt✐❝✐ó♥✳ ❙✐ s❡ ❡❧✐❣❡ ✉♥❛ ❧✐st❛ ❝✉❛❧q✉✐❡r❛ ❝♦♥ ❧♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❡♥ ♦r❞❡♥
❛❧❡❛t♦r✐♦✱ s❡ s❡❧❡❝❝✐♦♥❛ ❝✉❛❧q✉✐❡r ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ ❝♦♠♦ ♣✐✈♦t❡ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛✳ ❙✐ ést❛ t✐❡♥❡ ❛❧❣ú♥
♦r❞❡♥ ♣❛r❝✐❛❧ ❝♦♥♦❝✐❞♦✱ s❡ ♣✉❡❞❡ t♦♠❛r ♦tr❛ ❞❡❝✐s✐ó♥ ♣❛r❛ ❡❧ ♣✐✈♦t❡✳ ■❞❡❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❡❧ ♣✐✈♦t❡ s❡
s❡❧❡❝❝✐♦♥❛ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ q✉❡ ❞✐✈✐❞❛ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ ♣♦r ❧❛ ♠✐t❛❞✱ ❞❡ ❛❝✉❡r❞♦ ❛❧ t❛♠❛ñ♦ r❡❧❛t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ❧❛s ❝❧❛✈❡s✳
❊❥❡♠♣❧♦✿
✶ ✶✳ ▲✐st❛ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧ ✺ ✷ ✶ ✼ ✾ ✸ ✽ ✼
✷ ♣✐✈♦t❡ ❡❧❡❣✐❞♦ ✺
✸ s✉❜❧✐st❛ ✐③q✉✐❡r❞❛✶ ✭ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ♠❡♥♦r❡s q✉❡ ✺✮ ✷ ✶ ✸
✹ s✉❜❧✐st❛ ❞❡r❡❝❤❛✶ ✭ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ♠❛②♦r❡s ♦ ✐❣✉❛❧❡s ❛ ✺✮ ✾ ✽ ✼
✺
✻ ✷✳ ❊❧ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ s❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛ ❛ ❧❛ s✉❜❧✐st❛ ✐③q✉✐❡r❞❛
✼ ❙✉❜❧✐st❛ ■③❞❛ ✷ ✶ ✸

✾✷
 ✽ s✉❜❧✐st❛ ■③❞❛ ✶
✾ ♣✐✈♦t❡ ✷
✶✵ s✉❜❧✐st❛ ❉❝❤❛ ✸
✶✶
✶✷ ❙✉❜❧✐st❛ ■③❞❛
✶✸ ■③❞❛ ♣✐✈♦t❡ ❉❝❤❛
✶✹ ✶ ✷ ✸
✶✺ ✸✳ ❊❧ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ s❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛ ❛ ❧❛ s✉❜❧✐st❛ ❞❡r❡❝❤❛
✶✻ ❙✉❜❧✐st❛ ❉❝❤❛ ✾ ✽ ✼
✶✼ s✉❜❧✐st❛ ■③❞❛ ✼
✶✽ ♣✐✈♦t❡ ✽
✶✾ s✉❜❧✐st❛ ❉❝❤❛ ✾
✷✵
✷✶ ❙✉❜❧✐st❛ ❉❝❤❛
✷✷ ■③❞❛ ♣✐✈♦t❡ ❉❝❤❛
✷✸ ✼ ✽ ✾
✷✹
✷✺ ✹✳ ▲✐st❛ ♦r❞❡♥❛❞❛ ❢✐♥❛❧
✷✻ ❙✉❜❧✐st❛ ✐③q✉✐❡r❞❛ ♣✐✈♦t❡ ❙✉❜❧✐st❛ ❞❡r❡❝❤❛
✷✼ ✶ ✷ ✸ ✺ ✼ ✽ ✾
❈♦❞✐✜❝❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡❧ ▼ét♦❞♦ ◗✉✐❝❦s♦rt
✶ ✈♦✐❞ q✉✐❝❦s♦rt ✭ ❞♦✉❜❧❡ ❛ ❬❪ ✱ ✐♥t ♣r✐♠❡r♦ ✱ ✐♥t ✉❧t✐♠♦ ✮ ④
✷ ✐♥t ✐ ✱ ❥ ✱ ❝❡♥tr❛❧ ❀
✸ ❞♦✉❜❧❡ ♣✐✈♦t❡ ❀
✹ ❝❡♥tr❛❧ ❂ ✭ ♣r✐♠❡r♦ ✰ ✉❧t✐♠♦ ✮ ✴✷❀
✺ ♣✐✈♦t❡ ❂ ❛❬ ❝❡♥tr❛❧ ❪❀
✻ ✐ ❂ ♣r✐♠❡r♦ ❀
✼ ❥ ❂ ✉❧t✐♠♦ ❀
✽ ❞♦ ④
✾ ✇❤✐❧❡ ✭ ❛❬✐ ❪ ❁ ♣✐✈♦t❡ ✮ ✐ ✰✰❀
✶✵ ✇❤✐❧❡ ✭ ❛❬❥ ❪ ❃ ♣✐✈♦t❡ ✮ ❥ ✲ ✲❀
✶✶ ✐❢ ✭✐ ❁❂ ❥✮ ④
✶✷ ❞♦✉❜❧❡ t♠♣ ❀
✶✸ t♠♣ ❂ ❛❬✐ ❪❀
✶✹ ❛❬ ✐❪ ❂ ❛❬❥ ❪❀
✶✺ ❛❬ ❥❪ ❂ t♠♣ ❀
✶✻ ✐ ✰✰❀
✶✼ ❥ ✲ ✲❀
✶✽ ⑥
✶✾ ⑥ ✇❤✐❧❡ ✭✐ ❁❂ ❥✮❀
✷✵ ✐❢ ✭ ♣r✐♠❡r♦ ❁ ❥✮
✷✶ q✉✐❝❦s♦rt ✭❛ ✱ ♣r✐♠❡r♦ ✱ ❥ ✮❀
✷✷ ✐❢ ✭ ✐ ❁ ✉❧t✐♠♦ ✮
✷✸ q✉✐❝❦s♦rt ✭❛ ✱ ✐ ✱ ✉❧t✐♠♦ ✮ ❀
✷✹ ⑥

✾✸
✼✳✼✳✻✳ ❖tr♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ ♦r❞❡♥❛♠✐❡♥t♦ ✐♥❞✐r❡❝t♦s

✶✳ ❖r❞❡♥❛♠✐❡♥t♦ ♣♦r ♠❡③❝❧❛✿ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❡①t❡r♥♦ ❡st❛❜❧❡ ❜❛s❛❞♦ ❡♥ ❧❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ❞✐✈✐❞❡ ② ✈❡♥❝❡rás✳
❊s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡❥✐❞❛❞ ❖✭♥ ❧♦❣ ♥✮✱ ❡s s✐♠✐❧❛r ❛❧ ♠ét♦❞♦ ◗✉✐❝❦s♦rt ✳

✷✳ ❖r❞❡♥❛♠✐❡♥t♦ ❘❛❞✐①✿ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ q✉❡ ♦r❞❡♥❛ ❡♥t❡r♦s ♣r♦❝❡s❛♥❞♦ s✉s ❞í❣✐t♦s ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ✐♥❞✐✲
✈✐❞✉❛❧✳ ❘❛❞✐① s♦rt ♥♦ ❡stá ❧✐♠✐t❛❞♦ só❧♦ ❛ ❧♦s ❡♥t❡r♦s✱ ést♦s ♣✉❡❞❡♥ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ❝❛❞❡♥❛s ❞❡
❝❛r❛❝t❡r❡s ✭♥♦♠❜r❡s ♦ ❢❡❝❤❛s✮ ②✱ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ♥ú♠❡r♦s ❡♥ ♣✉♥t♦ ✢♦t❛♥t❡ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡
❢♦r♠❛t❡❛❞♦s✳

✸✳ ❖r❞❡♥❛❝✐ó♥ ♣♦r ❢✉s✐ó♥✭✈✿ ✈❡❝t♦r✮✿ s❡❛ ◆ ✿❂ t❛♠❛ñ♦✭✈✮✱ s❡♣❛r❛♠♦s ❡❧ ✈❡❝t♦r ❡♥ ❞♦s ♠✐t❛❞❡s✳
N
➱st❛s t✐❡♥❡♥ t❛♠❛ñ♦
2 ✱ ♣♦r ✐♥❞✉❝❝✐ó♥ ❛♣❧✐❝❛♠♦s ❧❛ ♦r❞❡♥❛❝✐ó♥ ❡♥ ❡st♦s ❞♦s s✉❜✲♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s✳
❯♥❛ ✈❡③✱ q✉❡ t❡♥❡♠♦s ❛♠❜❛s ♠✐t❛❞❡s ♦r❞❡♥❛❞❛s ❞❡❜❡♠♦s ❢✉s✐♦♥❛r❧❛s✳ ❊❧ ❝❛s♦ ❜❛s❡ ❡s ♦r❞❡✲
♥❛r ✉♥ ✈❡❝t♦r ❞❡ ✵ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s✱ q✉❡ ❡stá tr✐✈✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♦r❞❡♥❛❞♦ ② ♥♦ ❤❛② q✉❡ ❤❛❝❡r ♥❛❞❛✳

✹✳ ❖r❞❡♥❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❇✐♥s♦rt✿ t❛♠❜✐é♥ ❧❧❛♠❛❞♦ ❝❧❛s✐✜❝❛❝✐ó♥ ♣♦r ✉r♥❛s✱ ♣r❡t❡♥❞❡ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉✐r ❢✉♥✲
❝✐♦♥❡s ❞❡ t✐❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❡❥❡❝✉❝✐ó♥ ♠❡♥♦r❡s ❞❡ ❖✭♥ ❧♦❣ ♥✮✱ ♣❛r❛ ♦r❞❡♥❛r ✉♥❛ s❡❝✉❡♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ♥
❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s s✐❡♠♣r❡ q✉❡ s❡ ❝♦♥♦③❝❛ ❛❧❣♦ ❞❡❧ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❧❛s ❝❧❛✈❡s ♣♦r ❧❛s q✉❡ s❡ ❡stá♥ ♦r❞❡♥❛♥❞♦✳

✼✳✽✳ ▼ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❇úsq✉❡❞❛

✼✳✽✳✶✳ ▼ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❇úsq✉❡❞❛ ❇✐♥❛r✐❛

▲❛ ❜úsq✉❡❞❛ ❜✐♥❛r✐❛ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛ ✉♥❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❜úsq✉❡❞❛ ♠❡❥♦r❛❞❛✳ ❊s ❝♦♠♦ ❜✉s❝❛r ✉♥❛
♣❛❧❛❜r❛ ❡♥ ✉♥ ❞✐❝❝✐♦♥❛r✐♦✳ ❉❛❞❛ ❧❛ ♣❛❧❛❜r❛✱ s❡ ❛❜r❡ ❡❧ ❧✐❜r♦ ❝❡r❝❛ ❞❡❧ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣✐♦✱ ❞❡❧ ❝❡♥tr♦ ♦ ❞❡❧
✜♥❛❧ ❞❡♣❡♥❞✐❡♥❞♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣r✐♠❡r❛ ❧❡tr❛ ❞❡❧ ♣r✐♠❡r ❛♣❡❧❧✐❞♦ ♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣❛❧❛❜r❛ q✉❡ ❜✉s❝❛✳ ❙❡ ♣✉❡❞❡
t❡♥❡r s✉❡rt❡ ② ❛❝❡rt❛r ❝♦♥ ❧❛ ♣á❣✐♥❛ ❝♦rr❡❝t❛❀ ♣❡r♦✱ ♥♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ♥♦ ❡s ❛sí ② ❡❧ ❧❡❝t♦r s❡ ♠✉❡✈❡
❛ ❧❛ ♣á❣✐♥❛ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r ♦ ♣♦st❡r✐♦r ❞❡❧ ❧✐❜r♦✳ ❙✐ ❧❛ ♣❛❧❛❜r❛ ❝♦♠✐❡♥③❛ ❝♦♥ ✑❏✑ ② ❡st❛♠♦s ❡♥ ❧❛ ✑▲✑ s❡
♠✉❡✈❡ ✉♥♦ ❤❛❝✐❛ ❛trás✳ ❊❧ ♣r♦❝❡s♦ ❝♦♥t✐♥ú❛ ❤❛st❛ q✉❡ s❡ ❡♥❝✉❡♥tr❛ ❧❛ ♣á❣✐♥❛ ❜✉s❝❛❞❛ ♦ ❤❛st❛
❞❡s❝✉❜r✐r q✉❡ ❧❛ ♣❛❧❛❜r❛ ♥♦ ❡stá ❡♥ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛✳

✼✳✽✳✷✳ ❚é❝♥✐❝❛ ❞❡❧ ▼ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❇úsq✉❡❞❛

❙❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛ ♣❛r❛ ❧❛ ❜úsq✉❡❞❛ ❡♥ ✉♥❛ ❧✐st❛ ♦r❞❡♥❛❞❛✳ ❙❡ s✐tú❛ ❧❛ ❧❡❝t✉r❛ ❡♥ ❡❧ ❝❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛
② s❡ ❝♦♠♣r✉❡❜❛ s✐ ❧❛ ❝❧❛✈❡ ❝♦✐♥❝✐❞❡ ❝♦♥ ❡❧ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡❧ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❝❡♥tr❛❧✳ ❙✐ ♥♦ s❡ ❡♥❝✉❡♥tr❛ ❡❧ ✈❛❧♦r
❞❡ ❧❛ ❝❧❛✈❡✱ s❡ s✐❣✉❡ ❧❛ ❜úsq✉❡❞❛ ✉♥♦ ❡♥ ❧❛ ♠✐t❛❞ ✐♥❢❡r✐♦r ♦ s✉♣❡r✐♦r ❞❡❧ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❝❡♥tr❛❧ ❞❡ ❧❛
❧✐st❛✳ ❊♥ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✱ s✐ ❧♦s ❞❛t♦s ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ ❡stá♥ ♦r❞❡♥❛❞♦s s❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛ ❡s❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥ ♣❛r❛ ❛❝♦rt❛r
❡❧ t✐❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❜úsq✉❡❞❛✳

❙❡ ❞❡s❡❛ ❜✉s❝❛r ❡❧ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✷✷✺ ② ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛r s✐ s❡ ❡♥❝✉❡♥tr❛ ❡♥ ❡❧ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s✿

✶ ❛ ❬✵❪ ❛ ❬✶❪ ❛ ❬✷❪ ❛ ❬✸❪ ❛ ❬✹❪ ❛ ❬✺❪ ❛ ❬✻❪

❛ ❬✼❪
✷ ✶✸ ✹✹ ✼✺ ✶✵✵ ✶✷✵ ✷✼✺ ✸✷✺
✺✶✵
❊❧ ♣✉♥t♦ ❝❡♥tr❛❧ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ ❡s ❡❧ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ a[3](100)✳ ❊❧ ✈❛❧♦r q✉❡ s❡ ❜✉s❝❛ ❡s ✷✷✺✱ ♠❛②♦r q✉❡ ✶✵✵❀
♣♦r ❝♦♥s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡✱ ❧❛ ❜úsq✉❡❞❛ ❝♦♥t✐♥ú❛ ❡♥ ❧❛ ♠✐t❛❞ s✉♣❡r✐♦r ❞❡❧ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛✱ ❡s
❞❡❝✐r✱ ❡♥ ❧❛ s✉❜❧✐st❛✱

✶ ❛ ❬✹❪ ❛ ❬✺❪ ❛ ❬✻❪ ❛ ❬✼❪

✷ ✶✷✵ ✷✼✺ ✸✷✺ ✺✶✵

✾✹
❆❤♦r❛ ❡❧ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ♠✐t❛❞ ❞❡ ❡st❛ s✉❜❧✐st❛ a[5](275)✳ ❊❧ ✈❛❧♦r ❜✉s❝❛❞♦✱ ✷✷✺✱ ❡s ♠❡♥♦r q✉❡ ✷✼✺ ②✱ ♣♦r
❝♦♥s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡✱ ❧❛ ❜úsq✉❡❞❛ ❝♦♥t✐♥ú❛ ❡♥ ❧❛ ♠✐t❛❞ ✐♥❢❡r✐♦r ❞❡❧ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ ❛❝t✉❛❧❀
❡s ❞❡❝✐r✱ ❡♥ ❧❛ s✉❜❧✐st❛ ❞❡ ✉♥ ú♥✐❝♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦✿
✶ ❛ ❬✹❪
✷ ✶✷✵
❊❧ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ♠✐t❛❞ ❞❡ ❡st❛ s✉❜❧✐st❛ ❡s ❡❧ ♣r♦♣✐♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❛❬✹❪ ✭✶✷✵✮✳ ❆❧ s❡r ✷✷✺ ♠❛②♦r q✉❡ ✶✷✵✱
❧❛ ❜úsq✉❡❞❛ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛ ❡♥ ✉♥❛ s✉❜❧✐st❛ ✈❛❝í❛✳ ❙❡ ❝♦♥❝❧✉②❡ ✐♥❞✐❝❛♥❞♦ q✉❡ ♥♦ s❡ ❤❛ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦ ❧❛
❝❧❛✈❡ ❡♥ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛✳

✼✳✽✳✸✳ ❈♦❞✐✜❝❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❜úsq✉❡❞❛ ❜✐♥❛r✐❛

✶ ✐♥t ❜✉sq❴❜✐♥ ✭ ✐♥t ❛ ❬❪ ✱ ✐♥t ♥ ✱ ✐♥t ♥① ✮ ④
✷ ✐♥t ❝❡♥tr❛❧ ✱ ❜❛❥♦ ✱ ❛❧t♦ ✱ ✈❛❧♦r❈❡♥tr❛❧ ❀
✸ ❜❛❥♦ ❂✶❀
✹ ❛❧t♦ ❂♥ ✲✶❀
✺ ✇❤✐❧❡ ✭ ❜❛❥♦ ❁❂ ❛❧t♦ ✮ ④
✻ ❝❡♥tr❛❧ ❂✭ ❜❛❥♦ ✰ ❛❧t♦ ✮ ✴✷❀
✼ ✈❛❧♦r❈❡♥tr❛❧ ❂❛ ❬ ❝❡♥tr❛❧ ❪❀
✽ ✐❢ ✭ ♥① ❂❂ ✈❛❧♦r❈❡♥tr❛❧ ✮
✾ r❡t✉r♥ ✭ ❝❡♥tr❛❧ ✮❀
✶✵ ❡❧s❡ ✐❢ ✭♥① ❁ ✈❛❧♦r❈❡♥tr❛❧ ✮
✶✶ ❛❧t♦ ❂ ❝❡♥tr❛❧ ✲✶❀
✶✷ ❡❧s❡
✶✸ ❜❛❥♦ ❂ ❝❡♥tr❛❧ ✰✶❀
✶✹ ⑥
✶✺ r❡t✉r♥ ✲✶❀
✶✻ ⑥
✼✳✽✳✹✳ ▼ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❜úsq✉❡❞❛ s❡❝✉❡♥❝✐❛❧
▲❛ ❜úsq✉❡❞❛ s❡❝✉❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❜✉s❝❛ ✉♥ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♥❛ ❛rr❡❣❧♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ✉♥ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡st✐♥♦ ❧❧❛♠❛❞♦
❝❧❛✈❡✳ ❊♥ ✉♥❛ ❜úsq✉❡❞❛ s❡❝✉❡♥❝✐❛❧ ✭♦ ❧✐♥❡❛❧✮✱ ❧♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ✉♥❛ ❛rr❡❣❧♦ s❡ ❡①❛♠✐♥❛♥ ❡♥ s❡❝✉❡♥✲
❝✐❛✱ ✉♥♦ trás ❞❡ ♦tr♦✳
❚é❝♥✐❝❛ ❞❡❧ ▼ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❇úsq✉❡❞❛ s❡❝✉❡♥❝✐❛❧✿ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ q✉❡ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡❧ ❛rr❡❣❧♦
❝♦♥ ❧❛ ❝❧❛✈❡ ❞❡ ❜úsq✉❡❞❛✳ ❉❛❞♦ q✉❡ ❡❧ ❛rr❡❣❧♦ ♥♦ ❡stá ❡♥ ✉♥ ♦r❞❡♥ ♣r❡✜❥❛❞♦✱ ❡s ♣r♦❜❛❜❧❡ q✉❡ ❡❧
❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❛ ❜✉s❝❛r s❡❛ ❡❧ ♣r✐♠❡r♦✱ ❡❧ ú❧t✐♠♦ ♦ ❝✉❛❧q✉✐❡r ♦tr♦✳ ❊♥ ♣r♦♠❡❞✐♦✱ ❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛
❧❛ ❝❧❛✈❡ ❞❡ ❜úsq✉❡❞❛ ❝♦♥ ❧❛ ♠✐t❛❞ ❞❡ ❧♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡❧ ❛rr❡❣❧♦✳ ❊❧ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❜úsq✉❡❞❛ ❧✐♥❡❛❧
❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛ ❜✐❡♥ ❝♦♥ ❛rr❡❣❧♦s ♣❡q✉❡ñ♦s ♦ ♥♦ ♦r❞❡♥❛❞♦s✳ ❙✉ ❡✜❝✐❡♥❝✐❛ ❡s ♣♦❜r❡ ② t✐❡♥❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡❥✐❞❛❞
❧✐♥❡❛❧✱ O(n)✳

✼✳✽✳✺✳ ❈♦❞✐✜❝❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡❧ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❜úsq✉❡❞❛ s❡❝✉❡♥❝✐❛❧

✶ ✈♦✐❞ ❜✉sq❴s❡❝ ✭ ✐♥t ❛ ❬❪ ✱ ✐♥t ♥ ✱ ✐♥t ♥① ✮ ④
✷ ✐♥t ✐ ✱①✶ ✱ ✉❜✐❝❛❞♦ ❂✵❀
✸ ❢♦r ✭✐ ❂✵❀ ✐ ❁♥ ❀✐ ✰✰✮ ④
✹ ✐❢ ✭ ❛❬✐ ❪❂❂ ♥① ✮ ④

✾✺
 ✺ ✉❜✐❝❛❞♦ ❂✶❀
✻ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❭ ♥❊❧ ♥✉♠❡r♦ ✪❞ s❡ ❡♥❝✉❡♥tr❛ ❡♥ ❧❛ ♣♦s✐❝✐♦♥ ❛❬ ✪❞❪
❞❡ ❧✐st❛ ✧ ✱♥① ✱ ✐✮❀
✼ ⑥
✽ ⑥
✾ ✐❢ ✭ ✉❜✐❝❛❞♦ ❂❂✵✮
✶✵ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❭ ♥❊❧ ♥✉♠❡r♦ ✐♥❣r❡s❛❞♦ ♥♦ s❡ ❡♥❝✉❡♥tr❛ ❡♥ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ ✪❞
✧✮ ❀
✶✶ ⑥
✼✳✽✳✻✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦ ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦

✶✳ ❯♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ q✉❡ ❝r❡❡ ✉♥ ❛rr❡❣❧♦ ❞❡ ✼ ♥ú♠❡r♦s ❡♥t❡r♦s ② ❧♦ ♦r❞❡♥❡ ❝♦♥ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♥♦ ❞❡ ❡st♦s

tr❡s ♠ét♦❞♦s✱ ♠♦str❛♥❞♦ ❡❧ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❧♦s ♣❛s♦s ✐♥t❡r♠❡❞✐♦s✳

✾✻
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✽

▼❛♥❡❥♦ ❞❡ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦s
✽✳✶✳ ❊s❝r✐t✉r❛ ❡♥ ✉♥ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ❞❡ t❡①t♦

❯t✐❧✐③❛♠♦s ✉♥ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛❧♠❛❝❡♥❛r ❧♦s ❞❛t♦s q✉❡ ❡stá♥ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜❧❡s ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ❧❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛✲
❝✐ó♥ q✉❡ ❧♦ ❣❡st✐♦♥❛ s❡ ❡❥❡❝✉t❛✳ ▲❛ ✉❜✐❝❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❡st❡ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ❡s ❧❛ ♠❡♠♦r✐❛ s❡❝✉♥❞❛r✐❛✳
❯♥ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ s❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛ ❝♦♠♦ ✢✉❥♦ ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s q✉❡ s❡ ♣r♦❝❡s❛♥ s❡❝✉❡♥❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡✳
❊❧ ❝♦♥❝❡♣t♦ ❞❡ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ❡s ❛♠♣❧✐♦✿
❆r❝❤✐✈♦ ❞❡ ❞✐s❝♦✿ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s q✉❡ s❡ ❧❡❡ ② ❡s❝r✐❜❡ r❡♣❡t✐❞❛♠❡♥t❡✳
❚✉❜❡rí❛✱ ❝❛♥❛❧✿ ✢✉❥♦ ❞❡ ❜②t❡s ❣❡♥❡r❛❞♦s ♣♦r ✉♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛✳
❉✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s✿ ✢✉❥♦ ❞❡ ✧❜②t❡sr❡❝✐❜✐❞♦s ❞❡s❞❡ ♦ ❡♥✈✐❛❞♦s ❤❛❝✐❛ ✉♥ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦ ♣❡r✐❢ér✐❝♦ ✭t❡✲
❝❧❛❞♦✱ ♠♦♥✐t♦r✱ ✳✳✳✮✳
❯♥ ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦ ❡s ✉♥ ❥✉❡❣♦ q✉❡ ❣✉❛r❞❛ ❧❛ ♣✉♥t✉❛❝✐ó♥ ♠ás ❛❧t❛✱ ② s❡ r❡❝✉♣❡r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ s❡ ❥✉❡❣❛
❡❧ ❥✉❡❣♦✳
❚♦❞❛s ❧❛s ❝❧❛s❡s ❞❡ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦s s❡ ♠❛♥❡❥❛♥ ❝❛s✐ ❞❡ ❧❛ ♠✐s♠❛ ❢♦r♠❛✳
▲♦s ❛r❝❤✐✈♦s s❡ ♠❛♥❡❥❛♥ ❝♦♥ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❡s ❞❡ ❜✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛ ❝✉②❛s ❞❡❝❧❛r❛❝✐♦♥❡s s❡ ✐♥❝♦r♣♦r❛♥ ❛❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛
❝♦♥ ❧❛ ♦r❞❡♥✿ ★✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁st❞✐♦✳❤❃
▲❛s ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❡s ♣❛r❛ ♠❛♥❡❥♦ ❞❡ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦s ✉s❛♥ ❡❧ s♦♣♦rt❡ q✉❡ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛ ❡❧ s✐st❡♠❛ ♦♣❡r❛t✐✈♦✳
P❛r❛ ♠❛♥❡❥❛r ❛r❝❤✐✈♦s✱ r❡❛❧✐③❛♠♦s tr❡s ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❡s ❜ás✐❝❛s✿
✶✳ ❆❜r✐r ❡❧ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦✳
✷✳ ▲❡❡r ♦ ❡s❝r✐❜✐r ❞❛t♦s ❡♥ é❧✳
✸✳ ❈❡rr❛r ❡❧ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦✳
❆❞❡♠ás✱ ❝♦♠♣r♦❜❛♠♦s ❧♦s ♣♦s✐❜❧❡s ❡rr♦r❡s✳ P✉❡❞❡ ♦❝✉rr✐r q✉❡ ✐♥t❡♥t❡♠♦s ❛❜r✐r ✉♥ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ q✉❡
♥♦ ❡①✐st❡✱ ♦ tr❛t❛r ❞❡ ❡s❝r✐❜✐r ❡♥ ✉♥ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦ q✉❡ s❡❛ só❧♦ ❞❡ ❧❡❝t✉r❛✳
❊♥ ❡❧ ❡♥t♦r♥♦ s❡ ❞✐s♣♦♥❡ s✐❡♠♣r❡ ❞❡ tr❡s ❛r❝❤✐✈♦s ❛❜✐❡rt♦s✿
✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛❞♦r ♥♦♠❜r❡ ❛s✐❣♥❛❝✐ó♥ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧
st❞✐♥ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ❡stá♥❞❛r ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ t❡❝❧❛❞♦
st❞♦✉t ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ❡stá♥❞❛r ❞❡ s❛❧✐❞❛ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛
st❞❡rr ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ❡stá♥❞❛r ♣❛r❛ ♠❡♥s❛❥❡s ❞❡ ❡rr♦r ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛

✾✼
 ❱❡❛♠♦s ✉♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ q✉❡ ❝r❡❛ ✉♥ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ❞❡ t❡①t♦ ② ❡s❝r✐❜❡ ❡♥ é❧✿

✶ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ st❞✐♦ ✳❤ ❃
✷
✸ ✐♥t ♠❛✐♥ ✭✮ ④
✹ ❋■▲❊ ✯ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ❀
✺
✻ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ❂ ❢♦♣❡♥ ✭ ✬✬ ♣r✉❡❜❛ ✳ t①t ✬✬✱ ✬✬✇t ✬✬✮❀
✼ ❢♣✉ts ✭ ✬✬ ❊st♦ ❡s ✉♥❛ ❧í ♥❡❛ ❭♥ ✬✬✱ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ✮ ❀
✽ ❢♣✉ts ✭ ✬✬ ❊st♦ ❡s ♦tr❛ ✬✬✱ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ★✹✶❀❀
✾ ❢♣✉ts ✭ ✬✬ ② ❡st♦ ❡s ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛❝✐ ó♥ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r ❭♥ ✬✬✱ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ✮
❀
✶✵ ❢❝❧♦s❡ ✭ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ✮❀
✶✶
✶✷ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✶✸ ⑥
❍❛② ✈❛r✐❛s ❝♦s❛s q✉❡ ❝♦♠❡♥t❛r s♦❜r❡ ❡st❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛✿

✶✳ ❋■▲❊ ❡s ❡❧ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s ❛s♦❝✐❛❞♦ ❛ ✉♥ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦✳ ❙✐❡♠♣r❡ ❛♣❛r❡❝❡ ❡❧ ❛st❡r✐s❝♦ ❛ s✉ ❞❡r❡❝❤❛✱

♣♦r ♠♦t✐✈♦s q✉❡ ✈❡♠♦s ♠ás ❛❞❡❧❛♥t❡ ✭❝✉❛♥❞♦ ❤❛❜❧❡♠♦s ❞❡ ✑♣✉♥t❡r♦s✑✮✳

✷✳ P❛r❛ ❛❜r✐r ❡❧ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ✉s❛♠♦s ✑ ❢♦♣❡♥✑✱ q✉❡ ♥❡❝❡s✐t❛ ❞♦s ❞❛t♦s✿ ❡❧ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ❞❡❧ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ② ❡❧
♠♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❧❡❝t✉r❛✳ ❊❧ ♠♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❧❡❝t✉r❛ ❡stá ❢♦r♠❛❞♦ ♣♦r ✈❛r✐❛s ❧❡tr❛s✱ ❞❡ ❧❛s ❝✉❛❧❡s ♣♦r ❛❤♦r❛
✐♥t❡r❡s❛♥ ❞♦s✿ ✑✇✑ ♣❛r❛ ❡s❝r✐❜✐r ✭✇r✐t❡✮ ❡♥ ❡❧ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦✱ ② ✑t✑ ♣❛r❛ ✉♥ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ❞❡ t❡①t♦ ✭t❡①t✮✳

▲♦s ♠♦❞♦s ✑r✑✱ ✑✇✑ ② ✑❛✑ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♥ ❛ ❧❡❡r✱ ❡s❝r✐❜✐r ② ❛ñ❛❞✐r✳

❙✐ ❡❧ ♠♦❞♦ ❡s ✑r✑ ♦ ✑✇✑✱ ❡❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ ❞❡ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ s❡ ❝♦❧♦❝❛ ❛❧ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣✐♦✳ ❙✐ ❡❧ ♠♦❞♦ ❡s ✑❛✑✱ ❡❧

♣✉♥t❡r♦ s❡ ❝♦❧♦❝❛ ❛❧ ✜♥❛❧✳

❙✐ ❡❧ ♠♦❞♦ ❡s ✑✇✑ ♦ ✑❛✑✱ ❛❧ ❛❜r✐r ❡❧ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ s✐ ♥♦ ❡①✐st❡✱ s❡ ❝r❡❛❀ ❡♥ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ ❡①✐st✐r✱ ❜♦rr❛ s✉
❝♦♥t❡♥✐❞♦✳

✸✳ P❛r❛ ❡s❝r✐❜✐r ❡♥ ❡❧ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ② ♣❛r❛ ❧❡❡r ❞❡ é❧✱ t❡♥❡♠♦s ór❞❡♥❡s ♠✉② ♣❛r❡❝✐❞❛s ❛ ❧❛s ✉s❛❞❛s ❡♥
♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛✳ P❛r❛ ❡s❝r✐❜✐r ✉♥❛ ❝❛❞❡♥❛ ❞❡ t❡①t♦ ✉s❛♠♦s ✑ ❢♣✉ts✑✱ q✉❡ r❡❝✉❡r❞❛ ♠✉❝❤♦ ❛ ✑ ♣✉ts✑
♣❡r♦ ❝♦♥ ❧❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛ q✉❡ ♥♦ ❛✈❛♥③❛ ❞❡ ❧í♥❡❛ ❞❡s♣✉és ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ t❡①t♦ ✭❛ñ❛❞✐♠♦s ❭♥ ❛❧ ✜♥❛❧
❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❢r❛s❡✮✳

✹✳ ❋✐♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❝❡rr❛♠♦s ❡❧ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ❝♦♥ ✑ ❢❝❧♦s❡✑✳

✽✳✶✳✶✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦s ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦s

✶✳ ❈r❡❛ ✉♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ q✉❡ ❧❡❛ ❧❛s ❢r❛s❡s q✉❡ ❡❧ ✉s✉❛r✐♦ ✐♥❣r❡s❛ ② ❧❛s ❛❧♠❛❝❡♥❛ ❡♥ ✉♥ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦
❞❡ t❡①t♦ ❧❧❛♠❛❞♦ ✑r❡❣✐str♦❉❡❯s✉❛r✐♦✳t①t✑✳ ❊❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ t❡r♠✐♥❛ ❝✉❛♥❞♦ ❧❛ ❢r❛s❡ ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝✐❞❛
s❡❛ ✑✜♥✑ ✭♥♦ ❞❡❜❡ ❣✉❛r❞❛rs❡ ❡♥ ❡❧ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦✮✳

✽✳✷✳ ▲❡❝t✉r❛ ❞❡ ✉♥ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ❞❡ t❡①t♦

P❛r❛ ❧❡❡r ✉♥ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦✱ ❧♦s ♣❛s♦s s♦♥ ♣❛r❡❝✐❞♦s✱ só❧♦ q✉❡ ❧♦ ❛❜r✐♠♦s ♣❛r❛ ❧❡❝t✉r❛ ✭❡❧ ♠♦❞♦ ✑r✑✱
❞❡ ✑ r❡❛❞✑✱ ❡♥ ❧✉❣❛r ❞❡ ✑✇✑✮✱ ② ❧❡❡♠♦s ❝♦♥ ✑ ❢❣❡ts✑✿

✾✽
 ✶ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ st❞✐♦ ✳❤ ❃
✷
✸ ✐♥t ♠❛✐♥ ✭✮ ④
✹ ❋■▲❊ ✯ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ❀
✺ ❝❤❛r ♥♦♠❜r❡ ❬✽✵❪ ❂ ✬✬❝ ✿❭❭ ❛✉t♦❡①❡❝ ✳ ❜❛t ✬✬❀
✻ ❝❤❛r ❧✐♥❡❛ ❬✽✶❪❀
✼
✽ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ❂ ❢♦♣❡♥ ✭ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ✱ ✬✬rt ✬✬✮❀
✾
✶✵ ✐❢ ✭ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ❂❂ ◆❯▲▲ ✮ ④
✶✶ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭ ✬✬◆♦ ❡①✐st❡ ❡❧ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ✦❭ ♥ ✬✬✮❀
✶✷ ❡①✐t ✭✶✮ ❀
✶✸ ⑥
✶✹ ❢❣❡ts ✭ ❧✐♥❡❛ ✱ ✽✵ ✱ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ✮❀
✶✺ ♣✉ts ✭ ❧✐♥❡❛ ✮ ❀
✶✻ ❢❝❧♦s❡ ✭ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ✮❀
✶✼
✶✽ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✶✾ ⑥
❊♥ ❡st❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❢✉❡♥t❡ ❤❛② ✉♥ ♣❛r ❞❡ ❝❛♠❜✐♦s✿

❊♥ ❡❧ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ❞❡❧ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦✱ ✐♥❞✐❝❛♠♦s ✉♥ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡❥♦✳ ❊♥ ❡st♦s ❝❛s♦s✱ ❤❛② q✉❡ r❡❝♦r❞❛r
q✉❡ s✐ ❛♣❛r❡❝❡ ❛❧❣✉♥❛ ❜❛rr❛ ✐♥✈❡rt✐❞❛ ✭❭✮✱ ❞❡❜❡♠♦s ❞✉♣❧✐❝❛r❧❛✱ ♣♦rq✉❡ ❡st❛ ❜❛rr❛ s❡ ✉s❛ ♣❛r❛
❝✐❡rt♦s ❝ó❞✐❣♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧✳ P♦r ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❭♥ ❡s ❡❧ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❞❡ ❛✈❛♥❝❡ ❞❡ ❧í♥❡❛ ② ❭❛ ❡s ✉♥ ♣✐t✐❞♦✳
❊❧ ♠♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❧❡❝t✉r❛ ❡s ✑r✑ ♣❛r❛ ❧❡❡r ✭r❡❛❞✮ ❡❧ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦✱ ② ✑t✑ ❛✈✐s❛ q✉❡ ❡s ❞❡ t❡①t♦✳

P❛r❛ ❧❡❡r ❡❧ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ✉s❛♠♦s ✑ ❢❣❡ts✑✱ q✉❡ s❡ ♣❛r❡❝❡ ♠✉❝❤♦ ❛ ✑ ❣❡ts✑✱ ♣❡r♦ ❧✐♠✐t❛ ❧❛ ❧♦♥❣✐✲
t✉❞ ❞❡❧ t❡①t♦ ❛ ❧❡❡r ✭❛ ✽✵ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r❡s✮ ❞❡s❞❡ ❡❧ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦✳ ❊st❛ ❝❛❞❡♥❛ ❞❡ t❡①t♦ ❝♦♥s❡r✈❛ ❧♦s
❝❛r❛❝t❡r❡s ❞❡ ❛✈❛♥❝❡ ❞❡ ❧í♥❡❛✳

❙✐ ♥♦ ❛❜r❡ ❡❧ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦✱ ❞❡✈✉❡❧✈❡ ✉♥ ✈❛❧♦r ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ❧❧❛♠❛❞♦ ◆❯▲▲ ✳

✶

▲❛ ♦r❞❡♥ ✑❡①✐t✑ ❡s ♣❛r❛ t❡r♠✐♥❛r ❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛✳

✽✳✸✳ ▲❡❝t✉r❛ ❤❛st❛ ❡❧ ✜♥❛❧ ❞❡❧ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦

◆♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♥♦ ❧❡❡♠♦s ✉♥❛ ❢r❛s❡ ❞❡❧ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦✱ q✉❡r❡♠♦s ♣r♦❝❡s❛r s✉ ❝♦♥t❡♥✐❞♦✳ ❚❡♥❡♠♦s ✉♥❛
♦r❞❡♥ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛r ❡❧ ✜♥❛❧ ❞❡❧ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦✳ ❊s ✑ ❢❡♦❢✑ ✭❊❖❋ ❛❜r❡✈✐❛t✉r❛ ❞❡ ❊♥❞ ❖❢ ❋✐❧❡✮✳

P♦r t❛♥t♦✱ ♥✉❡str♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❧❡❡ ♠✐❡♥tr❛s q✉❡ ♥♦ ❧❧❡❣✉❡ ✜♥ ❞❡ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦✱ ❛sí✿

✶ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ st❞✐♦ ✳❤ ❃
✷
✸ ✐♥t ♠❛✐♥ ✭✮ ④
✹ ❋■▲❊ ✯ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ❀
✺ ❝❤❛r ♥♦♠❜r❡ ❬✽✵❪ ❂ ✬✬❝ ✿❭❭ ❛✉t♦❡①❡❝ ✳ ❜❛t ✬✬❀
✻ ❝❤❛r ❧✐♥❡❛ ❬✽✶❪❀
✼

✶
❱❛❝í♦
✾✾
 ✽ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ❂ ❢♦♣❡♥ ✭ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ✱ ✬✬rt ✬✬✮❀
✾
✶✵ ✐❢ ✭ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ❂❂ ◆❯▲▲ ✮ ④
✶✶ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭ ✬✬◆♦ ❡①✐st❡ ❡❧ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ✦❭ ♥ ✬✬✮❀
✶✷ ❡①✐t ✭✶✮ ❀
✶✸ ⑥
✶✹
✶✺ ✇❤✐❧❡ ✭✦ ❢❡♦❢ ✭ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ✮✮ ④
✶✻ ❢❣❡ts ✭ ❧✐♥❡❛ ✱ ✽✵ ✱ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ✮❀
✶✼ ✐❢ ✭✦ ❢❡♦❢ ★✹✵❀ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ✮✮
✶✽ ♣✉ts ✭ ❧✐♥❡❛ ✮❀
✶✾ ⑥
✷✵ ❢❝❧♦s❡ ✭ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ✮❀
✷✶
✷✷ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✷✸ ⑥
❊st❛ ❡s ❧❛ ❡str✉❝t✉r❛ ❜ás✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❝❛s✐ ❝✉❛❧q✉✐❡r ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ q✉❡ ❧❡❛ ✉♥ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t♦✱ ❞❡ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣✐♦ ❛
✜♥✿ ❛❜r✐r✱ ❝♦♠♣r♦❜❛r q✉❡ s❡ ❤❛ ❛❝❝❡❞✐❞♦ ❝♦rr❡❝t❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❧❡❡r ❝♦♥ ✇❤✐❧❡ ✦✭❢❡♦❢✭❭❞♦ts✮ ② ❝❡rr❛r✳

✽✳✸✳✶✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦s ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦s

✶✳ ❯♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ q✉❡ ♣✐❞❛ ✐♥❣r❡s❛r ❢r❛s❡s ② ❧❛s ❛❧♠❛❝❡♥❡ ❡♥ ❡❧ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ✑❢r❛s❡s✳t①t✑✳ ❊❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛
t❡r♠✐♥❛ ❝✉❛♥❞♦ ❡❧ ✉s✉❛r✐♦ ♣r❡s✐♦♥❡ ■♥tr♦✳ ❉❡s♣✉és ♠✉❡str❛ ❡❧ ❝♦♥t❡♥✐❞♦ ❞❡❧ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦✳

✷✳ ❯♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ q✉❡ ♣r❡❣✉♥t❡ ✉♥ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ❞❡ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ② ♠✉❡str❡ s✉ ❝♦♥t❡♥✐❞♦ ❡♥ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛✱

❤❛❝✐❡♥❞♦ ✉♥❛ ♣❛✉s❛ ❞❡s♣✉és ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ✷✺ ❧í♥❡❛s✱ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ❞é t✐❡♠♣♦ ❛ ❧❡❡r❧♦✳ ❈✉❛♥❞♦ ❡❧
✉s✉❛r✐♦ ♣r❡s✐♦♥❡ ✐♥tr♦✱ s❡ ♠✉❡str❛♥ ❧❛s s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡s ✷✺ ❧í♥❡❛s✱ ② ❛sí ❤❛st❛ q✉❡ t❡r♠✐♥❡ ❡❧
❛r❝❤✐✈♦✳

✽✳✹✳ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦s ❝♦♥ t✐♣♦

❊s ❢r❡❝✉❡♥t❡ q✉❡ ❧♦s ❛r❝❤✐✈♦s ❛ ♠❛♥❡❥❛r ♥♦ s❡❛♥ ❞❡ t❡①t♦✱ ❝♦♥ ✉♥ ❢♦r♠❛t♦ ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦✳ ❈r❡❛♠♦s
✉♥❛ ❛❣❡♥❞❛✱ ❡♥ ❧❛ q✉❡ ❧♦s ❞❛t♦s ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ♣❡rs♦♥❛ ❡sté♥ ❣✉❛r❞❛❞♦s ❡♥ ✉♥ ✑ str✉❝t✑✳ ❊♥ ❡st❡ ❝❛✲
s♦✱ ❣✉❛r❞❛♠♦s ❧♦s ❞❛t♦s ✉s❛♥❞♦ ✑ ❢♣r✐♥t❢✑ ② ✑ ❢s❝❛♥❢✑✱ ❛♥á❧♦❣♦s ❛ ✑ ♣r✐♥t❢✑ ② ✑ s❝❛♥❢✑ q✉❡ ②❛
❝♦♥♦❝❡♠♦s✳

✶ ❢♣r✐♥t❢ ✭ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ✱ ✬✬ ✪✹✵s ✪✺❞❭ ♥ ✬✬✱ ♣❡rs♦♥❛ ✳ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ✱ ♣❡rs♦♥❛ ✳ ♥✉♠❡r♦ ✮

❀
✷ ❢s❝❛♥❢ ✭ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ✱ ✬✬ ✪✹✵s ✪✺❞❭ ♥ ✬✬✱ ✫ ♣❡rs♦♥❛ ✳ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ✱ ✫ ♣❡rs♦♥❛ ✳ ♥✉♠❡r♦
✮❀
❈♦♠♦ ✈❡♠♦s✱ ❡s r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛❜❧❡ ✐♥❞✐❝❛r ❧❛ ❛♠♣❧✐t✉❞ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❞❛t♦ ❝✉❛♥❞♦ ❣✉❛r❞❛♠♦s ❝♦♥ ✑ ❢♣r✐♥t❢
✑✱ ♣❛r❛ r❡❝✉♣❡r❛r❧♦ ❞❡s♣✉és ❞❡ ❧❛ ♠✐s♠❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❝♦♥ ✑ ❢s❝❛♥❢✑✳

❆ú♥ ❛sí✱ ✑ ❢s❝❛♥❢✑ t✐❡♥❡ ❡❧ ♠✐s♠♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ q✉❡ ✑ s❝❛♥❢✑✿ s✐ ❧❡❡♠♦s ✉♥❛ ❝❛❞❡♥❛ ❞❡ t❡①t♦✱ ❧❛
❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛ t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛ ❞❡s♣✉és ❞❡❧ ♣r✐♠❡r ❡s♣❛❝✐♦ ❡♥ ❜❧❛♥❝♦✱ ❧♦ q✉❡ ❤❛②❛ ❛ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛❝✐ó♥ ❧♦ ❛s✐❣♥❛
❛ ❧❛ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❝❛❞❡♥❛✳ P♦r ❡s♦✱ ❝✉❛♥❞♦ ♠❛♥❡❥❡♠♦s t❡①t♦s ❝♦♥ ❡s♣❛❝✐♦s✱ ❡s ♣r❡❢❡r✐❜❧❡ ✉s❛r ✑ ❢❣❡ts✑
✉ ♦tr❛s ❞♦s ór❞❡♥❡s ♣❛r❛ ♠❛♥❡❥♦ ❞❡ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦s q✉❡ ✈❡♠♦s ♠ás ❛❞❡❧❛♥t❡✳

✶✵✵
✽✳✹✳✶✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦s ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦s

✶✳ ❈r❡❛r ✉♥ ✑ str✉❝t✑ q✉❡ ❛❧♠❛❝❡♥❡ ❧♦s s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡s ❞❛t♦s ❞❡ ✉♥❛ ♣❡rs♦♥❛✿ ♥♦♠❜r❡✱ ❡❞❛❞✱ ❝✐✉❞❛❞
❞❡ r❡s✐❞❡♥❝✐❛✳ P❡❞✐r ❛❧ ✉s✉❛r✐♦ ❡s♦s ❞❛t♦s ② ❣✉❛r❞❛r❧♦s ❡♥ ❡❧ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ✑❣❡♥t❡✳❞❛t✑✳ ❈❡rr❛r❧♦✱
❧✉❡❣♦ ❛❜r✐r❧♦ ♣❛r❛ ❧❡❝t✉r❛ ② ♠♦str❛r ❧♦s ❞❛t♦s ❣✉❛r❞❛❞♦s✳

✷✳ ❆♠♣❧✐❛r ❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r ♣❛r❛ ✉♥ ✑❛rr❡❣❧♦ ❞❡ str✉❝ts✑✱ ♣❛r❛ t❡♥❡r ❞❛t♦s ❞❡ ✶✵ ♣❡rs♦♥❛s✳
P❡❞✐r ❛❧ ✉s✉❛r✐♦ ❧♦s ❞❛t♦s ❞❡ ❧❛s ✶✵ ♣❡rs♦♥❛s ② ❣✉❛r❞❛r❧♦s ❡♥ ❡❧ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦✳ ❉❡s♣✉és✱ ♣❡❞✐r ❛❧
✉s✉❛r✐♦ ✉♥ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡❧ ✶ ❛❧ ✶✵ ② ♠♦str❛r ❧♦s ❞❛t♦s ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣❡rs♦♥❛ ✐♥❞✐❝❛❞❛ ♣♦r ❡s❡ ♥ú♠❡r♦✱
q✉❡ s❡♥ ❧❡❡♥ ❞❡ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ✭✶ ❧❛ ♣r✐♠❡r❛ ✜❝❤❛✱ ② ✶✵ ❡stá ❧❛ ú❧t✐♠❛✮✳ ❙✐ ❡❧ ✉s✉❛r✐♦ q✉✐❡r❡ ✈❡r ❧♦s
❞❛t♦s ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣❡rs♦♥❛ ✸ ✭t❡r❝❡r❛✮✱ ❞❡❜❡ ❧❡❡r ❧❛s ❞♦s ♣r✐♠❡r❛s✱ ✐❣♥♦r❛♥❞♦ s✉ ❝♦♥t❡♥✐❞♦✱ ❧❡❡r ❧❛
t❡r❝❡r❛ ② ♠♦str❛r❧❛✳

✸✳ ❯♥❛ ❛❣❡♥❞❛ q✉❡ ♠❛♥❡❥❡ ❧♦s s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡s ❞❛t♦s✿ ♥♦♠❜r❡✱ ❞✐r❡❝❝✐ó♥✱ t❧❢❴♠ó✈✐❧✱ ❡♠❛✐❧✱ ② ❞í❛✱
♠❡s ② ❛ñ♦ ❞❡ ♥❛❝✐♠✐❡♥t♦ ✭❡st♦s tr❡s ú❧t✐♠♦s ❞❛t♦s ❞❡❜❡♥ s❡r ♥ú♠❡r♦s ❡♥t❡r♦s ❝♦rt♦s✮✳ ▲❛
❛❣❡♥❞❛ t✐❡♥❡ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞ ♣❛r❛ ✶✵✵ ✜❝❤❛s✳ P❛r❛ ❛❣r❡❣❛r ✉♥ ❞❛t♦ ♥✉❡✈♦✱ ✈✐s✉❛❧✐③❛r ❧♦s ♥♦♠❜r❡s
❞❡ ❧❛s ✜❝❤❛s ❡①✐st❡♥t❡s✱ ♦ ♠♦str❛r ❧♦s ❞❛t♦s ❞❡ ✉♥❛ ♣❡rs♦♥❛ ✭s❡ ♣r❡❣✉♥t❛ ❛❧ ✉s✉❛r✐♦ ❝✉á❧ ❡s
❡❧ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣❡rs♦♥❛ ❛ ✈✐s✉❛❧✐③❛r✮✳ ❆❧ ❡♠♣❡③❛r ❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛✱ ❧❡❡ ❧♦s ❞❛t♦s ❞❡ ✉♥ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦
❧❧❛♠❛❞♦ ✑❛❣❡♥❞❛✳❞❛t✑ ✭s✐ ❡①✐st❡✮✳ ❆❧ t❡r♠✐♥❛r✱ ❣✉❛r❞❛ t♦❞♦s ❧♦s ❞❛t♦s ❡♥ ❡s❡ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦✳

✽✳✺✳ ▲❡❡r ② ❡s❝r✐❜✐r ❧❡tr❛ ❛ ❧❡tr❛

P❛r❛ ❧❡❡r ♦ ❡s❝r✐❜✐r ✉♥❛ ❧❡tr❛✱ t❡♥❡♠♦s ❧♦s ❝♦♠❛♥❞♦s f getc ② f putc✱ ✈❡r ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦✿

✶ ❧❡tr❛ ❂ ❢❣❡t❝ ✭ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ✮❀

✷ ❢♣✉t❝ ✭ ❧❡tr❛ ✱ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ✮❀

✽✳✻✳ ▼♦❞♦s ❞❡ ❛♣❡rt✉r❛

❱❡❛♠♦s ❧❛s ❧❡tr❛s q✉❡ ❛♣❛r❡❝❡♥ ❡♥ ❡❧ ♠♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❛♣❡rt✉r❛ ❞❡❧ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦✱ ♣❛r❛ ❛ñ❛❞✐r❧❡ ♠ás ❞❛t♦s✿

❚✐♣♦ ❙✐❣♥✐✜❝❛❞♦
r ❆❜r✐r só❧♦ ♣❛r❛ ❧❡❝t✉r❛✳
✇ ❈r❡❛r ♣❛r❛ ❡s❝r✐❜✐r✳ ❙♦❜r❡❡s❝r✐❜❡ ❡❧ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ s✐ ❡①✐st❡ ✭❜♦rr❛♥❞♦ ❡❧ ❝♦♥t❡✲
♥✐❞♦✮✳
❛ ❆❣r❡❣❛ ❛❧ ✜♥❛❧ ❞❡❧ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ s✐ ❡①✐st❡✱ ♦ ❧♦ ❝r❡❛ s✐ ♥♦ ❡①✐st❡✳
+ ❊s❝r✐❜❡ ❛ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❧♦s ♠♦❞♦s ❛♥t❡r✐♦r❡s ♣❛r❛ ✐♥❞✐❝❛r q✉❡ q✉❡r❡♠♦s
♠♦❞✐✜❝❛r✳ ❈♦♠♦✿ r+ ❧❡❡r ② ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛r ❡❧ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦
t ❆❜r✐r ❡♥ ♠♦❞♦ ❞❡ t❡①t♦✳
❜ ❆❜r✐r ❡♥ ♠♦❞♦ ❜✐♥❛r✐♦✳

✽✳✻✳✶✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦s ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦s

✶✳ ❯♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ q✉❡ ♣✐❞❛ ❛❧ ✉s✉❛r✐♦ q✉❡ t❡❝❧❡❡ ❢r❛s❡s✱ ❧❛s ❛❧♠❛❝❡♥❡ ❡♥ ❡❧ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ✑r❡❣✐str♦✳t①t✑✱
q✉❡ ♣✉❡❞❡ ❡①✐st✐r ❛♥t❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡ ✭♥♦ ❞❡❜❡ ❜♦rr❛rs❡✱ s✐♥♦ ❛ñ❛❞✐r ❛❧ ✜♥❛❧ ❞❡ s✉ ❝♦♥t❡♥✐❞♦✮✳
❈❛❞❛ s❡s✐ó♥ ❛❝❛❜❛ ❝✉❛♥❞♦ ❡❧ ✉s✉❛r✐♦ ♣r❡s✐♦♥❡ ■♥tr♦✳

✶✵✶
 ✷✳ ❈r❡❛r ✉♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ q✉❡ ♣✐❞❛ ❛❧ ✉s✉❛r✐♦ ♣❛r❡s ❞❡ ♥ú♠❡r♦s ❡♥t❡r♦s ② ❡s❝r✐❜❛ s✉ s✉♠❛ ✭❝♦♥ ❡❧
❢♦r♠❛t♦ 20 + 3 = 23✮ ❡♥ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛ ② ❡♥ ✉♥ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ❧❧❛♠❛❞♦ ✑s✉♠❛s✳t①t✑✱ q✉❡ s❡ ❡♥❝✉❡♥tr❛ ❡♥
❡❧ s✉❜❞✐r❡❝t♦r✐♦ ✑r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s✑✳ ❈❛❞❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ s❡ ❡❥❡❝✉t❡ ❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛✱ ❞❡❜❡ ❛❣r❡❣❛r ❧♦s ♥✉❡✈♦s
r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❛ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❧♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❧❛s ❡❥❡❝✉❝✐♦♥❡s ❛♥t❡r✐♦r❡s✳

✽✳✼✳ ❆r❝❤✐✈♦s ❜✐♥❛r✐♦s

❍❛st❛ ❛❤♦r❛ tr❛❜❛❥❛♠♦s ❡♥ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦s ❞❡ t❡①t♦✱ s❡♥❝✐❧❧♦s ❞❡ ❝r❡❛r ② ❞❡ ❧❡❡r✳ ❚❛♠❜✐é♥ ❡①✐st❡♥
♦tr♦s ❛r❝❤✐✈♦s ❝♦♥ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❝✉❛❧q✉✐❡r t✐♣♦✳

❊♥ ❡st❡ ❝❛s♦✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠♦s ✑❢r❡❛❞✑ ♣❛r❛ ❧❡❡r ✉♥ ❜❧♦q✉❡ ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s ② ✑❢✇r✐t❡✑ ♣❛r❛ ❣✉❛r❞❛r❧♦✳ ❊st♦s
❞❛t♦s q✉❡ ❧❡❛♠♦s s❡ ❣✉❛r❞❛♥ ❡♥ ✉♥ ❜✉✛❡r ✭③♦♥❛ ✐♥t❡r♠❡❞✐❛ ❞❡ ♠❡♠♦r✐❛✮✳ ❊♥ ❡❧ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ q✉❡
s❡ ❧❡❛♥ ♠❡♥♦s ❜②t❡s ❞❡ ❧♦s s♦❧✐❝✐t❛❞♦s✱ ❧❧❡❣❛♠♦s ❛❧ ✜♥❛❧ ❞❡❧ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦✳

❊♥ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✱ ❡❧ ♠❛♥❡❥♦ ❞❡ ✑❢r❡❛❞✑ ❡s ❡❧ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡✿

❝❛♥t✐❞❛❞▲❡✐❞❛ ❂ ❢r❡❛❞✭❞♦♥❞❡✱ t❛♠❛ñ♦❉❡❈❛❞❛❉❛t♦✱ ❝✉❛♥t♦s❉❛t♦s✱ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦✮❀

P❛r❛ ❧❡❡r ✶✵ ♥ú♠❡r♦s ❡♥t❡r♦s ❞❡ ✉♥ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ✭❝❛❞❛ ✉♥♦ ♦❝✉♣❛ ✹ ❜②t❡s✱ s✐ ❡st❛♠♦s ❡♥ ✉♥ s✐st❡♠❛
♦♣❡r❛t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ✸✷ ❜✐ts✮✱ ❤❛❝❡♠♦s✿

✶ ✐♥t ❞❛t♦s ❬✶✵❪❀

✷ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❂ ❢r❡❛❞ ✭✫ ❞❛t♦s ✱ ✹ ✱ ✶✵ ✱ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ✮ ❀
✸ ✐❢ ✭ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❁ ✶✵✮
✹ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭ ✬✬ ❍❛❜ í❛ ♠❡♥♦s ❞❡ ✶✵ ❞❛t♦s ✦ ✬✬✮❀
❆❧ ✐❣✉❛❧ q✉❡ ❝♦♥ ✑ s❝❛♥❢✑✱ ❧❛ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ ❞♦♥❞❡ ❣✉❛r❞❡♠♦s ❧♦s ❞❛t♦s s❡ ✐♥❞✐❝❛ ♣r❡❝❡❞✐❞❛ ❞❡❧ sí♠❜♦❧♦
✫✳ ❚❛♠❜✐é♥✱ ❝♦♥ ✑ s❝❛♥❢✑✱ s✐ ❡s ✉♥❛ ❝❛❞❡♥❛ ❞❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r❡s ✭❧❡❡♠♦s ✉♥❛ ❝❛❞❡♥❛ ❞❡ t❡①t♦✱ ♦ ❞❛t♦s
❞❡ ❝✉❛❧q✉✐❡r t✐♣♦ ♣❡r♦ ❝♦♥ ❧❛ ✐♥t❡♥❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡❥❛r❧♦s ❜②t❡ ❛ ❜②t❡ ❝♦♠♦ ❝❤❛r ❞❛t♦❬✺✵✵❪✮ ♥♦ ❡s
♥❡❝❡s❛r✐♦ ✐♥❞✐❝❛r ✫✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❡♥✿

✶ ❝❤❛r ❝❛❜❡❝❡r❛ ❬✹✵❪❀

✷ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❂ ❢r❡❛❞ ✭ ❝❛❜❡❝❡r❛ ✱ ✶✱ ✹✵ ✱ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ✮❀
✸ ✐❢ ✭ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❁ ✹✵✮
✹ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭ ✬✬ ❋♦r♠❛t♦ ❞❡ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ✐♥❝♦rr❡❝t♦ ✱ ♥♦ ❡st á t♦❞❛ ❧❛
❝❛❜❡❝❡r❛ ✦ ✬✬✮❀
✺ ❡❧s❡
✻ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭ ✬✬❊❧ ❜②t❡ ❡♥ ❧❛ ♣♦s✐❝✐ ó ♥ ✺ ❡s ✉♥ ✪❞ ✬✬✱ ❝❛❜❡❝❡r❛ ❬✹❪✮ ❀

✽✳✽✳ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛✿ ❝♦♣✐❛❞♦r ❞❡ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦s

❱❡❛♠♦s ✉♥ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ q✉❡ ❞✉♣❧✐q✉❡ ✉♥ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ❞❡ ❝✉❛❧q✉✐❡r t✐♣♦ ✭♥♦ ♥❡❝❡s❛r✐❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡ t❡①t♦✮✱ ②
❞❡s♣✉és ✈❡♠♦s ❧❛s ♥♦✈❡❞❛❞❡s✿

✶ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ st❞✐♦ ✳❤ ❃
✷
✸ ❋■▲❊ ✯ ❢✐❝❤❖r❣ ✱ ✯ ❢✐❝❤❉❡st ❀ ✴✯ ❞♦s ❛r❝❤✐✈♦s ✯✴
✹ ❝❤❛r ❜✉❢❢❡r ❬✷✵✹✽❪❀ ✴✯ ❊❧ ❜✉❢❢❡r ♣❛r❛ ❣✉❛r❞❛r ❧♦ q✉❡ ❧❡♦ ✯✴
✺ ❝❤❛r ♥♦♠❜r❡❖r❣ ❬✽✵❪ ✱ ✴✯ ▲♦s ♥♦♠❜r❡s ❞❡ ❧♦s ❛r❝❤✐✈♦s
✯✴
✻ ♥♦♠❜r❡❉❡st ❬✽✵❪❀

✶✵✷
 ✼ ✐♥t ❝❛♥t✐❞❛❞ ❀ ✴✯ ❊❧ ♥ú ♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❜②t❡s ❧❡ í ❞♦s ✯✴
✽
✾ ✐♥t ♠❛✐♥ ✭✮ ④
✶✵ ✴✯ ❆❝❝❡❞♦ ❛❧ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ❞❡ ♦r✐❣❡♥ ✯✴
✶✶ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭ ✬✬ ■♥tr♦❞✉③❝❛ ❡❧ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ❞❡❧ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ❖r✐❣❡♥ ✿ ✬✬✮❀
✶✷ s❝❛♥❢ ✭ ✬✬ ✪s ✬✬✱ ♥♦♠❜r❡❖r❣ ✮❀
✶✸ ✐❢ ✭✭ ❢✐❝❤❖r❣ ❂ ❢♦♣❡♥ ✭ ♥♦♠❜r❡❖r❣ ✱ ✬✬r❜ ✬✬✮✮ ❂❂ ◆❯▲▲ ✮ ④
✶✹ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭ ✬✬◆♦ ❡①✐st❡ ❡❧ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ♦r✐❣❡♥ ✦❭ ♥ ✬✬✮❀
✶✺ ❡①✐t ✭✶✮ ❀
✶✻ ⑥
✶✼ ✴✯ ❨ ❛❤♦r❛ ❛❧ ❞❡ ❞❡st✐♥♦ ✯✴
✶✽ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭ ✬✬ ■♥tr♦❞✉③❝❛ ❡❧ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ❞❡❧ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ❉❡st✐♥♦ ✿ ✬✬✮❀
✶✾ s❝❛♥❢ ✭ ✬✬ ✪s ✬✬✱ ♥♦♠❜r❡❉❡st ✮ ❀
✷✵ ✐❢ ✭✭ ❢✐❝❤❉❡st ❂ ❢♦♣❡♥ ✭ ♥♦♠❜r❡❉❡st ✱ ✬✬✇❜ ✬✬✮✮ ❂❂ ◆❯▲▲ ✮ ④
✷✶ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭ ✬✬◆♦ s❡ ❤❛ ♣♦❞✐❞♦ ❝r❡❛r ❡❧ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ❞❡st✐♥♦ ✦❭ ♥ ✬✬✮❀
✷✷ ❡①✐t ✭✶✮ ❀
✷✸ ⑥
✷✹ ✴✯ ▼✐❡♥tr❛s q✉❡❞❡ ❛❧❣♦ q✉❡ ❧❡❡r ✯✴
✷✺ ✇❤✐❧❡ ✭✦ ❢❡♦❢ ✭ ❢✐❝❤❖r❣ ✮ ✮ ④
✷✻ ✴✯ ▲❡♦ ❞❛t♦s ✿ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♥♦ ❞❡ ✶ ❜②t❡ ✱ t♦❞♦s ❧♦s q✉❡ ♠❡ ❝❛❜❡♥ ✯✴
✷✼ ❝❛♥t✐❞❛❞ ❂ ❢r❡❛❞ ✭ ❜✉❢❢❡r ✱ ✶ ✱ s✐③❡♦❢ ✭ ❜✉❢❢❡r ✮ ✱ ❢✐❝❤❖r❣ ✮❀
✷✽ ✴✯ ❊s❝r✐❜♦ t❛♥t♦s ❝♦♠♦ ❤❛②❛ ❧❡ í ❞♦ ✯✴
✷✾ ❢✇r✐t❡ ✭ ❜✉❢❢❡r ✱ ✶✱ ❝❛♥t✐❞❛❞ ✱ ❢✐❝❤❉❡st ✮❀
✸✵ ⑥
✸✶ ✴✯ ❈✐❡rr♦ ❧♦s ❛r❝❤✐✈♦s ✯✴
✸✷ ❢❝❧♦s❡ ✭ ❢✐❝❤❖r❣ ✮❀
✸✸ ❢❝❧♦s❡ ✭ ❢✐❝❤❉❡st ✮❀
✸✹
✸✺ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✸✻ ⑥
▲♦s ❝❛♠❜✐♦s ❝♦♥ r❡❧❛❝✐ó♥ ❛ ❧♦ ❝♦♥♦❝✐❞♦ ❡♥ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦s ❞❡ t❡①t♦ s♦♥ ❧♦s s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡s✿

✶✳ ▲♦s ❛r❝❤✐✈♦s ♣✉❡❞❡♥ s❡r ♥♦ ❞❡ t❡①t♦✱ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ q✉❡ ❧❡❡♠♦s ✉♥ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ❜✐♥❛r✐♦ ✭❝♦♥ ✑r❜✑✮ ②
❡s❝r✐❜✐♠♦s ♦tr♦ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ❜✐♥❛r✐♦ ✭❝♦♥ ✑✇❜✑✮✳

✷✳ ❉❡✜♥✐♠♦s ✉♥ ❜✉✛❡r ❞❡ ✷✵✹✽ ❜②t❡s ✭✷ ❑✮✱ ♣❛r❛ ❧❡❡r ❧❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥ ♣♦r ❜❧♦q✉❡s ✭② ❣✉❛r❞❛♥❞♦
❝❛❞❛ ❜❧♦q✉❡ ❡♥ ❡❧ ♦tr♦ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦✮✳

✸✳ ❊♥ ❧❛ ♠✐s♠❛ ❧í♥❡❛✱ ❛❜r✐r ❡❧ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ② ❝♦♠♣r♦❜❛r s✐ t♦❞♦ ❤❛ s✐❞♦ ❝♦rr❡❝t♦✱ ❝♦♥✿

✐❢ ✭✭❢✐❝❤❖r❣ ❂ ❢♦♣❡♥✭♥♦♠❜r❡❖r❣✱ ✬✬r❜✬✬✮✮❂❂ ◆❯▲▲✮

❊st♦ r❡s✉❧t❛ ♠❡♥♦s ❧❡❣✐❜❧❡ q✉❡ ❤❛❝❡r❧♦ ❡♥ ❞♦s ❧í♥❡❛s s❡♣❛r❛❞❛s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❤❡♠♦s ❤❡❝❤♦ ❤❛st❛
❛❤♦r❛✱ ♣❡r♦ ❡s ♠ás ❝♦♠♣❛❝t♦✱ ②✱ s♦❜r❡ t♦❞♦✱ ❡s ❢r❡❝✉❡♥t❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r❧♦ ❡♥ ✑❢✉❡♥t❡s ❛❥❡♥♦s✑
♠ás ❛✈❛♥③❛❞♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❧♦s ❝ó❞✐❣♦❞ q✉❡ s❡ ❡♥❝✉❡♥tr❛♥ ❡♥ ■♥t❡r♥❡t ♦ ❝✉❛♥❞♦ s❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❡ ❡♥
❣r✉♣♦ ❝♦♥ ♦tr❛s ♣❡rs♦♥❛s✳

✹✳ ❆ ✑❢r❡❛❞✑ ❧❡ ❞✐❣♦ q✉❡ q✉❡r❡♠♦s ❧❡❡r ✷✵✹✽ ❞❛t♦s ❞❡ ✶ ❜②t❡ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♥♦✱ ② ❞❡✈✉❡❧✈❡ ❧❛ ❝❛♥t✐❞❛❞
❞❡ ❜②t❡s ❧❡í❞♦s r❡❛❧♠❡♥t❡✳ P❛r❛ q✉❡ ❡❧ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ s❡❛ ❢á❝✐❧ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛r ❛ ♦tr♦s ❝❛s♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❜❧♦q✉❡s
q✉❡ ♥♦ s❡❛♥ ❞❡ ✷✵✹✽ ❜②t❡s ❡①❛❝t❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❡s ♣r❡❢❡r✐❜❧❡ ✐♥❞✐❝❛r ❡❧ t❛♠❛ñ♦ ❞❡❧ ❜❧♦q✉❡ q✉❡r❡♠♦s

✶✵✸
 ❧❡❡r✱ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ✑s✐③❡♦❢ ✑✿

❝❛♥t✐❞❛❞ ❂ ❢r❡❛❞✭ ❜✉❢❢❡r✱ ✶✱ s✐③❡♦❢✭❜✉❢❢❡r✮✱ ❢✐❝❤❖r❣✮❀

❈✉❛♥❞♦ ❧❛ ❝❛♥t✐❞❛❞ ❧❡✐❞❛ s❡❛ ♠❡♥♦s ❞❡ ✷✵✹✽ ❜②t❡s✱ ❡❧ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ❤❛ ❛❝❛❜❛❞♦ ✭❧♦ ❝♦♠♣r♦❜❛♠♦s
❝♦♥ ❧❛ ❝❛♥t✐❞❛❞ ♦ ❝♦♥ ✑❢❡♦❢ ✑✮✳

✺✳ ✑❢✇r✐t❡✑ s❡ ♠❛♥❡❥❛ ✐❣✉❛❧ q✉❡ ❢r❡❛❞✿ s❡ ✐♥❞✐❝❛ ❞ó♥❞❡ ❡stá♥ ❧♦s ❞❛t♦s✱ ❡❧ t❛♠❛ñ♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❞❛t♦✱
❝✉á♥t♦s ❞❛t♦s ❤❛② q✉❡ ❡s❝r✐❜✐r ② ❡♥ q✉é ❛r❝❤✐✈♦✳ ❊♥ ♥✉❡str♦ ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❡❧ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❜②t❡s ❛
❡s❝r✐❜✐r ❡stá ❡❧ q✉❡ ❤❛②❛ ❧❡✐❞♦✿ ❢✇r✐t❡✭❜✉❢❢❡r✱ ✶✱ ❝❛♥t✐❞❛❞✱ ❢✐❝❤❉❡st✮❀

✽✳✽✳✶✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦s ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦s

✶✳ ❈r❡❛r ✉♥ ✑str✉❝t✑ q✉❡ ❛❧♠❛❝❡♥❡ ❧♦s ❞❛t♦s ❞❡ ✉♥❛ ♣❡rs♦♥❛✿ ♥♦♠❜r❡✱ ❡❞❛❞✱ ❝✐✉❞❛❞ ❞❡ r❡s✐✲
❞❡♥❝✐❛✳ P❡❞✐r ❛❧ ✉s✉❛r✐♦ ❡s♦s ❞❛t♦s ② ❣✉❛r❞❛r❧♦s ❡♥ ✉♥ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ❧❧❛♠❛❞♦ ✑❣❡♥t❡✳❞❛t✑ ✉s❛♥❞♦
✑❢✇r✐t❡✑✳ ❈❡rr❛r ❡❧ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦✱ ❛❜r✐r❧♦ ♣❛r❛ ❧❡❝t✉r❛ ② ♠♦str❛r ❧♦s ❞❛t♦s ❣✉❛r❞❛❞♦s✱ q✉❡ s❡ ❧❡❡♥
❝♦♥ ✑❢r❡❛❞✑✳

✷✳ ❆♠♣❧✐❛r ❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ✉s❡ ✉♥ ✑❛rr❛② ❞❡ str✉❝ts✑✱ ♣❛r❛ t❡♥❡r ❞❛t♦s ❞❡ ✶✵
♣❡rs♦♥❛s✳ ❙❡ ♣✐❞❡ ❛❧ ✉s✉❛r✐♦ ❧♦s ❞❛t♦s ❞❡ ❧❛s ✶✵ ♣❡rs♦♥❛s ♣❛r❛ ❣✉❛r❞❛r❧♦s ❡♥ ❡❧ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦✱
✉s❛♥❞♦ ✑❢✇r✐t❡✑✳ ❉❡s♣✉és s❡ ♣✐❞❡ ❛❧ ✉s✉❛r✐♦ ✉♥ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡❧ ✶ ❛❧ ✶✵ ② s❡ ♠✉❡str❛♥ ❧♦s ❞❛t♦s
❞❡ ❧❛ ♣❡rs♦♥❛ ✐♥❞✐❝❛❞❛ ♣♦r ❡s❡ ♥ú♠❡r♦✱ q✉❡ s❡ ❞❡❜❡♥ ❧❡❡r ❞❡ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ✭✶ ❡stá ❧❛ ♣r✐♠❡r❛ ✜❝❤❛✱
② ✶✵ ❡stá ❧❛ ú❧t✐♠❛✮✳ P♦r ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦✱ s✐ ❡❧ ✉s✉❛r✐♦ ✐♥❞✐❝❛ q✉❡ q✉✐❡r❡ ✈❡r ❧♦s ❞❛t♦s ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣❡rs♦♥❛
✸ ✭t❡r❝❡r❛✮✱ s❡ ❞❡❜❡ ❧❡❡r ❧❛s ❞♦s ♣r✐♠❡r❛s ✭❝♦♥ ✑❢r❡❛❞✑✮✱ ✐❣♥♦r❛♥❞♦ s✉ ❝♦♥t❡♥✐❞♦✱ ② ❞❡s♣✉és
❧❡❡r ❧❛ t❡r❝❡r❛✱ q✉❡ sí s❡ ♠✉❡str❛✳

✸✳ ▼❡❥♦r❛r ❧❛ ❛❣❡♥❞❛ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r✱ ♣❛r❛ ❣✉❛r❞❛r ② ❧❡❡r ❝❛❞❛ ✑✜❝❤❛✑ ✭str✉❝t✮ ❞❡ ✉♥❛ ✈❡③✱ ✉s❛♥❞♦
f write/f read ② s✐③❡♦❢✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❡♥ ❡❧ ú❧t✐♠♦ ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦✳

✽✳✾✳ ❆❝❝❡❞❡r ❛ ❝✉❛❧q✉✐❡r ♣♦s✐❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ✉♥ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦

❆❧ tr❛❜❛❥❛r ❝♦♥ ✉♥ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦✱ ❡s ♣♦s✐❜❧❡ q✉❡ ♥❡❝❡s✐t❡♠♦s ❛❝❝❡❞❡r ❞✐r❡❝t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ✉♥❛ ♣♦s✐❝✐ó♥
❞t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛✳ P❛r❛ ❡❧❧♦✱ ✉s❛♠♦s ✑❢s❡❡❦✑✱ q✉❡ t✐❡♥❡ ❡❧ ❢♦r♠❛t♦✿

✐♥t ❢s❡❡❦✭❋■▲❊ ✯❛r❝❤✐✈♦✱ ❧♦♥❣ ♣♦s✐❝✐♦♥✱ ✐♥t ❞❡s❞❡✮❀

❈♦♠❡♥t❡♠♦s q✉é ❡s ❝❛❞❛ ❝♦s❛✿

❊s ❞❡ t✐♣♦ ✑✐♥t✑✱ ❡s ❞❡❝✐r q✉❡ ❞❡✈✉❡❧✈❡ ✉♥ ✈❛❧♦r✱ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♠♣r♦❜❛r q✉❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠♦s ❧❛ ❞✐r❡❝❝✐ó♥
s♦❧✐❝✐t❛❞❛✿ s✐ ❡❧ ✈❛❧♦r ❡s ✵✱ t♦❞♦ ❤❛ ✐❞♦ ❜✐❡♥❀ s✐ ❡s ♦tr♦✱ ✐♥❞✐❝❛ ✉♥ ❡rr♦r ✭♥♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ q✉❡
♥♦ ❤❡♠♦s ❛❜✐❡rt♦ ❡❧ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦✮✳

✑❛r❝❤✐✈♦✑ ✐♥❞✐❝❛ ❡❧ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ② ✉❜✐❝❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡❧ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦✳ ➱st❡✱ ❞❡❜❡ ❡st❛r ❛❜✐❡rt♦ ✭❝♦♥ ❢♦♣❡♥✮✳

✑♣♦s✐❝✐ó♥✑ ❧❛ ❞✐r❡❝❝✐ó♥ s♦❧✐❝✐t❛❞❛ ✭❝♦♠♦ ❧❛ ✺✵✶✵✮✳

✑❞❡s❞❡✑ ❧❛ ❞✐r❡❝❝✐ó♥ ✐♥❞✐❝❛❞❛ ❝♦♥ ♣♦s✐❝✐ó♥ ♣✉❡❞❡ ❡st❛r r❡❢❡r✐❞❛ ❛❧ ❝♦♠✐❡♥③♦ ❞❡❧ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦✱ ❛
❧❛ ♣♦s✐❝✐ó♥ ❛❝t✉❛❧✱ ♦ ❛❧ ✜♥❛❧ ❞❡❧ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ✭❡♥t♦♥❝❡s ♣♦s✐❝✐ó♥ ❡s ♥❡❣❛t✐✈♦✮✳ P❛r❛ ♥♦ t❡♥❡r q✉❡
r❡❝♦r❞❛r q✉❡ ✉♥ ✵ q✉✐❡r❡ ❞❡❝✐r q✉❡ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣✐♦✱ ✉♥ ✶ ❡s ♣♦s✐❝✐ó♥ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ② ✉♥ ✷ ❡s ✜♥❛❧✱ t❡♥❡♠♦s
❧❛s ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡s✿

✶ ❙❊❊❑❴❙❊❚ ✭✵✮ ✿ Pr✐♥❝✐♣✐♦

✷ ❙❊❊❑❴❈❯❘ ✭✶✮ ✿ ❆❝t✉❛❧
✸ ❙❊❊❑❴❊◆❉ ✭✷✮ ✿ ❋✐♥❛❧

✶✵✹
❱❡❛♠♦s tr❡s ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦s ❞❡ s✉ ✉s♦✿

✶✳ ■r ❛ ❧❛ ♣♦s✐❝✐ó♥ ✶✵ ❞❡❧ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦✿ ❢s❡❡❦✭♠✐❛r❝❤✐✈♦✱ ✶✵✱ ❙❊❊❑❴❙❊❚✮❀

✷✳ ❆✈❛♥③❛r ✺ ♣♦s✐❝✐♦♥❡s ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ❧❛ ❛❝t✉❛❧✿ ❢s❡❡❦✭♠✐❛r❝❤✐✈♦✱ ✺✱ ❙❊❊❑❴❈❯❘✮❀

✸✳ ■r ❛ ❧❛ ♣♦s✐❝✐ó♥ ✽ ❛♥t❡s ❞❡❧ ✜♥❛❧ ❞❡❧ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦✿ ❢s❡❡❦✭♠✐❛r❝❤✐✈♦✱ ✲✽✱ ❙❊❊❑❴❊◆❉✮❀

✹✳ ❋✐♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ s✐ q✉❡r❡♠♦s s❛❜❡r ❡♥ q✉é ♣♦s✐❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ✉♥ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠♦s✱ ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ✉s❛r

✑❢t❡❧❧✭❛r❝❤✐✈♦✮✑✳

▲❛ ♦r❞❡♥ ❢t❡❧❧ ❡s ♣❛r❛ s❛❜❡r ❧❛ ❧♦♥❣✐t✉❞ ❞❡ ✉♥ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦✿ ♥♦s ♣♦s✐❝✐♦♥❛♠♦s ❛❧ ✜♥❛❧ ❝♦♥ ✑❢s❡❡❦✑ ②
❧✉❡❣♦ ❝♦♠♣r♦❜❛♠♦s ❝♦♥ ✑❢t❡❧❧✑ ❡♥ q✉é ♣♦s✐❝✐ó♥ ❡st❛♠♦s✿

✶ ❢s❡❡❦ ✭ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ✱ ✵✱ ❙❊❊❑❴❊◆❉ ✮ ❀

✷ ❧♦♥❣✐t✉❞ ❂ ❢t❡❧❧ ✭ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ✮❀

✽✳✾✳✶✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦ ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦

✶✳ ❆♠♣❧✐❛r ❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r ✭✑❛rr❛② ❞❡ str✉❝ts✑ ❝♦♥ ✶✵ ♣❡rs♦♥❛s✮ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ❡❧ ❞❛t♦ ✐♥❞✐❝❛❞♦
♣♦r ❡❧ ✉s✉❛r✐♦ s❡ ❧❡❛ s✐♥ ❧❡❡r ② ❞❡s❝❛rt❡ ❧♦s q✉❡ ❧❡ ♣r❡❝❡❞❡♥✱ s❛❧t❛♥❞♦ ❞✐r❡❝t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ❧❛ ✜❝❤❛
❞❡s❡❛❞❛ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ✑❢s❡❡❦✑✳

✽✳✶✵✳ ❊❥❡♠♣❧♦✿ ❧❡❡r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ✉♥ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ❇▼P

❱❡❛♠♦s ✉♥ ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦ ♠ás s♦✜st✐❝❛❞♦✿ ❛❜r✐r ✉♥ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ q✉❡ s❡❛ ✉♥❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♥ ❡♥ ❢♦r♠❛t♦ ❇▼P ②
♠♦str❛r ❡♥ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛ s✐ ❡stá ❝♦♠♣r✐♠✐❞♦ ♦ ♥♦✳

P❛r❛ ❡s♦ ♥❡❝❡s✐t❛♠♦s ❝♦♥♦❝❡r ❝ó♠♦ s❡ ❣✉❛r❞❛ ❧❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥ ❡♥ ✉♥ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ❇▼P✱ ♣❡r♦ ❡st♦ ❡s
❛❧❣♦ ❢á❝✐❧ ❞❡ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛r✿

❋■▲❊❙ ✳❇▼P
❯♥ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ❇▼P ❡stá ❝♦♠♣✉❡st♦ ♣♦r ❧❛s s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡s ♣❛rt❡s✿ ✉♥❛ ❝❛❜❡❝❡r❛ ❞❡ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦✱ ✉♥❛ ❞❡❧
❜✐t♠❛♣✱ ✉♥❛ t❛❜❧❛ ❞❡ ❝♦❧♦r❡s ② ❧♦s ❜②t❡s q✉❡ ❞❡✜♥❡♥ ❧❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♥✳

❊♥ ❝♦♥❝r❡t♦✱ ❧♦s ❞❛t♦s q✉❡ ❢♦r♠❛♥ ❧❛ ❝❛❜❡❝❡r❛ ❞❡ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ② ❧❛ ❞❡ ❜✐t♠❛♣ s♦♥ ❧♦s s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡s✿

✶✵✺
 ❚■P❖ ❉❊ ■◆❋❖❘▼❆❈■Ó◆ P❖❙■❈■Ó◆ ❊◆
❊▲ ❆❘❈❍■❱❖
❚✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ✭❧❡tr❛s ❇▼✮ 0−1
❚❛♠❛ñ♦ ❞❡❧ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ 2−5
❘❡s❡r✈❛❞♦ 6−7
❘❡s❡r✈❛❞♦ 8−9
■♥✐❝✐♦ ❞❡ ❧♦s ❞❛t♦s ❞❡ ❧❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♥ 10 − 13
❚❛♠❛ñ♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❝❛❜❡❝❡r❛ ❞❡ ❜✐t♠❛♣ 14 − 17
❛♠♣❧✐t✉❞ ✭♣í①❡❧❡s✮ 18 − 21
❆❧t✉r❛ ✭♣í①❡❧❡s✮ 22 − 25
◆ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥♦s 26 − 27
❚❛♠❛ñ♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ♣✉♥t♦ 28 − 29
❈♦♠♣r❡s✐ó♥ ✭✵❂♥♦ ❝♦♠♣r✐♠✐❞♦✮ 30 − 33
❚❛♠❛ñ♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♥ 34 − 37
❘❡s♦❧✉❝✐ó♥ ❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛❧ 38 − 41
❘❡s♦❧✉❝✐ó♥ ✈❡rt✐❝❛❧ 42 − 45
❚❛♠❛ñ♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ t❛❜❧❛ ❞❡ ❝♦❧♦r 46 − 49
❈♦♥t❛❞♦r ❞❡ ❝♦❧♦r❡s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s 50 − 53

❈♦♥ ❡st❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥ ❜❛st❛ ♣❛r❛ ♥✉❡str♦ ♣r♦♣ós✐t♦✿ ❧❛ ❝♦♠♣r❡s✐ó♥ s❡ ✐♥❞✐❝❛ ❡♥ ❧❛ ♣♦s✐❝✐ó♥ ✸✵
❞❡❧ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦✱ ♦❝✉♣❛ ✹ ❜②t❡s ✭❧♦ ♠✐s♠♦ q✉❡ ✉♥ ✑✐♥t✑ ❡♥ ❧♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ♦♣❡r❛t✐✈♦s ❞❡ ✸✷ ❜✐ts✮✱ ② s✐ ❡s
✉♥ ✵ ✐♥❞✐❝❛ q✉❡ ❧❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♥ ♥♦ ❡stá ❝♦♠♣r✐♠✐❞❛✳

▲♦ ❝♦♠♣r♦❜❛♠♦s ❛sí✿

✶ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ st❞✐♦ ✳❤ ❃
✷
✸ ✐♥t ♠❛✐♥ ✭✮ ④
✹
✺ ❝❤❛r ♥♦♠❜r❡ ❬✻✵❪❀
✻ ❋■▲❊ ✯ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ❀
✼ ✐♥t ❝♦♠♣r❡s✐♦♥ ❀
✽
✾ ♣✉ts ✭ ✬✬ ❈♦♠♣r♦❜❛❞♦r ❞❡ ✐♠ á ❣❡♥❡s ❇▼P ❭♥ ✬✬✮❀
✶✵ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭ ✬✬ ❉✐♠❡ ❡❧ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ❞❡❧ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ✿ ✬✬✮❀
✶✶ ❣❡ts ✭ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ✮ ❀
✶✷ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ❂ ❢♦♣❡♥ ✭ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ✱ ✬✬r❜ ✬✬✮❀
✶✸ ✐❢ ✭ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ❂❂ ◆❯▲▲ ✮
✶✹ ♣✉ts ✭ ✬✬◆♦ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦ ❭♥ ✬✬✮❀
✶✺ ❡❧s❡ ④
✶✻ ❢s❡❡❦ ✭ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ✱ ✸✵ ✱ ❙❊❊❑❴❙❊❚ ✮❀
✶✼ ❢r❡❛❞ ✭✫ ❝♦♠♣r❡s✐♦♥ ✱ ✶ ✱ ✹✱ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ✮❀
✶✽ ❢❝❧♦s❡ ✭ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ✮❀
✶✾ ✐❢ ✭ ❝♦♠♣r❡ss✐♦♥ ❂❂ ✵✮
✷✵ ♣✉ts ✭ ✬✬ ❙✐♥ ❝♦♠♣r❡s✐ ó♥ ✬✬✮❀
✷✶ ❡❧s❡
✷✷ ♣✉ts ✭ ✬✬ ❇▼P ❈♦♠♣r✐♠✐❞♦ ✬✬✮❀
✷✸ ⑥

✶✵✻
✷✹

✷✺ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✷✻ ⑥
▲♦ ♠❡❥♦r❛♠♦s ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ♠✉❡str❡ ❡❧ ❛♥❝❤♦ ② ❡❧ ❛❧t♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♥✱ ② ❝♦♠♣r✉❡❜❡ s✐ r❡❛❧♠❡♥t❡ s❡

tr❛t❛ ❞❡ ✉♥ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ❇▼P✿

✶ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ st❞✐♦ ✳❤ ❃
✷

✸ ✐♥t ♠❛✐♥ ✭✮ ④
✹ ❝❤❛r ♥♦♠❜r❡ ❬✻✵❪❀
✺ ❋■▲❊ ✯ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ❀
✻ ✐♥t ❝♦♠♣r❡s✐♦♥ ✱ ❛♥❝❤♦ ✱ ❛❧t♦ ❀
✼ ❝❤❛r ♠❛r❝❛✶ ✱ ♠❛r❝❛✷ ❀
✽

✾ ♣✉ts ✭ ✬✬ ❈♦♠♣r♦❜❛❞♦r ❞❡ ✐♠ á ❣❡♥❡s ❇▼P ❭♥ ✬✬✮❀

✶✵ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭ ✬✬ ❉✐♠❡ ❡❧ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ❞❡❧ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ✿ ✬✬✮❀
✶✶ ❣❡ts ✭ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ✮❀
✶✷ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ❂ ❢♦♣❡♥ ✭ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ✱ ✬✬r❜ ✬✬✮❀
✶✸ ✐❢ ✭ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ❂❂ ◆❯▲▲ ✮
✶✹ ♣✉ts ✭ ✬✬◆♦ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦ ❭♥ ✬✬✮❀
✶✺ ❡❧s❡ ④
✶✻ ♠❛r❝❛✶ ❂ ❢❣❡t❝ ✭ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ✮❀ ✴✯ ▲❡♦ ❧♦s ❞♦s ♣r✐♠❡r♦s ❜②t❡s ✯✴
✶✼ ♠❛r❝❛✷ ❂ ❢❣❡t❝ ✭ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ✮❀
✶✽ ✐❢ ✭✭ ♠❛r❝❛✶ ❂❂ ✬❇ ✬✮ ✫✫ ✭ ♠❛r❝❛✷ ❂❂ ✬▼ ✬✮✮ ④ ✴✯ ❙✐ s♦♥ ❇▼ ✯✴
✶✾ ♣r✐♥t❢ ★✹✵❀ ✬✬ ▼❛r❝❛ ❞❡❧ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ✿ ✪❝ ✪❝❭ ♥ ✬✬✱
✷✵ ♠❛r❝❛✶ ✱ ♠❛r❝❛✷ ✮ ❀
✷✶ ❢s❡❡❦ ✭ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ✱ ✶✽ ✱ ❙❊❊❑❴❙❊❚ ✮❀ ✴✯ P♦s✐❝✐ ó ♥ ✶✽✿ ❛♥❝❤♦ ✯✴
✷✷ ❢r❡❛❞ ✭✫ ❛♥❝❤♦ ✱ ✶✱ ✹✱ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ✮❀
✷✸ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭ ✬✬ ❆♥❝❤♦ ✿ ✪❞❭♥ ✬✬✱ ❛♥❝❤♦ ✮❀
✷✹ ❢r❡❛❞ ✭✫ ❛❧t♦ ✱ ✶ ✱ ✹ ✱ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ✮ ❀ ✴✯ ❙✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❞❛t♦ ✿ ❛❧t♦ ✯✴
✷✺ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭ ✬✬ ❆❧t♦ ✿ ✪❞❭ ♥ ✬✬✱ ❛❧t♦ ✮❀
✷✻ ❢s❡❡❦ ✭ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ✱ ✹✱ ❙❊❊❑❴❈❯❘ ✮ ❀ ✴✯ ✹ ❜②t❡s ❞❡s♣✉ és ✿
❝♦♠♣r❡s✐ ó ♥ ✯✴
✷✼ ❢r❡❛❞ ✭✫ ❝♦♠♣r❡s✐♦♥ ✱ ✶ ✱ ✹✱ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ✮❀
✷✽ ❢❝❧♦s❡ ✭ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ✮❀
✷✾ s✇✐t❝❤ ✭ ❝♦♠♣r❡s✐♦♥ ✮ ④
✸✵ ❝❛s❡ ✵✿ ♣✉ts ✭ ✬✬ ❙✐♥ ❝♦♠♣r❡s✐ ó♥ ✬✬✮❀ ❜r❡❛❦ ❀
✸✶ ❝❛s❡ ✶✿ ♣✉ts ✭ ✬✬ ❈♦♠♣r❡s✐ ó ♥ ❘▲❊ ✽ ❜✐ts ✬✬✮❀ ❜r❡❛❦ ❀
✸✷ ❝❛s❡ ✷✿ ♣✉ts ✭ ✬✬ ❈♦♠♣r❡s✐ ó ♥ ❘▲❊ ✹ ❜✐ts ✬✬✮❀ ❜r❡❛❦ ❀
✸✸ ⑥
✸✹ ⑥ ❡❧s❡
✸✺ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭ ✬✬◆♦ ♣❛r❡❝❡ ✉♥ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ❇▼P ❭♥ ✬✬✮❀ ✴✯ ❙✐ ❧❛ ♠❛r❝❛ ♥♦
❡s ❇▼ ✯✴
✸✻ ⑥
✸✼

✸✽ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✸✾ ⑥

✶✵✼
✽✳✶✵✳✶✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦s ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦s

✶✳ ▼❡❥♦r❛r ❧❛ ú❧t✐♠❛ ✈❡rs✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❛❣❡♥❞❛ ✭❧❛ q✉❡ ✉s❛ ❢✇r✐t❡✱ ❢r❡❛❞ ② s✐③❡♦❢ ✮ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ♥♦ ❧❡❛
t♦❞❛s ❧❛s ✜❝❤❛s ❛ ❧❛ ✈❡③✱ s✐♥♦ q✉❡ ❧❡❛ ✉♥❛ ú♥✐❝❛ ✜❝❤❛ ❞❡❧ ❞✐s❝♦ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ❧♦ ♥❡❝❡s✐t❡✱
s❛❧t❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❧❛ ♣♦s✐❝✐ó♥ ❡♥ q✉❡ s❡ ❡♥❝✉❡♥tr❛ ❞✐❝❤❛ ✜❝❤❛ ❝♦♥ ✑❢s❡❡❦✑✳

✷✳ ❍❛❝❡r ✉♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ q✉❡ ♠✉❡str❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥ s♦❜r❡ ✉♥❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♥ ❡♥ ❢♦r♠❛t♦ ●■❋ ✭❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛r
❡♥ ■♥t❡r♥❡t ❧♦s ❞❡t❛❧❧❡s s♦❜r❡ ❞✐❝❤♦ ❢♦r♠❛t♦✮✿ ✈❡rs✐ó♥✱ ❛♥❝❤♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♥ ✭❡♥ ♣í①❡❧❡s✮✱ ❛❧t♦
❞❡ ❧❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♥ ② ❝❛♥t✐❞❛❞ ❞❡ ❝♦❧♦r❡s✳

✸✳ ❍❛❝❡r ✉♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ q✉❡ ♠✉❡str❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥ s♦❜r❡ ✉♥❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♥ ❡♥ ❢♦r♠❛t♦ P❈❳✿ ❛♥❝❤♦ ❞❡
❧❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♥ ✭❡♥ ♣í①❡❧❡s✮✱ ❛❧t♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♥ ② ❝❛♥t✐❞❛❞ ❞❡ ❝♦❧♦r❡s✳

✹✳ ▼❡❥♦r❛r ❧❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s ❞❡ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦s ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ❧♦s ❞❛t♦s s❡ ❣✉❛r❞❡♥ ❡♥ ❞✐s❝♦ ❛❧ t❡r♠✐♥❛r ❧❛
s❡s✐ó♥ ❞❡ ✉s♦✱ ② s❡ ❧❡❛♥ ❞❡ ❞✐s❝♦ ❝✉❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♠✐❡♥③❛ ✉♥❛ ♥✉❡✈❛ s❡s✐ó♥✳

✺✳ ▼❡❥♦r❛r ❧❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s ❞❡ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦s ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❞❛t♦ ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝✐❞♦ s❡ ❣✉❛r❞❡ ✐♥♠❡❞✐❛t❛✲
♠❡♥t❡ ❡♥ ❞✐s❝♦✱ s✐♥ ❡s♣❡r❛r ❛ q✉❡ t❡r♠✐♥❡ ❧❛ s❡s✐ó♥ ❞❡ ✉s♦✳ ❊♥ ✈❡③ ❞❡ ❡♠♣❧❡❛r ✉♥ ✑❛rr❛② ❞❡
str✉❝ts✑✱ ❞❡❜❡ ❡①✐st✐r ✉♥ s♦❧♦ ✑str✉❝t✑ ❡♥ ♠❡♠♦r✐❛ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③✱ ② ♣❛r❛ ❧❛s ❜úsq✉❡❞❛s s❡ r❡❝♦rr❛
t♦❞♦ ❡❧ ❝♦♥t❡♥✐❞♦ ❞❡❧ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦✳

✻✳ ▼❡❥♦r❛r ❡❧ ❡❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r ❛♠♣❧✐❛❞♦ ❝♦♥ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦s✱ q✉❡ s❡ ♠❛♥❡❥❛♥ ✜❝❤❛ ❛ ✜❝❤❛✱ ♣❛r❛
q✉❡ s❡ ♣✉❡❞❛ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛r ✉♥ ❝✐❡rt♦ ❞❛t♦ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ s✉ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ✭❡❧ ❞❛t♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ✸✮✳ ❊♥ ❡st❛
♠♦❞✐✜❝❛❝✐ó♥✱ ❡❧ ✉s✉❛r✐♦ ♣r❡s✐♦♥❛ ■♥tr♦ s✐♥ t❡❝❧❡❛r ♥❛❞❛✱ ♣❛r❛ ✐♥❞✐❝❛r q✉❡ ♥♦ ❞❡s❡❛ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛r
✉♥ ❝✐❡rt♦ ❞❛t♦✱ ❡♥ ✈❡③ ❞❡ r❡❡♠♣❧❛③❛r❧♦ ♣♦r ✉♥❛ ❝❛❞❡♥❛ ✈❛❝í❛✳

✽✳✶✶✳ ❆r❝❤✐✈♦s ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧❡s ✶✿ ❧❛ ✐♠♣r❡s♦r❛

▼❛♥❞❛r ❛ ✐♠♣r❡s♦r❛ ❞❡s❞❡ ❈ ♥♦ ❡s ❞✐❢í❝✐❧✿ ❡♥ ♠✉❝❤♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ♦♣❡r❛t✐✈♦s✱ ❧❛ ✐♠♣r❡s♦r❛ ❡s ✉♥

❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦ ❛❧ q✉❡ s❡ ❛❝❝❡❞❡ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♥ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦✳

❊♥ ▼s❉♦s✱ s❡ ♠✉❡str❛ ✉♥ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ❞❡ t❡①t♦ ❡♥ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❚❨P❊ ❉❆❚❖❙✳❚❳❚ ② ❧♦ ♠❛♥❞❛♠♦s

❛ ✐♠♣r❡s♦r❛ ❞✐r✐❣✐❡♥❞♦ ❧❛ s❛❧✐❞❛ ❛❧ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦ ❧❧❛♠❛❞♦ P❘◆✿

❚❨P❊ ❉❆❚❖❙✳❚❳❚ ❃ P❘◆✿

❉❡ ✐❣✉❛❧ ♠❛♥❡r❛✱ ❞❡s❞❡ ❈ ❝r❡❛♠♦s ✉♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ q✉❡ ❡♥✈✐❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥ ❛❧ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ✜❝t✐❝✐♦ P❘◆✿
♣❛r❛ ❡s❝r✐❜✐r ❡♥ ✐♠♣r❡s♦r❛✱ ❛sí✿

✶ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ st❞✐♦ ✳❤ ❃
✷
✸ ✐♥t ♠❛✐♥ ✭✮ ④
✹ ❋■▲❊ ✯ ✐♠♣r❡s♦r❛ ❀
✺
✻ ✐♠♣r❡s♦r❛ ❂ ❢♦♣❡♥ ✭ ✬✬ ♣r♥ ✿ ✬✬✱ ✬✬✇t ✬✬✮❀
✼ ❢♣✉ts ✭ ✬✬ ❊st♦ ✈❛ ❛ ❧❛ ✐♠♣r❡s♦r❛ ❭ ♥ ✬✬✱ ✐♠♣r❡s♦r❛ ❀✮ ❀
✽ ❢❝❧♦s❡ ✭ ✐♠♣r❡s♦r❛ ✮ ❀
✾
✶✵ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✶✶ ⑥
✭❡st❡ ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛ ❡♥ ❲✐♥❞♦✇s✱ ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞✐❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❧❛ ✐♠♣r❡s♦r❛ ✐♥st❛❧❛❞❛✮✳

✶✵✽
❊♥ ▲✐♥✉①✱ ❧❛ ✐❞❡❛ ❡s ❧❛ ♠✐s♠❛✱ ♣❡r♦ ❡❧ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ❞❡ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦ ❡s ✑✴❞❡✈✴❧♣✑✳ ❈♦♠♦ ✐♥❝♦♥✈❡♥✐❡♥t❡✱
só❧♦ ❡❧ ❛❞♠✐♥✐str❛❞♦r ② ❧♦s ✉s✉❛r✐♦s ❞❡ s✉ ❣r✉♣♦ ❡s❝r✐❜❡♥ ❡♥ ❡st❡ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦✳ ❙✐ ♣❡rt❡♥❡❝❡♠♦s ❛
❡s❡ ❣r✉♣♦✱ ❤❛❝❡♠♦s✿ ✐♠♣r❡s♦r❛ ❂ ❢♦♣❡♥✭✬✬✴❞❡✈✴❧♣✬✬✱ ✬✬✇t✬✬✮❀

✽✳✶✷✳ ❆r❝❤✐✈♦s ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧❡s ✷✿ s❛❧✐❞❛ ❞❡ ❡rr♦r❡s

❊♥ ♠✉❝❤♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ♦♣❡r❛t✐✈♦s s❡ ✉s❛ ❡❧ sí♠❜♦❧♦ ✑ ❃✑ ♣❛r❛ r❡❞✐r✐❣✐r ❤❛❝✐❛ ✑♦tr♦ s✐t✐♦✑ ✭❧❛
✐♠♣r❡s♦r❛ ♦ ✉♥ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ❞❡ t❡①t♦✮ ❧❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡st✐♥❛❞❛ ❛ ❧❛ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛✳ ❊st♦ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛✱ ❡♥tr❡
♦tr♦s✱ ❡♥ ❲✐♥❞♦✇s✱ ▼s❉♦s ② ❧❛ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ♦♣❡r❛t✐✈♦s ❯♥✐① ✭✐♥❝❧✉✐❞♦ ▲✐♥✉①✮✳

❊♥ ❡❧ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ ▲✐♥✉① ✭② ❧♦s ❯♥✐① ❡♥ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✮ r❡❞✐r✐❣✐♠♦s ❧♦s ♠❡♥s❛❥❡s ❞❡ ❡rr♦r ❤❛❝✐❛ ♦tr♦ s✐t✐♦
❞✐st✐♥t♦ ❞❡❧ r❡st♦ ❞❡ ❡❧❧♦s ✭❞❡st✐♥❛❞♦s ❛ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛✮✳ ❊st♦ s❡ ❝♦♥s✐❣✉❡ ❝♦♥ ❡❧ sí♠❜♦❧♦ ✑ ✷ ❃✑ ✿

❝❛❧❝✉❧❛❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❃ ✈❛❧♦r❡s✳t①t ✷❃ ❡rr♦r❡s✳t①t

❊st❛ ♦r❞❡♥ ❛❝t✐✈❛ ✉♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❧❧❛♠❛❞♦ ✑❝❛❧❝✉❧❛❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s✑✱ ❣✉❛r❞❛ ❡♥ ❡❧ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ✑✈❛❧♦r❡s✳t①t✑
❧♦s ♠❡♥s❛❥❡s q✉❡ ❛♣❛r❡❝❡rí❛♥ ❡♥ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛✱ ② ❧♦s ❣✉❛r❞❛ ❡♥ ❡❧ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ✑❡rr♦r❡s✳t①t✑✳

❊st❛ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛ ❞❡ s❡♣❛r❛r ❧♦s ♠❡♥s❛❥❡s ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥ ② ❧♦s ❞❡ ❡rr♦r ❡s ❢á❝✐❧ ❞❡ ❧❧❡✈❛r ❛ ♥✉❡str♦s
♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s✳ ❇❛st❛ ❝♦♥ q✉❡ ❧♦s ♠❡♥s❛❥❡s ❞❡ ❡rr♦r ♥♦ ❧♦s ♠❛♥❞❡♠♦s ❛ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛ ❝♦♥ ór❞❡♥❡s ❝♦♠♦
✑ ♣r✐♥t❢✑✱ s✐♥♦ ❧♦s ♠❛♥❞❡♠♦s ❛ ✉♥ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ❧❧❛♠❛❞♦ ✑ st❞❡rr✑ ✭s❛❧✐❞❛ ❡stá♥❞❛r ❞❡ ❡rr♦r❡s✮✳

P♦r ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❛❧ ❛❜r✐r ✉♥ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ❤❛❝❡♠♦s✿

✶ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ❂ ❢♦♣❡♥ ✭ ✬✬ ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦ ✳ t①t ✬✬✱ ✬✬rt ✬✬✮❀

✷ ✐❢ ✭ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ❂❂ ◆❯▲▲ ✮
✸ ❢♣r✐♥t❢ ✭ st❞❡rr ✱ ✬✬ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ♥♦ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦ ✦❭ ♥ ✬✬✮❀
✹ ❡❧s❡
✺ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭ ✬✬ ❆❝❝❡❞✐❡♥❞♦ ❛❧ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ✳✳✳❭ ♥ ✬✬✮❀
❙✐ ❡❧ ✉s✉❛r✐♦ ❞❡ ♥✉❡str♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ♥♦ ✉s❛ ✑✷❃✑✱ ❧♦s ♠❡♥s❛❥❡s ❞❡ ❡rr♦r ❧❡ ❛♣❛r❡❝❡rí❛♥ ❡♥ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛
❥✉♥t♦ ❝♦♥ ❝✉❛❧q✉✐❡r ♦tr♦ ♠❡♥s❛❥❡✱ ♣❡r♦ s✐ s❡ tr❛t❛ ❞❡ ✉♥ ✉s✉❛r✐♦ ❛✈❛♥③❛❞♦✱ ❧❡ ❡st❛♠♦s ❞❛♥❞♦ ❧❛
♣♦s✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞ ❞❡ ❛♥❛❧✐③❛r ❧♦s ❡rr♦r❡s ❝ó♠♦❞❛♠❡♥t❡✳

✽✳✶✸✳ ❯♥ ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❧❡❝t✉r❛ ② ❡s❝r✐t✉r❛✿ ❚❆● ❞❡ ✉♥ ▼P✸

▲♦s ❛r❝❤✐✈♦s ❞❡ s♦♥✐❞♦ ❡♥ ❢♦r♠❛t♦ ▼P✸ ❝♦♥t✐❡♥❡♥ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥ s♦❜r❡ ❡❧ ❛✉t♦r✱ ❡❧ tít✉❧♦✱ ❡t❝✳ ❙❡
❡♥❝✉❡♥tr❛ ❛ ✶✷✽ ❜②t❡s ❞❡❧ ✜♥❛❧ ❞❡❧ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦✳ ▲♦s ♣r✐♠❡r♦s ✸ ❜②t❡s ❞❡ ❡s♦s ✶✷✽ ❞❡❜❡♥ s❡r ❧❛s ❧❡tr❛s
❚❆●✳ ❆ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛❝✐ó♥✱ t❡♥❡♠♦s ♦tr♦s ✸✵ ❜②t❡s ♣❛r❛ ❡❧ tít✉❧♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❝❛♥❝✐ó♥✱ ② ♦tr♦s ✸✵ ❜②t❡s q✉❡ ❡s
❡❧ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ❞❡❧ ❛✉t♦r✳ ❈♦♥ ❡st♦✱ ❝r❡❛♠♦s ✉♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ q✉❡ ❧❡❛ ❡s❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ✉♥ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ▼P✸
✭s✐ ❧❛ ❝♦♥t✐❡♥❡✮ ❡ ✐♥❝❧✉s♦ ❧❛ ♠♦❞✐✜q✉❡✳

❊st♦s t❡①t♦s ✭tít✉❧♦✱ ❛✉t♦r ② ♦tr♦s✮ ❝♦♥t✐❡♥❡♥ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r❡s ♥✉❧♦s ❛❧ ✜♥❛❧✱ ❛❧❣✉♥❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛❝✐♦♥❡s ❧♦
r❡❧❧❡♥❛♥ ❝♦♥ ❡s♣❛❝✐♦s ✭❡s ❡❧ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♥❛ ✈❡rs✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❲✐♥❆♠♣✮✳ P♦r ❡s♦✱ ❧❡❡♠♦s ❧♦s ❞❛t♦s ❝♦♥
✑ ❢r❡❛❞✑ ② ❛❣r❡❣❛♠♦s ✉♥ ❝❛rá❝t❡r ♥✉❧♦ ❛❧ ✜♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♥♦✳

❆❞❡♠ás✱ ❤❛❝❡♠♦s q✉❡ ❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ♠✉❡str❡ ❧❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ✈❛r✐♦s ❛r❝❤✐✈♦s✿ ♣✐❞❛ ✉♥ ♥♦♠❜r❡✱ ②
❧✉❡❣♦ ♦tr♦✱ ② ❛sí s✉❝❡s✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❤❛st❛ q✉❡ ♣r❡s✐♦♥❛r ■♥tr♦✳

✶ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ st❞✐♦ ✳❤ ❃
✷ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ str✐♥❣ ✳❤ ❃
✸
✹ ✐♥t ♠❛✐♥ ✭✮ ④

✶✵✾
 ✺ ❋■▲❊ ✯ ❢✐❝❤ ❀
✻ ❝❤❛r t❡♠♣ ❬✸✶❪❀
✼ ✐♥t ✐ ❀
✽
✾ ❞♦ ④
✶✵ ✴✯ P✐❞♦ ❡❧ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ❞❡❧ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ✯✴
✶✶ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭ ✬✬❭ ♥❊s❝r✐❜❡ ❡❧ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ❞❡❧ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ▼P✸ ❛ ❝♦♠♣r♦❜❛r ✿ ✬✬
✮❀
✶✷ ❣❡ts ✭ t❡♠♣ ✮❀
✶✸ ✴✯ ❙✐ ♥♦ t❡❝❧❡❛ ♥❛❞❛ ✱ t❡r♠✐♥❛r é ✯✴
✶✹ ✐❢ ✭ str❝♠♣ ✭ t❡♠♣ ✱ ✬✬ ✬✬✮ ❂❂✵✮
✶✺ ♣✉ts ✭ ✬✬❭ ♥❆♣❧✐❝❛❝✐♦♥ ❢✐♥❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ✳ ✬✬✮❀
✶✻ ✴✯ ❙✐ ❡①✐st❡ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ✱ ✐♥t❡♥t♦ ❛❜r✐r ✯✴
✶✼ ❡❧s❡ ✐❢ ✭ ✭ ❢✐❝❤ ❂ ❢♦♣❡♥ ✭ t❡♠♣ ✱ ✬✬r✰ ❜ ✬✬✮✮ ✦❂ ◆❯▲▲ ✮ ④
✶✽ ✴✯ ❙✐ ❤❡ ♣♦❞✐❞♦ ❛❜r✐r ✱ ♠✉❡str♦ ❡❧ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ✯✴
✶✾ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭ ✬✬ ◆♦♠❜r❡ ❞❡❧ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ✿ ✪s ❭♥ ✬✬✱ t❡♠♣ ✮ ❀
✷✵ ✴✯ ▼✐r♦ ❡❧ t❛♠❛ ñ♦ ❞❡❧ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ✯✴
✷✶ ❢s❡❡❦ ✭ ❢✐❝❤ ✱✵ ✱ ❙❊❊❑❴❊◆❉ ✮ ❀
✷✷ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭ ✬✬ ❚❛♠❛ ñ ♦✿ ✪❞❭♥ ✬✬✱ ❢t❡❧❧ ✭ ❢✐❝❤ ✮ ✮❀
✷✸ ✴✯ ❆ ✶✷✽ ❜②t❡s ❡st á ❧❛ ♠❛r❝❛ ✬✬ ❚❆● ✬✬ ✯✴
✷✹ ❢s❡❡❦ ✭ ❢✐❝❤ ✱ ✲✶✷✽ ✱ ❙❊❊❑❴❊◆❉ ✮ ❀
✷✺ ❢r❡❛❞ ✭ t❡♠♣ ✱✸ ✱✶ ✱ ❢✐❝❤ ✮❀
✷✻ ✴✯ ❙♦♥ ✸ ❧❡tr❛s ✱ ❛ ñ ❛❞♦ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r ♥✉❧♦ ❛❧ ❢✐♥❛❧ ✯✴
✷✼ t❡♠♣ ❬✸❪❂ ✬❭✵ ✬❀
✷✽ ✐❢ ✭ str❝♠♣ ✭ t❡♠♣ ✱ ✬✬ ❚❆● ✬✬✮ ✦❂✵✮
✷✾ ♣✉ts ✭ ✬✬◆♦ s❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr ó ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐ ó♥ ✈á ❧✐❞❛ ✳ ✬✬✮❀
✸✵ ❡❧s❡ ④
✸✶ ✴✯ ❙✐ ❡①✐st❡ ❧❛ ♠❛r❝❛ ✱ ❧❡♦ ❧♦s ❞❛t♦s ✯✴
✸✷ ✴✯ Pr✐♠❡r♦ ✱ ✸✵ ❧❡tr❛s ❞❡ t✐t✉❧♦ ✯✴
✸✸ ❢r❡❛❞ ✭ t❡♠♣ ✱✸✵ ✱✶ ✱ ❢✐❝❤ ✮❀
✸✹ t❡♠♣ ❬ str❧❡♥ ✭ t❡♠♣ ✮ ❪❂ ✬❭✵ ✬❀
✸✺ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭ ✬✬ ❚✐t✉❧♦ ✿ ✪s❭♥ ✬✬✱ t❡♠♣ ✮ ❀
✸✻ ✴✯ ▲✉❡❣♦ ✸✵ ❧❡tr❛s ❞❡ ❛✉t♦r ✯✴
✸✼ ❢r❡❛❞ ✭ t❡♠♣ ✱✸✵ ✱✶ ✱ ❢✐❝❤ ✮❀
✸✽ t❡♠♣ ❬ str❧❡♥ ✭ t❡♠♣ ✮ ❪❂ ✬❭✵ ✬❀
✸✾ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭ ✬✬ ❆rt✐st❛ ✿ ✪s ❭♥ ✬✬✱ t❡♠♣ ✮ ❀
✹✵ ✴✯ ❆❤♦r❛ ✈❛♠♦s ❛ ♠♦❞✐❢✐❝❛r ❡❧ t✐t✉❧♦ ✯✴
✹✶ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭ ✬✬❭ ♥■♥tr♦❞✉❝❡ ❡❧ ♥✉❡✈♦ t✐t✉❧♦ ✿ ✬✬✮❀
✹✷ ❣❡ts ✭ t❡♠♣ ✮❀
✹✸ ✴✯ ▲♦ r❡❧❧❡♥❛♠♦s ❝♦♥ ❝❡r♦s ✱ ♣❛r❛ s❡❣✉✐r ❡❧ ❡st á ♥❞❛r ✯✴
✹✹ ❢♦r ✭ ✐❂ str❧❡♥ ✭ t❡♠♣ ✮❀ ✐ ❁❂✷✾❀ ✐ ✰✰✮
✹✺ t❡♠♣ ❬ ✐ ❪❂ ✬❭✵ ✬❀
✹✻ ✴✯ ❨ ❧♦ ❣✉❛r❞❛♠♦s ❡♥ s✉ ♣♦s✐❝✐ ó♥ ✯✴
✹✼ ❢s❡❡❦ ✭ ❢✐❝❤ ✱ ✲✶✷✺ ✱ ❙❊❊❑❴❊◆❉ ✮ ❀
✹✽ ❢✇r✐t❡ ✭✫ t❡♠♣ ✱ ✸✵ ✱ ✶ ✱ ❢✐❝❤ ✮ ❀
✹✾ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭ ✬✬ ❚✐t✉❧♦ ❛❝t✉❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ✳❭ ♥ ✬✬✮❀
✺✵ ❢❝❧♦s❡ ✭ ❢✐❝❤ ✮❀

✶✶✵
✺✶ ⑥ ✴✯ ❋✐♥ ❞❡❧ ✬✬ ❡❧s❡ ✬✬ ❞❡ ▼P✸ ❝♦♥ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐♦♥ ✯✴
✺✷ ⑥ ❡❧s❡ ✴✯ ❋✐♥ ❞❡❧ ✬✬ ❡❧s❡ ✬✬ ❞❡ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ❡①✐st❡♥t❡ ✯✴
✺✸ ♣✉ts ✭ ✬✬◆♦ s❡ ♣✉❞♦ ❛❜r✐r ❡❧ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ❭ ♥ ✬✬✮❀
✺✹ ⑥ ✇❤✐❧❡ ✭ str❝♠♣ ✭ t❡♠♣ ✱ ✬✬ ✬✬✮ ✦❂✵✮ ❀ ✴✯ ❋✐♥ ❞❡❧ ✬✬ ❞♦ ✳✳ ✇❤✐❧❡ ✬✬ q✉❡
r❡♣✐t❡ ❤❛st❛ q✉❡ ♥♦ s❡ ❡s❝r✐❜❛ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ✯✴
✺✺
✺✻ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✺✼ ⑥

✽✳✶✹✳ ❊✈✐t❛r ❧♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ ✑❣❡ts✑

❊❧ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ✑ ❣❡ts✑ ❡stá ♦❜s♦❧❡t♦ ❞❡s❞❡ ❡❧ ❡stá♥❞❛r ❈✾✾ ✭❞❡ ✶✾✾✾✮ ② ♥♦ ❡①✐st❡ ❡♥ ❧♦s ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦r❡s
❜❛s❛❞♦s ❡♥ ❡❧ ❡stá♥❞❛r ❈✶✶ ✭❞❡ ❞✐❝✐❡♠❜r❡ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✶✮✳

❯♥❛ ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❛✱ ❡♥ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦r❡s ♠♦❞❡r♥♦s✱ ❡s ✉s❛r ✑ ❣❡t❴s✑ q✉❡ r❡❝✐❜❡ ❝♦♠♦ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ♣❛rá♠❡tr♦
❡❧ t❛♠❛ñ♦ ♠á①✐♠♦ ❞❡❧ t❡①t♦✳ ❖tr❛ ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❛✱ ♠ás s❡❣✉r❛ q✉❡ ❣❡ts✱ ❡s ✉s❛r ✑ ❢❣❡ts✑✱ t❛❧ q✉❡ ❧❛
❝❛❞❡♥❛ ❝♦♥t❡♥❣❛ ❡s♣❛❝✐♦s ② ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❡ ❡♥ ❝✉❛❧q✉✐❡r ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦r ❞❡ ❈✳

✑ f gets✑ r❡❝✐❜❡ ✸ ♣❛rá♠❡tr♦s✿ ❧❛ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ q✉❡ ❣✉❛r❞❛ ❡❧ t❡①t♦✱ ❧❛ ❛♠♣❧✐t✉❞ ♠á①✐♠❛ ② ❡❧ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ❛
❧❡❡r✳ ❊❧ ✑ tr✉❝♦✑ ♣❛r❛ ✉s❛r ❢❣❡ts ♣❛r❛ ❧❡❡r ❞❡ t❡❝❧❛❞♦ ❡s ✐♥❞✐❝❛r st❞✐♥ ✭st❛♥❞❛r❞ ✐♥✱ ❡♥tr❛❞❛
❡st❛♥❞❛r✮ ❝♦♠♦ ♥♦♠❜r❡ q✉❡ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦✱ q✉❡ ❡s ✉♥ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛❞♦r ♣r❡❞❡✜♥✐❞♦ ❡♥ ❡❧ s✐st❡♠❛✿
f gets(nombre, 20, stdin);
❊s♦ sí✱ ✑ f gets✑ t✐❡♥❡ ✉♥ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✿ ❝♦♥s❡r✈❛ ❡❧ ❛✈❛♥❝❡ ❞❡ ❧í♥❡❛ ✭❭♥✮✳ P♦r ❡s♦✱ ❤❛❜rá q✉❡ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛r❧♦
✑❛ ♠❛♥♦✑ ✭s✐ ❧❛ ❝❛❞❡♥❛ ♥♦ ❡stá ✈❛❝í❛ ② s✐ r❡❛❧♠❡♥t❡ t❡r♠✐♥❛ ❡♥ ❛✈❛♥❝❡ ❞❡ ❧í♥❡❛ ♦ ♣✉❡❞❡ s❡r ❛sí
q✉❡ ❧❛ ❝❛❞❡♥❛ ❡r❛ ♠ás ❧❛r❣❛ ❞❡ ❧♦ ❡s♣❡r❛❞♦ ② s❡ ❤❛ tr✉♥❝❛❞♦✮✿

✶ ✐❢ ✭✭ str❧❡♥ ✭ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ✮ ❃✵✮ ✫✫ ✭ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ❬ str❧❡♥ ✭ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ✮ ✲ ✶❪ ❂❂ ✬❭♥ ✬✮✮

✷ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ❬ str❧❡♥ ✭ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ✮ ✲ ✶❪ ❂ ✬❭✵ ✬❀
❈♦♥ ❡s❛s ❞♦s ór❞❡♥❡s ❡✈✐t❛♠♦s ❧♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ ✑ ❣❡ts✑ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ s❡ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❡ ❜✐❡♥ ❡♥ ❝✉❛❧q✉✐❡r
❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦r✱ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ✑ ❢❣❡ts✑ ♣❛r❛ ❧❡❡r ❞❡ t❡❝❧❛❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ s✐ ❢✉❡r❛ ✉♥ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦✳

❍❛② ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❞♦r❡s q✉❡ ♣r❡✜❡r❡♥ ♥♦ ✉s❛r ❛r❝❤✐✈♦s s✐♥♦ ✉♥ ❢♦r♠❛t♦ ❛✈❛♥③❛❞♦ ❞❡ ✑ s❝❛♥❢✑✱ t❛❧ q✉❡
❛❝❡♣t❡ t♦❞♦ ❤❛st❛ ❧❧❡❣❛r ❛ ✉♥ ❛✈❛♥❝❡ ❞❡ ❧í♥❡❛✱ ♣❡r♦ ♥♦ ❡s ❛❞♠✐t✐❞♦ ♣♦r ❛❧❣✉♥♦s ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦r❡s✿

s❝❛♥❢✭✬✬ ✪❬❫❭♥❪s✬✬✱♥♦♠❜r❡✮❀
▲❛ ❛♠♣❧✐t✉❞ ♠á①✐♠❛ ❡✈✐t❛ ❧♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❞❡s❜♦r❞❛♠✐❡♥t♦✿

s❝❛♥❢✭✬✬ ✪✷✵❬❫❭♥❪✬✬✱♥♦♠❜r❡✮❀
❚❛♠❜✐é♥ ❞❡❧✐♠✐t❛♠♦s ❧♦s ❝❛r❛❝t❡r❡s ❛❞♠✐s✐❜❧❡s ✭q✉✐③á ♥♦ t♦❞♦s ❧♦s ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦r❡s ❧♦ ♣❡r♠✐t❛♥✮✿

s❝❛♥❢✭✬✬ ✪✶✵❬✵✲✾❛✲③❆✲❩ ❪s✬✬✱ ♥♦♠❜r❡✮❀

❙❡ r❡❝♦♠✐❡♥❞❛ ♥♦ ✉s❛r ❞✐r❡❝t❛♠❡♥t❡ ✑ ❣❡ts✑ ♥✐ ✑ s❝❛♥❢✑✱ ♥✐ s✐q✉✐❡r❛ ♣❛r❛ ❧❡❡r ❞❛t♦s ♥✉♠ér✐❝♦s✱
s✐♥♦ ❤❛❝❡r ❧❛ ❧❡❝t✉r❛ ❡♥ ✉♥❛ ❝❛❞❡♥❛ ❞❡ t❡①t♦ ❝♦♥ ✑ ❢❣❡ts✑ ② ❧✉❡❣♦ ❡①tr❛❡r ❧❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❡❧❧❛
❝♦♥ ✑ ss❝❛♥❢✑✳

✽✳✶✹✳✶✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦ ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦

✶✳ P❡❞✐r ❞♦s ♥ú♠❡r♦s ② ❧❛ ♦♣❡r❛❝✐ó♥ ✭s✉♠❛ ♦ r❡st❛✮ ❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ❝♦♥ ❡❧❧♦s✱ ② ♠♦str❛r ❡❧ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦
❞❡ ❞✐❝❤❛ ♦♣❡r❛❝✐ó♥✳ ❯t✐❧✐③❛r ✑ ❢❣❡ts✑ ② ✑ ss❝❛♥❢✑ ♣❛r❛ ❧❛ ❧❡❝t✉r❛ ❞❡ t❡❝❧❛❞♦✳

✶✶✶
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✾

❋✉♥❝✐♦♥❡s
✾✳✶✳ ❉✐s❡ñ♦ ♠♦❞✉❧❛r ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s

❍❛st❛ ❛❤♦r❛✱ ❤❡♠♦s ♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ❧♦s ♣❛s♦s ♣❛r❛ r❡s♦❧✈❡r ✉♥ ❝✐❡rt♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❡♥ ❢♦r♠❛ ✐♥t❡❣r❛❧✱
② ❝r❡❛♠♦s ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♥♦ ❞❡ ❡s♦s ♣❛s♦s✳ ❊st♦ ❡s r❛③♦♥❛❜❧❡ ❝✉❛♥❞♦ ❧♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s
s♦♥ s❡♥❝✐❧❧♦s✱ ♣❡r♦ ♥♦ ❡s ❧❛ ♠❡❥♦r ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ❛❝t✉❛r ❝✉❛♥❞♦ s❡ tr❛t❛ ❞❡ ❛❧❣♦ ♠ás ❝♦♠♣❧✐❝❛❞♦✳

❆ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ❡st❡ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡s❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♠♦s ❧♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❡♥ s❡❣♠❡♥t♦s ♣❡q✉❡ñ♦s ❞❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦✱ ❢á❝✐❧❡s
❞❡ r❡s♦❧✈❡r ② ♠❛♥❡❥❛r✳ ❊st♦ s✉♣♦♥❡r ✈❛r✐❛s ✈❡♥t❛❥❛s✿

❈❛❞❛ ✑s❡❣♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛✑✱ ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞✐❡♥t❡✱ ❡s ❢á❝✐❧ ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛r ② r❡❛❧✐③❛ ✉♥❛ ú♥✐❝❛

♦♣❡r❛❝✐ó♥✱ ❜r❡✈❡ ② ❝♦♥❝r❡t❛✳

❊❧ ✑♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧✑ ❡s ❢á❝✐❧ ❞❡ ❧❡❡r✱ ♣♦rq✉❡ ♥♦ ♥❡❝❡s✐t❛ ❝♦♥t❡♥❡r t♦❞♦s ❧♦s ❞❡t❛❧❧❡s ❞❡
❝ó♠♦ s❡ ❤❛❝❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❝♦s❛✳

❘❡♣❛rt✐♠♦s ❡❧ tr❛❜❛❥♦✱ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ❝❛❞❛ ♣❡rs♦♥❛ s❡ ❡♥❝❛r❣✉❡ ❞❡ ✉♥ ✑s❡❣♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛✑✱

② ✜♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡ s❡ ✐♥t❡❣r❛ ❡❧ tr❛❜❛❥♦ ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ♣❡rs♦♥❛✳

❊s♦s ✑s❡❣♠❡♥t♦s✑ ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ s♦♥ ❧♦ q✉❡ ❧❧❛♠❛♠♦s ✑s✉❜r✉t✐♥❛s✑✱ ✑♣r♦❝❡❞✐♠✐❡♥t♦s✑ ♦ ✑❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❡s✑✳

❊♥ ❡❧ ❧❡♥❣✉❛❥❡ ❈✱ ❡❧ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ❡s ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥✳

✾✳✷✳ ❈♦♥❝❡♣t♦s ❜ás✐❝♦s s♦❜r❡ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❡s

❊♥ ❈✱ t♦❞♦s ❧♦s ✑♣r♦❣r❛♠❛✑ s♦♥ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❡s✱ ✐♥❝❧✉②❡♥❞♦ ❡❧ ❝✉❡r♣♦ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❞❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛✱ ♠❛✐♥✳
▲❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❜ás✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❞❡✜♥✐r ✉♥❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ❡s ✐♥❞✐❝❛♥❞♦ s✉ ♥♦♠❜r❡ s❡❣✉✐❞♦ ❞❡ ✉♥♦s ♣❛ré♥t❡s✐s ✈❛❝í♦s✱
❝♦♠♦ ❤❛❝❡♠♦s ❝♦♥ ✑♠❛✐♥✑✳ ❉❡s♣✉és✱ ❡♥tr❡ ❧❧❛✈❡s✱ ✐♥❞✐❝❛♠♦s ❧♦s ♣❛s♦s q✉❡ q✉❡r❡♠♦s ❛ s❡❣✉✐r ❡♥
❡s❡ ✑s❡❣♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛✑✳

❈r❡❛♠♦s ✉♥❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ❧❧❛♠❛❞❛ ✑s❛❧✉❞❛r✑✱ q✉❡ ❡s❝r✐❜❛ ✈❛r✐♦s ♠❡♥s❛❥❡s ❡♥ ❧❛ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛✿

✶ s❛❧✉❞❛r ✭✮ ④
✷ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭ ✬✬ ❇✐❡♥✈❡♥✐❞♦ ❛❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❭ ♥ ✬✬✮❀
✸ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭ ✬✬ ❞❡ ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦ ❭♥ ✬✬✮❀
✹ ⑥
❆❤♦r❛✱ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡❧ ❝✉❡r♣♦ ❞❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛✱ ✑✐♥✈♦❝❛♠♦s✑ ❛ ❡s❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥✿

✶✶✷
 ✶ ✐♥t ♠❛✐♥ ✭✮ ④
✷ s❛❧✉❞❛r ✭✮ ❀
✸ ✳✳✳
✹ ⑥

❆sí ❝♦♥s❡❣✉✐♠♦s ✉♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❢á❝✐❧ ❞❡ ❧❡❡r✳ ❙✐❣✉✐❡♥❞♦ ❡st❛ té❝♥✐❝❛✱ ❧❛ ♣❛rt❡ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❞❡ ❛❣❡♥❞❛
q✉❡❞❛✿

✶ ❧❡❡r❉❛t♦s❉❡❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ✭✮ ❀
✷ ❞♦ ④
✸ ♠♦str❛r▼❡♥✉ ✭✮ ❀
✹ ♣❡❞✐r❖♣❝✐♦♥ ✭✮ ❀
✺ s✇✐t❝❤ ✭ ♦♣❝✐♦♥ ✮ ④
✻ ❝❛s❡ ✶ s♣❛♥ ❃✿ ❜✉s❝❛r❉❛t♦s ✭✮ ❀ ❜r❡❛❦ ❀
✼ ❝❛s❡ ✷✿ ♠♦❞✐❢✐❝❛r❉❛t♦s ✭✮ ❀ ❜r❡❛❦ ❀
✽ ❝❛s❡ ✸✿ ❛♥❛❞✐r❉❛t♦s ✭✮ ❀ ❜r❡❛❦ ❀
✾ ✳✳✳

✾✳✸✳ P❛rá♠❡tr♦s ❞❡ ✉♥❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥

❊s ❢r❡❝✉❡♥t❡ tr❛♥s❢❡r✐r ❛ ❧❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ❝✐❡rt♦s ❞❛t♦s ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧❡s ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ tr❛❜❛❥❡✳ ❙✐ ❡s❝r✐❜✐♠♦s ❡♥
♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛ ♥ú♠❡r♦s r❡❛❧❡s ❝♦♥ ❢r❡❝✉❡♥❝✐❛✱ ❡s út✐❧ q✉❡ ❧♦s ♠✉❡str❡ ❝♦♥ ❡❧ ❢♦r♠❛t♦ r❡q✉❡r✐❞♦✳ ❊❥❡♠♣❧♦✿

✶ ❡s❝r✐❜❡◆✉♠❡r♦❘❡❛❧ ✭ ❢❧♦❛t ♥ ✮ ④
✷ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭ ✬✬ ✪✹✳✷ ❢ ✬✬✱ ♥ ✮❀
✸ ⑥

❨ ❡st❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ s❡ ✉s❛ ❞❡s❞❡ ❡❧ ❝✉❡r♣♦ ❞❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❛sí✿

✶ ❢❧♦❛t ① ❀
✷
✸ ✐♥t ♠❛✐♥ ✭✮ ④
✹ ①❂ ✺✳✶❀
✺ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭ ✬✬❊❧ ♣r✐♠❡r ♥✉♠❡r♦ r❡❛❧ ❡s ✿ ✬✬✮❀
✻ ❡s❝r✐❜❡◆✉♠❡r♦❘❡❛❧ ✭ ①✮❀
✼ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭ ✬✬ ② ♦tr♦ ❞✐st✐♥t♦ ❡s ✿ ✬✬✮❀
✽ ❡s❝r✐❜❡◆✉♠❡r♦❘❡❛❧ ✭✷✳✸✮ ❀
✾ ⑥

❊st♦s ❞❛t♦s ❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧❡s q✉❡ tr❛♥s❢❡r✐♠♦s ❛ ❧❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ s♦♥ ✑♣❛rá♠❡tr♦s✑✳ ❊♥ ❡❧ ❝ó❞✐❣♦✱ ✐♥❞✐❝❛♠♦s
❡❧ t✐♣♦ ② ❡❧ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ♣❛rá♠❡tr♦ ✭♣✉❡❞❡ ❤❛❜❡r ✈❛r✐♦s✮✳ ❙✐ ❤❛② ♠ás ❞❡ ✉♥ ♣❛rá♠❡tr♦✱
✐♥❞✐❝❛♠♦s ❡❧ t✐♣♦ ② ♥♦♠❜r❡ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♥♦ ❞❡ ❡❧❧♦s✿

✶ s✉♠❛r ✭ ✐♥t ① ✱ ✐♥t ② ✮ ④

✷ ✳✳✳
✸ ⑥

✶✶✸
✾✳✹✳ ❱❛❧♦r ❞❡✈✉❡❧t♦ ♣♦r ✉♥❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥

❚❛♠❜✐é♥ ❡s ❤❛❜✐t✉❛❧ q✉❡ ♥✉❡str❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ r❡❛❧✐❝❡ ✉♥❛ s❡r✐❡ ❞❡ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦s ② ✑❞❡✈✉❡❧✈❛✑ ✉♥ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦✱
♣❛r❛ ✉s❛r❧♦ ❡♥ ❝✉❛❧q✉✐❡r ♦tr❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❡ ♥✉❡str♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛✳ ❙✐ ❝r❡❛♠♦s ✉♥❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ♣❛r❛ ❡❧❡✈❛r ✉♥
♥ú♠❡r♦ ❡♥t❡r♦ ❛❧ ❝✉❛❞r❛❞♦✿

✶ ✐♥t ❝✉❛❞r❛❞♦ ✭ ✐♥t ♥ ✮ ④

✷ r❡t✉r♥ ♥✯ ♥❀
✸ ⑥
✹
✺ ✐♥t ♠❛✐♥ ✭✮ ④
✻ ✐♥t ♥✉♠❡r♦ ❀
✼ ✐♥t r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❀
✽
✾ ♥✉♠❡r♦ ❂ ✺❀
✶✵ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❂ ❝✉❛❞r❛❞♦ ✭ ♥✉♠❡r♦ ✮❀
✶✶ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭ ✬✬❊❧ ❝✉❛❞r❛❞♦ ❞❡❧ ♥✉♠❡r♦ ❡s ✪❞ ✬✬✱ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ✮❀
✶✷ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭ ✬✬ ② ❡❧ ❞❡ ✸ ❡s ✪❞ ✬✬✱ ❝✉❛❞r❛❞♦ ✭✸✮ ✮❀
✶✸
✶✹ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✶✺ ⑥
❆❤♦r❛✱ ❡s❝r✐❜✐♠♦s ✉♥❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ q✉❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❡ ❡❧ ♠❛②♦r ❞❡ ❞♦s ♥ú♠❡r♦s r❡❛❧❡s✿

✶ ❢❧♦❛t ♠❛②♦r ✭ ❢❧♦❛t ♥✶ ✱ ❢❧♦❛t ♥✷ ✮ ④

✷ ✐❢ ✭♥✶ ❃ ♥✷ ✮
✸ r❡t✉r♥ ♥✶ ❀
✹ ❡❧s❡
✺ r❡t✉r♥ ♥✷ ❀
✻ ⑥
❊st♦ t✐❡♥❡ ♠✉❝❤♦ q✉❡ ✈❡r ❝♦♥ ❡❧ ✑r❡t✉r♥ ✵✑ q✉❡ s✐❡♠♣r❡ ❡st❛♠♦s ✐♥❞✐❝❛♥❞♦ ❛❧ ✜♥❛❧ ❞❡ ✑♠❛✐♥✑✳

✾✳✹✳✶✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦s ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦s

✶✳ ❈r❡❛r ✉♥❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ q✉❡ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❡ ❡❧ ❝✉❜♦ ❞❡ ✉♥ ♥ú♠❡r♦ r❡❛❧ ✭✢♦❛t✮✳ ❊❧ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❡s ✉♥ ♥ú♠❡r♦
r❡❛❧✳ Pr♦❜❛r ❡st❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛r ❡❧ ❝✉❜♦ ❞❡ ✸✳✷ ② ❡❧ ❞❡ ✺✳

✷✳ ❈r❡❛r ✉♥❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ q✉❡ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❡ ❡❧ ♠❡♥♦r ❞❡ ❞♦s ♥ú♠❡r♦s ❡♥t❡r♦s✳ ❊❧ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❡s ♥ú♠❡r♦
❡♥t❡r♦✳

✸✳ ❈r❡❛r ✉♥❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ❧❧❛♠❛❞❛ ✑s✐❣♥♦✑✱ q✉❡ r❡❝✐❜❛ ✉♥ ♥ú♠❡r♦ r❡❛❧✱ ② ❞❡✈✉❡❧✈❛ ✉♥ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❡♥t❡r♦
❝♦♥ ❡❧ ✈❛❧♦r✿ ✲✶ s✐ ❡s ♥❡❣❛t✐✈♦✱ ✶ s✐ ❡s ♣♦s✐t✐✈♦ ♦ ✵ s✐ ❡s ❝❡r♦✳

✹✳ ❈r❡❛r ✉♥❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ q✉❡ ❞❡✈✉❡❧✈❛ ❧❛ ♣r✐♠❡r❛ ❧❡tr❛ ❞❡ ✉♥❛ ❝❛❞❡♥❛ ❞❡ t❡①t♦✳ Pr♦❜❛r ❡st❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥
♣❛r❛ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛r ❧❛ ♣r✐♠❡r❛ ❧❡tr❛ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❢r❛s❡ ✑❍♦❧❛✑✳

✺✳ ❈r❡❛r ✉♥❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ q✉❡ ❞❡✈✉❡❧✈❛ ❧❛ ú❧t✐♠❛ ❧❡tr❛ ❞❡ ✉♥❛ ❝❛❞❡♥❛ ❞❡ t❡①t♦✳ Pr♦❜❛r ❡st❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥
♣❛r❛ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛r ❧❛ ú❧t✐♠❛ ❧❡tr❛ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❢r❛s❡ ✑❍♦❧❛✑✳

✶✶✹
✾✳✺✳ ❊❧ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ r❡t♦r♥♦ ✈♦✐❞

❈✉❛♥❞♦ r❡q✉❡r✐♠♦s q✉❡ ✉♥❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ♥♦ ❞❡✈✉❡❧✈❛ ✉♥ ✈❛❧♦r✱ ❧♦ ❤❛❝❡♠♦s ✐♥❞✐❝❛♥❞♦ ❛❧ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣✐♦
q✉❡ ❡❧ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s ❡s void ✭♥✉❧♦✮✳ ▲❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ✑s❛❧✉❞❛r✑✱ q✉❡ ♠✉❡str❛ ✈❛r✐♦s t❡①t♦s ❡♥ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛✱
q✉❡❞❛ ❛sí✿

✶ ✈♦✐❞ s❛❧✉❞❛r ✭✮ ④
✷ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭ ✬✬ ❇✐❡♥✈❡♥✐❞♦ ❛❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❭ ♥ ✬✬✮❀
✸ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭ ✬✬ ❞❡ ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦ ❭♥ ✬✬✮❀
✹ ⑥
▼✉❝❤♦s ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦r❡s ✭♣r❡✈✐♦s ❛❧ ❡stá♥❞❛r ❈✾✾✮ ♣❡r♠✐t❡♥ q✉❡ ✉♥❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ s❡ ✐♥❞✐q✉❡ s✐♥ t✐♣♦
❞❡✈✉❡❧t♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❡♥ ❡❧ ♣r✐♠❡r ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦✱ ② ❡♥ ❡s❡ ❝❛s♦✱ ❡❧ ❧❡♥❣✉❛❥❡ ❈ ♥♦ s✉♣♦♥❡ ❞❡✈♦❧✈❡r ✉♥ ✈❛❧♦r✱
s✐♥♦ q✉❡ ❞❡✈✉❡❧✈❡ ✉♥ ✈❛❧♦r ❡♥t❡r♦ ✭✐♥t✮✿

✶ ♠❛✐♥ ✭✮ ④
✷ ✳✳✳
✸ ⑥
❆ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡❧ ❡stá♥❞❛r ❈✾✾✱ ❡s ♦❜❧✐❣❛t♦r✐♦ ✐♥❞✐❝❛r ❡❧ t✐♣♦ ❞❡✈✉❡❧t♦✱ ❛sí q✉❡ ✉s❛♠♦s ❡①♣❧í❝✐t❛♠❡♥t❡
✑ ✈♦✐❞✑✱ ♣❛r❛ ✉♥❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ q✉❡ ♥♦ ❞❡✈✉❡❧✈❡ ✉♥ ❞❛t♦✳ P♦r ❡s♦✱ ❧❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❤❛❜✐t✉❛❧ ❞❡ ❞❡❝❧❛r❛r ❡❧
❝✉❡r♣♦ ❞❡ ✉♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❡s✿

✶ ✐♥t ♠❛✐♥ ✭✮ ④
✷ ✳✳✳
✸ ⑥
❊s♦ q✉✐❡r❡ ❞❡❝✐r q✉❡ ✑♠❛✐♥✑ t❛♠❜✐é♥ ❞❡✈✉❡❧✈❡ ✉♥ ✈❛❧♦r✱ q✉❡ s❡ ❧❡❡ ❢✉❡r❛ ❞❡ ♥✉❡str♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛✳ ▲♦
❤❛❜✐t✉❛❧ ❡s ❞❡✈♦❧✈❡r ✵ s✐ t♦❞♦ ❤❛ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❞♦ ❝♦rr❡❝t❛♠❡♥t❡

✶ ✐♥t ♠❛✐♥ ✭✮ ④
✷ ✳✳✳
✸ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✹ ⑥
❖ ❞❡✈♦❧✈❡♠♦s ♦tr♦ ✈❛❧♦r s✐ ❤❛② ❛❧❣ú♥ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❡❧ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♠✐❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♥✉❡str♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛
✭♣♦r ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦✱ s✐ ♥♦ ❛❜r✐♠♦s ❛❧❣ú♥ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦✮✿

✶ ✐♥t ♠❛✐♥ ✭✮ ④
✷ ❋■▲❊ ✯ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ❀
✸ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ❂ ❢♦♣❡♥ ✭ ✬✬ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ✳ t①t ✬✬✱ ✬✬rt ✬✬✮❀
✹ ✐❢ ✭ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ❂❂ ◆❯▲▲ ✮ r❡t✉r♥ ✶❀
✺ ✳✳✳
✻ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✼ ⑥
❊st❡ ✈❛❧♦r s❡ ❝♦♠♣r✉❡❜❛ ❞❡s❞❡ ❡❧ s✐st❡♠❛ ♦♣❡r❛t✐✈♦✳

❊♥ ▼s❉♦s ② ❲✐♥❞♦✇s s❡ ❧❡❡ ❝♦♥ ✑ ■❋ ❊❘❘❖❘▲❊❱❊▲✑✱ ❛sí ■❋ ❊❘❘❖❘▲❊❱❊▲ ✶ ❊❈❍❖ ❍❛ ❤❛❜✐❞♦ ✉♥

❡rr♦r✳

◆♦t❛ ✶✿ ❊♥ ❧❛ ♠❛②♦rí❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦r❡s✱ ❡❧ ❝✉❡r♣♦ ❞❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ✭✑♠❛✐♥✑✮ ❞❡✈✉❡❧✈❡ ✉♥

❡♥t❡r♦ ✭✐♥t✮✳ ❆❧❣✉♥♦s ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡❝❧❛r❛♥ ✑♠❛✐♥✑ ❝♦♠♦ ✑✈♦✐❞✑ ♣❡r♦ ❧❛ ♠❛②♦rí❛✱ ♥♦✳

✶✶✺
 ◆♦t❛ ✷✿ ❊♥ ❛❧❣✉♥♦s ❧❡♥❣✉❛❥❡s ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❝✐ó♥ s❡ ❧❧❛♠❛ ✑♣r♦❝❡❞✐♠✐❡♥t♦s✑ ❛ ❧❛s ❢✉♥✲
❝✐♦♥❡s q✉❡ ♥♦ ❞❡✈✉❡❧✈❡♥ ✉♥ ✈❛❧♦r✱ ② s❡ r❡s❡r✈❛ ❡❧ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ✑❢✉♥❝✐ó♥✑ ♣❛r❛ ❧❛s q✉❡ sí ❞❛♥
✉♥ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦✳

✾✳✺✳✶✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦s ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦s

✶✳ ❈r❡❛r ✉♥❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ✑❡s❝r✐❜✐r●✉✐♦♥❡s✑ q✉❡ ♠✉❡str❡ ❡♥ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛ t❛♥t♦s ❣✉✐♦♥❡s ✭✑✲✑✮ ❝♦♠♦
✐♥❞✐q✉❡ ❡❧ ♣❛rá♠❡tr♦ ② ♥♦ ❞❡✈✉❡❧✈❛ ✈❛❧♦r✳

✷✳ ❈r❡❛r ✉♥❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ✑❞✐❜✉❥❛r❘❡❝t❛♥❣✉❧♦✑✱ q✉❡ r❡❝✐❜❛ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛rá♠❡tr♦s ❧❛ ❛♠♣❧✐t✉❞ ② ❛❧t✉r❛
❞❡ ✉♥ r❡❝tá♥❣✉❧♦ ② ❧♦ ♠✉❡str❡ ❡♥ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛✱ r❡❧❧❡♥♦ ❞❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r❡s ✑❆✑✳ P❛r❛ ❛♠♣❧✐t✉❞ ✹ ②
❛❧t✉r❛ ✷ ❡s✿

❆❆❆❆

❆❆❆❆

✸✳ ❈r❡❛r ✉♥❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ✑❜♦rr❛rP❛♥t❛❧❧❛✑ q✉❡ ❜♦rr❡ ❧❛ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛ ❞✐❜✉❥❛♥❞♦ ✷✺ ❧í♥❡❛s ❡♥ ❜❧❛♥❝♦✳ ◆♦
❞❡✈✉❡❧✈❡ ✈❛❧♦r✳

✹✳ ❈r❡❛r ✉♥❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ✑♠♦str❛rP❡r✐♠❙✉♣❡r❢ ✑ q✉❡ r❡❝✐❜❛ ✉♥ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛rá♠❡tr♦ ② ♠✉❡str❡
❡♥ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛ ❡❧ ♣❡rí♠❡tr♦ ② ❧❛ s✉♣❡r✜❝✐❡ ❞❡ ✉♥ ❝✉❛❞r❛❞♦✳

✺✳ ❈r❡❛r ✉♥❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ✑❡s❝r✐❜✐r❈❡♥tr❛❞♦✑ q✉❡ r❡❝✐❜❛ ✉♥ t❡①t♦ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛rá♠❡tr♦ ② ❧♦ ❡s❝r✐❜❛
❝❡♥tr❛❞♦ ❡♥ ❧❛ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❧í♥❡❛ ❞❡ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛ ✭s✉♣♦♥✐❡♥❞♦ ✽✵ ❝♦❧✉♠♥❛s ❡♥ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛✮✳ ❙✐ ❡❧ t❡①t♦
❡s ✑❍♦❧❛✑✱ q✉❡ t✐❡♥❡ ✹ ❧❡tr❛s✱ s❡ ❡s❝r✐❜❛♥ ✸✽ ❡s♣❛❝✐♦s ❛♥t❡s ❞❡ é❧✳

✾✳✻✳ ❱❛r✐❛❜❧❡s ❧♦❝❛❧❡s ② ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s ❣❧♦❜❛❧❡s

❍❡♠♦s ❞❡❝❧❛r❛❞♦ ❧❛s ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s ❛♥t❡s ❞❡ ✑♠❛✐♥✑✳ ❆❤♦r❛ ♥✉❡str♦s ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s t✐❡♥❡♥ ✈❛r✐❛s ✑❢✉♥✲
❝✐♦♥❡s✑✱ ❛sí q✉❡ s❡ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♥ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞✐st✐♥t❛ s❡❣ú♥ ❞♦♥❞❡ ❞❡❝❧❛r❡♠♦s ❧❛s ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s✳

▲❛s ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s q✉❡ s❡ ❞❡❝❧❛r❛r ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ✉♥❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥✱ só❧♦ ❡❧❧❛ ❧❛s ❝♦♥♦❝❡✱ ♥♦ s❡ ✉s❛♥ ❞❡s❞❡ ♦tr❛
❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ❞❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛✳ ❨ ❧❛s ❧❧❛♠❛♠♦s ✑✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s ❧♦❝❛❧❡s✑✳

P♦r ❡❧ ❝♦♥tr❛r✐♦✱ s✐ ❞❡❝❧❛r❛♠♦s ✉♥❛ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ ❛❧ ❝♦♠✐❡♥③♦ ❞❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛✱ ❢✉❡r❛ ❞❡ t♦❞♦s ❧❛s ✑❢✉♥❝✐♦✲
♥❡s✑ ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛✱ ❡s ✉♥❛ ✑✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ ❣❧♦❜❛❧✑✱ ❛ ❧❛ q✉❡ s❡ ❛❝❝❡❞❡ ❞❡s❞❡ ❝✉❛❧q✉✐❡r ♣❛rt❡ ❞❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛✳

❱❡❛♠♦s ✉♥ ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦✳ ❈r❡❛♠♦s ✉♥❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ q✉❡ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❡ ❧❛ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✉♥ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❡♥t❡r♦✱ ② ❡❧
❝✉❡r♣♦ ❞❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ q✉❡ ✉s❛ ❞✐❝❤❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥✳

▲❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉✐r ❡❧❡✈❛r ✉♥ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❛ ♦tr♦ ❡s ❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ♠✉❧t✐♣❧✐❝❛❝✐♦♥❡s✱ ❡s ❞❡❝✐r✿

✸ ❡❧❡✈❛❞♦ ❛ ✺ ❂ ✸ ✯ ✸ ✯ ✸ ✯ ✸ ✯ ✸
✭♠✉❧t✐♣❧✐❝❛♠♦s ✺ ✈❡❝❡s ❡❧ ✸ ♣♦r sí ♠✐s♠♦✮✳ ❊♥ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣✉❡❞❡♥ ♣❡❞✐r ✑✻ ❡❧❡✈❛❞♦ ❛ ✶✵✵✑
✭♥ú♠❡r♦s ❣r❛♥❞❡s✮✱ ✉s❛♠♦s ❧❛ ♦r❞❡♥ ✑❢♦r✑ ♣❛r❛ ♠✉❧t✐♣❧✐❝❛r t❛♥t❛s ✈❡❝❡s ❝♦♠♦ ❤❛❣❛ ❢❛❧t❛✿

✶ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ st❞✐♦ ✳❤ ❃
✷
✸ ✐♥t ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛ ✭ ✐♥t ❜❛s❡ ✱ ✐♥t ❡①♣♦♥❡♥t❡ ✮ ④
✹ ✐♥t t❡♠♣♦r❛❧ ❂ ✶❀ ✴✯ ❱❛❧♦r ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦ ✯✴
✺ ✐♥t ✐ ❀ ✴✯ P❛r❛ ❜✉❝❧❡s ✯✴
✻

✶✶✻
 ✼ ❢♦r ✭✐ ❂✶❀ ✐ ❁❂ ❡①♣♦♥❡♥t❡ ❀ ✐ ✰✰✮ ✴✯ ▼✉❧t✐♣❧✐❝♦ ✬✬♥ ✬✬ ✈❡❝❡s ✯✴
✽ t❡♠♣♦r❛❧ ✯❂ ❜❛s❡ ❀ ✴✯ ❨ ❝❛❧❝✉❧♦ ❡❧ ✈❛❧♦r t❡♠♣♦r❛❧
✯✴
✾ r❡t✉r♥ t❡♠♣♦r❛❧ ❀ ✴✯ ❚r❛s ❧❛s ♠✉❧t✐♣❧✐❝❛❝✐♦♥❡s ✱
✯✴
✶✵ ⑥ ✴✯ ♦❜t❡♥❣♦ ❡❧ ✈❛❧♦r q✉❡
❜✉s❝❛❜❛ ✯✴
✶✶
✶✷ ✐♥t ♠❛✐♥ ✭✮ ④
✶✸ ✐♥t ♥✉♠✶ ✱ ♥✉♠✷ ❀
✶✹
✶✺ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭ ✬✬ ■♥tr♦❞✉③❝❛ ❧❛ ❜❛s❡ ✿ ✬✬✮❀
✶✻ s❝❛♥❢ ✭ ✬✬ ✪❞ ✬✬✱ ✫ ♥✉♠✶ ✮❀
✶✼ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭ ✬✬ ■♥tr♦❞✉③❝❛ ❡❧ ❡①♣♦♥❡♥t❡ ✿ ✬✬✮❀
✶✽ s❝❛♥❢ ✭ ✬✬ ✪❞ ✬✬✱ ✫ ♥✉♠✷ ✮❀
✶✾ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭ ✬✬ ✪❞ ❡❧❡✈❛❞♦ ❛ ✪❞ ✈❛❧❡ ✪❞ ✬✬✱ ♥✉♠✶ ✱ ♥✉♠✷ ✱ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛ ✭ ♥✉♠✶ ✱
♥✉♠✷ ✮ ✮❀
✷✵
✷✶ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✷✷ ⑥
❊♥ ❡st❡ ❝❛s♦✱ ❧❛s ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s ✑✐✑ ② ✑t❡♠♣♦r❛❧✑ s♦♥ ❧♦❝❛❧❡s ❛ ❧❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ✑♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛✑✿ ♣❛r❛ ✑♠❛✐♥✑ ♥♦
❡①✐st❡♥✳ ❙✐ ❡♥ ✑♠❛✐♥✑ ❤❛❝❡♠♦s i = 5❀ ♦❜t❡♥❡♠♦s ✉♥ ♠❡♥s❛❥❡ ❞❡ ❡rr♦r✳

❉❡ ✐❣✉❛❧ ♠♦❞♦✱ ✑♥✉♠✶✑ ② ✑♥✉♠✷✑ s♦♥ ❧♦❝❛❧❡s ♣❛r❛ ✑♠❛✐♥✑✿ ❞❡s❞❡ ❧❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ✑♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛✑ ♥♦ ❛❝❝❡❞❡♠♦s
❛ s✉ ✈❛❧♦r ✭♥✐ ♣❛r❛ ❧❡❡r❧♦ ♦ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛r❧♦✮✱ só❧♦ ❞❡s❞❡ ✑♠❛✐♥✑✳

❊♥ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✱ ❡s r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛❜❧❡ q✉❡ ❧❛ ♠❛②♦r ❝❛♥t✐❞❛❞ ❞❡ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s ♣♦s✐❜❧❡ s❡❛♥ ❧♦❝❛❧❡s✳ ❍❛❝❡♠♦s q✉❡
❝❛❞❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ tr❛❜❛❥❡ ❝♦♥ s✉s ♣r♦♣✐♦s ❞❛t♦s✱ ② ❡✈✐t❛♠♦s q✉❡ ✉♥ ❡rr♦r ❡♥ ✉♥ s❡❣♠❡♥t♦
❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❛❢❡❝t❡ ❛❧ r❡st♦✳ ▲❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❝♦rr❡❝t❛ ❞❡ tr❛♥s❢❡r✐r ❞❛t♦s ❡♥tr❡ ❞✐st✐♥t♦s s❡❣♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡
♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❡s ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❧♦s ♣❛rá♠❡tr♦s ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥✳

✾✳✻✳✶✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦s ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦s

✶✳ ❈r❡❛r ✉♥❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ✑♣❡❞✐r❊♥t❡r♦✑✱ q✉❡ r❡❝✐❜❛ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛rá♠❡tr♦s ❡❧ t❡①t♦ ❛ ♠♦str❛r ❡♥ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛✱
❡❧ ✈❛❧♦r ❛❝❡♣t❛❜❧❡ ♠í♥✐♠♦ ② ❡❧ ✈❛❧♦r ♠á①✐♠♦✳ ❊❧ ✉s✉❛r✐♦ ✐♥tr♦❞✉③❝❡ ❡❧ ✈❛❧♦r t❛♥t❛s ✈❡❝❡s
❝♦♠♦ s❡❛ ♥❡❝❡s❛r✐♦✱ ✈♦❧✈❡r ❛ ♣❡❞✐r ❡♥ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ ❡rr♦r✱ ② ❞❡✈♦❧✈❡r ✉♥ ✈❛❧♦r ❝♦rr❡❝t♦✳ Pr♦❜❛r s✉
♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❝♦♥ ✉♥ ❛ñ♦ ❡♥tr❡ ✶✽✵✵ ② ✷✶✵✵✳

✷✳ ❈r❡❛r ✉♥❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ✑❡s❝r✐❜✐r❚❛❜❧❛▼✉❧t✐♣❧✐❝❛r✑✱ q✉❡ r❡❝✐❜❛ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛rá♠❡tr♦ ✉♥ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❡♥t❡r♦✱
② ♠✉❡str❡ ❧❛ t❛❜❧❛ ❞❡ ♠✉❧t✐♣❧✐❝❛r ❞❡ ❡s❡ ♥ú♠❡r♦✳

✸✳ ❈r❡❛r ✉♥❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ✑❡sPr✐♠♦✑✱ q✉❡ r❡❝✐❜❛ ✉♥ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ② ❞❡✈✉❡❧✈❛ ❡❧ ✈❛❧♦r ✶ s✐ ❡s ♣r✐♠♦ ♦ ✵ ❡♥
❝❛s♦ ❝♦♥tr❛r✐♦✳

✹✳ ❈r❡❛r ✉♥❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ q✉❡ r❡❝✐❜❛ ✉♥❛ ❝❛❞❡♥❛ ② ✉♥❛ ❧❡tr❛✱ ② ❞❡✈✉❡❧✈❛ ❧❛ ❝❛♥t✐❞❛❞ ❞❡ ✈❡❝❡s q✉❡
❞✐❝❤❛ ❧❡tr❛ ❛♣❛r❡❝❡ ❡♥ ❧❛ ❝❛❞❡♥❛✳ ❙✐ ❡s ✑❆♠❛♣♦❧❛✑ ② ❧❛ ❧❡tr❛ ❡s á✬✱ ❞❡❜❡ ❞❡✈♦❧✈❡r ✷ ✭❛♣❛r❡❝❡
✷ ✈❡❝❡s✮✳

✺✳ ❈r❡❛r ✉♥❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ q✉❡ r❡❝✐❜❛ ✉♥ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ② ❞❡✈✉❡❧✈❛ ❝♦♠♦ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❧❛ s✉♠❛ ❞❡ s✉s ❞í❣✐t♦s✳
❙✐ ❡❧ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❡s ✶✷✸ ❧❛ s✉♠❛ ❡s ✻✳

✶✶✼
 ✻✳ ❈r❡❛r ✉♥❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ q✉❡ r❡❝✐❜❛ ✉♥❛ ❧❡tr❛ ② ✉♥ ♥ú♠❡r♦✱ ② ♠✉❡str❡ ✉♥ ✑tr✐á♥❣✉❧♦✑ ❢♦r♠❛❞♦
♣♦r ❡s❛ ❧❡tr❛✱ q✉❡ t❡♥❣❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❛♠♣❧✐t✉❞ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ❧❛ q✉❡ s❡ ❤❛ ✐♥❞✐❝❛❞♦✳ ❙✐ ❧❛ ❧❡tr❛ ❡s ❩ ② ❧❛
❛♠♣❧✐t✉❞ ❡s ✹✱ ❞❡❜❡ ♠♦str❛r✿

❩❩❩❩

❩❩❩

❩❩

✾✳✼✳ ▲♦s ❝♦♥✢✐❝t♦s ❞❡ ♥♦♠❜r❡s ❡♥ ❧❛s ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s

➽◗✉é ♦❝✉rr❡ s✐ ✐♥❣r❡s❛♠♦s ❡❧ ♠✐s♠♦ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ♣❛r❛ ❞♦s ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s ❧♦❝❛❧❡s❄ ❱❡❛♠♦s ✉♥ ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦✿

✶ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ st❞✐♦ ✳❤ ❃
✷
✸ ✈♦✐❞ ❞✉♣❧✐❝❛ ✭ ✐♥t ♥✮ ④
✹ ♥ ❂ ♥ ✯ ✷❀
✺ ⑥
✻
✼ ✐♥t ♠❛✐♥ ✭✮ ④
✽ ✐♥t ♥ ❂ ✺❀
✾ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭ ✬✬♥ ✈❛❧❡ ✪❞❭ ♥ ✬✬✱ ♥ ✮❀
✶✵ ❞✉♣❧✐❝❛ ✭ ♥✮❀
✶✶ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭ ✬✬ ❆❤♦r❛ ♥ ✈❛❧❡ ✪❞ ❭♥ ✬✬✱ ♥ ✮❀
✶✷
✶✸ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✶✹ ⑥
❊❧ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❡st❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❡s✿

♥ ✈❛❧❡ ✺

❆❤♦r❛ ♥ ✈❛❧❡ ✺

➽P♦r q✉é❄ t❡♥❡♠♦s ✉♥❛ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ ❧♦❝❛❧ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ✑❞✉♣❧✐❝❛✑ ② ♦tr❛ ❡♥ ✑♠❛✐♥✑✳ ❊❧ q✉❡ ❧❛s ❞♦s t❡♥❣❛♥
❡❧ ♠✐s♠♦ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ♥♦ ❛❢❡❝t❛ ❛❧ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♠✐❡♥t♦ ❞❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛✱ s✐❣✉❡♥ s✐❡♥❞♦ ❞✐st✐♥t❛s✳ ❊❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛
s❡ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛ ❝♦♠♦ s✐ ✑❞✉♣❧✐❝❛✑ ❢✉❡r❛ ❛sí✿

✶ ✈♦✐❞ ❞✉♣❧✐❝❛ ✭ ✐♥t ①✮ ④

✷ ① ❂ ① ✯ ✷❀
✸ ⑥
❡s ❞❡❝✐r✱ ❝♦♠♦ s✐ ❛♠❜❛s t✉✈✐❡r❛♥ ♥♦♠❜r❡s ❞✐st✐♥t♦s✳ ➽❨ q✉é ♦❝✉rr❡ s✐ ✉♥❛ ❞❡ ❡❧❧❛s ❡s ✉♥❛ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡
❣❧♦❜❛❧❄ ▼♦❞✐✜q✉❡♠♦s ❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛✿

✶ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ st❞✐♦ ✳❤ ❃
✷
✸ ✐♥t ♥ ❂ ✺❀
✹
✺ ✈♦✐❞ ❞✉♣❧✐❝❛ ✭ ✐♥t ♥✮ ④
✻ ♥ ❂ ♥ ✯ ✷❀

✶✶✽
 ✼ ⑥
✽
✾ ✐♥t ♠❛✐♥ ✭✮ ④
✶✵ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭ ✬✬♥ ✈❛❧❡ ✪❞❭ ♥ ✬✬ ✱✴ s♣❛♥ ❃ ♥✮❀
✶✶ ❞✉♣❧✐❝❛ ✭♥✮❀
✶✷ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭ ✬✬ ❆❤♦r❛ ♥ ✈❛❧❡ ✪❞ ❭♥ ✬✬✱ ♥ ✮❀
✶✸
✶✹ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✶✺ ⑥
❊❧ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❡s ❡❧ ♠✐s♠♦✿ ❧❛ ❧í♥❡❛ ✈♦✐❞ ❞✉♣❧✐❝❛✭✐♥t ♥✮ ❤❛❝❡ q✉❡ ♥ s❡ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❡ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♥❛ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡
❧♦❝❛❧ ❡♥ ✑❞✉♣❧✐❝❛✑✱ ♣♦r ❧♦ q✉❡ ❧♦s ❝❛♠❜✐♦s r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦s ♥♦ ❛❢❡❝t❛♥ ❛ ❧❛ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ ❣❧♦❜❛❧✳

➽❨ s✐ q✉❡r❡♠♦s ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛r ✉♥ ❞❛t♦ ✐♥❞✐❝❛❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛rá♠❡tr♦❄ P♦r ❛❤♦r❛ só❧♦ s❛❜❡♠♦s ❤❛❝❡r❧♦
❞❡✈♦❧✈✐❡♥❞♦ ❡❧ ♥✉❡✈♦ ✈❛❧♦r ❝♦♥ ✑r❡t✉r♥✑✱ ❡❧ ú❧t✐♠♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ q✉❡❞❛ ❛sí✿

✶ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ st❞✐♦ ✳❤ ❃
✷
✸ ✐♥t ❞✉♣❧✐❝❛ ✭ ✐♥t ♥✮ ④
✹ r❡t✉r♥ ♥ ✯ ✷❀
✺ ⑥
✻
✼ ✐♥t ♠❛✐♥ ✭✮ ④
✽ ✐♥t ♥ ❂ ✺❀
✾ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭ ✬✬♥ ✈❛❧❡ ✪❞❭ ♥ ✬✬✱ ♥✮ ❀
✶✵ ♥ ❂ ❞✉♣❧✐❝❛ ✭♥ ✮❀
✶✶ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭ ✬✬ ❆❤♦r❛ ♥ ✈❛❧❡ ✪❞ ❭♥ ✬✬✱ ♥ ✮❀
✶✷
✶✸ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✶✹ ⑥

✾✳✽✳ ❊❧ ♦r❞❡♥ ✐♠♣♦rt❛

❊♥ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✱ ✉♥❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ❞❡❜❡ s❡r ❞❡❝❧❛r❛❞❛ ❛♥t❡s ❞❡ ✉s❛rs❡✳ ❊❧ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❢✉❡♥t❡ ❣❡♥❡r❛
✉♥ ❡rr♦r ❡♥ ♠✉❝❤♦s ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦r❡s✱ ♣♦rq✉❡ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ✑♠❛✐♥✑ ✐♥t❡♥t❛♠♦s ✉s❛r ✑❞✉♣❧✐❝❛✑✱ q✉❡ ♥♦ s❡
❤❛ ❞❡❝❧❛r❛❞♦ ❛♥t❡s✿

✶ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ st❞✐♦ ✳❤ ❃
✷
✸ ✐♥t ♠❛✐♥ ✭✮ ④
✹ ❢❧♦❛t ♥ ❂ ✺❀
✺ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭ ✬✬♥ ✈❛❧❡ ✪❢❭ ♥ ✬✬✱ ♥✮ ❀
✻ ♥ ❂ ❞✉♣❧✐❝❛ ✭♥ ✮❀
✼ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭ ✬✬ ❆❤♦r❛ ♥ ✈❛❧❡ ✪❢ ❭♥ ✬✬✱ ♥ ✮❀
✽
✾ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✶✵ ⑥
✶✶
✶✷ ❢❧♦❛t ❞✉♣❧✐❝❛ ✭ ❢❧♦❛t ♥✮ ④

✶✶✾
✶✸ r❡t✉r♥ ♥ ✯ ✷❀
✶✹ ⑥
▲❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ❡✈✐t❛r❧♦ ❡s ❝♦❧♦❝❛r ❧❛ ❞❡✜♥✐❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ❛♥t❡s ❞❡ ✉s❛r❧❛ ♦ ❜✐❡♥ ✐♥❝❧✉✐r s✉
✑♣r♦t♦t✐♣♦✑✱ ❧❛ ❝❛❜❡❝❡r❛ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ s✐♥ ❝ó❞✐❣♦✱ ❛sí✿

✶ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ st❞✐♦ ✳❤ ❃
✷
✸ ❢❧♦❛t ❞✉♣❧✐❝❛ ✭ ❢❧♦❛t ♥✮ ❀
✹
✺ ✐♥t ♠❛✐♥ ✭✮ ④
✻ ❢❧♦❛t ♥ ❂ ✺❀
✼ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭ ✬✬♥ ✈❛❧❡ ✪❢❭ ♥ ✬✬✱ ♥ ✮❀
✽ ♥ ❂ ❞✉♣❧✐❝❛ ✭♥ ✮❀
✾ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭ ✬✬ ❆❤♦r❛ ♥ ✈❛❧❡ ✪❢ ❭♥ ✬✬✱ ♥ ✮❀
✶✵
✶✶ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✶✷ ⑥
✶✸
✶✹ ❢❧♦❛t ❞✉♣❧✐❝❛ ✭ ❢❧♦❛t ♥✮ ④
✶✺ r❡t✉r♥ ♥ ✯ ✷❀
✶✻ ⑥
❙✐ ♥♦ ❞❡❝❧❛r❛♠♦s ❧❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ♥✐ s✉ ♣r♦t♦t✐♣♦ ❛♥t❡s ❞❡ ✑♠❛✐♥✑✱ ♠ás ❞❡ ✉♥ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦r ❛s✉♠❡ q✉❡ ❡s
✑✐♥t✑✱ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ q✉❡ ❡st❡ ♦tr♦ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❢✉❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛ ❝♦rr❡❝t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡♥ ❛❧❣✉♥♦s s✐st❡♠❛s✿

✶ ✐♥t ♠❛✐♥ ✭✮ ④
✷ ✐♥t ♥ ❂ ✺❀
✸ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭ ✬✬♥ ✈❛❧❡ ✪❞❭ ♥ ✬✬✱ ♥ ✮❀
✹ ♥ ❂ ❞✉♣❧✐❝❛ ✭♥ ✮❀
✺ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭ ✬✬ ❆❤♦r❛ ♥ ✈❛❧❡ ✪❞ ❭♥ ✬✬✱ ♥ ✮❀
✻ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✼ ⑥
✽
✾ ✐♥t ❞✉♣❧✐❝❛ ✭ ✐♥t ♥✮ ④
✶✵ r❡t✉r♥ ♥ ✯ ✷❀
✶✶ ⑥

✾✳✾✳ ❆❧❣✉♥❛s ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❡s út✐❧❡s

✾✳✾✳✶✳ ◆ú♠❡r♦s ❛❧❡❛t♦r✐♦s

❊♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s ❞❡ ❣❡st✐ó♥ ♦ ✉t✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s q✉❡ ❛❞♠✐♥✐str❛♥ ✉♥ s✐st❡♠❛✱ ♥♦ ❡s ❤❛❜✐t✉❛❧ q✉❡ ❧❛s ❝♦s❛s
♦❝✉rr❛♥ ❛❧ ❛③❛r✳ ❊♥tr❡ ❧♦s ❡❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❝✐ó♥ ♠ás ❝♦♠♣❧❡t♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❧♦s ✈✐❞❡♦✲❥✉❡❣♦s✱ ❡s
❝♦♥✈❡♥✐❡♥t❡ q✉❡ ❤❛②❛ ❛❧❣♦ ❞❡ ❛③❛r✱ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ✉♥❛ ♣❛rt✐❞❛ ♥♦ s❡❛ ❡①❛❝t❛♠❡♥t❡ ✐❣✉❛❧ ❛ ❧❛ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r✳

●❡♥❡r❛r ✑♥ú♠❡r♦s ❛❧❡❛t♦r✐♦s✑ ✭❛❧ ❛③❛r✮ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❈ ♥♦ ❡s ❞✐❢í❝✐❧✳ ❊♥ ❡❧ ❡stá♥❞❛r ❆◆❙■ ❈✱ ❡①✐st❡ ❧❛
❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ✑r❛♥❞✭✮✑✱ q✉❡ ❞❡✈✉❡❧✈❡ ✉♥ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❡♥t❡r♦ ❡♥tr❡ ✵ ② ❡❧ ✈❛❧♦r ♠ás ❛❧t♦ q✉❡ t❡♥❣❛ ✉♥ ♥ú♠❡r♦
❡♥t❡r♦ ❡♥ ♥✉❡str♦ s✐st❡♠❛✳ ●❡♥❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ✐♥t❡r❡s❛♥ ♥ú♠❡r♦s ♣❡q✉❡ñ♦s ✭❞❡❧ ✶ ❛❧ ✶✵✵✮✱ ♣♦r ❧♦ q✉❡
✑r❡❝♦rt❛r❡♠♦s✑ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❧❛ ♦♣❡r❛❝✐ó♥ ♠ó❞✉❧♦ ✭✑ ✪✑✱ ❡❧ r❡st♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❞✐✈✐s✐ó♥✮✳

✶✷✵
❱❡❛♠♦s ✉♥ ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦✿

✶ P❛r❛ ✉♥ ♥ú ♠❡r♦ ❞❡❧ ✵ ❛❧ ✾ ❤❛❝❡♠♦s ① ❂ r❛♥❞ ✭✮ ✪ ✶✵❀

✷ P❛r❛ ✉♥ ♥ú ♠❡r♦ ❞❡❧ ✵ ❛❧ ✷✾ ❤❛❝❡♠♦s ① ❂ r❛♥❞ ✭✮ ✪ ✸✵❀
✸ P❛r❛ ✉♥ ♥ú ♠❡r♦ ❞❡❧ ✶✵ ❛❧ ✷✾ ❤❛❝❡♠♦s ① ❂ r❛♥❞ ✭✮ ✪ ✷✵ ✰ ✶✵❀
✹ P❛r❛ ✉♥ ♥ú ♠❡r♦ ❞❡❧ ✶ ❛❧ ✶✵✵ ❤❛❝❡♠♦s ① ❂ r❛♥❞ ✭✮ ✪ ✶✵✵ ✰ ✶❀
✺ P❛r❛ ✉♥ ♥ú ♠❡r♦ ❞❡❧ ✺✵ ❛❧ ✻✵ ❤❛❝❡♠♦s ① ❂ r❛♥❞ ✭✮ ✪ ✶✶ ✰ ✺✵❀
✻ P❛r❛ ✉♥ ♥ú ♠❡r♦ ❞❡❧ ✶✵✶ ❛❧ ✶✾✾ ❤❛❝❡♠♦s ① ❂ r❛♥❞ ✭✮ ✪ ✶✵✵ ✰ ✶✵✶❀
P❡r♦ q✉❡❞❛ ✉♥ ❞❡t❛❧❧❡ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ❧♦s ♥ú♠❡r♦s ❛❧❡❛t♦r✐♦s ❣❡♥❡r❛❞♦s s❡❛♥ ✑r❛③♦♥❛❜❧❡s✑✿ ❧♦s ♥ú♠❡r♦s
q✉❡ ❣❡♥❡r❛ ✉♥ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r ♥♦ s♦♥ r❡❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛❧ ❛③❛r✱ s✐♥♦ ✑♣s❡✉❞♦✲❛❧❡❛t♦r✐♦s✑✱ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♥♦ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛❞♦
❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡❧ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡✳ P❛r❛ q✉❡ ❧❛ s❡r✐❡ ❞❡ ♥ú♠❡r♦s ❛❧ ❛③❛r ❣❡♥❡r❛❞❛ s❡❛ ❞✐st✐♥t❛ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③✱ ❡❧ ♣r✐♠❡r
♥ú♠❡r♦ ✭s❡♠✐❧❧❛✮ s❡ ❜❛s❛ ❡♥ ❡❧ r❡❧♦❥ ✐♥t❡r♥♦ ❞❡❧ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r✿ ❡s ✐♠♣♦s✐❜❧❡ q✉❡ ✉♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ s❡
♣♦♥❣❛ ❡♥ ♠❛r❝❤❛ ❞♦s ❞í❛s ❡①❛❝t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ❧❛ ♠✐s♠❛ ❤♦r❛ ✭✐♥❝❧✉②❡♥❞♦ ♠✐❧és✐♠❛s ❞❡ s❡❣✉♥❞♦✮✳

▲❛ ✑s❡♠✐❧❧❛✑ ❧❛ ✐♥❞✐❝❛♠♦s ❝♦♥ ✑sr❛♥❞✑✱ ② s✐ ✉s❛♠♦s ❡❧ r❡❧♦❥ ✐♥t❡r♥♦ ❞❡❧ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r✱ ❤❛❝❡♠♦s
sr❛♥❞✭t✐♠❡✭✵✮✮❀ ❛♥t❡s ❞❡ ❧❧❛♠❛r ❛ ✑r❛♥❞✭✮✑✳

P❛r❛ ✉s❛r ✑r❛♥❞✭✮✑ ② ✑sr❛♥❞✭✮✑✱ ✐♥❝❧✉✐♠♦s ✑st❞❧✐❜✑ ❛ ♥✉❡str❛ ❧✐st❛ ❞❡ ✑✐♥❝❧✉❞❡s✑✿

★✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁st❞❧✐❜✳❤❃
❙✐ q✉❡r❡♠♦s q✉❡ ❧❛ s❡♠✐❧❧❛ s❡ t♦♠❡ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡❧ r❡❧♦❥ ✐♥t❡r♥♦ ❞❡❧ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r✱ ✐♥❝❧✉✐♠♦s ✑t✐♠❡✑✿

★✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁t✐♠❡✳❤❃
❱❡❛♠♦s ✉♥ ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦✱ q✉❡ ♠✉❡str❡ ❡♥ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛ ✉♥ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❛❧ ❛③❛r ❡♥tr❡ ✶ ② ✶✵✿

✶ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ st❞✐♦ ✳❤ ❃
✷ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ st❞❧✐❜ ✳❤ ❃
✸ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ t✐♠❡ ✳❤ ❃
✹
✺ ✐♥t ♠❛✐♥ ✭✮ ④
✻ ✐♥t ♥ ❀
✼ sr❛♥❞ ✭ t✐♠❡ ✭✵✮ ✮❀
✽ ♥ ❂ r❛♥❞ ✭✮ ✪ ✶✵ ✰ ✶❀
✾ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭ ✬✬❯♥ ♥ú ♠❡r♦ ❡♥tr❡ ✶ ② ✶✵✿ ✪❞ ❭♥ ✬✬✱ ♥ ✮❀
✶✵
✶✶ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✶✷ ⑥

✾✳✾✳✷✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦s ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦s

✶✳ ❈r❡❛r ✉♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ q✉❡ ♠✉❡str❡ ✈❛r✐❛s ✈❡❝❡s ✑❍♦❧❛✑ ✭❡♥tr❡ ✺ ② ✶✵ ✈❡❝❡s✱ ❛❧ ❛③❛r✮✳

✷✳ ❈r❡❛r ✉♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ q✉❡ ❣❡♥❡r❡ ✉♥ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❛❧ ❛③❛r ❡♥tr❡ ✶ ② ✶✵✵✳ ❊❧ ✉s✉❛r✐♦ t✐❡♥❡ ✻ ♦♣♦rt✉✲
♥✐❞❛❞❡s ♣❛r❛ ❛❝❡rt❛r❧♦✳

✸✳ ❈r❡❛r ✉♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ q✉❡ ♠✉❡str❡ ✉♥ ✑❢♦♥❞♦ ❡str❡❧❧❛❞♦✑ ❡♥ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛✿ ♠✉❡str❛ ✷✹ ❧í♥❡❛s✱ ❝❛❞❛
✉♥❛ ❞❡ ❧❛s ❝✉❛❧❡s ❝♦♥t✐❡♥❡ ❡♥tr❡ ✶ ② ✼✽ ❡s♣❛❝✐♦s ✭❛❧ ❛③❛r✮ s❡❣✉✐❞♦s ♣♦r ✉♥ ❛st❡r✐s❝♦ ✭✑✯✑✮✳

✾✳✾✳✸✳ ❋✉♥❝✐♦♥❡s ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛s

❊♥ ❡❧ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ✑♠❛t❤✳❤✑ t❡♥❡♠♦s ❛❝❝❡s♦ ❛ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❡s ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛s ♣r❡❞❡✜♥✐❞❛s ❡♥ ❈✱ ❝♦♠♦✿

✶✷✶
 ❛❝♦s✭①✮ ❆r❝♦ ❝♦s❡♥♦
❛s✐♥✭①✮ ❆r❝♦ s❡♥♦
❛t❛♥✭①✮ ❆r❝♦ t❛♥❣❡♥t❡
❛t❛♥✷✭②✱①✮ ❆r❝♦ t❛♥❣❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ②✴① ✭♣♦r s✐ ① ♦ ② s♦♥ ✵✮
❝❡✐❧✭①✮ ❊❧ ✈❛❧♦r ❡♥t❡r♦ s✉♣❡r✐♦r ❛ ① ② ♠ás ❝❡r❝❛♥♦ ❛ é❧
❝♦s✭①✮ ❈♦s❡♥♦
❝♦s❤✭①✮ ❈♦s❡♥♦ ❤✐♣❡r❜ó❧✐❝♦
❡①♣✭①✮ ❊①♣♦♥❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❞❡ ① ✭❡ ❡❧❡✈❛❞♦ ❛ ①✮
❢❛❜s✭①✮ ❱❛❧♦r ❛❜s♦❧✉t♦
✢♦♦r✭①✮ ❊❧ ♠❛②♦r ✈❛❧♦r ❡♥t❡r♦ q✉❡ ❡s ♠❡♥♦r q✉❡ ①
❢♠♦❞✭①✱②✮ ❘❡st♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❞✐✈✐s✐ó♥ ①✴②
❧♦❣✭①✮ ▲♦❣❛r✐t♠♦ ♥❛t✉r❛❧ ✭♦ ♥❡♣❡r✐❛♥♦✮
❧♦❣✶✵✭①✮ ▲♦❣❛r✐t♠♦ ❡♥ ❜❛s❡ ✶✵
♣♦✇✭①✱②✮ ① ❡❧❡✈❛❞♦ ❛ ②
s✐♥✭①✮ ❙❡♥♦
s✐♥❤✭①✮ ❙❡♥♦ ❤✐♣❡r❜ó❧✐❝♦
sqrt✭①✮ ❘❛í③ ❝✉❛❞r❛❞❛
t❛♥✭①✮ ❚❛♥❣❡♥t❡
t❛♥❤✭①✮ ❚❛♥❣❡♥t❡ ❤✐♣❡r❜ó❧✐❝❛

✭t♦❞♦s ✉s❛♥ ♣❛rá♠❡tr♦s ❳ ❡ ❨ ❞❡ t✐♣♦ ✑❞♦✉❜❧❡✑✮ ② ✉♥❛ s❡r✐❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡s ❝♦♠♦✿

❊❧ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❡✱ ❝♦♥ ✉♥ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ ✷✳✼✶✽✷✽ ✳ ✳ ✳

❊❧ ♥ú♠❡r♦ π ❡s ✸✳✶✹✶✺✾✳ ✳ ✳

▲❛ ♠❛②♦rí❛ s♦♥ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦s ♣❛r❛ ❝✐❡rt♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦s✱ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡♥ ❧❛ tr✐❣♦♥♦♠❡trí❛

♦ ❛❧ ✉s❛r ❧♦❣❛r✐t♠♦s ♦ ❡①♣♦♥❡♥❝✐❛❧❡s✳ ❉❡st❛❝❛ ❡❧ ❤❡❝❤♦ q✉❡ r❡s✉❧t❛♥ út✐❧❡s ❡♥ s✐t✉❛❝✐♦♥❡s ✈❛r✐❛❞❛s✿

❈❛❧❝✉❧❛♠♦s ❧❛ r❛í③ ❝✉❛❞r❛❞❛ ❞❡ ✹ ❤❛❝✐❡♥❞♦ x = sqrt(4)❀

▲❛ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛✿ ♣❛r❛ ❡❧❡✈❛r ✷ ❛❧ ❝✉❜♦ ❤❛❝❡♠♦s y = pow(2, 3)❀
❊❧ ✈❛❧♦r ❛❜s♦❧✉t♦✿ ♣❛r❛ ♥ú♠❡r♦s ♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ✉s❛♠♦s n = f abs(x)❀

✾✳✾✳✹✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦s ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦s✿

✶✳ ❈r❡❛r ✉♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ q✉❡ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❡ ❝✉❛❧q✉✐❡r r❛í③ ❞❡ ✉♥ ♥ú♠❡r♦✳ ❊❧ ✉s✉❛r✐♦ ❞❡❜❡ ✐♥❞✐❝❛r ❡❧
♥ú♠❡r♦ ② ❡❧ í♥❞✐❝❡ ❞❡ ❧❛ r❛í③✳

✷✳ ❈r❡❛r ✉♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ q✉❡ r❡s✉❡❧✈❛ ❡❝✉❛❝✐♦♥❡s ❞❡ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❣r❛❞♦✱ ❛①✷ ✰ ❜① ✰ ❝ ❂ ✵ ❊❧ ✉s✉❛r✐♦

✐♥tr♦❞✉❝❡ ❧♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡ ❛✱ ❜ ② ❝✳

✸✳ ❈r❡❛r ✉♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ q✉❡ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❡ ❡❧ s❡♥♦ ❞❡ ❧♦s á♥❣✉❧♦s ❞❡ ✸✵✱ ✹✺✱ ✻✵ ② ✾✵ ❣r❛❞♦s✳ ▲❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥
✑s✐♥✑ ❡s♣❡r❛ ❡❧ á♥❣✉❧♦ ❡♥ r❛❞✐❛♥❡s✱ ♥♦ ❡♥ ❣r❛❞♦s✳ ❘❡❝♦r❞❛r q✉❡ ✶✽✵ ❣r❛❞♦s ❡s ❧♦ ♠✐s♠♦ q✉❡
P✐ r❛❞✐❛♥❡s ✭❝♦♥ P✐ ❂ ✸✱✶✹✶✺✾✷✻✺✸✺✮✳ ❈r❡❛r ✉♥❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ q✉❡ ❝♦♥✈✐❡rt❛ ❞❡ ❣r❛❞♦s ❛ r❛❞✐❛♥❡s✳

✾✳✶✵✳ ❚♦❞♦ s♦♥ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❡s ❡♥ ❈

❊♥ ❈ ❤❛② ♠✉❝❤❛s ♠ás ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❡s ❞❡ ❧♦ q✉❡ ♣❛r❡❝❡✳ ❚♦❞♦ ❧♦ q✉❡ ❧❧❛♠❛♠♦s ✑ór❞❡♥❡s✑✱ s♦♥
✑❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❡s✑✱ ② ❧❛ ♠❛②♦rí❛ ❞❡ ❡❧❧❛s ❞❡✈✉❡❧✈❡♥ ❛❧❣ú♥ ✈❛❧♦r✳

❍❛❣❛♠♦s ✉♥ r❡♣❛s♦ rá♣✐❞♦ ❛ ❧❛s ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❡s q✉❡ ❝♦♥♦❝❡♠♦s ② ❡❧ ✈❛❧♦r q✉❡ ❞❡✈✉❡❧✈❡♥✿

✶✷✷
❋✉♥❝✐ó♥❱❛❧♦r ❙✐❣♥✐✜❝❛❞♦
♠❛✐♥ ✐♥t Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ ❝♦rr❡❝t❛♠❡♥t❡ ✭✵✮ ♦
♥♦ ✭♦tr♦✮
♣r✐♥t❢ ◆ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡
❝❛r❛❝t❡r❡s
❡s❝r✐t♦s
s❝❛♥❢ ✐♥t ◆ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s ❧❡í❞♦s✱ ♦ ❊❖❋ s✐ ❤❛② ❡rr♦r
♣✉t❝❤❛r ✐♥t ❊❧ ❝❛rá❝t❡r ❡s❝r✐t♦✱ ♦ ❊❖❋ s✐ ❤❛② ❛❧❣ú♥
❡rr♦r
❣❡t❝❤❛r ✐♥t ❙✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❝❛rá❝t❡r ❞❡ ❧❛ ❡♥tr❛❞❛✱ ♦ ❊❖❋ ❡♥
❝❛s♦ ❞❡ ❡rr♦r
❣❡ts ❝❤❛r✯ ❈❛❞❡♥❛ s✐ t♦❞♦ ✈❛ ❜✐❡♥ ♦ ◆❯▲▲ s✐ ❤❛②
❡rr♦r
♣✉ts ✐♥t ❊❖❋ s✐ ❤❛② ❛❧❣ú♥ ❡rr♦r✱ ♦tr♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ✭✉♥
❡♥t❡r♦ ♣♦s✐t✐✈♦✮ s✐ ♥♦ ❧♦ ❤❛②
str❝♣②✱ ❝❤❛r✯ ❈❛❞❡♥❛ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❛s✐❣♥❛❝✐ó♥
str♥❝♣②
str❝❛t ❝❤❛r✯ ❈❛❞❡♥❛ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦
str❝♠♣ ✐♥t ✵ s✐ ❧❛s ❝❛❞❡♥❛s s♦♥ ✐❣✉❛❧❡s✱ ❁✵ s✐ ❧❛ ♣r✐✲
♠❡r❛ ❡s ♠❡♥♦r ♦ ❃✵ s✐ ❧❛ ♣r✐♠❡r❛ ❡s ♠❛②♦r
s♣r✐♥t❢ ✐♥t ◆ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r❡s ❡♥ ❧❛ ❝❛❞❡♥❛ ✭❡♥ ❛❧✲
❣✉♥❛ ✈❡rs✐ó♥✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❇❙❉✱ ❞❡✈✉❡❧✈❡ ❧❛ ❝❛✲
❞❡♥❛ ❝r❡❛❞❛✮
ss❝❛♥❢ ✐♥t ◆ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s ❧❡í❞♦s✱ ♦ ❊❖❋ s✐ ❤❛② ❡rr♦r
❢♦♣❡♥ ❋■▲❊✯ ◆❯▲▲ s✐ ❤❛② ❡rr♦r
❢❝❧♦s❡ ✐♥t ✵ s✐ t♦❞♦ ✈❛ ❜✐❡♥ ♦ ❊❖❋ s✐ ❤❛② ❡rr♦r
❢♣✉ts ✐♥t ❊❖❋ s✐ ❤❛② ❛❧❣ú♥ ❡rr♦r✱ ♦tr♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ✭♥♦
❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛❞♦✮ s✐ ♥♦ ❧♦ ❤❛②
❢❣❡ts ❝❤❛r✯ ◆❯▲▲ s✐ ❤❛② ❡rr♦r ♦ ✜♥ ❞❡ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦
❢❡♦❢ ✐♥t ✵ s✐ ♥♦ ❡s ✜♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦✱ ♦tr♦ ✈❛❧♦r s✐ ❧♦
❡s
❢♣r✐♥t❢ ✐♥t ◆ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❜②t❡s ❡s❝r✐t♦s ✭♣✉❡❞❡ ♥♦ s❡r ✜❛✲
❜❧❡ s✐ ❡stá ❡s❝r✐❜✐❡♥❞♦ ❛ ✉♥ ❜✉✛❡r ❛♥t❡s ❞❡
♠❛♥❞❛r ❛ ❞✐s❝♦✮✳
❢s❝❛♥❢ ✐♥t ◆ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s ❧❡í❞♦s✱ ♦ ❊❖❋ s✐ ❤❛② ❡rr♦r
❢❣❡t❝ ✐♥t ❊❧ ❝❛rá❝t❡r ❧❡í❞♦✱ ♦ ❊❖❋ s✐ ❤❛② ❛❧❣ú♥ ❡rr♦r
❢♣✉t❝ ✐♥t ❊❧ ❝❛rá❝t❡r ❡s❝r✐t♦✱ ♦ ❊❖❋ s✐ ❤❛② ❛❧❣ú♥
❡rr♦r
❢r❡❛❞ ✐♥t ◆ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❜②t❡s ❧❡í❞♦s ✭✵ ♦ ♠❡♥♦r ❞❡ ❧♦
♣r❡✈✐st♦ s✐ ❤❛② ❡rr♦r✮
❢✇r✐t❡ ✐♥t ◆ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❜②t❡s ❡s❝r✐t♦s ✭✵ ♦ ♠❡♥♦r ❞❡ ❧♦
♣r❡✈✐st♦ s✐ ❤❛② ❡rr♦r✮
❢s❡❡❦ ✐♥t ✵ s✐ s❡ ❤❛ s❛❧t❛❞♦ ❝♦rr❡❝t❛♠❡♥t❡❀ ♦tr♦ ✈❛❧♦r
s✐ ❡❧ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ♥♦ ❡stá ❛❜✐❡rt♦ ♦ ♥♦ ❤❛ ♣♦❞✐❞♦
s❛❧t❛r
❢t❡❧❧ ❧♦♥❣ ✭s✐✲ P♦s✐❝✐ó♥ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❡♥ ❡❧ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ✭❡♥ ❜②t❡s✮ ♦
③❡❴t✮ ✲✶▲ ❡♥ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ ❡rr♦r

✶✷✸
 ✭◆♦t❛✿ ❡①♣r❡s✐♦♥❡s ❝♦♠♦ ✑❋■▲❊✯✑ ②❛ ❧❛s ❝♦♥♦❝❡♠♦s✱ ❛✉♥q✉❡ ♥♦ ❡♥t❡♥❞❡♠♦s ❜✐❡♥ ❛ q✉é
s❡ r❡✜❡r❡♥✿ ♦tr❛s ❝♦♠♦ ✑❝❤❛r✯✑ s♦♥ ♥✉❡✈❛s ♣❛r❛ ♥♦s♦tr♦s✱ ♣❡r♦ ❧❛s ✈❡r❡♠♦s ❝♦♥ ❞❡t❛❧❧❡
❡♥ ❡❧ ♣ró①✐♠♦ t❡♠❛✮✳

P♦r ❡❧ ❝♦♥tr❛r✐♦✱ ❧❛s s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡s ✑ór❞❡♥❡s✑ ♥♦ s♦♥ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❡s✱ s✐♥♦ ✑♣❛❧❛❜r❛s r❡s❡r✈❛❞❛s✑
❞❡❧ ❧❡♥❣✉❛❥❡ ❈✿ ✐❢✱ ❡❧s❡✱ ❞♦✱ ✇❤✐❧❡✱ ❢♦r✱ s✇✐t❝❤✱ ❝❛s❡✱ ❞❡❢❛✉❧t✱ ❜r❡❛❦✱ ✐♥t✱ ❝❤❛r✱ ✢♦❛t✱
❞♦✉❜❧❡✱ str✉❝t✳

✾✳✶✵✳✶✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦s ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦s

✶✳ ❈r❡❛r ✉♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ q✉❡ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❡ ❧❛ r❛í③ ❝✉❛❞r❛❞❛ ❞❡ ✶✵ ② ❧❛ ❝❛♥t✐❞❛❞ ❞❡ ❝✐❢r❛s ♠♦str❛❞❛s ❡♥

♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛✳

✾✳✶✶✳ ❘❡❝✉rs✐✈✐❞❛❞

❯♥❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ r❡❝✉rs✐✈❛ ❡s ❛q✉❡❧❧❛ q✉❡ s❡ ❞❡✜♥❡ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ❡❧❧❛ ♠✐s♠❛✳ ❉❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ❧❛s ♠❛t❡♠á✲
t✐❝❛s t❡♥❡♠♦s ✈❛r✐♦s ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦s✳ ❯♥♦ ❝❧ás✐❝♦ ❡s ❡❧ ✑❢❛❝t♦r✐❛❧ ❞❡ ✉♥ ♥ú♠❡r♦✑✿

n! = n ∗ (n − 1) ∗ (n − 2) ∗ ...3 ∗ 2 ∗ 1 ✭✾✳✶✮

✭❡❧ ❢❛❝t♦r✐❛❧ ❞❡ ✹ ❡s 4 ∗ 3 ∗ 2 ∗ 1 = 24✮

❊❧ ❢❛❝t♦r✐❛❧ ❞❡ n−1 ❡s✿

(n − 1)! = (n − 1) ∗ (n − 2) ∗ (n − 3) ∗ ... ∗ 3 ∗ 2 ∗ 1 ✭✾✳✷✮

❊s❝r✐❜✐♠♦s ❡❧ ❢❛❝t♦r✐❛❧ ❞❡ ✉♥ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡❧ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ♥ú♠❡r♦✿

♥✦ ❂ ♥ ✯ ✭♥✲✶✮✦
❊st❛ ❡s ❧❛ ❞❡✜♥✐❝✐ó♥ r❡❝✉rs✐✈❛ ❞❡❧ ❢❛❝t♦r✐❛❧✳ ❊st♦✱ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❞♦✱ ❡s✿

✶ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ st❞✐♦ ✳❤ ❃
✷
✸ ❧♦♥❣ ❢❛❝t ✭ ✐♥t ♥✮ ④
✹ ✐❢ ✭♥ ❂❂✶✮ ✴✯ ❆s❡❣✉r❛♠♦s q✉❡ t❡r♠✐♥❡ ✯✴
✺ r❡t✉r♥ ✶❀
✻ r❡t✉r♥ ♥ ✯ ❢❛❝t ✭♥ ✲✶✮ ❀ ✴✯ ❙✐ ♥♦ ❡s ✶ ✱ s✐❣✉❡ ❧❛ r❡❝✉rs✐ ó♥ ✯✴
✼ ⑥
✽
✾ ✐♥t ♠❛✐♥ ✭✮ ④
✶✵ ✐♥t ♥✉♠ ❀
✶✶ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭ ✬✬ ■♥tr♦❞✉③❝❛ ✉♥ ♥ú ♠❡r♦ ❡♥t❡r♦ ✿ ✬✬✮❀
✶✷ s❝❛♥❢ ✭ ✬✬ ✪❞ ✬✬✱ ✫ ♥✉♠ ✮ ❀
✶✸ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭ ✬✬❙✉ ❢❛❝t♦r✐❛❧ ❡s ✿ ✪❧❞ ❭♥ ✬✬✱ ❢❛❝t ✭ ♥✉♠ ✮✮❀
✶✹
✶✺ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✶✻ ⑥
❉♦s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❝✐♦♥❡s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s✿

✶✷✹
 ❡s ■▼P❖❘❚❆◆❚❊ ❝♦♠♣r♦❜❛r q✉❡ ❧❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ t❡r♠✐♥❛✱ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ♥♦ q✉❡❞❡ ❞❛♥❞♦
✈✉❡❧t❛s t♦❞♦ ❡❧ t✐❡♠♣♦ ② ❞❡❥❡ ❡❧ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r ✑❝♦❧❣❛❞♦✑✳

▲♦s ❢❛❝t♦r✐❛❧❡s ❝r❡❝❡♥ rá♣✐❞❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛sí q✉❡ ♥♦ s♦♥ ❝♦♥✈✐❡♥t❡s ❧♦s ♥ú♠❡r♦s ❣r❛♥❞❡s✿ ❡❧ ❢❛❝✲
t♦r✐❛❧ ❞❡ ✶✻ ❡s 2,004,189,184✱ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ✶✼ ♦❜t❡♥❡♠♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❡rró♥❡♦s✱ s❡❣ú♥ s❡❛ ❡❧
t❛♠❛ñ♦ ❞❡ ❧♦s ♥ú♠❡r♦s ❡♥t❡r♦s ❡♥ ♥✉❡str♦ s✐st❡♠❛✳

➽◗✉é ✉t✐❧✐❞❛❞ t✐❡♥❡ ❡st♦❄ P✉❡s ♠ás ❞❡ ❧❛ q✉❡ ♣❛r❡❝❡✿ ♠✉❝❤♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❝♦♠♣❧✐❝❛❞♦s s❡ ❡①♣r❡s❛♥ ❛
♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ♦tr♦ ♠ás s❡♥❝✐❧❧♦✳ ❊♥ ♠✉❝❤♦s ❞❡ ❡s♦s ❝❛s♦s✱ ❡s❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ s❡ ❡①♣r❡s❛ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ r❡❝✉rs✐✈❛✳

✾✳✶✶✳✶✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦s ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦s

✶✳ ❈r❡❛r ✉♥❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ q✉❡ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❡ ❡❧ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ ❡❧❡✈❛r ✉♥ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❡♥t❡r♦ ❛ ♦tr♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❡♥t❡r♦
✭♣♦r ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦✱ ✺ ❡❧❡✈❛❞♦ ❛ 3 = 53 = 5 ∗ 5 ∗ 5 = 125✮✳ ❊st❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ s❡ ❝r❡❛r ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ r❡❝✉rs✐✈❛✳
✷✳ ❈♦♠♦ ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❛✱ ❝r❡❛r ✉♥❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ q✉❡ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❡ ❡❧ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ ❡❧❡✈❛r ✉♥ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❡♥t❡r♦ ❛ ♦tr♦
♥ú♠❡r♦ ❡♥t❡r♦ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ◆❖ r❡❝✉rs✐✈❛ ✭✑❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ✐t❡r❛t✐✈❛✑✮✱ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❧❛ ♦r❞❡♥ ✑❢♦r✑✳

✸✳ ❈r❡❛r ✉♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ q✉❡ ❡♠♣❧❡❡ r❡❝✉rs✐✈✐❞❛❞ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛r ✉♥ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ s❡r✐❡ ❋✐❜♦♥❛❝❝✐
✭❡♥ ❧❛ q✉❡ ❧♦s ❞♦s ♣r✐♠❡r♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ✈❛❧❡♥ ✶✱ ② ♣❛r❛ ❧♦s r❡st❛♥t❡s✱ ❝❛❞❛ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❡s ❧❛ s✉♠❛
❞❡ ❧♦s ❞♦s ❛♥t❡r✐♦r❡s✮✳

✹✳ ❈r❡❛r ✉♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ q✉❡ ✉s❡ r❡❝✉rs✐✈✐❞❛❞ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛r ❧❛ s✉♠❛ ❞❡ ❧♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ✉♥ ✈❡❝t♦r✳

✺✳ ❈r❡❛r ✉♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ q✉❡ ✉s❡ r❡❝✉rs✐✈✐❞❛❞ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛r ❡❧ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ♠❛②♦r ❞❡ ✉♥ ✈❡❝t♦r✳

✻✳ ❈r❡❛r ✉♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ q✉❡ ❡♠♣❧❡❡ r❡❝✉rs✐✈✐❞❛❞ ♣❛r❛ ❞❛r ❧❛ ✈✉❡❧t❛ ❛ ✉♥❛ ❝❛❞❡♥❛ ❞❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r❡s
✭❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ✑❍♦❧❛✑ ❞❡✈✉❡❧✈❡ ✑❛❧♦❍✑✮✳

✼✳ ❈r❡❛r✱ t❛♥t♦ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ r❡❝✉rs✐✈❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ✐t❡r❛t✐✈❛✱ ✉♥❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ q✉❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❡ s✐ ✉♥❛
❝❛❞❡♥❛ ❞❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r❡s ❡s s✐♠étr✐❝❛ ✭✉♥ ♣❛❧í♥❞r♦♠♦✮✳ P♦r ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦✱ ✑❉❆❇❆▲❊❆❘❘❖❩❆▲❆✲
❩❖❘❘❆❊▲❆❇❆❉✑ ❡s ✉♥ ♣❛❧í♥❞r♦♠♦✳

✽✳ ❈r❡❛r ✉♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ q✉❡ ❡♥❝✉❡♥tr❡ ❡❧ ♠á①✐♠♦ ❝♦♠ú♥ ❞✐✈✐s♦r ❞❡ ❞♦s ♥ú♠❡r♦s ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❡❧
❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❞❡ ❊✉❝❧✐❞❡s✿ ❉❛❞♦s ❞♦s ♥ú♠❡r♦s ❡♥t❡r♦s ♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ♠ ② ♥✱ t❛❧ q✉❡ m > n✱ ♣❛r❛
❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r s✉ ♠á①✐♠♦ ❝♦♠ú♥ ❞✐✈✐s♦r✱ ❡s ❞❡❝✐r✱ ❡❧ ♠❛②♦r ❡♥t❡r♦ ♣♦s✐t✐✈♦ q✉❡ ❞✐✈✐❞❡ ❛ ❛♠❜♦s✿
✲ ❉✐✈✐❞✐r ♠ ♣♦r ♥ ♣❛r❛ ♦❜t❡♥❡r ❡❧ r❡st♦ r ✭0 = r < n✮ ❀ ❙✐ r = 0✱ ❡❧ ▼❈❉ ❡s ♥✳❀ ❙✐ ♥♦✱ ❡❧
♠á①✐♠♦ ❝♦♠ú♥ ❞✐✈✐s♦r ❡s ▼❈❉✭♥✱r✮✳

✾✳✶✷✳ ❈ó♠♦ ✐♥t❡rr✉♠♣✐r ❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛

P❛r❛ ✐♥t❡rr✉♠♣✐r ✉♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❡♥ ✉♥ ♣✉♥t♦✱ ✉s❛♠♦s ❧❛ ♦r❞❡♥ ✑❡①✐t✑✳ ❙✉ ♠❛♥❡❥♦ ❤❛❜✐t✉❛❧ ❡s

❛❧❣♦ ❝♦♠♦✿ ❡①✐t✭✶✮❀

❊s ❞❡❝✐r✱ ❡♥tr❡ ♣❛ré♥t❡s✐s ✐♥❞✐❝❛♠♦s ✉♥ ❝ó❞✐❣♦✱ q✉❡ ♣♦r ❝♦♥✈❡♥✐♦ ❡s ✉♥ ✵ s✐ ♥♦ ❤❛② ❡rr♦r✱ ✉ ♦tr♦
❞✐st✐♥t♦ ❡♥ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ ❛❧❣ú♥ ❡rr♦r✱ ❛❧ ✐❣✉❛❧ q✉❡ ✈✐♠♦s ❝♦♥ ❡❧ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ r❡t♦r♥♦ ❞❡ ✑♠❛✐♥✑✳

P❛r❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r ✑❡①✐t✑✱ ✐♥❝❧✉✐♠♦s ★✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁st❞❧✐❜✳❤❃ ❡♥ ♥✉❡str❛ ❧✐st❛ ❞❡ ✑✐♥❝❧✉❞❡s✑✳

✭❆ú♥ ❛sí✱ ❛❧ ✐❣✉❛❧ q✉❡ ♦❝✉rr❡ ❝♦♥ ✑st❞✐♦✳❤✑✱ ❡♥ ❛❧❣✉♥♦s ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦r❡s ♥✉❡str♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛
❝♦rr❡❝t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛✉♥q✉❡ ♥♦ t❡♥❣❛ ❡st❛ ❧í♥❡❛✮✳

▲❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛ ❡♥tr❡ ✑❡①✐t✑ ② ✑r❡t✉r♥✑ ❡s q✉❡ ❧❛ ♣r✐♠❡r❛ ❝✐❡rr❛ ❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛✱ ❡♥ ❡❧ ♣✉♥t♦ ❞♦♥❞❡
s❡ ❡♥❝✉❡♥tr❛ ✑❡①✐t✑✱ ♠✐❡♥tr❛s q✉❡ ❧❛ s❡❣✉♥❞❛ s❛❧❡ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✭♣❡r♦ ♥♦ ✐♥t❡rr✉♠♣❡ ❛❧
♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❛ ♥♦ s❡r q✉❡ s❡❛ ✑♠❛✐♥✑✮✳

✶✷✺
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶✵

❉❡♣✉r❛♥❞♦ ❧♦s ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s

❆❧ t❡♥❡r ✉♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❛ s❡ ♣r❡t❡♥❞❡ q✉❡ ést❡ s❡❛ ❡✜❝❛③✱ ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ② q✉❡ s✉s
r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❝♦♥❝✉❡r❞❡♥ ❝♦♥ ❧❛ r❡❛❧✐❞❛❞ ❞❡❧ ❡♥t❡r♥♦✳

▲♦ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r✱ ❛ ✈❡❝❡s ♥♦ s❡ ❝✉♠♣❧❡✱ ❞❡❜✐❞♦ ❛ tr❡s ❡rr♦r❡s ♣♦r ❧♦s q✉❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ♥♦ tr❛❜❛❥❛ ❝♦rr❡❝✲
t❛♠❡♥t❡✳

❊❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ♥♦ t❡r♠✐♥❛✱ ❤❛② q✉❡ ✐♥t❡rr✉♠♣✐r❧♦✳

❘❡✈✐s❛♠♦s ❧❛s ❡str✉❝✉t✉r❛s r❡♣❡t✐t✐✈❛s ♣❛r❛ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛r q✉❡ ❧❛s ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s q✉❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛♥ ❞✐❝❤♦s
❝✐❝❧♦s✱ ❝❛♠❜✐❛♥ ♣❛r❛ t❡r♠✐♥❛r❧♦s✳

❊❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ t❡r♠✐♥❛✱ ♣❡r♦ ❧♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞✐✜❡r❡♥ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❧❛ r❡❛❧✐❞❛❞ ❞❡❧ ♥❡✲
❣♦❝✐♦✳

❘❡✈✐s❛♠♦s ❧♦s ❝❛❧❝✉❧♦s ❡♥ ❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❛ tr❛✈és ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣r✉❡❜❛ ❞❡ ❡s❝r✐t♦r✐♦✳

❊❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ t❡r♠✐♥❛✱ ♣❡r♦ ❧♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞✐✜❡r❡♥ ❧✐❣❡r❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❧❛ r❡❛❧✐❞❛❞ ❞❡❧ ♥❡❣♦❝✐♦✳

❘❡✈✐s❛♠♦s ❧♦s ❝❛❧❝✉❧♦s✱ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛r ❧❛s s✉♠❛ ❞❡ ❡rr♦r❡s✱ ❡♥ ❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❛ tr❛✈és ❞❡ ❧❛
♣r✉❡❜❛ ❞❡ ❡s❝r✐t♦r✐♦✳

✶✵✳✶✳ ❈♦♥❝❡♣t♦s ❜ás✐❝♦s

❚❡♥❡r ❡♥ ❝✉❡♥t❛ q✉❡ ❧♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s ❤❛❝❡♥ só❧♦ ❛q✉❡❧❧♦ q✉❡ ❧❡s ♦r❞❡♥❛♠♦s ❤❛❝❡r✿ s✐ ❧♦s
♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s ♥♦ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♥ ❡s ♣♦rq✉❡ ♥♦ ❡stá♥ ❜✐❡♥ ❞✐s❡ñ❛❞♦s ♦ ❝♦♠❡t✐♠♦s ❛❧❣ú♥ ❡rr♦r✱ ♥♦ ♣♦rq✉❡
❡❧ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦r ♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r ♥♦ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❡♥ ❝♦rr❡❝t❛♠❡♥t❡✳

❙✐ ❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ♥♦ t❡r♠✐♥❛ ✭✑❝✐❝❧♦ ✐♥✜♥✐t♦✬✮ ♦ ♠✉❡str❛ ❝❛❧❝✉❧♦s q✉❡ ♥♦ ❝♦✐♥❝✐❞❡♥ ❝♦♥ ❧❛ r❡❛❧✐❞❛❞ ♦
t❡r♠✐♥❛ ❛❜r✉♣t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡stá ♠❛❧♦✱ ♣♦r ❧♦ q✉❡ ❞❡❜❡♠♦s ❛♥❛❧✐③❛r ② ♣❡♥s❛r ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ♠✉❝❤♦ t✐❡♠♣♦
s♦❜r❡ s✉ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦❀ ❞❡❜❡♠♦s r❡✢❡①✐♦♥❛r ② ✈♦❧✈❡r ❛❧ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✳

❆ ✈❡❝❡s ❛❧❣✉♥❛s ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❡s ❞❡ ❜✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛s q✉❡ ✉s❛♠♦s ♣✉❡❞❡♥ t❡♥❡r ❜✉❣s✱ ♣❡r♦ ❡st♦ ❡s ✉♥❛ ❡①❝❡♣✲
❝✐ó♥✳

❈♦♠♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❞♦r❡s r❡❝♦♥♦❝❡♠♦s q✉❡ s❡ tr❛t❛ ❞❡ ♥✉❡str♦ ❡rr♦r✳

❯♥ ♠♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛r ❡rr♦r❡s ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❝✐ó♥ ❡s ❝♦♥✈❡rt✐r♥♦s ❡♥ ✉♥ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r ② ❡❥❡❝✉t❛r ❡❧

♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❡s❝r✐t♦✳ ❆ ❡st❡ ♣r♦❝❡s♦ s❡ ❧❧❛♠❛ ç♦rr✐❞❛ ❡♥ ❢rí♦ ♦ ♣r✉❡❜❛ ❞❡ ❡s❝r✐t♦r✐♦✧✳

❯♥❛ ✈❡③ ❞✐s❡ñ❛❞♦ ❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❡♥ ♣❛♣❡❧ ✭❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ✢✉❥♦ ♦ ♣s❡✉❞♦❝♦❞✐❣♦✮✱ ✐♥❝❧✉s♦ ✉♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛
②❛ ❡s❝r✐t♦ ❡♥ ✉♥ ❧❡♥❣✉❛❥❡✱ ❝♦♥ ❧á♣✐③ ② ♣❛♣❡❧ ❤❛❝❡♠♦s ♠❛♥✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❧♦ q✉❡ s❡ s✉♣♦♥❡ ❤❛❝❡ ❡❧ ♣r♦✲
❣r❛♠❛❀ ✐♥✈❡♥t❛♠♦s ❞❛t♦s ② ❤❛❝❡♠♦s ❧❛s ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❡s ❝♦♠♦ ❧♦ ❞✐s❡ñ❛st❡✱ ❞❡s♣✉és ✈❡r✐✜❝❛♠♦s q✉❡

✶✷✻
❧♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❝♦✐♥❝✐❞❛♥ ❝♦♥ ❧♦ q✉❡ ❞❡❜❡ r❡s✉❧t❛r✳

✶✵✳✷✳ Pr✉❡❜❛ ❞❡ ❡s❝r✐t♦r✐♦

❈♦♥s✐st❡ ❡♥ ❞❛r ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❛ ❧❛s ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛s ② s❡❣✉✐r ❡❧ ✢✉❥♦ ❞❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♠♣r♦❜❛r
s✐ t❡r♠✐♥❛ ❜✐❡♥ ② s✐ ❡❧ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❡s ❡❧ ❞❡s❡❛❞♦✳
❈♦♠♦ ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣r♦❜❛❝✐ó♥✿

◆♦ ✐♥❣r❡s❛r ✉♥❛ ❢❡❝❤❛ ❞❡ ♥❛❝✐♠✐❡♥t♦ q✉❡ s❡❛ ♠❛②♦r ❛ ❧❛ ❛❝t✉❛❧✳

◆♦ ✐♥❣r❡s❛r ✉♥ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ♥❡❣❛t✐✈♦ ❞♦♥❞❡ ❞❡❜❡r ✐r ✉♥♦ ♣♦s✐t✐✈♦ ♦ s✐♥ ❞❡❝✐♠❛❧❡s❀

◆♦ ✐♥❣r❡s❛r ✉♥ ✈❛❧♦r ♥✉♠ér✐❝♦ ❞♦♥❞❡ só❧♦ ❞❡❜❡ ✐r t❡①t♦❀

◆♦ ✐♥❣r❡s❛r ✉♥ ✈❛❧♦r ❢✉❡r❛ ❞❡❧ r❛♥❣♦ ❡st❛❜❧❡❝✐❞♦❀

❡t❝✳✱

❊♥ ❝❛s♦s ❞❡ ❡rr♦r✱ ❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡❜❡ ❡♥✈✐❛r ❛❧ ✉s✉❛r✐♦ ✉♥ ♠❡♥s❛❥❡ ✐♥❞✐❝❛♥❞♦ ❡st♦ ② ❧❛ ♦♣♦rt✉♥✐❞❛❞
❞❡ ❝♦rr❡❣✐r❧♦✳
❊♥ ❧♦s ❝❛s♦s ❡♥ q✉❡ ❞❡❜❛ ✐♥❣r❡s❛r ✉♥❛ ❝❧❛✈❡ ❞❡ ❛❝❝❡s♦✱ ♥♦ ♣❡r♠✐t✐r q✉❡ ❧❛ ✐♥❣r❡s❡ ♠ás ❞❡ ✶ ✈❡③✳
❙❡ s✉♣♦♥❡ q✉❡ ♥♦ ❡s ❧❛ ♣❡rs♦♥❛ ❛✉t♦r✐③❛❞❛ ② ❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ♥♦ s✐❣✉❡ ✧♣r♦❜❛♥❞♦ ❧♦ ❝❡rr❛♠♦s s✐♥
✷

♠ás✱ s✐♥ ♠❡♥s❛❥❡ ❞❡❧ ♣♦rq✉❡ t❡r♠✐♥♦✳

❯♥❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❤❛②❛ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❞♦ ❜✐❡♥ ❡♥ ❡❧ ♣❛♣❡❧✱ ❡♥t♦♥❝❡s ❝♦❞✐✜❝❛♠♦s ♦ ❡❥❡❝✉t❛♠♦s ❡❧
♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ s✐❣✉✐❡♥❞♦ ❡❧ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ✢✉❥♦✳
❊st❛ ♣r✉❡❜❛ ❡s ♣❛r❛ ♥♦ ♣❡r❞❡r t✐❡♠♣♦ ❡s❝r✐❜✐❡♥❞♦ ❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ② ❧✉❡❣♦ t❡♥❡r q✉❡ ❜✉s❝❛r ❉❖◆❉❊
❡stá ❡❧ ❡rr♦r ② ❝ó♠♦ ❝♦rr❡❣✐r❧♦✳
❚❛♠❜✐é♥ s✐r✈❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦♣t✐♠✐③❛r ✉♥ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ✈✐❡♥❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❧❧❡❣❛♠♦s ❛ ✉♥ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦
❝♦♥ ♠❡♥♦s ♣❛s♦s ✭♣r♦❝❡s♦ ❞❡ r❡✜♥❛♠✐❡♥t♦✮✳

■▼P❖❘❚❆◆❚❊✿ ♠✉❝❤❛s ✈❡❝❡s ❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ◆❯◆❈❆ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛ ❝♦rr❡❝t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❧❛ ♣r✐✲

♠❡r❛ ✈❡③✳ ❙■❊▼P❘❊ ❤❛❝❡♠♦s ❛❥✉st❡s ② ❝♦rr❡❝❝✐♦♥❡s✳ ❨ ❡s♦ ❡s ♣❛rt❡ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❣❛r❛♥tí❛
❝✉❛♥❞♦ ❞✐s❡ñ❛♠♦s ✉♥ s✐st❡♠❛ ❛ ♠❡❞✐❞❛✳

◆❖ ❖▲❱■❉❆❘ q✉❡ ❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡❜❡r s❡r ❧♦ ♠ás ✐♥t✉✐t✐✈♦ ♣♦s✐❜❧❡ ② t❡♥❡r✱ ❡♥ ❛❧❣✉♥♦s
❝❛s♦s✱ ♠❡♥s❛❥❡s ❞❡ ❛②✉❞❛ ❝✉❛♥❞♦ ♣r❡s✐♦♥❡ ❧❛ t❡❝❧❛ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❞❛ ✭❣❡♥❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❧❛ ❋✶
❝♦♠♦ ❝✉❛❧q✉✐❡r ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❝♦♠❡r❝✐❛❧✮✳ P❛r❛ s❛❧✐r ✉t✐❧✐③❛r ❧❛ t❡❝❧❛ ❊❙❈✳
❊st♦ ❡s ❧❛ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞ ❞❡❧ s✐st❡♠❛✳
▲❛ ✜❣✉r❛ ✶✵✳✶ ❡s ❧❛ ❝♦rr✐❞❛ ❡♥ ❢rí♦ ❞❡ ✉♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ q✉❡ s♦❧✐❝✐t❛ tr❡s ♥ú♠❡r♦s✱ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛
❝✉❛❧ ❡s ❡❧ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ♠❛②♦r✱ ❡❧ ♠❡♥♦r ② ❧❛ s✉♠❛ ❞❡ ❧♦s tr❡s ♥ú♠❡r♦s✳

✶✷✼
 ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✵✳✶✿

❙✐ ❡❧ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ◆❖ ❝♦✐♥❝✐❞❡ ♥♦ ♥♦s ❡♥❣❛ñ❡♠♦s✱ ❝♦♠❡t❡♠♦s ❡rr♦r❡s ❛❧ ❡❥❡❝✉t❛r ♣r♦✲
❣r❛♠❛s✱ ❝♦s❛ q✉❡ ♥♦ ❤❛❝❡ ❡❧ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r✳
❖tr♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❡s ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s ❝♦♥♦❝✐❞♦s ② ❡❥❡❝✉t❛r ❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛✱ ♣❛r❛ ❧❧❡❣❛r ❛ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❝♦♥♦❝✐✲
❞♦s✱ ♦ ❛❧ ♠❡♥♦s q✉❡ s❡ ♣✉❡❞❛♥ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛r✳ ❋r❡❝✉❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ s❡ ❞❡❞✉❝❡ ❞ó♥❞❡ ❡stá ❡❧ ❡rr♦r ❡♥ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥
❞❡ ❧♦s ❡rr♦r❡s ♦❜t❡♥✐❞♦s✳ ❊st❡ ♠ét♦❞♦ t❛♠♣♦❝♦ ❡s ❞❡♠❛s✐❛❞♦ út✐❧ ❝♦♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s q✉❡ ♠❛♥❡❥❡♥
♠✉❝❤❛s ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s ♦ ♣❛rá♠❡tr♦s✳
❖tr❛s ✈❡❝❡s✱ ✉s❛♠♦s ❧♦s ♠❡♥s❛❥❡s ❞❡ ❡rr♦r q✉❡ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛ ❡❧ s✐st❡♠❛✳
❖tr❛ ♦♣❝✐ó♥✱ ❝♦♥s✐st❡ ❡♥ ❞❡♣✉r❛r ❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ✉♥❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❝✐ó♥ ❝r❡❛❞❛ ❝♦♥ ❡st❡ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦✳
❉✐❝❤♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❡s ❡❧ ✧ ❞❡❜✉❣❣❡r ✳♦ ❞❡♣✉r❛❞♦r✱ q✉❡ s❡ ✐♥❝❧✉②❡ ❡♥ ❝❛s✐ t♦❞♦s ❧♦s ❡♥t♦r♥♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦✲
❣r❛♠❛❝✐ó♥✳
❯♥ ❞❡♣✉r❛❞♦r ❡s ✉♥❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❝✐ó♥ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦❧♦❝❛r ♣✉♥t♦s ❞❡ ♣❛r❛❞❛✱ ✐♥s♣❡❝❝✐♦♥❛r ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s ♦ ❡❥❡❝✉t❛r
✉♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ♣❛s♦ ❛ ♣❛s♦✱ ❝♦♥ ❡❧ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛r ❡rr♦r❡s✳
❉✉r❛♥t❡ ❡❧ ♣❡r✐♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❥❡✱ ♥♦ ❛❜✉s❛r ❞❡ ❧♦s ❞❡♣✉r❛❞♦r❡s✳ ❊s ♠❡❥♦r ❞❡♣✉r❛r ❧♦s ♣r♦❣r❛✲
♠❛s ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❧♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❛♥t❡r✐♦r❡s✱ ♦ ✐♥❝❧✉s♦✱ ❤❛❝❡r ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s s❡♥❝✐❧❧♦s✱ ♣♦❝❛s ✈❡❝❡s ❡s ♥❡❝❡s❛r✐♦
❞❡♣✉r❛r❧♦s✱ ② ❝❡♥tr❛r♥♦s ❡♥ ✉♥ ❞✐s❡ñ♦ ❝♦rr❡❝t♦✳
❙✐♥ ❡♠❜❛r❣♦✱ ❛ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ q✉❡ ❧♦s ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s s❡ ✈❛♥ ❝♦♠♣❧✐❝❛♥❞♦✱ ❡❧ ❞✐s❡ñ♦ ♣r❡s❡♥t❛ s✐t✉❛❝✐♦♥❡s ♥♦
♣r❡✈✐st❛s✳ ❉❡❜❡♠♦s ❡♥tr❡♥❛r ② ♣❡r❢❡❝❝✐♦♥❛r ❡❧ ❞✐s❡ñ♦ ② ✉♥ ❞❡♣✉r❛❞♦r ♣✉❡❞❡ ❛②✉❞❛r♥♦s ❛ ❝♦rr❡❣✐r
♥✉❡str♦s ❡rr♦r❡s ❞❡ ❞✐s❡ñ♦✳ ❈♦♥ ❡❧ t✐❡♠♣♦ ♥❡❝❡s✐t❛r❡♠♦s ♠❡♥♦s ✉♥ ❞❡♣✉r❛❞♦r ② ❝❛r❣❛r ♠❡♥♦s
✧♣❛r❝❤❡s ✳❛ ❧♦s ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s✳
❞❡❜✉❣✧✱ ♣♦rq✉❡
▲❛ ❞❡♣✉r❛❝✐ó♥ ❡s ❡❧ ❛♥á❧✐s✐s ❞❡ ✉♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡s❝✉❜r✐r ❢❛❧❧♦s✳ ❊♥ ✐♥❣❧és ❡s ✧
❡s♦s ❢❛❧❧♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❝✐ó♥ r❡❝✐❜❡♥ ❡❧ ♥♦♠❜r❡s ❞❡ ✧ ❜✉❣s ❜✐❝❤♦s
✧✭ ✮✳

✶✵✳✸✳ ❉❡♣✉r❛r ✉♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❡♥ ❈ ❝♦♥ ●❉❇

❈✉❛♥❞♦ s❡ tr❛❜❛❥❛ ❝♦♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s ❡s❝r✐t♦s ❡♥ ❡❧ ❧❡♥❣✉❛❥❡ ❈ ❡♥ s✐st❡♠❛s ▲✐♥✉①✱ ❡❧ ❞❡♣✉r❛❞♦r

❡s ✧❣❞❜✧✳

✶✷✽
●❉❇ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛ ✉♥❛ ✐♥t❡r❢❛③ ❡♥ ❧í♥❡❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♠❛♥❞♦✱ ❡❥❡❝✉t❛♥❞♦ ✉♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ♠✐❡♥tr❛s s❡ ♠❛♥✲
t✐❡♥❡ ✉♥ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧✳ ❙❡ ❛❥✉st❛♥ ♣✉♥t♦s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡rr✉♣❝✐ó♥ ❡♥ ❧❛ ❡❥❡❝✉❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ✉♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ②
s✉♣❡r✈✐s❛♥ ❧♦s ❝♦♥t❡♥✐❞♦s ❡♥ ♠❡♠♦r✐❛ ♦ ❧♦s r❡❣✐str♦s ❡♥ ❝✉❛❧q✉✐❡r ♣✉♥t♦ r❡q✉❡r✐❞♦✳
❊♥ ❡❧ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❡s❝r✐t♦ ❡♥ ❈✱ ❝✉②♦ ♣r♦♣ós✐t♦ ❡s s♦❧✐❝✐t❛r ✉♥ ♥♦♠❜r❡✱ ❧✉❡❣♦ ✐♠♣r✐♠✐r
✉♥ s❛❧✉❞♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❡❧ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ✐♥❣r❡s❛❞♦ ♣♦r ❡❧ ✉s✉❛r✐♦✳ ❙❡ ♣r♦❝❡❞❡ ❛ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛r ② ❡❥❡❝✉t❛r ❡❧
♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ♣❛r❛ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛r s✉ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♠✐❡♥t♦✳
✶ ★ ❝❛t ❤♦❧❛ ✳❝
✷ ★ ❣❝❝ ✲♦ ❤♦❧❛ ❤♦❧❛ ✳❝
✸ ★ ✳✴ ❤♦❧❛
P❛r❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛r ❧❛ ❞❡♣✉r❛❝✐ó♥✱ s❡ ❡❥❡❝✉t❛ ●❉❇ ❝♦♥ ❡❧ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ❞❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛✳
✶ ★ ❣❞❜ ❤♦❧❛
✷ ✭ ❣❞❜ ✮ r✉♥
■♥✐❝✐❛r ♥✉❡✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ●❉❇ ❝♦♥ ❡❧ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ❞❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛✱ ♣❡r♦ ❡st❛ ✈❡③✱ ❞❡✜♥✐r ✉♥❛ ✐♥t❡rr✉♣❝✐ó♥ ❡♥
❧❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ✧♠❛✐♥✧✱ ♣❛r❛ ✐♥t❡r❛❝t✉❛r ❝♦♥ ❡st❛✳
✶ ✭ ❣❞❜ ✮ ❜ ♠❛✐♥
✷ ✭ ❣❞❜ ✮ ♥
✸ ✭ ❣❞❜ ✮ ♥
❯t✐❧✐③❛r ❡❧ ❝♦♠❛♥❞♦ ï♥❢♦✧♣❛r❛ ♠♦str❛r ❡❧ ❡st❛❞♦ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❞❡ ❧♦s r❡❣✐str♦s✳
✶ ✭ ❣❞❜ ✮ ✐♥❢♦ ❜
✷ ✭ ❣❞❜ ✮ q✉✐t

✶✵✳✹✳ ❉❡s❡♥s❛♠❜❧❛r ❝♦♥ ●❉❇

P❛r❛ ❞❡s❡♥s❛♠❜❧❛r ❝♦♥ ●❉❇ s❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥ ❞♦s ❝♦♠❛♥❞♦s✳ ❊❧ ❝♦♠❛♥❞♦ ✧s❡t ❞✐s❛ss❡♠❜❧②✲✢❛✈♦rç♦♥♠✉t❛
❡♥tr❡ ❡❧ ❢♦r♠❛t♦ ■♥t❡❧ ✭◆❆❙▼✮ ② ❆❚✫❚✳ P♦r ❞❡❢❡❝t♦ ●❉❇ ✉t✐❧✐③❛ ❡❧ ❢♦r♠❛t♦ ❆t✫❚✳ ❊❧ s❡❣✉♥❞♦
❝♦♠❛♥❞♦ ✧❞✐s❛ss❡♠❜❧❡ ✭♥♦♠❜r❡ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥✮✧❞❡s❡♥s❛♠❜❧❛ ❧❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛✳ P❛r❛ ❞❡s❡♥s❛♠❜❧❛r✿
✶ ★ ❣❞❜ ❤♦❧❛
✷ ✭ ❣❞❜ ✮ ❞✐s❛ss❡♠❜❧❡ ♠❛✐♥
❖tr♦✿
✶ ✭ ❣❞❜ ✮ s❡t ❞✐s❛ss❡♠❜❧② ✲ ❢❧❛✈♦r ✐♥t❡❧
✷ ✭ ❣❞❜ ✮ ❞✐s❛ss❡♠❜❧❡ ♠❛✐♥
✸ ✭ ❣❞❜ ✮ q✉✐t

✶✵✳✺✳ ❋✉❡♥t❡s

❊♥ ❝♦♥tr❛st❡ ❝♦♥ ❧❛s ♦tr❛s ♦♣❝✐♦♥❡s✱ ❛❧ ♠❡♥♦s✱ ❤❛② tr❡s q✉❡ ❤❛❝❡♥ ❥✉st♦ ❧♦ q✉❡ ♥❡❝❡s✐t❛♠♦s✿
❝❧❡✇♥✱ ♣②❝❧❡✇♥ ② ✈✐♠❣❞❜✳
▲♦s tr❡s ♣r♦②❡❝t♦s ❡stá♥ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s✳ ✈✐♠❣❞❜ ❡s ✉♥ ♣❛r❝❤❡ ♣❛r❛ ✈✐♠ ② r❡q✉✐❡r❡ q✉❡ ✈✐♠ s❡❛
r❡❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦✳ ❝❧❡✇♥ ❡s ✉♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞✐❡♥t❡ q✉❡ s❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛ ❝♦♥ ✈✐♠ ❛ tr❛✈és ❞❡ ◆❡t❜❡❛♥s
✐♥t❡r❢❛③ ❞❡ s♦❝❦❡t✳ ❊st♦ r❡q✉✐❡r❡ ❞❡ ✈✐♠ ❛ s❡r ❝♦♥str✉✐❞♦ ❝♦♥ ❡❧ ✰♥❡t❜❡❛♥s ♦♣❝✐ó♥ ✭❡st❡ ❡s ❡❧ ❝❛s♦
❡♥ ❧❛s ú❧t✐♠❛s ❞✐str✐❜✉❝✐♦♥❡s ❞❡ ▲✐♥✉①✮✳

✶✷✾
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶✶

P✉♥t❡r♦s ② ❣❡st✐ó♥ ❞✐♥á♠✐❝❛ ❞❡

♠❡♠♦r✐❛
✶✶✳✶✳ ➽P♦r q✉é ✉s❛r ❡str✉❝t✉r❛s ❞✐♥á♠✐❝❛s❄

❍❛st❛ ❛❤♦r❛ tr❛❜❛❥❛♠♦s ❝♦♥ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s q✉❡ ❞❡❝❧❛r❛♠♦s ❛❧ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣✐♦ ❞❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛
❢✉♥❝✐ó♥✳ ❊st❛s ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s✱ q✉❡ r❡❝✐❜❡♥ ❡❧ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ❞❡ ❊❙❚➪❚■❈❆❙ ✱ t✐❡♥❡♥ ✉♥ t❛♠❛ñ♦ ❛s✐❣♥❛❞♦
❞❡s❞❡ ❡❧ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ❡♥ q✉❡ s❡ ❝r❡❛ ❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛✳

❊st❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s s♦♥ s❡♥❝✐❧❧❛s ❞❡ ✉s❛r ② rá♣✐❞❛s✳ Út✐❧❡s s✐ só❧♦ ♠❛♥❡❥❛♠♦s ❡str✉❝t✉r❛s ❞❡
❞❛t♦s q✉❡ ♥♦ ❝❛♠❜✐❡♥✱ ♣❡r♦ ♣♦❝♦ ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡s ❡♥ ❡str✉❝t✉r❛s ❝✉②♦ t❛♠❛ñ♦ ♥♦ s✐❡♠♣r❡ ❡s ❡❧ ♠✐s♠♦✳

❊♥ ✉♥❛ ❛❣❡♥❞❛ t❡♥❡♠♦s ✉♥❛ s❡r✐❡ ❞❡ ✜❝❤❛s✱ ❡ ✐r❡♠♦s ❛ñ❛❞✐❡♥❞♦ ♠ás✳ ❙✐ r❡s❡r✈❛♠♦s ❡s♣❛❝✐♦ ♣❛r❛
✶✵✱ ♥♦ ♣♦❡♠♦s ❛ñ❛❞✐r ❧❛ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ✶✶✱ ❡st❛♠♦s ❧✐♠✐t❛❞♦s ♣♦r ❡❧ ♠á①✐♠♦✳ ❯♥❛ s♦❧✉❝✐ó♥ ❡s tr❛❜❛❥❛r
s✐❡♠♣r❡ ❡♥ ❡❧ ❞✐s❝♦✿ ♥♦ ❤❛② ❧í♠✐t❡ ❡♥ ❝✉❛♥t♦ ❛ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ✜❝❤❛s✱ ♣❡r♦ ❡s ♠ás ❧❡♥t♦✳

▲♦ ✐❞❡❛❧ ❡s ❛♣r♦✈❡❝❤❛r ❧❛ ♠❡♠♦r✐❛ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜❧❡ ❡♥ ❡❧ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r✱ ♣❛r❛ ❣✉❛r❞❛r ❡♥ ❡❧❧❛ ❧❛s ✜❝❤❛s ♦
❛❧ ♠❡♥♦s ❛q✉❡❧❧❛s q✉❡ q✉❡♣❛♥ ❡♥ ♠❡♠♦r✐❛✳

❯♥❛ s♦❧✉❝✐ó♥ ✑tí♣✐❝❛✑ ✭♣❡r♦ ♠❛❧❛✮ ❡s s♦❜r❡❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛r✿ ♣r❡♣❛r❛r ✉♥❛ ❛❣❡♥❞❛ ❝♦♥t❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♥ ✶✵✵✵
✜❝❤❛s✱ ❛✉♥q✉❡ s✉♣♦♥❣❛♠♦s q✉❡ ♥♦ ✈❛♠♦s ❛ ♣❛s❛r ❞❡ ✷✵✵✳ ❊st♦ t✐❡♥❡ ✈❛r✐♦s ✐♥❝♦♥✈❡♥✐❡♥t❡s✿ s❡
❞❡s♣❡r❞✐❝✐❛ ♠❡♠♦r✐❛✱ ♦❜❧✐❣❛ ❛ ❝♦♥♦❝❡r ❜✐❡♥ ❧♦s ❞❛t♦s ❛ tr❛❜❛❥❛r✱ ♣✉❞✐❡♥❞♦ ✈❡rs❡ s♦❜r❡♣❛s❛❞♦✱ ❡t❝✳

▲❛ s♦❧✉❝✐ó♥ ❡s ❝r❡❛r ❡str✉❝t✉r❛s ❉■◆➪▼■❈❆❙✱ q✉❡ ✈❛♥ ❝r❡❝✐❡♥❞♦ ♦ ❞✐s♠✐♥✉②❡♥❞♦ s❡❣ú♥ ✐♥t❡r❡s❡s✳
❊st❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❡str✉❝t✉r❛s s♦♥✿

▲❛s ♣✐❧❛s✳ ❈♦♠♦ ✉♥❛ ♣✐❧❛ ❞❡ ❧✐❜r♦s✿ ✈❛♠♦s ❛♣✐❧❛♥❞♦ ❧✐❜r♦s ❡♥ ❧❛ ❝✐♠❛✱ ♦ t♦♠❛♥❞♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❝✐♠❛✳

▲❛s ❝♦❧❛s✳ ❈♦♠♦ ❡♥ ❡❧ ❜❛♥❝♦ ✭❡♥ t❡♦rí❛✮✿ ❧❛ ♣❡rs♦♥❛ ❧❧❡❣❛ ♣♦r ✉♥ s✐t✐♦ ✭❧❛ ❝♦❧❛✮ ② s❛❧❡ ♣♦r ❡❧
♦♣✉❡st♦ ✭❧❛ ❝❛❜❡③❛✮✳

▲❛s ❧✐st❛s✱ ❡♥ ❧❛s q✉❡ s❡ ❛❣r❡❣❛♥ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s✱ ❧♦s ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛♠♦s ♦ ❜♦rr❛♠♦s ❡♥ ❝✉❛❧q✉✐❡r ♣♦s✐❝✐ó♥✳

▲♦s ár❜♦❧❡s✱ ❞♦♥❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ♣✉❡❞❡ t❡♥❡r ✈❛r✐♦s s✉❝❡s♦r❡s✱ ❡t❝✳

❊st❛s ❡str✉❝t✉r❛s t✐❡♥❡♥ ❡♥ ❝♦♠ú♥ q✉❡✱ s✐ s❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛♥ ❜✐❡♥✱ ♣✉❡❞❡♥ ✐r ❝r❡❝✐❡♥❞♦ ♦ ❞❡❝r❡❝✐❡♥❞♦
s❡❣ú♥ ❤❛❣❛ ❢❛❧t❛✱ ❛❧ ❝♦♥tr❛r✐♦ ❡♥ ✉♥ ❛rr❡❣❧♦ q✉❡ t✐❡♥❡ ✉♥ t❛♠❛ñ♦ ♣r❡✜❥❛❞♦✳

❊♥ t♦❞❛s ❡❧❧❛s✱ ❧♦ q✉❡ ❤❛❝❡♠♦s ❡s r❡s❡r✈❛r ✉♥ ♣♦❝♦ ❞❡ ♠❡♠♦r✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ♥✉❡✈♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦✱ ② ❧♦
❡♥❧❛③❛♠♦s ❛ ❧♦s q✉❡ t❡♥❡♠♦s✳ ❈✉❛♥❞♦ q✉❡r❛♠♦s ❜♦rr❛r ✉♥ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦✱ ❡♥❧❛③❛♠♦s ❡❧ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r ❛ é❧
❝♦♥ ❡❧ ♣♦st❡r✐♦r ❛ é❧ ✭♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ♥♦ ✑s❡ r♦♠♣❛✑ ❧❛ ❡str✉❝t✉r❛✮ ② ❧✐❜❡r❛♠♦s ❧❛ ♠❡♠♦r✐❛ ♦❝✉♣❛❞❛✳

✶✸✵
✶✶✳✷✳ ➽◗✉é s♦♥ ❧♦s ♣✉♥t❡r♦s❄

❯♥ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ ❡s ✉♥❛ ❞✐r❡❝❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ♠❡♠♦r✐❛✳ ▲♦ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ❡s q✉❡ t✐❡♥❡ ✉♥ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s ❛s♦❝✐❛❞♦✿
✉♥ ✑♣✉♥t❡r♦ ❛ ❡♥t❡r♦✑ q✉❡ ❡s ✉♥❛ ❞✐r❡❝❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ♠❡♠♦r✐❛ ❡♥ ❧❛ q✉❡ ❛❧♠❛❝❡♥❛♠♦s ✉♥ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❡♥t❡r♦✳

❱❡❛♠♦s q✉é sí♠❜♦❧♦ ✉s❛♠♦s ❡♥ ❈ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡s✐❣♥❛r ❧♦s ♣✉♥t❡r♦s✿

✶ ✐♥t ♥✉♠ ❀ ✴✯ ✬✬ ♥✉♠ ✬✬ ❡s ✉♥ ♥ ú ♠❡r♦ ❡♥t❡r♦ ✯✴

✷ ✐♥t ✯ ♣♦s ❀ ✴✯ ✬✬ ♣♦s ✬✬ ❡s ✉♥ ✬✬ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ ❛ ❡♥t❡r♦ ✬✬ ✭ ❞✐r❡❝❝✐ ó♥ ❞❡
✸ ♠❡♠♦r✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❣✉❛r❞❛r ✉♥ ❡♥t❡r♦ ✮ ✯✴
❊s ❞❡❝✐r✱ ♣♦♥❡♠♦s ✉♥ ❛st❡r✐s❝♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❡❧ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❞❛t♦ ② ❡❧ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ❞❡ ❧❛ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡✳ ❚❛♠❜✐é♥ ❡s
❝♦rr❡❝t♦ ❡s❝r✐❜✐r✿

✐♥t✯ ♣♦s❀
❊st❛ ♥♦♠❡♥❝❧❛t✉r❛ ②❛ ❧❛ ❤❛❜✐❛♠♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ s✐♥ s❛❜❡r q✉❡ ❡r❛ ❡s♦ ❞❡ ❧♦s ♣✉♥t❡r♦s✳ ❈✉❛♥❞♦ ❛❝❝❡✲
❞❡♠♦s ❛ ✉♥ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦✱ ❡s❝r✐❜✐♠♦s✿ ❋■▲❊✯ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦❀
❆♥t❡s ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛r ❡♥ ❞❡t❛❧❧❡s✱ ② ❡st❛❜❧❡❝❡r ❧❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛ ❡♥tr❡ ✑❛rr❡❣❧♦s✑ ♦ ♣✉♥t❡r♦s✱ ❡s❝r✐❜✐♠♦s ❞♦s
♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s q✉❡ ♣✐❞❛♥ ✈❛r✐♦s ♥ú♠❡r♦s ❡♥t❡r♦s ❛❧ ✉s✉❛r✐♦ ② ♠✉❡str❡♥ s✉ s✉♠❛✳ ❊❧ ♣r✐♠❡r♦ ❡♠♣❧❡❛
✉♥ ✑❛rr❡❣❧♦✑ ② ❡❧ s❡❣✉♥❞♦✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛ ♠❡♠♦r✐❛ q✉❡ r❡s❡r✈❛r❡♠♦s ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❡❧ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♠✐❡♥t♦ ❞❡❧ ♣r♦✲
❣r❛♠❛✳

❊❧ ♣r✐♠❡r ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❡s✿

✶ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ st❞✐♦ ✳❤ ❃
✷
✸ ✐♥t ♠❛✐♥ ✭✮ ④
✹ ✐♥t ❞❛t♦s ❬✶✵✵❪❀ ✴✯ Pr❡♣❛r❛♠♦s ❡s♣❛❝✐♦ ♣❛r❛ ✶✵✵ ♥✉♠❡r♦s ✯✴
✺ ✐♥t ❝✉❛♥t♦s ❀ ✴✯ Pr❡❣✉♥t❛r❡♠♦s ❝✉❛♥t♦s ❞❡s❡❛ ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝✐r ✯✴
✻ ✐♥t ✐ ❀ ✴✯ P❛r❛ ❜✉❝❧❡s ✯✴
✼ ❧♦♥❣ s✉♠❛ ❂✵❀ ✴✯ ▲❛ s✉♠❛ ✱ ❝❧❛r♦ ✯✴
✽
✾ ❞♦ ④
✶✵ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❈✉❛♥t♦s ♥✉♠❡r♦s ❞❡s❡❛ s✉♠❛r ❄ ✧✮ ❀
✶✶ s❝❛♥❢ ✭✧ ✪❞✧ ✱ ✫ ❝✉❛♥t♦s ✮❀
✶✷ ✐❢ ✭ ❝✉❛♥t♦s ❃✶✵✵✮ ✴✯ ❙♦❧♦ ✶✵✵ ♦ ♠❡♥♦s ✯✴
✶✸ ♣r✐♥t❢ ★✹✵❀ ✧ ❉❡♠❛s✐❛❞♦s ✳ ❙♦❧♦ ✶✵✵✳ ✧✮ ❀
✶✹ ⑥ ✇❤✐❧❡ ✭ ❝✉❛♥t♦s ❃✶✵✵✮ ❀ ✴✯ ❙✐ s♦♥ ❞❡♠❛s✐❛❞♦s ✱ ♥♦ ❧❡ ❞❡❥❛♠♦s ✯✴
✶✺
✶✻ ✴✯ P❡❞✐♠♦s ② ❛❧♠❛❝❡♥❛♠♦s ❧♦s ❞❛t♦s ✯✴
✶✼ ❢♦r ✭ ✐ ❂✵❀ ✐ ❁ ❝✉❛♥t♦s ❀ ✐ ✰✰✮ ④
✶✽ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ■♥tr♦❞✉③❝❛ ❡❧ ❞❛t♦ ♥ú ♠❡r♦ ✪❞ ✿ ✧ ✱ ✐ ✰✶✮ ❀
✶✾ s❝❛♥❢ ✭✧ ✪❞✧ ✱ ✫ ❞❛t♦s ❬✐ ❪✮ ❀
✷✵ ⑥
✷✶
✷✷ ✴✯ ❈❛❧❝✉❧❛♠♦s ❧❛ s✉♠❛ ✯✴
✷✸ ❢♦r ✭ ✐ ❂✵❀ ✐ ❁ ❝✉❛♥t♦s ❀ ✐ ✰✰✮
✷✹ s✉♠❛ ✰❂ ❞❛t♦s ❬✐ ❪❀
✷✺
✷✻ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❙✉ s✉♠❛ ❡s ✿ ✪❧❞ ❭♥✧ ✱ s✉♠❛ ✮❀
✷✼

✶✸✶
✷✽ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✷✾ ⑥
❙✐ só❧♦ r❡q✉❡r✐♠♦s ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛r ❧❛ s✉♠❛✱ ❧♦ ❤❛❝❡♠♦s ❛ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ q✉❡ ✐♥❣r❡s❛ ❝❛❞❛ ❞❛t♦✱ ♥♦ ♥❡❝❡s✐t❛✲
♠♦s ❛❧♠❛❝❡♥❛r❧♦s✳ ❙✉♣♦♥❣❛ q✉❡ r❡q✉✐❡r❡ ❣✉❛r❞❛r❧♦s ✭s✐ ❧♦s ❝á❧❝✉❧♦s s♦♥ ❝♦♠♣❧✐❝❛❞♦s✮✳ ❊♥t♦♥❝❡s✱
♥♦t❛♠♦s q✉❡ ❧♦ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ❤❛st❛ ❛❤♦r❛ ♥♦ ❡s ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡✿
❙✐ r❡q✉✐❡r♦ s✉♠❛r ✶✵✵✵✱ ✺✵✵ ♦ ✶✵✶ ❞❛t♦s✱ ♥♦ ♣✉❡❞♦✳ ◆✉❡str♦ ❧í♠✐t❡ ❡s ❞❡ ✶✵✵✱ ♥♦ ♣♦❞❡♠♦s
tr❛❜❛❥❛r ❝♦♥ ♠ás ❞❛t♦s✳
❙✐ só❧♦ r❡q✉✐❡r♦ s✉♠❛r ✸ ♥ú♠❡r♦s✱ ❞❡s♣❡r❞✐❝✐♦ ❡❧ ❡s♣❛❝✐♦ ❞❡ ✾✼ ❞❛t♦s q✉❡ ♥♦ ✉s♦✳ ❨ ❡❧
♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ s✐❣✉❡✿ s✐ ❡♥ ✈❡③ ❞❡ ✶✵✵ ♥ú♠❡r♦s✱ r❡s❡r✈❛♠♦s ❡s♣❛❝✐♦ ♣❛r❛ ✺✵✵✵✱ ❡s ♠ás ❞✐❢í❝✐❧ q✉❡
q✉❡❞❡♠♦s ❝♦rt♦s ♣❡r♦ ❞❡s♣❡r❞✐❝✐❛♠♦s ♠❡♠♦r✐❛✳
▲❛ s♦❧✉❝✐ó♥ ❡s r❡s❡r✈❛r ❡❧ ❡s♣❛❝✐♦ ❡str✐❝t❛♠❡♥t❡ ♥❡❝❡s❛r✐♦ ② ❧♦ ❤❛❝❡♠♦s ❛sí✿
✶ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ st❞✐♦ ✳❤ ❃
✷ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ st❞❧✐❜ ✳❤ ❃
✸
✹ ✐♥t ♠❛✐♥ ✭✮ ④
✺ ✐♥t ✯ ❞❛t♦s ❀ ✴✯ ◆❡❝❡s✐t❛r❡♠♦s ❡s♣❛❝✐♦ ♣❛r❛ ✈❛r✐♦s ♥✉♠❡r♦s
✯✴
✻ ✐♥t ❝✉❛♥t♦s ❀ ✴✯ Pr❡❣✉♥t❛r❡♠♦s ❝✉❛♥t♦s ❞❡s❡❛ ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝✐r ✯✴
✼ ✐♥t ✐ ❀ ✴✯ P❛r❛ ❜✉❝❧❡s ✯✴
✽ ❧♦♥❣ s✉♠❛ ❂✵❀ ✴✯ ▲❛ s✉♠❛ ✱ ❝❧❛r♦ ✯✴
✾ ❞♦ ④
✶✵ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❈✉❛♥t♦s ♥✉♠❡r♦s ❞❡s❡❛ s✉♠❛r ❄ ✧✮ ❀
✶✶ s❝❛♥❢ ✭✧ ✪❞✧ ✱ ✫ ❝✉❛♥t♦s ✮❀
✶✷ ❞❛t♦s ❂ ✭ ✐♥t ✯✮ ♠❛❧❧♦❝ ✭ ❝✉❛♥t♦s ✯ s✐③❡♦❢ ✭ ✐♥t ✮✮ ❀
✶✸ ✐❢ ✭ ❞❛t♦s ❂❂ ◆❯▲▲ ✮ ✴✯ ❙✐ ♥♦ ❤❛② ❡s♣❛❝✐♦ ✱ ❛✈✐s❛♠♦s ✯✴
✶✹ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ◆♦ ❝❛❜❡♥ t❛♥t♦s ❞❛t♦s ❡♥ ♠❡♠♦r✐❛ ✳✧✮ ❀
✶✺ ⑥ ✇❤✐❧❡ ✭ ❞❛t♦s ❂❂ ◆❯▲▲ ✮❀ ✴✯ ❙✐ s♦♥ ❞❡♠❛s✐❛❞♦s ✱ ♥♦ ❧❡ ❞❡❥❛♠♦s
✯✴
✶✻
✶✼ ✴✯ P❡❞✐♠♦s ② ❛❧♠❛❝❡♥❛♠♦s ❧♦s ❞❛t♦s ✯✴
✶✽ ❢♦r ✭ ✐ ❂✵❀ ✐ ❁ ❝✉❛♥t♦s ❀ ✐ ✰✰✮ ④
✶✾ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ■♥tr♦❞✉③❝❛ ❡❧ ❞❛t♦ ♥ú ♠❡r♦ ✪❞ ✿ ✧ ✱ ✐ ✰✶✮ ❀
✷✵ s❝❛♥❢ ✭✧ ✪❞✧ ✱ ❞❛t♦s ✰✐✮ ❀
✷✶ ⑥
✷✷
✷✸ ✴✯ ❈❛❧❝✉❧❛♠♦s ❧❛ s✉♠❛ ✯✴
✷✹ ❢♦r ✭ ✐ ❂✵❀ ✐ ❁ ❝✉❛♥t♦s ❀ ✐ ✰✰✮
✷✺ s✉♠❛ ✰❂ ✯✭ ❞❛t♦s ✰ ✐✮❀
✷✻
✷✼ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❙✉ s✉♠❛ ❡s ✿ ✪❧❞ ❭♥✧ ✱ s✉♠❛ ✮ ❀
✷✽ ❢r❡❡ ✭ ❞❛t♦s ✮ ❀
✷✾
✸✵ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✸✶ ⑥

✶✸✷
❊st❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❡s ❞✐❢í❝✐❧ ❞❡ ❧❡❡r✱ ♣❡r♦ ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡✿ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛ ♣❡r❢❡❝t❛♠❡♥t❡ s✐ q✉❡r❡♠♦s s✉♠❛r ✺ ♥ú♠❡r♦s✱
t❛♠❜✐é♥ tr❛❜❛❥❛ ♣❛r❛ s✉♠❛r ✶✷✵✵✵✵ ✭s✐ ❧❛ ♠❡♠♦r✐❛ ❞❡❧ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r ❛❝❡♣t❛ t❛♥t♦s ♥ú♠❡r♦s✮✳

❱❡❛♠♦s ❧❛s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛s✿

❊♥ ♣r✐♠❡r ❧✉❣❛r✱ ❧♦ q✉❡ ❛♥t❡s ❡r❛ ✐♥t ❞❛t♦s❬✶✵✵❪✱ s❡ ❤❛ ❝♦♥✈❡rt✐❞♦ ❡♥ ✐♥t✯ ❞❛t♦s q✉❡ q✉✐❡r❡
❞❡❝✐r ✑❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣♦s✐❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ♠❡♠♦r✐❛ q✉❡ ❧❧❛♠❛ré ❞❛t♦s ✈♦② ❛ ❣✉❛r❞❛r ✈❛r✐♦s ♥ú♠❡r♦s
❡♥t❡r♦s ✭❛✉♥ ♥♦ sé ❝✉❛♥t♦s✮✑✳

▲✉❡❣♦ r❡s❡r✈❛♠♦s ❡❧ ❡s♣❛❝✐♦ ❡①❛❝t♦ q✉❡ ♥❡❝❡s✐t❛♠♦s✱ ❤❛❝✐❡♥❞♦ ❞❛t♦s ❂ ✭✐♥t ✯✮♠❛❧❧♦❝ ✭
❝✉❛♥t♦s ✯ s✐③❡♦❢✭✐♥t✮✮❀
❊st❛ s❡♥t❡♥❝✐❛ s✉❡♥❛ ❝♦♠♣❧✐❝❛❞❛✱ ❛♥❛❧✐❝❡♠♦s s✉s ♣❛rt❡s✿

❼ ✑♠❛❧❧♦❝✑ ❡s ❧❛ ♦r❞❡♥ q✉❡ r❡s❡r✈❛ ♠❡♠♦r✐❛ ✭❡s ❧❛ ❛❜r❡✈✐❛t✉r❛ ❞❡ ❧❛s ♣❛❧❛❜r❛ ✑♠❡♠♦r②✑
② ✑❛❧❧♦❝❛t❡✑✮✳

❼ ❈♦♠♦ ♣❛rá♠❡tr♦✱ ✐♥❞✐❝❛♠♦s ❝✉❛♥t♦ ❡s♣❛❝✐♦ q✉❡r❡♠♦s r❡s❡r✈❛r✳ P❛r❛ ✶✵✵ ♥ú♠❡r♦s ❡♥t❡✲
r♦s✱ ❡s ✑ ✶✵✵✯s✐③❡♦❢✭✐♥t✮✑✱ ❡s ❞❡❝✐r✱ ✶✵✵ ✈❡❝❡s ❡❧ t❛♠❛ñ♦ ❞❡ ✉♥ ❡♥t❡r♦✳ ❊♥ ♥✉❡str♦ ❝❛s♦✱
♥♦ s♦♥ ✶✵✵ ♥ú♠❡r♦s✱ s✐♥♦ ❡❧ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ ❧❛ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ ✑❝✉❛♥t♦s✑✳ P♦r ❡s♦ ❤❛❝❡♠♦s ✑♠❛❧❧♦❝
✭❝✉❛♥t♦s✯s✐③❡♦❢✭✐♥t✮✮✑✳

❼ P❛r❛ t❡r♠✐♥❛r✱ ❡s❡ ❡s ❡❧ ❡s♣❛❝✐♦ q✉❡ r❡s❡r✈❛♠♦s ♣❛r❛ ❧❛ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ ✑❞❛t♦s✑✱ q✉❡ ❡s ❞❡
t✐♣♦ ✑ ✐♥t ✯✑ ✭✉♥ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ ❛ ❞❛t♦s q✉❡ s♦♥ ♥ú♠❡r♦s ❡♥t❡r♦s✮✳ P❛r❛ q✉❡ t♦❞♦ ✈❛②❛ ❜✐❡♥✱
❞❡❜❡♠♦s ✑❝♦♥✈❡rt✐r✑ ❡❧ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ✑♠❛❧❧♦❝✑ ❛❧ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s ❝♦rr❡❝t♦✿ ❞❛t♦s ❂ ✭✐♥t
✯✮♠❛❧❧♦❝ ✭❝✉❛♥t♦s ✯ s✐③❡♦❢✭✐♥t✮✮❀
❼ ❙✐ ✑♠❛❧❧♦❝✑ ❞❡✈✉❡❧✈❡ ◆❯▲▲ ❝♦♠♦ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ✭✉♥ ✑♣✉♥t❡r♦ ♥✉❧♦✑✮✱ q✉✐❡r❡ ❞❡❝✐r q✉❡ ♥♦
❤❛ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦ ❛❧❣✉♥❛ ♣♦s✐❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ♠❡♠♦r✐❛ ♣❛r❛ r❡s❡r✈❛r ❡❧ ❡s♣❛❝✐♦ s♦❧✐❝✐t❛❞♦✳

❼ P❛r❛ ✉s❛r ✑♠❛❧❧♦❝✑ ✐♥❝❧✉✐♠♦s ✑ st❞❧✐❜✳❤✑ ❛❧ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣✐♦ ❞❡❧ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❢✉❡♥t❡✳

▲❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ❣✉❛r❞❛r ❧♦s ❞❛t♦s q✉❡ ✐♥❣r❡s❛ ❡❧ ✉s✉❛r✐♦ t❛♠❜✐é♥ ❡s ❞✐st✐♥t❛✳ ❈✉❛♥❞♦ tr❛❜❛❥❛♠♦s
❝♦♥ ✉♥ ✑❛rr❡❣❧♦✑✱ ❤❛❝❡♠♦s s❝❛♥❢✭✬✬ ✪❞✬✬✱ ❭✫❞❛t♦s❬✐❪✮ ✭✑❡❧ ❞❛t♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ✐✑✮✱ ♣❡r♦ ❝♦♥ ♣✉♥t❡r♦s
✉s❛♠♦s s❝❛♥❢✭✬✬❭ ✪❞✬✬✱ ❞❛t♦s✰✐✮ ✭❡♥ ❧❛ ♣♦s✐❝✐ó♥ ❞❛t♦s ✰ ✐✮✳ ❨❛ ♥♦ ♥❡❝❡s✐t❛♠♦s ❡❧ sí♠❜♦❧♦
✑❛♠♣❡rs❛♥❞✑ ✭✫✮✳ ❊st❡ sí♠❜♦❧♦ s❡ ✉s❛ ♣❛r❛ ✐♥❞✐❝❛r ❛ ❈ ❡♥ q✉é ♣♦s✐❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ♠❡♠♦r✐❛ ❛❧♠❛❝❡♥❛r
✉♥ ❞❛t♦✳ P♦r ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❢❧♦❛t ①❀ ❡s ✉♥❛ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ q✉❡ ✉s❛♠♦s ♣❛r❛ ❣✉❛r❞❛r ✉♥ ♥ú♠❡r♦ r❡❛❧✳ ❙✐ ❧♦
❤❛❝❡♠♦s ❝♦♥ ❧❛ ♦r❞❡♥ ✑s❝❛♥❢ ✑✱ ❡st❛ ♦r❞❡♥ ♥♦ ❡s♣❡r❛ q✉❡ ❧❡ ❞✐❣❛♠♦s ❡♥ q✉é ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ ❞❡❜❡r ❣✉❛r❞❛r
❡❧ ❞❛t♦✱ s✐♥♦ ❡♥ q✉é ♣♦s✐❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ♠❡♠♦r✐❛✳ P♦r ❡s♦ ❤❛❝❡♠♦s s❝❛♥❢✭✬✬ ✪❢✬✬✱ ✫①✮❀✳ ❊♥ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ ❡♥✲
❝♦♥tr❛r ✐♥t✯ ❞❛t♦s s❡ r❡✜❡r❡ ❛ ✉♥❛ ♣♦s✐❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ♠❡♠♦r✐❛ ✭✉♥ ♣✉♥t❡r♦✮✱ ♣♦r ❧♦ q✉❡ ♥♦ ♥❡❝❡s✐t❛♠♦s
✫ ♣❛r❛ ✉s❛r ✑s❝❛♥❢ ✑✳

❋✐♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❧❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ❛❝❝❡❞❡r ❛ ❧♦s ❞❛t♦s t❛♠❜✐é♥ ❝❛♠❜✐❛✳ ❆♥t❡s ❧❡í❛♠♦s ❡❧ ♣r✐♠❡r ❞❛t♦ ❝♦♠♦
❞❛t♦s❬✵❪✱ ❡❧ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❞❛t♦s❬✶❪✱ ❡❧ t❡r❝❡r♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❞❛t♦s❬✷❪ ② ❛sí s✉❝❡s✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ❆❤♦r❛ ✉s❛♠♦s
❡❧ ❛st❡r✐s❝♦ ✭✯✮ ♣❛r❛ ✐♥❞✐❝❛r q✉❡ r❡q✉❡r✐♠♦s ❡❧ ✈❛❧♦r ❛❧♠❛❝❡♥❛❞♦ ❡♥ ✉♥❛ ❝✐❡rt❛ ♣♦s✐❝✐ó♥✿ ❡❧ ♣r✐♠❡r
❞❛t♦ ❡s✯❞❛t♦s✱ ❡❧ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ✯✭❞❛t♦s✰✶✮✱ ❡❧ t❡r❝❡r♦ ✯✭❞❛t♦s✰✷✮ ② ❛sí s✉❝❡s✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳ P♦r ❡s♦✱ ❞♦♥✲
❞❡ ❤❛❝í❛♠♦s suma+ = datos[i]; ❛❤♦r❛ ✉s❛♠♦s suma+ = ∗(datos + i);

❚❛♠❜✐é♥ ❛♣❛r❡❝❡ ✉♥❛ ♥✉❡✈❛ ♦r❞❡♥✿ ❢r❡❡✳ ❍❛st❛ ❛❤♦r❛✱ t❡♥í❛♠♦s ❧❛ ♠❡♠♦r✐❛ r❡s❡r✈❛❞❛ ❡stát✐❝❛✲
♠❡♥t❡✱ ❧♦ q✉❡ s✉♣♦♥❡ s✉ ✉s♦ ✭♦ ❞❡s♣❡r❞✐❝✐♦✮ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❡❧ t✐❡♠♣♦ q✉❡ ❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❡sté ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♥❞♦✳
❆❤♦r❛✱ ❛❧ ✐❣✉❛❧ q✉❡ r❡s❡r✈❛♠♦s ❧❛ ♠❡♠♦r✐❛ q✉❡ ♥❡❝❡s✐t❛♠♦s✱ ② ❡♥ ❧❛ ❝❛♥t✐❞❛❞ ♥❡❝❡s❛r✐❛✱ t❛♠❜✐é♥
❞❡❥❛♠♦s ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜❧❡ ❡s❛ ♠❡♠♦r✐❛ ❛❧ t❡r♠✐♥❛r ❞❡ ✉s❛r❧❛✳ ❉❡ ❡st♦ s❡ ❡♥❝❛r❣❛ ❧❛ ♦r❞❡♥ ✑❢r❡❡✑✱ só❧♦
✐♥❞✐❝❛♠♦s q✉é ♣✉♥t❡r♦ ❧✐❜❡r❛r✳

✶✸✸
✶✶✳✸✳ ❯♥ ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦ s❡♥❝✐❧❧♦

❊❧ ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r ❡r❛ ✑✉♥ ❝❛s♦ r❡❛❧✑✳

●❡♥❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❧♦s ❝❛s♦s r❡❛❧❡s s♦♥ ♠ás ❛♣❧✐❝❛❜❧❡s q✉❡ ❧♦s ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦s ❛❝❛❞é♠✐❝♦s✱ ♣❡r♦ t❛♠❜✐é♥
❞✐❢í❝✐❧❡s ❞❡ s❡❣✉✐r✳ P♦r ❡s♦✱ ✈❡❛♠♦s ✉♥ ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦ s❡♥❝✐❧❧♦ q✉❡ ❛②✉❞❡ ❛ ❛s❡♥t❛r ❧♦s ❝♦♥❝❡♣t♦s✿ r❡s❡r✈❛r
❡s♣❛❝✐♦ ♣❛r❛ ✉♥ ♥ú♠❡r♦ r❡❛❧ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❡stát✐❝❛✱ ② ♣❛r❛ ❞♦s ♥ú♠❡r♦s r❡❛❧❡s ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞✐♥á♠✐❝❛✱
❞❛♠♦s ✈❛❧♦r ❛ ❞♦s ❞❡ ❡❧❧♦s✱ ❣✉❛r❞❛♠♦s s✉ s✉♠❛ ❡♥ ❡❧ t❡r❝❡r ♥ú♠❡r♦ ② ♠♦str❛♠♦s ❡♥ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛ ❧♦s
r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s✳

✶ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ st❞✐♦ ✳❤ ❃
✷ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ st❞❧✐❜ ✳❤ ❃
✸
✹ ✐♥t ♠❛✐♥ ✭✮ ④
✺ ❢❧♦❛t ♥✶ ❀ ✴✯ Pr✐♠❡r ♥ú ♠❡r♦ ✱ ❡st á t✐❝♦ ✯✴
✻ ❢❧♦❛t ✯ ♥✷ ✱ ✯ s✉♠❛ ❀ ✴✯ ▲♦s ♦tr♦s ❞♦s ♥ ú ♠❡r♦s ✯✴
✼ ♥✶ ❂ ✺✳✵❀ ✴✯ ❉❛♠♦s ✉♥ ✈❛❧♦r ♣r❡❢✐❥❛❞♦ ❛ ♥✶ ✭ r❡❛❧ ✮ ✯✴
✽ ♥✷ ❂ ✭ ❢❧♦❛t ✯✮ ♠❛❧❧♦❝ ✭ s✐③❡♦❢ ✭ ❢❧♦❛t ✮✮ ❀ ✴✯ ❘❡s❡r✈❛ ❡s♣❛❝✐♦ ♣❛r❛
♥✷ ✯✴
✾ ✯ ♥✷ ❂ ✻✳✼❀ ✴✯ ❱❛❧♦r ♣r❡❢✐❥❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♥✷ ✭ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ ❛ r❡❛❧
✮ ✯✴
✶✵ s✉♠❛ ❂ ✭ ❢❧♦❛t ✯✮ ♠❛❧❧♦❝ ✭ s✐③❡♦❢ ✭ ❢❧♦❛t ✮✮❀ ✴✯ ❘❡s❡r✈❛ ❡s♣❛❝✐♦
♣❛r❛ s✉♠❛ ✯✴
✶✶ ✯ s✉♠❛ ❂ ♥✶ ✰ ✯ ♥✷ ❀ ✴✯ ❈❛❧❝✉❧❛ ❧❛ s✉♠❛ ✯✴
✶✷
✶✸ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❊❧ ✈❛❧♦r ♣r❡❢✐❥❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❧❛ s✉♠❛ ❡r❛ ✪✹✳✷ ❢❭ ♥✧ ✱ ✯ s✉♠❛ ✮ ❀
✶✹
✶✺ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❆❤♦r❛ ❡s t✉ t✉r♥♦ ✿ ■♥tr♦❞✉❝❡ ❡❧ ♣r✐♠❡r ♥ú ♠❡r♦ ✧✮❀
✶✻ s❝❛♥❢ ✭✧ ✪❢✧ ✱✫ ♥✶ ✮❀ ✴✯ ▲❡❡ ✈❛❧♦r ♣❛r❛ ♥✶ ✭ r❡❛❧ ✮ ✯✴
✶✼
✶✽ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ■♥tr♦❞✉❝❡ ❡❧ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ♥ú ♠❡r♦ ✧✮❀
✶✾ s❝❛♥❢ ✭✧ ✪❢✧ ✱♥✷ ✮❀ ✴✯ ❱❛❧♦r ♣❛r❛ ♥✷ ✭ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ ❛ r❡❛❧ ✮ ✯✴
✷✵
✷✶ ✯ s✉♠❛ ❂ ♥✶ ✰ ✯ ♥✷ ❀ ✴✯ ❈❛❧❝✉❧❛ ♥✉❡✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❧❛ s✉♠❛ ✯✴
✷✷
✷✸ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❆❤♦r❛ ❧❛ s✉♠❛ ❡s ✪✹✳✷ ❢ ❭♥✧ ✱ ✯ s✉♠❛ ✮❀
✷✹
✷✺ ❢r❡❡ ✭ ♥✷ ✮ ❀ ✴✯ ▲✐❜❡r❛ ❧❛ ♠❡♠♦r✐❛ r❡s❡r✈❛❞❛ ✯✴
✷✻ ❢r❡❡ ✭ s✉♠❛ ✮❀
✷✼
✷✽ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✷✾ ⑥
▲❛s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛s s♦♥✿

♥✶ ❡s ✉♥ ✑✢♦❛t✑✱ ❝♦♥ ✈❛❧♦r✿ ♥✶ ❂ ✵❀ ♣❡❞✐♠♦s s✉ ✈❛❧♦r ❝♦♥ s❝❛♥❢ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ✫ ♣❛r❛ ✐♥❞✐❝❛r ❡♥
q✉é ❞✐r❡❝❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ♠❡♠♦r✐❛ s❡ ❡♥❝✉❡♥tr❛✿ s❝❛♥❢✭✬✬ ✪❢✬✬✱ ✫♥✶✮❀
♥✷ ✭② t❛♠❜✐é♥ ✑s✉♠❛✑✮ ❡s ✉♥ ✑♣✉♥t❡r♦ ❛ ✢♦❛t✑✱ ❛sí q✉❡ r❡s❡r✈❛♠♦s ❡s♣❛❝✐♦ ❝♦♥ ✑♠❛❧❧♦❝✑ ❛♥t❡s
❞❡ ✉s❛r❧♦✱ ② ❧✐❜❡r❛♠♦s ❝♦♥ ✑❢r❡❡✑ ❡❧ ❡s♣❛❝✐♦ q✉❡ ♦❝✉♣❛❜❛ ❝✉❛♥❞♦ t❡r♠✐♥❡♠♦s ❞❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r❧♦✳

✶✸✹
 P❛r❛ ❣✉❛r❞❛r ✉♥ ✈❛❧♦r ❡♥ ❧❛ ❞✐r❡❝❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ♠❡♠♦r✐❛ ✑❛ ❧❛ q✉❡ ❛♣✉♥t❛✑✱ ✉s❛♠♦s ✉♥ ❛st❡r✐s❝♦✿
∗n2 = 0; ♣❡❞✐♠♦s s✉ ✈❛❧♦r ❝♦♥ s❝❛♥❢✱ ♣❡r♦ s✐♥ ✉s❛r ✫✱ ♣♦rq✉❡ ❡❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ ❊❙ ✉♥❛ ❞✐r❡❝❝✐ó♥
❞❡ ♠❡♠♦r✐❛✿ s❝❛♥❢✭✬✬ ✪❢✬✬✱ ♥✷✮❀

✭❊♥ ❡st❡ ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦✱ ♥♦ ❤❡♠♦s ❝♦♠♣r♦❜❛❞♦ s✐ ❡❧ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ✑♠❛❧❧♦❝✑ ❡r❛ ◆❯▲▲✱ ♣♦rq✉❡ só❧♦ ♣❡❞✐♠♦s
❡s♣❛❝✐♦ ♣❛r❛ ❞♦s ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s✱ ② ❤❡♠♦s ❞❛❞♦ ♣♦r s❡♥t❛❞♦ q✉❡ ❤❛② ♠❡♠♦r✐❛ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜❧❡ s✉✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛
❛❧♠❛❝❡♥❛r ❧❛s ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s❀ ❡♥ ✉♥ ❝❛s♦ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✱ ❞❡❜❡♠♦s ❛s❡❣✉r❛r♥♦s q✉❡ s❡ ❤❛ ❝♦♥❝❡❞✐❞♦ ❡❧ ❡s♣❛❝✐♦
r❡q✉❡r✐❞♦✮✳

✶✶✳✹✳ ❆r✐t♠ét✐❝❛ ❞❡ ♣✉♥t❡r♦s

❙✐ ❞❡❝❧❛r❛♠♦s ✉♥❛ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ ❝♦♠♦ ✐♥t ♥❂✺ ② ❧✉❡❣♦ ❤❛❝❡♠♦s n + +✱ r❡s✉❧t❛r ❝❧❛r♦ q✉❡ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛
❡♥ ✉♥❛ ✉♥✐❞❛❞ ❡❧ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ ❧❛ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ ♥✱ ❛❤♦r❛ ❡s ✻✳

P❡r♦ ➽q✉é s✉❝❡❞❡ s✐ ❤❛❝❡♠♦s ❡s❛ ♠✐s♠❛ ♦♣❡r❛❝✐ó♥ s♦❜r❡ ✉♥ ♣✉♥t❡r♦❄

✶ ✐♥t ✯ ♥❀
✷ ♥ ❂ ✭ ✐♥t ✯✮ ♠❛❧❧♦❝ ✭ s✐③❡♦❢ ✭ ✐♥t ✮✮❀
✸ ✯♥ ❂ ✸❀
✹ ♥ ✰✰❀
❖❝✉rr❡ q✉❡ ❧❛ ♣♦s✐❝✐ó♥ ♥ ◆❖ ❡s ✹✳ ▼♦❞✐✜❝❛♠♦s ✑✯♥✑✱ ✉s❛♥❞♦✿ ✭✯♥✮ ✰✰❀
❈♦♠♦ ✑♥✑ ❡s ✉♥ ♣✉♥t❡r♦✱ ❝❛♠❜✐❛♠♦s ✉♥❛ ❞✐r❡❝❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ♠❡♠♦r✐❛✳ ❙✐ ✑♥✑ s❡ r❡✜❡r❡ ❛ ❧❛ ♣♦s✐❝✐ó♥ ❞❡
♠❡♠♦r✐❛ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ✶✵✵✵✵ ❞❡❧ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r✱ ❛❤♦r❛ ❡s✱ ✶✵✵✵✶✳

➽❨ ♣♦r q✉é❄ ❝♦♠♦ s❛❜❡♠♦s✱ ❡❧ ❡s♣❛❝✐♦ q✉❡ ♦❝✉♣❛ ✉♥❛ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ ❡♥ ❈ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡ ❞❡❧ s✐st❡♠❛ ♦♣❡r❛t✐✈♦✳
❆sí✱ ❡♥ ✸✷ ❜✐ts✱ ✉♥ ✑✐♥t✑ ♦❝✉♣❛ ✹ ❜②t❡s✱ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ q✉❡ ❧❛ ♦♣❡r❛❝✐ó♥✿ ♥✰✰❀ ♣❛s❛ ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣♦s✐❝✐ó♥ ✶✵✵✵✵
❛ ❧❛ ✶✵✵✵✹✳

●❡♥❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ♥♦ ❡s ❧♦ q✉❡ q✉❡r❡♠♦s✱ s✐♥♦ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛r ❡❧ ✈❛❧♦r ❛❧♠❛❝❡♥❛❞♦ ❡♥ ❡s❛ ♣♦s✐❝✐ó♥ ❞❡

♠❡♠♦r✐❛✳ ❖❧✈✐❞❛r q✉❡ ✯ ✐♥❞✐❝❛ ❝❛♠❜✐❛r ❡❧ ❞❛t♦ ② ♥♦ ❧❛ ♣♦s✐❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ♠❡♠♦r✐❛✱ ❞❛ ❧✉❣❛r ❛ ❢❛❧❧♦s
❞✐❢í❝✐❧❡s ❞❡ ❞❡s❝✉❜r✐r ✭✐♥❝❧✉s♦ ❛ q✉❡ ❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ s❡ ✐♥t❡rr✉♠♣❛ ❝♦♥ ✉♥ ❛✈✐s♦ ❞❡ ✑❱✐♦❧❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡
s❡❣♠❡♥t♦✑ ♣♦rq✉❡ ❛❝❝❡❞❡♠♦s ❛ ③♦♥❛s ❞❡ ♠❡♠♦r✐❛ ♥♦ r❡s❡r✈❛❞❛s✮✳

✶✶✳✺✳ P✉♥t❡r♦s ② ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❡s✿ ♣❛rá♠❡tr♦s ♣♦r r❡❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛

❍❛st❛ ❛❤♦r❛ ♥♦ s❛❜❡♠♦s ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛r ❧♦s ♣❛rá♠❡tr♦s q✉❡ ♣❛s❛♠♦s ❛ ✉♥❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥✳ ❘❡❝♦r❞❡♠♦s ❡❧
❝ó❞✐❣♦✿

✶ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ st❞✐♦ ✳❤ ❃
✷
✸ ✈♦✐❞ ❞✉♣❧✐❝❛ ✭ ✐♥t ♥✮ ④
✹ ♥ ❂ ♥ ✯ ✷❀
✺ ⑥
✻
✼ ✐♥t ♠❛✐♥ ✭✮ ④
✽ ✐♥t ♥ ❂ ✺❀
✾ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ♥ ✈❛❧❡ ✪❞❭♥ ✧ ✱ ♥✮❀
✶✵ ❞✉♣❧✐❝❛ ✭♥✮❀
✶✶ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❆❤♦r❛ ♥ ✈❛❧❡ ✪❞❭♥✧ ✱ ♥ ✮❀

✶✸✺
✶✷ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✶✸ ⑥

❈✉❛♥❞♦ ❡❥❡❝✉t❛♠♦s ❡st❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛✱ ❡❧ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ ♥ ❡s ✉♥ ✺✱ ♣♦rq✉❡ ❧♦s ❝❛♠❜✐♦s q✉❡ ❤✐❝✐♠♦s ❞❡♥tr♦
❞❡ ❧❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ s❡ ♣✐❡r❞❡♥ ❛❧ s❛❧✐r ❞❡ ❡❧❧❛✳ ❊st❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❥❛r ✭❧❛ ú♥✐❝❛ q✉❡ ❝♦♥♦❝❡♠♦s ❤❛st❛
❛❤♦r❛✮ s❡ ❧❧❛♠❛ ✑♣❛s❛r ♣❛rá♠❡tr♦s ♣♦r ✈❛❧♦r✑✳

P❡r♦ ❡①✐st❡ ✉♥❛ ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❛✱ ✑♣❛s❛r ♣❛rá♠❡tr♦s ♣♦r r❡❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛✑✳ ❈♦♥s✐st❡ q✉❡ ❡❧ ♣❛rá♠❡tr♦ q✉❡
♣❛s❛♠♦s ❛ ❧❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ♥♦ ❡s ❧❛ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡✱ s✐♥♦ s✉ ❞✐r❡❝❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ♠❡♠♦r✐❛ ✭✉s❛♥❞♦ ✫✮✳ ❉❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ❧❛
❢✉♥❝✐ó♥✱ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛♠♦s ❧❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❡s❛ ❞✐r❡❝❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ♠❡♠♦r✐❛ ✭✉s❛♥❞♦ ✯✮✱ ❛sí✿

✶ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ st❞✐♦ ✳❤ ❃
✷
✸ ✈♦✐❞ ❞✉♣❧✐❝❛ ✭ ✐♥t ✯① ✮ ④
✹ ✯① ❂ ✯① ✯ ✷❀
✺ ⑥
✻
✼ ✐♥t ♠❛✐♥ ✭✮ ④
✽ ✐♥t ♥ ❂ ✺❀
✾ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ♥ ✈❛❧❡ ✪❞❭♥ ✧ ✱ ♥ ✮❀
✶✵ ❞✉♣❧✐❝❛ ✭✫ ♥✮ ❀
✶✶ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❆❤♦r❛ ♥ ✈❛❧❡ ✪❞ ❭♥✧ ✱ ♥✮ ❀
✶✷ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✶✸ ⑥

❈♦♥ ❡st♦ ♦❜t❡♥❡♠♦s ♠ás ❞❡ ✉♥ ✈❛❧♦r ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ✉♥❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥✳ ❈r❡❛♠♦s ✉♥❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ q✉❡ ✐♥t❡r❝❛♠❜✐❡
❧♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡ ❞♦s ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s ❡♥t❡r❛s ❛sí✿

✶ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ st❞✐♦ ✳❤ ❃
✷
✸ ✈♦✐❞ ✐♥t❡r❝❛♠❜✐❛ ✭ ✐♥t ✯① ✱ ✐♥t ✯ ②✮ ④
✹ ✐♥t ❛✉①✐❧✐❛r ❀
✺ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛r ❂ ✯① ❀
✻ ✯① ❂ ✯② ❀
✼ ✯② ❂ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛r ❀
✽ ⑥
✾
✶✵ ✐♥t ♠❛✐♥ ✭✮ ④
✶✶ ✐♥t ❛ ❂ ✺❀
✶✷ ✐♥t ❜ ❂ ✶✷❀
✶✸ ✐♥t❡r❝❛♠❜✐❛ ★✹✵❀✫ ❛ ✱ ✫❜✮ ❀
✶✹ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❆❤♦r❛ ❛ ❡s ✪❞ ② ❜ ❡s ✪❞❭ ♥✧ ✱ ❛ ✱ ❜✮❀
✶✺
✶✻ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✶✼ ⑥

❊st❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ♠✉❡str❛ ❡♥ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛ q✉❡ ✑❛✑ ✈❛❧❡ ✶✷ ② q✉❡ ✑❜✑ ✈❛❧❡ ✺✳ ❉❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ✑✐♥t❡r✲
❝❛♠❜✐❛✑✱ ✉s❛♠♦s ✉♥❛ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛r ♣❛r❛ ♠❡♠♦r✐③❛r ❡❧ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ ✑①✑ ❛♥t❡s ❞❡ ❝❛♠❜✐❛r❧♦ ♣♦r ❡❧
✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ ✑②✑✳

✶✸✻
✶✶✳✺✳✶✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦ ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦

✶✳ ❝r❡❛r ✉♥❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ q✉❡ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❡ ❧❛s ❞♦s s♦❧✉❝✐♦♥❡s ❞❡ ✉♥❛ ❡❝✉❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❣r❛❞♦ ❆①✷ ✰
❇① ✰ ❈ ❂ ✵ ② ❞❡✈✉❡❧✈❛ ❧❛s ❞♦s s♦❧✉❝✐♦♥❡s ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛rá♠❡tr♦s✳

✶✶✳✻✳ P✉♥t❡r♦s ② ❛rr❡❣❧♦s

❊♥ ❈ ❤❛② ♣♦❝❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛ ✑✐♥t❡r♥❛✑ ❡♥tr❡ ✉♥ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ ② ✉♥ ❛rr❡❣❧♦✳ ❊♥ ♦❝❛s✐♦♥❡s✱ ❞❡❝❧❛r❛♠♦s

✉♥ ❞❛t♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❛rr❡❣❧♦ ② ❧♦ r❡❝♦rr❡♠♦s ✉s❛♥❞♦ ♣✉♥t❡r♦s✳ ❱❡❛♠♦s ✉♥ ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦✿

✶ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ st❞✐♦ ✳❤ ❃
✷
✸ ✐♥t ♠❛✐♥ ✭✮ ④
✹ ✐♥t ❞❛t♦s ❬✶✵❪❀
✺ ✐♥t ✐ ❀
✻
✼ ✴✯ ❉❛♠♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ♥♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ✯✴
✽ ❢♦r ✭ ✐ ❂✵❀ ✐ ❁✶✵❀ ✐ ✰✰✮
✾ ❞❛t♦s ❬✐ ❪ ❂ ✐ ✯✷❀
✶✵ ✴✯ P❡r♦ ❧♦s r❡❝♦rr❡♠♦s ✉s❛♥❞♦ ♣✉♥t❡r♦s ✯✴
✶✶ ❢♦r ✭ ✐ ❂✵❀ ✐ ❁✶✵❀ ✐ ✰✰✮
✶✷ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭ ✬✬ ✪❞ ✬✬✱ ✯✭ ❞❛t♦s ✰ ✐✮✮ ❀
✶✸
✶✹ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✶✺ ⑥
❚❛♠❜✐é♥ ❤❛❝❡♠♦s ❧♦ ❝♦♥tr❛r✐♦✿ ❞❡❝❧❛r❛r ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞✐♥á♠✐❝❛ ✉♥❛ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ✑♠❛❧❧♦❝✑ ② r❡❝♦✲
rr❡r❧❛ ❝♦♠♦ s✐ ❢✉❡r❛ ✉♥ ❛rr❡❣❧♦✿

✶ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ st❞✐♦ ✳❤ ❃
✷ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ st❞❧✐❜ ✳❤ ❃
✸
✹ ✐♥t ♠❛✐♥ ✭✮ ④
✺ ✐♥t ✯ ❞❛t♦s ❀
✻ ✐♥t ✐ ❀
✼
✽ ✴✯ ❘❡s❡r✈❛♠♦s ❡s♣❛❝✐♦ ✯✴
✾ ❞❛t♦s ❂ ✭ ✐♥t ✯✮ ♠❛❧❧♦❝ ✭✷✵✯ s✐③❡♦❢ ✭ ✐♥t ✮ ✮❀
✶✵
✶✶ ✴✯ ❉❛♠♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❝♦♠♦ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ ✯✴
✶✷ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❯s♦ ❝♦♠♦ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ ✳✳✳ ✧✮❀
✶✸ ❢♦r ✭ ✐ ❂✵❀ ✐ ❁✷✵❀ ✐ ✰✰✮
✶✹ ✯✭ ❞❛t♦s ✰✐ ✮ ❂ ✐ ✯✷❀
✶✺
✶✻ ✴✯ ❨ ❧♦s ♠♦str❛♠♦s ✯✴
✶✼ ❢♦r ✭ ✐ ❂✵❀ ✐ ❁✷✵❀ ✐ ✰✰✮
✶✽ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ✪❞ ✧ ✱ ✯✭ ❞❛t♦s ✰ ✐✮✮ ❀
✶✾
✷✵ ✴✯ ❆❤♦r❛ ❞❛♠♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❝♦♠♦ ❛rr❡❣❧♦ ✯✴

✶✸✼
✷✶ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❭ ♥❯s♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❛rr❡❣❧♦ ✳✳✳ ✧✮ ❀
✷✷ ❢♦r ✭ ✐ ❂✵❀ ✐ ❁✷✵❀ ✐ ✰✰✮
✷✸ ❞❛t♦s ❬✐ ❪ ❂ ✐ ✯✸❀
✷✹
✷✺ ✴✯ ❨ ❧♦s ♠♦str❛♠♦s ✯✴
✷✻ ❢♦r ✭ ✐ ❂✵❀ ✐ ❁✷✵❀ ✐ ✰✰✮
✷✼ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ✪❞ ✧ ✱ ❞❛t♦s ❬✐ ❪✮ ❀
✷✽
✷✾ ✴✯ ▲✐❜❡r❛♠♦s ❡❧ ❡s♣❛❝✐♦ ✯✴
✸✵ ❢r❡❡ ✭ ❞❛t♦s ✮ ❀
✸✶
✸✷ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✸✸ ⑥

✶✶✳✼✳ ❛rr❡❣❧♦s ❞❡ ♣✉♥t❡r♦s

❆❧ ❝r❡❛r ✑❛rr❡❣❧♦s✑ ♣❛r❛ ❣✉❛r❞❛r ❞❛t♦s ❝♦♠♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦s ❡♥t❡r♦s ♦ r❡❛❧❡s r❡s❡r✈❛♠♦s ❡s♣❛❝✐♦ ♣❛r❛
✑✷✵ ♣✉♥t❡r♦s ❛ ❡♥t❡r♦s✑ ❤❛❝✐❡♥❞♦✿

✶ ✐♥t ✯ ❞❛t♦s ❬✷✵❪❀

✐❣✉❛❧ ♦❝✉rr❡ ❝♦♥ ♣✉♥t❡r♦s✳

❚❛♠♣♦❝♦ s❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❝♦♥ ❢r❡❝✉❡♥❝✐❛ ❡♥ ✉♥ ❝❛s♦ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✱ ♣♦rq✉❡ s✐ ❡st❛❜❧❡❝❡♠♦s ❧❛ ❝❛♥t✐❞❛❞ ❞❡

❞❛t♦s✱ ♣❡r❞❡♠♦s ♣❛rt❡ ❞❡ ❧❛ ✈❡rs❛t✐❧✐❞❛❞ q✉❡ t❡♥❡♠♦s ❛❧ ✉s❛r ♠❡♠♦r✐❛ ❞✐♥á♠✐❝❛✳ P❡r♦ ❡s ❤❛❜✐t✉❛❧
❝✉❛♥❞♦ s❡ ❞❡❝❧❛r❛♥ ✈❛r✐❛s ❝❛❞❡♥❛s✿

✶ ❝❤❛r ✯ ♠❡♥s❛❥❡s❊rr♦r ❬✸❪❂④ ✧ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ♥♦ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦ ✧ ✱ ✧ ◆♦ s❡ ♣✉❡❞❡

❡s❝r✐❜✐r ✧ ✱ ✧ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ s✐♥ ❞❛t♦s ✧ ⑥❀
❯♥ ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ s✉ ✉s♦ ❡s✿

✶ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ st❞✐♦ ✳❤ ❃
✷
✸ ✐♥t ♠❛✐♥ ✭✮ ④
✹ ❝❤❛r ✯ ♠❡♥s❛❥❡s❊rr♦r ❬✸❪❂④ ✧ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ♥♦ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦ ✧ ✱
✺ ✧ ◆♦ s❡ ♣✉❡❞❡ ❡s❝r✐❜✐r ✧ ✱
✻ ✧ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ s✐♥ ❞❛t♦s ✧ ⑥❀
✼
✽ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❊❧ ♣r✐♠❡r ♠❡♥s❛❥❡ ❞❡ ❡rr♦r ❡s ✿ ✪s❭♥ ✧ ✱
✾ ♠❡♥s❛❥❡s❊rr♦r ❬✵❪✮ ❀
✶✵ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❊❧ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ♠❡♥s❛❥❡ ❞❡ ❡rr♦r ❡s ✿ ✪s❭ ♥✧ ✱
✶✶ ♠❡♥s❛❥❡s❊rr♦r ❬✶❪✮ ❀
✶✷ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❊❧ t❡r❝❡r ♠❡♥s❛❥❡ ❞❡ ❡rr♦r ❡s ✿ ✪s❭♥ ✧ ✱
✶✸ ♠❡♥s❛❥❡s❊rr♦r ❬✷❪✮ ❀
✶✹
✶✺ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✶✻ ⑥

✶✸✽
✶✶✳✽✳ P✉♥t❡r♦s ② ❡str✉❝t✉r❛s

■❣✉❛❧ q✉❡ ❝r❡❛♠♦s ♣✉♥t❡r♦s ❛ ❝✉❛❧q✉✐❡r t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s ❜ás✐❝♦✱ r❡s❡r✈❛♠♦s ♠❡♠♦r✐❛ ❝♦♥ ✑♠❛❧❧♦❝✑
❝✉❛♥❞♦ ♥❡❝❡s✐t❛♠♦s ✉s❛r❧♦ ② ❧♦ ❧✐❜❡r❛♠♦s ❝♦♥ ✑❢r❡❡✑ ❛❧ t❡r♠✐♥❛r ❞❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r❧♦✱ ❧♦ ♠✐s♠♦ ❤❛❝❡♠♦s
s✐ s❡ tr❛t❛ ❞❡ ✉♥ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s ♥♦ s❡♥❝✐❧❧♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ ✑str✉❝t✑✳

▲❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ❛❝❝❡❞❡r ❛ ❧♦s ❞❛t♦s ❡♥ ✉♥ str✉❝t ❝❛♠❜✐❛✳ P❛r❛ ✉♥ ❞❛t♦ q✉❡ s❡❛ ✉♥ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❡♥t❡r♦✱
②❛ s❛❜❡♠♦s q✉❡ ❧♦ ❞❡❝❧❛r❛♠♦s ❝♦♥ int ∗ n ② ❝❛♠❜✐❛♠♦s s✉ ✈❛❧♦r ❝♦♥ ∗n = 2✱ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ q✉❡ ♣❛r❛
✉♥ str✉❝t ❡s♣❡r❛♠♦s ❛❧❣♦ ❝♦♠♦ ∗persona.edad = 20✳ P❡r♦ ♥♦ ❡s ❧❛ s✐♥t❛①✐s ❝♦rr❡❝t❛✿ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠♦s ❡❧
♥♦♠❜r❡ ❞❡ ❧❛ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ ② ❡❧ ❞❡❧ ❝❛♠♣♦✱ ❝♦♥ ✉♥❛ ✢❡❝❤❛ ✭✲❃✮✱ ❛sí✿ persona− > edad = 20✳ ❱❡❛♠♦s
✉♥ ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦✿

✶ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ st❞✐♦ ✳❤ ❃
✷
✸ ✐♥t ♠❛✐♥ ✭✮ ④
✹ ✴✯ Pr✐♠❡r♦ ❞❡❢✐♥✐♠♦s ♥✉❡str♦ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s ✯✴
✺ str✉❝t ❞❛t♦sP❡rs♦♥❛ ④
✻ ❝❤❛r ♥♦♠❜r❡ ❬✸✵❪❀
✼ ❝❤❛r ❡♠❛✐❧ ❬✷✺❪❀
✽ ✐♥t ❡❞❛❞ ❀
✾ ⑥❀
✶✵
✶✶ ✴✯ ▲❛ ♣r✐♠❡r❛ ♣❡rs♦♥❛ s❡r á ❡st á t✐❝❛ ✯✴
✶✷ str✉❝t ❞❛t♦sP❡rs♦♥❛ ♣❡rs♦♥❛✶ ❀
✶✸ ✴✯ ▲❛ s❡❣✉♥❞❛ s❡r á ❞✐♥ á ♠✐❝❛ ✯✴
✶✹ str✉❝t ❞❛t♦sP❡rs♦♥❛ ✯ ♣❡rs♦♥❛✷ ❀
✶✺
✶✻ ✴✯ ❉❛♠♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❛ ❧❛ ♣❡rs♦♥❛ ❡st á t✐❝❛ ✯✴
✶✼ str❝♣② ✭ ♣❡rs♦♥❛✶ ✳ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ✱ ✧ ❏✉❛♥ ✧✮❀
✶✽ str❝♣② ✭ ♣❡rs♦♥❛✶ ✳ ❡♠❛✐❧ ✱ ✧ ❥❅❥ ✳❥✧✮❀
✶✾ ♣❡rs♦♥❛✶ ✳ ❡❞❛❞ ❂ ✷✵❀
✷✵
✷✶ ✴✯ ❆❤♦r❛ ❛ ❧❛ ❞✐♥ á ♠✐❝❛ ✯✴
✷✷ ♣❡rs♦♥❛✷ ❂ ✭ str✉❝t ❞❛t♦sP❡rs♦♥❛ ✯✮
✷✸ ♠❛❧❧♦❝ ✭ s✐③❡♦❢ ✭ str✉❝t ❞❛t♦sP❡rs♦♥❛ ✮✮❀
✷✹ str❝♣② ✭ ♣❡rs♦♥❛✷ ✲❃ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ✱ ✧ P❡❞r♦ ✧✮❀
✷✺ str❝♣② ✭ ♣❡rs♦♥❛✷ ✲❃ ❡♠❛✐❧ ✱ ✧ ♣❅♣ ✳♣ ✧✮❀
✷✻ ♣❡rs♦♥❛✷ ✲❃ ❡❞❛❞ ❂ ✷✶❀
✷✼
✷✽ ✴✯ ▼♦str❛♠♦s ❧♦s ❞❛t♦s ② ❧✐❜❡r❛♠♦s ❧❛ ♠❡♠♦r✐❛ ✯✴
✷✾ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ Pr✐♠❡r❛ ♣❡rs♦♥❛ ✿ ✪s ✱ ✪s ✱ ❝♦♥ ❡❞❛❞ ✪❞❭♥ ✧ ✱
✸✵ ♣❡rs♦♥❛✶ ✳ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ✱ ♣❡rs♦♥❛✶ ✳ ❡♠❛✐❧ ✱ ♣❡rs♦♥❛✶ ✳ ❡❞❛❞ ✮❀
✸✶ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❙❡❣✉♥❞❛ ♣❡rs♦♥❛ ✿ ✪s ✱ ✪s ✱ ❝♦♥ ❡❞❛❞ ✪❞❭♥ ✧ ✱
✸✷ ♣❡rs♦♥❛✷ ✲❃ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ✱ ♣❡rs♦♥❛✷ ✲❃ ❡♠❛✐❧ ✱ ♣❡rs♦♥❛✷ ✲ ❃ ❡❞❛❞ ✮ ❀
✸✸ ❢r❡❡ ✭ ♣❡rs♦♥❛✷ ✮❀
✸✹
✸✺ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✸✻ ⑥

✶✸✾
✶✶✳✽✳✶✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦ ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦

✶✳ ▼❡❥♦r❛r ❧❛ ✈❡rs✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❛❣❡♥❞❛ q✉❡ ❧❡❡ ❧♦s ❞❛t♦s ❛❧ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣✐♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❡❥❡❝✉❝✐ó♥ ② ❧♦s ❣✉❛r❞❛❜❛
❛❧ t❡r♠✐♥❛r s✉ ✉s♦✳ Pr❡♣❛r❛r ❡st❛ ♥✉❡✈❛ ✈❡rs✐ó♥ ♣❛r❛ ♠❛♥❡❥❛r ❤❛st❛ ✶✵✵✵ ✜❝❤❛s✱ ♣❡r♦ só❧♦
r❡s❡r✈❛r ❡s♣❛❝✐♦ ♣❛r❛ ❧❛s ♥❡❝❡s❛r✐❛s✳

✶✶✳✾✳ P❛rá♠❡tr♦s ❞❡ ♠❛✐♥

❊s ❢r❡❝✉❡♥t❡ q✉❡ ✉♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ✉s❛❞♦ ❞❡s❞❡ ❧❛ ✑❧í♥❡❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♠❛♥❞♦s✑ t❡♥❣❛ ❝✐❡rt♦s ❛r❣✉♠❡♥t♦s✳
❊♥ s✐st❡♠❛s ♦♣❡r❛t✐✈♦s ❞❡ ❧❛ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛ ❯♥✐①✱ ❝♦♠♦ ▲✐♥✉①✱ ✈❡♠♦s ❡❧ ❞✐r❡❝t♦r✐♦ ❞❡ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦s q✉❡
t❡r♠✐♥❛♥ ❡♥ ✳❝ ❤❛❝✐❡♥❞♦✿

✶ ❞✐r ✯✳ ❝
❊♥ ❡st❡ ❝❛s♦✱ ❧❛ ♦r❞❡♥ ❡s ✑❞✐r✑✱ ② ❡❧ ❛r❣✉♠❡♥t♦ ♦ ♣❛rá♠❡tr♦ ❡s ✑✯✳❝✑✳

P✉❡s ❜✐❡♥✱ ❡st❛s ♦♣❝✐♦♥❡s q✉❡ s❡ tr❛♥s✜❡r❡♥ ❛❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ s❡ ❧❡❡♥ ❞❡s❞❡ ❈✳ ▲❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ❤❛❝❡r❧♦ ❡s
❝♦♥ ❞♦s ♣❛rá♠❡tr♦s✳ ❊❧ ♣r✐♠❡r♦ ✭✑❛r❣❝✑✮ ❡s ✉♥ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❡♥t❡r♦ q✉❡ ✐♥❞✐❝❛ ❝✉❛♥t♦s ❛r❣✉♠❡♥t♦s s❡
❤❛♥ ❡s❝r✐t♦✳ ❊❧ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ✭✑❛r❣✈✑✮ ❡s ✉♥❛ t❛❜❧❛ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❡♥❛s ❞❡ t❡①t♦ ❝♦♥ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♥♦ ❞❡ ❡s♦s ❛r❣✉♠❡♥t♦s✳

P♦r ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❜❛❥♦ ❲✐♥❞♦✇s ♦ ▼s❉♦s ❡s❝r✐❜✐♠♦s ❧❛ ♦r❞❡♥ ✑❉■❘ ✯✳❊❳❊ P✑✱ t❡♥❡♠♦s q✉❡✿

✶ ✯ ❛r❣❝ ❡s ❧❛ ❝❛♥t✐❞❛❞ ❞❡ ♣❛r á ♠❡tr♦s ✱ ✐♥❝❧✉②❡♥❞♦ ❡❧ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ❞❡❧

♣r♦♣✐♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ✭✸ ✱ ❡♥ ❡st❡ ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦ ✮ ✳
✷ ✯ ❛r❣✈ ❬✵❪ ❡s ❡❧ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ❞❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ✭ ❉■❘ ✱ ❡♥ ❡st❡ ❝❛s♦ ✮✳
✸ ✯ ❛r❣✈ ❬✶❪ ❡s ❡❧ ♣r✐♠❡r ❛r❣✉♠❡♥t♦ ✭✯✳ ❊❳❊ ✮ ✳
✹ ✯ ❛r❣✈ ❬✷❪ ❡s ❡❧ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❛r❣✉♠❡♥t♦ ✭✴ P ✮✳
❯♥ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❡♥ ❈ q✉❡ ♠✉❡str❡ ❧♦s ♣❛rá♠❡tr♦s ❡s❝r✐t♦s ❡s✿

✶ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ st❞✐♦ ✳❤ ❃
✷
✸ ✐♥t ♠❛✐♥ ✭ ✐♥t ❛r❣❝ ✱ ❝❤❛r ✯ ❛r❣✈ ❬❪✮ ④
✹ ✐♥t ✐ ❀
✺
✻ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ◆♦♠❜r❡ ❞❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ✿❭✧ ✪ s ❭✧✳❭ ♥ ✧ ✱ ❛r❣✈ ❬✵❪✮ ❀
✼ ✐❢ ✭ ❛r❣❝ ❃ ✵✮
✽ ❢♦r ✭ ✐ ❂ ✶❀ ✐ ❁ ❛r❣❝ ❀ ✐ ✰✰✮
✾ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ P❛r á ♠❡tr♦ ✪❞ ❂ ✪s❭ ♥✧ ✱ ✐ ✱ ❛r❣✈ ❬✐ ❪✮ ❀
✶✵ ❡❧s❡
✶✶ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ◆♦ s❡ ❤❛♥ ✐♥❞✐❝❛❞♦ ♣❛r á ♠❡tr♦s ✳❭ ♥✧✮ ❀
✶✷
✶✸ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✶✹ ⑥

✶✶✳✾✳✶✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦s ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦s

✶✳ ❈r❡❛r ✉♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❧❧❛♠❛❞♦ ✑s✉♠❛✑✱ q✉❡ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❡ ✭② ♠✉❡str❡✮ ❧❛ s✉♠❛ ❞❡ ❞♦s ♥ú♠❡r♦s q✉❡ s❡
✐♥❞✐q✉❡♥ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛rá♠❡tr♦s✳ ❙✐ ❡s❝r✐❜❡ ✑s✉♠❛ ✷ ✸✑ ♠✉❡str❛ ✑✺✑✱ ② s✐ ❡s❝r✐❜❡ ✑s✉♠❛ ✷✑ ♠✉❡str❛
✑♥♦ ❤❛② s✉✜❝✐❡♥t❡s ❞❛t♦s✑✳

✶✹✵
 ✷✳ ❈r❡❛r ✉♥❛ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛❞♦r❛ ❜ás✐❝❛✱ ❧❧❛♠❛❞❛ ✑❝❛❧❝✉❧❛✑✱ q✉❡ s✉♠❡✱ r❡st❡✱ ♠✉❧t✐♣❧✐q✉❡ ② ✴ ♦ ❞✐✈✐❞❛
❧♦s ❞♦s ♥ú♠❡r♦s q✉❡ s❡ ✐♥❞✐q✉❡♥ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛rá♠❡tr♦s✳ ❊❥❡♠♣❧♦s ❞❡ s✉ ✉s♦ ❡s ✑❝❛❧❝✉❧❛ ✷ ✰ ✸✑ ♦
✑❝❛❧❝✉❧❛ ✺ ✯ ✻✵✑✳

✶✶✳✾✳✷✳ ❈♦♥❝❡♣t♦ ❞❡ ❚❉❆

❯♥ ❚✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❉❛t♦ ❆❜str❛❝t♦

✶ ❡stá ❞❛❞♦ ♣♦r ✉♥ ❣r✉♣♦ ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s✭✈❡❝t♦r❡s✱ r❡❣✐str♦s✱ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡s✱

❡t❝✮ q✉❡ ❝✉♠♣❧❡♥ ❝✐❡rt❛ ❝♦♥❞✐❝✐ó♥ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ é❧✱ ♠ás ✉♥ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❡s q✉❡
r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♥ ❡❧ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠✐❡♥t♦ ❞❡❧ ♠✐s♠♦✳ ❊s ❞❡❝✐r✱ t✐❡♥❡ ✉♥❛ ✐❞❡♥t✐❞❛❞ ② ✉♥ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠✐❡♥t♦✱
♣❛r❛ ❧❛ ✐♥t❡r❛❝❝✐ó♥ ✭❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛❝✐ó♥✮ ❝♦♥ ❡❧ ♠✐s♠♦✳

❊❧ ❚❉❆ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛ ❡❧ tr❛❜❛❥♦ ❝♦♥ t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s ❤❛❝✐❡♥❞♦ ❛❜str❛❝❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❧❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❝✐ó♥ s♦❜r❡
❧♦s ♠✐s♠♦s✱ ❛♣❧✐❝❛ ❡❧ ❝♦♥❝❡♣t♦ ❞❡ ❛❜str❛❝❝✐ó♥ ❡♥ s✉ t♦t❛❧✐❞❛❞✳ ❊s ❞❡❝✐r✱ s❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛ t❛♥t♦ ❡♥ s✉
✉t✐❧✐③❛❝✐ó♥ ❝♦♠♦ ❡♥ s✉ ❝♦♥str✉❝❝✐ó♥✳ P❛r❛ ❡s♦ ❛♥❛❧✐③❛♠♦s ❡st❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♣t♦ ❡♥ ❞♦s ❢❛s❡s✳ ▲❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❝✐ó♥
② ❝♦♥str✉❝❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ✉♥ ❚❉❆✳

✶✳ ▲❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ✉♥ ❚❉❆✱ ❝♦♥s✐st❡ ❡♥ ❝♦♥♦❝❡r s✉ ❡♥t♦r♥♦ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❥♦✱ q✉é t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s

✉t✐❧✐③❛ ② ❝✉á❧❡s ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❡s ♦❢r❡❝❡ ✭❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❡s✴♣r♦❝❡❞✐♠✐❡♥t♦s✮✳ ❉❡❝✐♠♦s✿ ✑❖❦✱ ♣❡r♦ s✐ ❝♦♥♦③✲
❝♦ t♦❞♦ ❡st♦✱ sé ❝♦♠♦ ❡stá ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❞♦✑✳ ❊st❛ ❛✜r♠❛❝✐ó♥ ❡s t♦t❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡rró♥❡❛✱ ②❛ q✉❡
sé ❝♦♠♦ ❡stá ❝♦♠♣✉❡st♦ ❡st❡ ❚❉❆✱ sé t♦❞❛s ❧❛s ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❡s q✉❡ ♦❢r❡❝❡✱ ♣❡r♦ ♥♦ sé ❝♦♠♦ ❢✉❡
❝♦♥str✉✐❞♦✱ ❝♦♥♦③❝♦ ❧❛ ■◆❚❊❘❋❆❩ ✭♦ ❡❧ ❞✐s❡ñ♦✮✱ ♣❡r♦ ♥♦ sé ❝♦♠♦ ❧❛s ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❡s ❢✉❡r♦♥
❝♦♥str✉✐❞❛s✱ ❧♦ q✉❡ ❡s ❧❛ ■▼P▲❊▼❊◆❚❆❈■Ó◆✳

❊♥ ❈✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠♦s ❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❈❆▲❈❯▲❆ ❞❡❧ ❡❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦ ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r✱ q✉❡ ♦❢r❡❝❡ r✉t✐♥❛s
✭❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❡s✴♣r♦❝❡❞✐♠✐❡♥t♦s✮ ♣❛r❛ ♠❛♥✐♣✉❧❛r ❞♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s✳

❊♥t♦♥❝❡s✱ ❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❈❆▲❈❯▲❆ ❡s ✉♥ ❚❉❆ ❝♦♠♣✉❡st♦ ♣♦r ❝✉❛tr♦ ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❡s ❛r✐t♠é✲

t✐❝❛s✱ ❧♦s ♠❡♥s❛❥❡s r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈♦s✱ ♣❡r♦ ❡♥ ◆■◆●Ú◆ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ❞✐❝❡ ❝✉❛♥❞♦ ♥✐ ❝♦♠♦ ❢✉❡r♦♥
♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❞❛s✳ ❆❧ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r ❈❆▲❈❯▲❆✱ ❡♠♣❧❡❛♠♦s ❡❧ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ❞❡ ❛❜str❛❝❝✐ó♥✱ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥✲
❞♦ só❧♦ ❡❧ ♥✐✈❡❧ q✉❡ ✐♥t❡r❡s❛ ✭❝ó♠♦ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛ ② ✉t✐❧✐③❛✮ s✐♥ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛r ♥✐✈❡❧ ✐♥❢❡r✐♦r ✭❝ó♠♦
❢✉❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❞♦✮✳

❈♦♠♦ ❝♦♥❝❧✉s✐ó♥✱ ❞❡❝✐♠♦s q✉❡ ❡❧ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ❞❡ ❛❜str❛❝❝✐ó♥ s❡ ❝✉♠♣❧❡✱ ❛❧ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡

✉t✐❧✐③❛r ✉♥ ❚❉❆✳

✷✳ ▲❛ ❝♦♥str✉❝❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ✉♥ ❚❉❆✱ ❝❛♠❜✐❛ ❜❛st❛♥t❡ ❝♦♥ r❡s♣❡t♦ ❛ s✉ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❝✐ó♥✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦

❞❡ ❛❜str❛❝❝✐ó♥✳ ❘❡❝♦r❞❡♠♦s ❧♦ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡✿

❛✮ ❈r❡❛♠♦s s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ♣❛r❛ ♣❡rs♦♥❛s q✉❡ ♥♦ s❛❜❡♥ s♦❜r❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❝✐ó♥✱ ♣♦r ❧♦ t❛♥t♦✱ ❞❛♠♦s
♦♣❝✐♦♥❡s ❛❧ ✉s✉❛r✐♦ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ✐♥❣r❡s❡ ❞❛t♦s ♦ ❤❛❣❛ ❛❧❣♦✱ ② s✐ ❡❧ ✉s✉❛r✐♦ s✐❣✉❡ ❧♦s ♣❛s♦s
♦❜t✐❡♥❡ ❡❧ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❡s♣❡r❛❞♦✳ ❈♦♥str✉✐♠♦s ✉♥ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ t❛❧ q✉❡ ❡❧ ✉s✉❛r✐♦ s❡ ❛❜str❛✐❣❛
❞❡❧ ❝♦♠♦ ❡st❛❜❛ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❞♦ ✭❢✉❡ ✑❝r❡❛❞♦✑ ♣❛r❛ é❧✮ ② ❧♦ ✉t✐❧✐❝❡✱ ❞❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♥st❛♥❝✐❛ q✉❡
❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛ ❝♦rr❡❝t❛♠❡♥t❡✳

❜✮ ❈✉❛♥❞♦ ❝r❡❛♠♦s ✉♥ ❚❉❆✱ t❛♠❜✐é♥ ❝r❡❛♠♦s ✉♥ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ❧♦ ✉s❡ ✉♥ ✉s✉❛r✐♦
♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❞♦r✱ q✉❡ s❛❜❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛r✱ ♣♦r ❧♦ ❝✉❛❧ ❞❡❜❡♠♦s ❡♥tr❡❣❛r❧❡✱ ❧❛ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t❛❝✐ó♥
❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞✐❡♥t❡ ❛❧ ♠✐s♠♦✱ ❥✉♥t♦ ❝♦♥ ❧♦s ❛r❝❤✐✈♦s ♥❡❝❡s❛r✐♦s ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ❞✐❝❤♦ ❚❉❆ ❢✉♥✲
❝✐♦♥❡✳

❝✮ ❆❧ ❝♦♥str✉✐r ✉♥ ❚❉❆✱ ❞❡❜❡♠♦s t❡♥❡r ✉♥ ❜✉❡♥ ❞✐s❡ñ♦ ❞❡❧ ♠✐s♠♦✳

✶
❊♥ ❧♦ s✉❝❡s✐✈♦ ❚❉❆
✶✹✶
✶✶✳✾✳✸✳ ❉✐s❡ñ♦ ❞❡ ✉♥ ❚❉❆

❆❧ ❞✐s❡ñ❛r ✉♥ ❚❉❆✱ t❡♥❡♠♦s ❡♥ ♠❡♥t❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ✉♥ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡❧ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❛ r❡s♦❧✈❡r✱ ➽❈ó♠♦ ❡s
❡st♦❄ ❝♦♥ ❧♦s s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡s ♣❛s♦s✿

✶✳ ❆♥❛❧✐③❛r ❡❧ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✳

✷✳ ❖❜t❡♥❡r s✉s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧❡s✳

✸✳ ❍❛❝❡r ✉♥ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡❧ ❚❉❆✱ ❛♥❛❧✐③❛♥❞♦ t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s✱ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡s ② ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❡s✴♣r♦❝❡❞✐✲

♠✐❡♥t♦s ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r✳

✹✳ ■♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r❧♦ ✭♣r♦❣r❛♠❛r❧♦✮ ❡♥ ❡❧ ❧❡♥❣✉❛❥❡ ❈✳

✺✳ Pr♦❜❛r ❡❧ ❚❉❆ ✉♥❛ ✈❡③ t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦✳

✶✶✳✾✳✹✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦ ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦

✶✳ ❙✉♣♦♥❣❛ q✉❡ ✉♥❛ ❡♠♣r❡s❛ s♦❧✐❝✐t❛ ✉♥ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ q✉❡ r❡❛❧✐❝❡ ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❡s ❝♦♥ ♥ú♠❡r♦s ❝♦♠♣❧❡✲
❥♦s ❡♥ s✉ ❢♦r♠❛ ❜✐♥ó♠✐❝❛✳ ❊❧ ❝❧✐❡♥t❡ só❧♦ ❞✐❝❡ ❡s♦✱ ❧♦ q✉❡ ♥❡❝❡s✐t❛ ❡s r❡❛❧✐③❛r ✉♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛
q✉❡ ♦♣❡r❡ ❝♦♥ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❡s ❞❡ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡❥❛✳ ❯♥❛ ✈❡③ ♣❧❛♥t❡❛❞♦ ❡❧ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✭♣♦r ♣❛rt❡
❞❡❧ ❝❧✐❡♥t❡✮✱ só❧♦ ❢❛❧t❛ ❞✐s❡ñ❛r❧♦✳

✶✹✷
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶✷

❊str✉❝t✉r❛s ❞✐♥á♠✐❝❛s
▲❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛❝✐♦♥❡s ♠ás ✐♥t❡r❡s❛♥t❡s ② ♣♦t❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ❧❛ ♠❡♠♦r✐❛ ❞✐♥á♠✐❝❛ ② ❧♦s ♣✉♥t❡r♦s s♦♥ ❧❛s
❡str✉❝t✉r❛s ❞✐♥á♠✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s✳ ❊♥ ❧❡♥❣✉❛❥❡ ❈✱ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❧❛ ❡❥❡❝✉❝✐ó♥ ❞❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛✱ ❧❛s ❡str✉❝t✉r❛s
❜ás✐❝❛s ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜❧❡s t✐❡♥❡♥ ✉♥❛ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ❧✐♠✐t❛❝✐ó♥✿ ♥♦ ♣✉❡❞❡♥ ❝❛♠❜✐❛r ❞❡ t❛♠❛ñ♦✳ ▲♦s ❛rr❡❣❧♦s
❡stá♥ ❝♦♠♣✉❡st♦s ♣♦r ✉♥ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s✱ q✉❡ s❡ ❞❡❝✐❞❡ ❡♥ ❧❛ ❢❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞✐s❡ñ♦✱
❛♥t❡s q✉❡ ❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❡❥❡❝✉t❛❜❧❡ s❡❛ ❝r❡❛❞♦✳

❊♥ ♠✉❝❤❛s ♦❝❛s✐♦♥❡s s❡ ♥❡❝❡s✐t❛♥ ❡str✉❝t✉r❛s q✉❡ ❝❛♠❜✐❡♥ ❞❡ t❛♠❛ñ♦ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❧❛ ❡❥❡❝✉❝✐ó♥ ❞❡❧
♣r♦❣r❛♠❛✳ P♦r s✉♣✉❡st♦✱ ❤❛❝❡♠♦s ✑❛rr❡❣❧♦s✑ ❞✐♥á♠✐❝♦s✱ ♣❡r♦ ✉♥❛ ✈❡③ ❝r❡❛❞♦s✱ s✉ t❛♠❛ñ♦ ❡s ✜❥♦
② ♣❛r❛ ❤❛❝❡r q✉❡ ❝❛♠❜✐❡♥✱ ❞❡❜❡♠♦s r❡❝♦♥str✉✐r❧❛s ❞❡s❞❡ ❡❧ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣✐♦✳

❈♦♥ ❧❛s ❡str✉❝t✉r❛s ❞✐♥á♠✐❝❛s✱ ✉♥ ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧❛❞♦r ❝r❡❛ ❡str✉❝t✉r❛s ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s q✉❡ s❡ ❛❞❛♣t❛♥ ❛ ❧❛s
♥❡❝❡s✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ♥✉❡str♦s ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s✳ P❡r♦ ♥♦ só❧♦ ❡s♦✱ t❛♠❜✐é♥ ❝r❡❛ ❡str✉❝t✉r❛s ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s ✢❡①✐❜❧❡s✱
②❛ s❡❛ ❡♥ ❝✉❛♥t♦ ❛❧ ♦r❞❡♥✱ ❧❛ ❡str✉❝t✉r❛ ✐♥t❡r♥❛ ♦ ❧❛s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❡s ❡♥tr❡ ❧♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s q✉❡ ❧❛s ❝♦♠✲
♣♦♥❡♥✳

▲❛s ❡str✉❝t✉r❛s ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s ❡stá♥ ❝♦♠♣✉❡st❛s ❞❡ ♦tr❛s ♣❡q✉❡ñ❛s ❡str✉❝t✉r❛s ❧❧❛♠❛❞❛s ♥♦❞♦s ♦ ❡❧❡✲
♠❡♥t♦s✱ q✉❡ ❛❣r✉♣❛♥ ❞❛t♦s ② ✉♥♦ ♦ ♠ás ♣✉♥t❡r♦s ❛✉t♦✲r❡❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❧❡s✱ ❡s ❞❡❝✐r✱ ♣✉♥t❡r♦s ❛ ♦❜❥❡t♦s
❞❡❧ ♠✐s♠♦ t✐♣♦ ♥♦❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♥✉❡str♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛✳

▲❛s ❡str✉❝t✉r❛s ❞✐♥á♠✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s s♦♥ ❛q✉❡❧❧❛s ❝✉②❛ ❞✐♠❡♥s✐ó♥ ❝r❡❝❡ ♦ ❞✐s♠✐♥✉②❡ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❧❛ ❡❥❡✲
❝✉❝✐ó♥ ❞❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛✳ ❯♥❛ ❡str✉❝t✉r❛ ❞✐♥á♠✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s ❡s ✉♥❛ ❝♦❧❡❝❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❧❧❛♠❛❞♦s
♥♦❞♦s✳ ❆❧ ❝♦♥tr❛r✐♦ q✉❡ ✉♥ ❛rr❡❣❧♦✱ q✉❡ ❝♦♥t✐❡♥❡ ❡s♣❛❝✐♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛❧♠❛❝❡♥❛r ✉♥ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ✜❥♦ ❞❡ ❡❧❡✲
♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✉♥❛ ❡str✉❝t✉r❛ ❞✐♥á♠✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s s❡ ❛♠♣❧í❛ ② ❝♦♥tr❛❡ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❧❛ ❡❥❡❝✉❝✐ó♥ ❞❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛✳

✶ str✉❝t ♥♦❞♦ ④
✷ ✐♥t ❞❛t♦ ❀
✸ str✉❝t ♥♦❞♦ ✯ ♦tr♦♥♦❞♦ ❀
✹ ⑥❀

❊❧ ❝❛♠♣♦ ✑♦tr♦♥♦❞♦✑ ❛♣✉♥t❛ ❛ ✉♥ ♦❜❥❡t♦ ❞❡❧ t✐♣♦ ♥♦❞♦✳ ❉❡ ❡st❡ ♠♦❞♦✱ ❝❛❞❛ ♥♦❞♦ s❡ ✉s❛ ❝♦♠♦
✉♥ ❧❛❞r✐❧❧♦ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥str✉✐r ❧✐st❛s ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s✱ ② ❝❛❞❛ ✉♥♦ ♠❛♥t✐❡♥❡ ❝✐❡rt❛s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❡s ❝♦♥ ♦tr♦s ♥♦❞♦s✳

P❛r❛ ❛❝❝❡❞❡r ❛ ✉♥ ♥♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❡str✉❝t✉r❛ só❧♦ ♥❡❝❡s✐t❛♠♦s ✉♥ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ ❛ ✉♥ ♥♦❞♦✳

❉✉r❛♥t❡ ❡❧ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ ❛♣❛rt❛❞♦ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠♦s ❧❛s ❡str✉❝t✉r❛s ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s ❞✐♥á♠✐❝❛s ♠❡❞✐❛♥t❡ ❣rá✜❝♦s
♣❛r❛ ♠❡❥♦r ❝♦♠♣r❡♥s✐ó♥ ❞❡❧ ❧❡❝t♦r✳ ❊❧ ♥♦❞♦ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r s❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❛sí✿

✶✹✸
 ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✷✳✶✿

▲❛s ❡str✉❝t✉r❛s ❞✐♥á♠✐❝❛s s♦♥ ✉♥❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❚❉❆ ✭❚✐♣♦s ❆❜str❛❝t♦s ❞❡ ❉❛t♦s✮✳ ❊♥
❡st♦s t✐♣♦s ♥♦s ❝❡♥tr❛♠♦s ♠ás ❡♥ ❧❛ ❡str✉❝t✉r❛ ❞❡ ❧♦s ❞❛t♦s q✉❡ ❡♥ ❡❧ t✐♣♦ ❝♦♥❝r❡t♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥
q✉❡ ❛❧♠❛❝❡♥❛♥✳

❉❡♣❡♥❞✐❡♥❞♦ ❞❡❧ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ♣✉♥t❡r♦s ② ❞❡ s✉s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❡s ❝♦♥ ❧♦s ♥♦❞♦s✱ ❞✐st✐♥❣✉✐♠♦s ✈❛r✐♦s t✐♣♦s
❞❡ ❡str✉❝t✉r❛s ❞✐♥á♠✐❝❛s✳ ❙ó❧♦ ❡♥✉♠❡r❛♠♦s ❧♦s t✐♣♦s ❜ás✐❝♦s✿

▲✐st❛s ❛❜✐❡rt❛s✿ ❝❛❞❛ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ só❧♦ ❞✐s♣♦♥❡ ❞❡ ✉♥ ♣✉♥t❡r♦✱ q✉❡ ❛♣✉♥t❛ ❛❧ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦
❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ ♦ ✈❛❧❡ ◆❯▲▲✱ s✐ ❡s ❡❧ ú❧t✐♠♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦✳

P✐❧❛s✿ s♦♥ ✉♥ t✐♣♦ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ❞❡ ❧✐st❛✱ ❝♦♥♦❝✐❞❛s ❝♦♠♦ ❧✐st❛s ▲■❋❖ ✭▲❛st ■♥✱ ❋✐rst ❖✉t✿ ❡❧
ú❧t✐♠♦ ❡♥ ❡♥tr❛r ❡s ❡❧ ♣r✐♠❡r♦ ❡♥ s❛❧✐r✮✳ ▲♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s s❡ ❛♣✐❧❛♥✱ t❛❧ q✉❡ ❡❧ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ q✉❡
❡stá ❡♥❝✐♠❛ ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣✐❧❛ ❡s ❧❡í❞♦✱ ② só❧♦ s❡ ❛ñ❛❞❡♥ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❡♥❝✐♠❛ ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣✐❧❛✳

❈♦❧❛s✿ ♦tr♦ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❧✐st❛s✱ ❝♦♥♦❝✐❞❛s ❝♦♠♦ ❧✐st❛s ❋■❋❖ ✭❋✐rst ■♥✱ ❋✐rst ❖✉t✿ ❊❧ ♣r✐♠❡r♦ ❡♥
❡♥tr❛r ❡s ❡❧ ♣r✐♠❡r♦ ❡♥ s❛❧✐r✮✳ ▲♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s s❡ ❛❧♠❛❝❡♥❛♥ ❡♥ ✜❧❛✱ ♣❡r♦ só❧♦ s❡ ❛ñ❛❞❡♥ ♣♦r
✉♥ ❡①tr❡♠♦ ② ❧❡❡rs❡ ♣♦r ❡❧ ♦tr♦✳

▲✐st❛s ❝✐r❝✉❧❛r❡s ♦ ❝❡rr❛❞❛s✿ s♦♥ ♣❛r❡❝✐❞❛s ❛ ❧❛s ❧✐st❛s ❛❜✐❡rt❛s✱ ♣❡r♦ ❡❧ ú❧t✐♠♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦
❛♣✉♥t❛ ❛❧ ♣r✐♠❡r♦✳ ❉❡ ❤❡❝❤♦✱ ❡♥ ❧❛s ❧✐st❛s ❝✐r❝✉❧❛r❡s ♥♦ s❡ ❤❛❜❧❛ ❞❡ ✑♣r✐♠❡r♦✑ ♦ ✑ú❧t✐♠♦✑✳
❈✉❛❧q✉✐❡r ♥♦❞♦ ♣✉❡❞❡ s❡r ❡❧ ♥♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ② s❛❧✐❞❛✳

▲✐st❛s ❞♦❜❧❡♠❡♥t❡ ❡♥❧❛③❛❞❛s✿ ❝❛❞❛ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❞✐s♣♦♥❡ ❞❡ ❞♦s ♣✉♥t❡r♦s✱ ✉♥♦ ❛ ♣✉♥t❛ ❛❧ s✐✲
❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ② ❡❧ ♦tr♦ ❛❧ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r✳ ❊st❛s ❧✐st❛s s❡ r❡❝♦rr❡♥ ❡♥ ❧♦s ❞♦s s❡♥t✐❞♦s✳

❆r❜♦❧❡s✿ ❝❛❞❛ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❞✐s♣♦♥❡ ❞❡ ❞♦s ♦ ♠ás ♣✉♥t❡r♦s✱ ♣❡r♦ ❧❛s r❡❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛s ♥✉♥❝❛ s♦♥ ❛
❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❛♥t❡r✐♦r❡s✱ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ q✉❡ ❧❛ ❡str✉❝t✉r❛ s❡ r❛♠✐✜❝❛ ② ❝r❡❝❡ ✐❣✉❛❧ q✉❡ ✉♥ ár❜♦❧✳

❆r❜♦❧❡s ❜✐♥❛r✐♦s✿ s♦♥ ár❜♦❧❡s ❞♦♥❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ♥♦❞♦ só❧♦ ♣✉❡❞❡ ❛♣✉♥t❛r ❛ ❞♦s ♥♦❞♦s✳

❆r❜♦❧❡s ❜✐♥❛r✐♦s ❞❡ ❜úsq✉❡❞❛ ✭❆❇❇✮✿ ❧♦s ❝✉❛❧❡s s♦♥ ár❜♦❧❡s ❜✐♥❛r✐♦s ♦r❞❡♥❛❞♦s✳ ❉❡s❞❡ ❝❛❞❛
♥♦❞♦✱ t♦❞♦s ❧♦s ♥♦❞♦s ❞❡ ✉♥❛ r❛♠❛ s♦♥ ♠❛②♦r❡s✱ s❡❣ú♥ ❧❛ ♥♦r♠❛ q✉❡ s❡ ❤❛②❛ s❡❣✉✐❞♦ ♣❛r❛
♦r❞❡♥❛r ❡❧ ár❜♦❧✱ ② ❧♦s ❞❡ ❧❛ ♦tr❛ r❛♠❛ s♦♥ ♠❡♥♦r❡s✳

❆r❜♦❧❡s ❆❱▲✿ s♦♥ t❛♠❜✐é♥ ár❜♦❧❡s ❞❡ ❜úsq✉❡❞❛✱ ♣❡r♦ s✉ ❡str✉❝t✉r❛ ❡stá ♠ás ♦♣t✐♠✐③❛❞❛
♣❛r❛ r❡❞✉❝✐r ❧♦s t✐❡♠♣♦s ❞❡ ❜úsq✉❡❞❛✳

❆r❜♦❧❡s ❇✿ s♦♥ ❡str✉❝t✉r❛s ❝♦♠♣❧❡❥❛s✱ ❛✉♥q✉❡ t❛♠❜✐é♥ s❡ tr❛t❛ ❞❡ ár❜♦❧❡s ❞❡ ❜úsq✉❡❞❛✱

❡stá♥ ♦♣t✐♠✐③❛❞❛s ❝♦♥ r❡s♣❡❝t♦ ❛ ❧❛s ❛♥t❡r✐♦r❡s✳

❚❛❜❧❛s ❍❆❙❍✿ s♦♥ ❡str✉❝t✉r❛s ❛✉①✐❧✐❛r❡s ♣❛r❛ ♦r❞❡♥❛r ❧✐st❛s✳

●r❛❢♦s✿ ❡s ❡❧ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ♥✐✈❡❧ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡❥✐❞❛❞✱ ❡st❛s ❡str✉❝t✉r❛s s❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥ ár❜♦❧❡s ♥♦

❥❡r❛rq✉✐③❛❞♦s✳

❉✐❝❝✐♦♥❛r✐♦s✳

✶✹✹
❆❧ ✜♥❛❧ ❞❡❧ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✈❡♠♦s ❡str✉❝t✉r❛s ❞✐♥á♠✐❝❛s ❡♥ ❧❛s q✉❡ ❡①✐st❡♥ ♥♦❞♦s ❞❡ ❞✐st✐♥t♦s
t✐♣♦s✱ ❛✉♥q✉❡ ♥♦ ❡s ♦❜❧✐❣❛t♦r✐♦ q✉❡ ❧❛s ❡str✉❝t✉r❛s ❞✐♥á♠✐❝❛s ❡sté♥ ❝♦♠♣✉❡st❛s ♣♦r ✉♥ ú♥✐❝♦
t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ♥♦❞♦✱ s✉ ✢❡①✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞ ② t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❡str✉❝t✉r❛s só❧♦ ❡stá♥ ❧✐♠✐t❛❞♦s ♣♦r ❧❛ ✐♠❛❣✐♥❛❝✐ó♥ ❝♦♠♦
❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧❛❞♦r✳
▲❛s ❡str✉❝t✉r❛s ❞✐♥á♠✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s s❡ ❞✐✈✐❞❡♥ ❡♥ ❞♦s ❣r❛♥❞❡s ❣r✉♣♦s✿
✶✳ ▲✐♥❡❛❧❡s✿ ❧✐st❛s ❡♥❧❛③❛❞❛s✱ ♣✐❧❛s✱ ❝♦❧❛s✳
✷✳ ◆♦ ❧✐♥❡❛❧❡s✿ ár❜♦❧❡s ✱ ❣r❛❢♦s✳
▲❛s ❡str✉❝t✉r❛s ❞✐♥á♠✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s s♦♥ ✉t✐❧❡s ♣❛r❛ ❛❧♠❛❝❡♥❛r ❞❛t♦s ❞❡❧ ♠✉♥❞♦ r❡❛❧ q✉❡ ❡stá♥
❝❛♠❜✐❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡♠❡♥t❡✳ ▲♦s ❞❛t♦s ❞❡ ❛❧✉♠♥♦s ❞❡ ✉♥ ❝✉rs♦ ❛❧♠❛❝❡♥❛❞♦s ❡♥ ✉♥ ❛rr❡❣❧♦✱ ♦r❞❡✲
♥❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❛❝✉❡r❞♦ ❛❧ ♣r♦♠❡❞✐♦✳ P❛r❛ ✐♥s❡rt❛r ✉♥ ♥✉❡✈♦ ❛❧✉♠♥♦ ❡s ♥❡❝❡s❛r✐♦ ❝♦rr❡r ❝❛❞❛ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦
✉♥ ❡s♣❛❝✐♦✳ ❙✐ ✉t✐❧✐③❛ ✉♥❛ ❡str✉❝t✉r❛ ❞✐♥á♠✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s✱ ❧♦s ♥✉❡✈♦s ❞❛t♦s ❞❡❧ ❛❧✉♠♥♦ s❡ ✐♥s❡rt❛♥
❢á❝✐❧♠❡♥t❡✳
▲❛s ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❡s q✉❡ ♥♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡ s❡ ❡❥❡❝✉t❛♥ ❝♦♥ ❡str✉❝t✉r❛s ❞✐♥á♠✐❝❛s ✐♥❝❧✉②❡♥✿
✶✳ ❘❡❝✉♣❡r❛r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ✉♥ ♥♦❞♦ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦✳
✷✳ ❊♥❝♦♥tr❛r ❡❧ ♥♦❞♦ q✉❡ ❝♦♥t✐❡♥❡ ✉♥❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛✳
✸✳ ■♥s❡rt❛r ✉♥ ♥✉❡✈♦ ♥♦❞♦ ❡♥ ✉♥ ❧✉❣❛r ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦✳
✹✳ ■♥s❡rt❛r ✉♥ ♥✉❡✈♦ ♥♦❞♦ ❡♥ r❡❧❛❝✐ó♥ ❛ ✉♥❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r✳
✺✳ ❇♦rr❛r ✉♥ ♥♦❞♦ ❡①✐st❡♥t❡✳

✶✷✳✶✳ ❈ó♠♦ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛ ✉♥❛ ❧✐st❛

❯♥❛ ♣✐❧❛ ❛❧ s❡r ✉♥❛ ❧✐st❛ ❛❧♠❛❝❡♥❛ ❡♥ ❡❧ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥ ❝✉❛❧q✉✐❡r t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ✈❛❧♦r ✭✐♥t✱
❝❤❛r✱ ✢♦❛t✱ ✈❡❝t♦r ❞❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r❡s✱ ✉♥ r❡❣✐str♦✱ ❡t❝✳✮
P❛r❛ ❡st✉❞✐❛r ❡❧ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ❞❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ✉♥❛ ♣✐❧❛ s✉♣♦♥❡♠♦s q✉❡ ❡♥ ❡❧ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥
❛❧♠❛❝❡♥❛ ✉♥ ❡♥t❡r♦ ✭♣❛r❛ ✉♥❛ ❢á❝✐❧ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛❝✐ó♥ ② ❝♦❞✐✜❝❛❝✐ó♥✮
■♥✐❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❧❛ P■▲❆ ❡stá ✈❛❝í❛ ② ❞❡❝✐♠♦s q✉❡ ❡❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ r❛í③ ❛♣✉♥t❛ ❛ ◆❯▲▲ ✭♥♦ t✐❡♥❡ ✉♥❛
❞✐r❡❝❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ♠❡♠♦r✐❛✱ ❡st❡ ✈❛❧♦r ◆❯▲▲ ❡s ❡❧ ✈❛❧♦r ❝❡r♦ ② ♣❛r❛ ❞❡s✐❣♥❛r ❡❧ ✜♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛✮✳
❊❧ ♣r✐♠❡r ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ ❡s ❧❛ ❝❛❜❡❝❡r❛ ② ❝♦♥t✐❡♥❡ ✉♥ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ q✉❡ s❡ñ❛❧❛ ❡❧ ♣r✐♠❡r ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦
❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛✳

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✷✳✷✿

❊❧ ú❧t✐♠♦ ♥♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ ❛♣✉♥t❛ ❛ ◆❯▲▲ ♣♦rq✉❡ ♥♦ ❤❛② ♠ás ♥♦❞♦s ❡♥ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛✳
■♥s❡rt❛♠♦s ✉♥ ✈❛❧♦r ❡♥t❡r♦ ❡♥ ❧❛ ♣✐❧❛✿ ✐♥s❡rt❛r✭✶✵✮✳

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✷✳✸✿

✶✹✺
 ▲✉❡❣♦ ❞❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ❧❛ ✐♥s❡r❝✐ó♥ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ t✐♣♦ ♣✐❧❛ q✉❡❞❛ ❞❡ ❡st❛ ♠❛♥❡r❛✿ ✉♥ ♥♦❞♦ ❝♦♥ ❡❧ ✈❛❧♦r
✶✵ ② s✉ r❛í③ ❛♣✉♥t❛ ❛ ❞✐❝❤♦ ♥♦❞♦✳ ❊❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ ❞❡❧ ♥♦❞♦ ❛♣✉♥t❛ ❛ ◆❯▲▲ ②❛ q✉❡ ♥♦ ❤❛② ♦tr♦ ♥♦❞♦
❞❡s♣✉és ❞❡ ést❡✳
■♥s❡rt❛♠♦s ❧✉❡❣♦ ❡❧ ✈❛❧♦r ✹✿ ✐♥s❡rt❛r✭✹✮

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✷✳✹✿

❆❤♦r❛ ❡❧ ♣r✐♠❡r ♥♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣✐❧❛ ❛❧♠❛❝❡♥❛ ❡❧ ✈❛❧♦r ❝✉❛tr♦ ② r❛í③ ❛♣✉♥t❛ ❛ ❞✐❝❤♦ ♥♦❞♦✳ ❘❡❝♦r✲
❞❡♠♦s q✉❡ r❛í③ ❡s ❡❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ ❡①t❡r♥♦ ❛ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ q✉❡ ❛❧♠❛❝❡♥❛ ❧❛ ❞✐r❡❝❝✐ó♥ ❞❡❧ ♣r✐♠❡r ♥♦❞♦✳
❊❧ ♥♦❞♦ q✉❡ ✐♥s❡rt❛♠♦s ❡♥ ❡❧ ❝❛♠♣♦ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ ❣✉❛r❞❛ ❧❛ ❞✐r❡❝❝✐ó♥ ❞❡❧ ♥♦❞♦ q✉❡ ❛❧♠❛❝❡♥❛ ❡❧ ✈❛❧♦r
✶✵✳
❆❤♦r❛ ➽◗✉é s✉❝❡❞❡ s✐ ❡①tr❛❡♠♦s ✉♥ ♥♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣✐❧❛❄ ➽❈✉á❧ ❡①tr❛❡r❄ ❈♦♠♦ s❛❜❡♠♦s ❞❡ ✉♥❛ ♣✐❧❛
s❡ ❡①tr❛❡ ❡❧ ú❧t✐♠♦ ❡♥ ❡♥tr❛r✳
❆❧ ❡①tr❛❡r ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣✐❧❛ t❡♥❡♠♦s✿

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✷✳✺✿

▲❛ ♣✐❧❛ ❤❛ q✉❡❞❛❞♦ ❝♦♥ ✉♥ ♥♦❞♦✳

❉❡❜❡♠♦s t❡♥❡r ❝✉✐❞❛❞♦ q✉❡ s✐ s❡ ❡①tr❛❡♠♦s ✉♥ ♥✉❡✈♦ ♥♦❞♦ ❧❛ ♣✐❧❛ q✉❡❞❛ ✈❛❝í❛ ② ♥♦ ♣✉❡❞❡s ❡①tr❛❡r
♦tr♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ✭❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡❜❡ ❛✈✐s❛r q✉❡ ❧❛ ♣✐❧❛ ❡stá ✈❛❝í❛✮
P❛r❛ ❝r❡❛r ✉♥❛ ❧✐st❛ ♥❡❝❡s✐t❛♠♦s ❧❛s ❡str✉❝t✉r❛s ② ❛s✐❣♥❛❝✐ó♥ ❞✐♥á♠✐❝❛ ❞❡ ♠❡♠♦r✐❛✳ ❈♦♥❝❧✉✐♠♦s
q✉❡ ✉♥❛ ❧✐st❛ ❡♥❧❛③❛❞❛ ❡s ✉♥ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❧❧❛♠❛❞♦s ♥♦❞♦s ❡♥ ❧♦s q✉❡ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♥♦ ❞❡ ❡❧❧♦s
❝♦♥t✐❡♥❡ ✉♥ ❞❛t♦ ② t❛♠❜✐é♥ ❧❛ ❞✐r❡❝❝✐ó♥ ❞❡❧ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ♥♦❞♦✳

✶✷✳✷✳ ▲✐st❛s✱ ♣✐❧❛s ② ❝♦❧❛s

✶✷✳✷✳✶✳ ▲✐st❛ s✐♠♣❧❡ ❡♥❧❛③❛❞❛

✶✷✳✷✳✶✳✶✳ ■♥tr♦❞✉❝❝✐ó♥

❊❧ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❡s ❝♦♠♣r❡♥❞❡r ❡❧ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❧❛s ❧✐st❛s ❡♥❧❛③❛❞❛s s✐♠♣❧❡s✱ ❧❛s ❝✉❛❧❡s s♦♥ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s
❝✉❛♥❞♦ ❤❛❝❡♠♦s ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❡s ❞❡ ✐♥s❡r❝✐ó♥ ② ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s✳

✶✹✻
✶✷✳✷✳✶✳✷✳ ❉❡✜♥✐❝✐ó♥
▲❛s ❧✐st❛s ❡♥❧❛③❛❞❛s s♦♥ ❡str✉❝t✉r❛s ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s s❡♠❡❥❛♥t❡s ❛ ❧♦s ❛rr❡❣❧♦s ❡①❝❡♣t♦ q✉❡ ❡❧ ❛❝❝❡s♦
❛ ✉♥ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ♥♦ s❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛ ♣♦r ✉♥ í♥❞✐❝❡ s✐♥♦ ♣♦r ✉♥ ♣✉♥t❡r♦✳ ▲❛ ❛s✐❣♥❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ♠❡♠♦r✐❛ ❡s
r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❧❛ ❡❥❡❝✉❝✐ó♥✳ ❊♥ ✉♥❛ ❧✐st❛ ❧♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s s♦♥ ❝♦♥t✐❣✉♦s ❡♥ ❧♦ q✉❡ ❝♦♥❝✐❡r♥❡ ❛❧
❡♥❧❛③❛❞♦✳

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✷✳✻✿

❊♥ ❝❛♠❜✐♦✱ ♠✐❡♥tr❛s q✉❡ ❡♥ ✉♥ ❛rr❡❣❧♦ ❧♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❡stá♥ ❝♦♥t✐❣✉♦s ❡♥ ❧❛ ♠❡♠♦r✐❛✱ ❡♥ ✉♥❛
❧✐st❛ ❧♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❡stá♥ ❞✐s♣❡rs♦s✳ ❊❧ ❡♥❧❛❝❡ ❡♥tr❡ ❡❧❧♦s s❡ ❤❛❝❡ ♠❡❞✐❛♥t❡ ✉♥ ♣✉♥t❡r♦✳ ❊♥ ❧❛
♠❡♠♦r✐❛✱ ❧❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❝✐ó♥ ❡s ❛❧❡❛t♦r✐❛ ❡♥ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ❞❡❧ ❡s♣❛❝✐♦ ❛s✐❣♥❛❞♦✳ ❊❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡❧
ú❧t✐♠♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❛♣✉♥t❛ ❛ ◆❯▲▲✳ P❛r❛ ❛❝❝❡❞❡r ❛ ✉♥ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦✱ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ ❡s r❡❝♦rr✐❞❛ ❞❡s❞❡ ❡❧ ✐♥✐❝✐♦✱
❡❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ❡❧ ❞❡s♣❧❛③❛♠✐❡♥t♦ ❤❛❝✐❛ ❡❧ ♣ró①✐♠♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦✳ ❊❧ ❞❡s♣❧❛③❛♠✐❡♥t♦
s❡ ❤❛❝❡ ❡♥ ✉♥❛ s♦❧❛ ❞✐r❡❝❝✐ó♥✱ ❞❡❧ ♣r✐♠❡r ❛❧ ú❧t✐♠♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦✳ ❙✐ ❞❡s❡❛s ❞❡s♣❧❛③❛rt❡ ❡♥ ❧❛s ❞♦s
❞✐r❡❝❝✐♦♥❡s ✭❤❛❝✐❛ ❞❡❧❛♥t❡ ② ❤❛❝✐❛ ❛trás✮ ✉t✐❧✐③❛s ❧❛s ❧✐st❛s ❞♦❜❧❡♠❡♥t❡ ❡♥❧❛③❛❞❛s✳

✶✷✳✷✳✶✳✸✳ ❈♦♥str✉❝❝✐ó♥ ❞❡❧ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ✉♥ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛

P❛r❛ ❞❡✜♥✐r ✉♥ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠♦s ❡❧ t✐♣♦ str✉❝t✳ ❊❧ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ ❝♦♥t✐❡♥❡
✉♥ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❞❛t♦ ② ✉♥ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡✳ ❊❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❡s ❞❡❧ ♠✐s♠♦ t✐♣♦ q✉❡ ❡❧ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦✱
❡♥ ❝❛s♦ ❝♦♥tr❛r✐♦✱ ♥♦ ❛♣✉♥t❛ ❤❛❝✐❛ ❡❧ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦✳ ❊❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛ ❡❧ ❛❝❝❡s♦ ❛❧ ♣ró①✐♠♦
❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦✳
✶ t②♣❡❞❡❢ str✉❝t ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦▲✐st❛ ④
✷ ❝❤❛r ✯ ❞❛t♦ ❀
✸ str✉❝t ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦▲✐st❛ ✯ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❀
✹ ⑥ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❀
P❛r❛ t❡♥❡r ❡❧ ❝♦♥tr♦❧ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ ❡s ♣r❡❢❡r✐❜❧❡ ❣✉❛r❞❛r ❝✐❡rt♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s✿ ❊❧ ♣r✐♠❡r ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦✱ ❡❧
ú❧t✐♠♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦✱ ❡❧ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s✳ P❛r❛ ❡❧❧♦✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠♦s ♦tr❛ ❡str✉❝t✉r❛ ✭♥♦ ❡s ♦❜❧✐❣❛t♦r✐♦✱
♣✉❡❞❡♥ s❡r ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s✮
✶ t②♣❡❞❡❢ str✉❝t ▲✐st❛■❞❡♥t✐❢✐❝❛r ④
✷ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✯ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❀
✸ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✯ ❢✐♥ ❀
✹ ✐♥t t❛♠❛ ñ ♦❀
✺ ⑥ ▲✐st❛ ❀
❊❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❝♦♥t✐❡♥❡ ❧❛ ❞✐r❡❝❝✐ó♥ ❞❡❧ ♣r✐♠❡r ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛✳ ❊❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ ✜♥ ❝♦♥t✐❡♥❡ ❧❛
❞✐r❡❝❝✐ó♥ ❞❡❧ ú❧t✐♠♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛✳ ▲❛ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ t❛♠❛ñ♦ ❝♦♥t✐❡♥❡ ❡❧ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s✳
❈✉❛❧q✉✐❡r❛ q✉❡ s❡❛ ❧❛ ♣♦s✐❝✐ó♥ ❡♥ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛✱ ❧♦s ♣✉♥t❡r♦s ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ② ✜♥ ❛♣✉♥t❛♥ s✐❡♠♣r❡ ❛❧ ♣r✐♠❡r ②
ú❧t✐♠♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦✳ ❊❧ ❝❛♠♣♦ t❛♠❛ñ♦ ❝♦♥t✐❡♥❡ ❡❧ ♥✉♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ ❝✉❛❧q✉✐❡r❛ q✉❡
s❡❛ ❧❛ ♦♣❡r❛❝✐ó♥ ❡❢❡❝t✉❛❞❛ s♦❜r❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛✳

✶✹✼
✶✷✳✷✳✷✳ ❖♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❡s s♦❜r❡ ❧❛s ❧✐st❛s ❡♥❧❛③❛❞❛s

P❛r❛ ❧❛ ✐♥s❡r❝✐ó♥ ② ❧❛ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛❝✐ó♥✱ ✉♥❛ s♦❧♦ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ❜❛st❛rá s✐ ❡stá ❜✐❡♥ ❝♦♥❝❡❜✐❞❛ ❞❡ ❛❝✉❡r❞♦
❛ ❧♦ q✉❡ s❡ ♥❡❝❡s✐t❡✳ ❉❡❜♦ r❡❝♦r❞❛r q✉❡ ❡st❡ ❛rtí❝✉❧♦ ❡s ♣✉r❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞✐❞á❝t✐❝♦✳ P♦r ❡st❛ r❛③ó♥ ❤❡
❡s❝r✐t♦ ✉♥❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ♦♣❡r❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ✐♥s❡r❝✐ó♥ ② ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛❝✐ó♥✳

✶✷✳✷✳✷✳✶✳ ■♥✐❝✐❛❧✐③❛❝✐ó♥

▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥✿ ✈♦✐❞ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧✐③❛❝✐♦♥ ✭▲✐st❛ ✯❧✐st❛✮❀

❊st❛ ♦♣❡r❛❝✐ó♥ ❡s r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ❛♥t❡s ❞❡ ❝✉❛❧q✉✐❡r ♦tr❛ ♦♣❡r❛❝✐ó♥ s♦❜r❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛✳ ■♥✐❝✐❛❧✐③❛ ❡❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦
✐♥✐❝✐♦ ② ❡❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ ✜♥ ❝♦♥ ❡❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ ◆❯▲▲✱ ② ❡❧ t❛♠❛ñ♦ ❝♦♥ ❡❧ ✈❛❧♦r ✵✳ ▲❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥
✶ ✈♦✐❞ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧✐③❛❝✐♦♥ ✭ ▲✐st❛ ✯ ❧✐st❛ ✮④
✷ ❧✐st❛ ✲ ❃ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❂ ◆❯▲▲ ❀
✸ ❧✐st❛ ✲ ❃ ❢✐♥ ❂ ◆❯▲▲ ❀
✹ t❛♠❛ ñ ♦ ❂ ✵❀
✺ ⑥

✶✷✳✷✳✷✳✷✳ ■♥s❡r❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ✉♥ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❡♥ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛

❆ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛❝✐ó♥✱ ❡❧ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❞❡ ✐♥s❡r❝✐ó♥ ② r❡❣✐str♦ ❞❡ ❧♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s✿

✶✳ ❞❡❝❧❛r❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡❧ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❛ ✐♥s❡rt❛r✳
✷✳ ❛s✐❣♥❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❧❛ ♠❡♠♦r✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❡❧ ♥✉❡✈♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦✳
✸✳ r❡❧❧❡♥❛r ❡❧ ❝♦♥t❡♥✐❞♦ ❞❡❧ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s✳
✹✳ ❛❝t✉❛❧✐③❛r ❧♦s ♣✉♥t❡r♦s ❤❛❝✐❛ ❡❧ ♣r✐♠❡r ② ✉❧t✐♠♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ s✐ ❡s ♥❡❝❡s❛r✐♦✳
✺✳ ❆❝t✉❛❧✐③❛r ❡❧ t❛♠❛ñ♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛
✻✳ ❈❛s♦ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r✿ ❡♥ ✉♥❛ ❧✐st❛ ❝♦♥ ✉♥ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦✱ ❡❧ ♣r✐♠❡r♦ ❡s ❛❧ ♠✐s♠♦ t✐❡♠♣♦ ❡❧ ú❧t✐♠♦✳
P❛r❛ ❛❣r❡❣❛r ✉♥ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❛ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ ❤❛② ✈❛r✐♦s ❝❛s♦s✿
✶✳ ■♥s❡r❝✐ó♥ ❡♥ ✉♥❛ ❧✐st❛ ✈❛❝í❛
✷✳ ■♥s❡r❝✐ó♥ ❛❧ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛
✸✳ ■♥s❡r❝✐ó♥ ❛❧ ✜♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛
✹✳ ■♥s❡r❝✐ó♥ ❡♥ ♦tr❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛✳

■♥s❡r❝✐ó♥ ❡♥ ✉♥❛ ❧✐st❛ ✈❛❝í❛

❊❥❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥✿ ✐♥t ✐♥s❴❡♥❴❧✐st❛❴✈❛❝✐❛ ✭▲✐st❛ ✯❧✐st❛✱ ❝❤❛r ✯❞❛t♦✮❀

▲❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ❞❡✈✉❡❧✈❡ ✶ ❡♥ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ ❡rr♦r✱ s✐ ♥♦ ❞❡✈✉❡❧✈❡ ✵✳ ❊t❛♣❛s✿
✶✳ ❛s✐❣♥❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ♠❡♠♦r✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❡❧ ♥✉❡✈♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦
✷✳ r❡❧❧❡♥❛r ❡❧ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s ❞❡❧ ♥✉❡✈♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦

✶✹✽
 ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✷✳✼✿

✸✳ ❡❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡❧ ♥✉❡✈♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❛♣✉♥t❛rá ❤❛❝✐❛ ◆❯▲▲ ✭②❛ q✉❡ ❧❛ ✐♥s❡r❝✐ó♥ ❡s r❡❛❧✐✲
③❛❞❛ ❡♥ ✉♥❛ ❧✐st❛ ✈❛❝í❛ s❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛ ❧❛ ❞✐r❡❝❝✐ó♥ ❞❡❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ q✉❡ ✈❛❧❡ ◆❯▲▲✮
✹✳ ❧♦s ♣✉♥t❡r♦s ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ② ✜♥ ❛♣✉♥t❛♥ ❤❛❝✐❛ ❡❧ ♥✉❡✈♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦
✺✳ ❡❧ t❛♠❛ñ♦ ❡s ❛❝t✉❛❧✐③❛❞♦
▲❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥
✶ ✴✯ ✐♥s❡r❝✐ ó♥ ❡♥ ✉♥❛ ❧✐st❛ ✈❛❝ í❛ ✯✴
✷
✸ ✐♥t ✐♥s❴❡♥❴❧✐st❛❴✈❛❝✐❛ ✭ ▲✐st❛ ✯ ❧✐st❛ ✱ ❝❤❛r ✯ ❞❛t♦ ✮④
✹ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t ✯ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❀
✺ ✐❢ ✭✭ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❂ ✭ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t ✯✮ ♠❛❧❧♦❝ ✭ s✐③❡♦❢ ✭ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t ✮ ✮✮
❂❂ ◆❯▲▲ ✮
✻ r❡t✉r♥ ✲✶❀
✼
✽ ✐❢ ✭✭ ♥✉❡✈♦ ❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✲❃ ❞❛t♦ ❂ ✭ ❝❤❛r ✯✮ ♠❛❧❧♦❝ ✭✺✵ ✯ s✐③❡♦❢ ✭
❝❤❛r ✮ ✮✮ ❂❂ ◆❯▲▲ ✮
✾ r❡t✉r♥ ✲✶❀
✶✵
✶✶ str❝♣② ✭ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✲❃ ❞❛t♦ ✱ ❞❛t♦ ✮❀
✶✷ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✲❃ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❂ ◆❯▲▲ ❀
✶✸ ❧✐st❛ ✲ ❃ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❂ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❀
✶✹ ❧✐st❛ ✲ ❃ ❢✐♥ ❂ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❀
✶✺ ❧✐st❛ ✲ ❃ t❛♠❛ ñ ♦ ✰✰❀
✶✻ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✶✼
✶✽ ⑥

■♥s❡r❝✐ó♥ ❛❧ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛

❊❥❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥✿ ✐♥t ✐♥s❴✐♥✐❝✐♦❴❧✐st❛ ✭▲✐st❛ ✯❧✐st❛✱❝❤❛r ✯❞❛t♦✮❀

▲❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ❞❡✈✉❡❧✈❡ ✲✶ ❡♥ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ ❡rr♦r✱ s✐ ♥♦ ❞❡✈✉❡❧✈❡ ✵✳ ❊t❛♣❛s✿
✶✳ ❛s✐❣♥❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ♠❡♠♦r✐❛ ❛❧ ♥✉❡✈♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦
✷✳ r❡❧❧❡♥❛r ❡❧ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s ❞❡❧ ♥✉❡✈♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦
✸✳ ❡❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡❧ ♥✉❡✈♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❛♣✉♥t❛ ❤❛❝✐❛ ❡❧ ♣r✐♠❡r ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦

✶✹✾
 ✹✳ ❡❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❛♣✉♥t❛ ❤❛❝✐❛ ❡❧ ♥✉❡✈♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦
✺✳ ❡❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ ✜♥ ♥♦ ❝❛♠❜✐❛
✻✳ ❡❧ t❛♠❛ñ♦ ❡s ✐♥❝r❡♠❡♥t❛❞♦

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✷✳✽✿

▲❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥
✶ ✴✯ ✐♥s❡r❝✐ ó♥ ❛❧ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ ✯✴
✷
✸ ✐♥t ✐♥s❴✐♥✐❝✐♦❴❧✐st❛ ✭ ▲✐st❛ ✯ ❧✐st❛ ✱ ❝❤❛r ✯ ❞❛t♦ ✮④
✹ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t ✯ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❀
✺ ✐❢ ✭✭ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❂ ✭ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t ✯✮ ♠❛❧❧♦❝ ✭ s✐③❡♦❢ ✭ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t ✮✮✮
❂❂ ◆❯▲▲ ✮
✻ r❡t✉r♥ ✲✶❀
✼
✽ ✐❢ ✭✭ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✲❃ ❞❛t♦ ❂ ✭ ❝❤❛r ✯✮ ♠❛❧❧♦❝ ✭✺✵ ✯ s✐③❡♦❢ ✭ ❝❤❛r
✮✮ ✮ ❂❂ ◆❯▲▲ ✮
✾ r❡t✉r♥ ✲✶❀
✶✵
✶✶ str❝♣② ✭ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✲❃ ❞❛t♦ ✱ ❞❛t♦ ✮❀
✶✷ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✲❃ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❂ ❧✐st❛ ✲ ❃ ✐♥✐❝✐♦
✶✸ ❧✐st❛ ✲ ❃ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❂ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❀
✶✹ ❧✐st❛ ✲ ❃ t❛♠❛ ñ ♦ ✰✰❀
✶✺
✶✻ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✶✼
✶✽ ⑥

■♥s❡r❝✐ó♥ ❛❧ ✜♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛

❊❥❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥✿ ✐♥t ✐♥s❴❢✐♥❴❧✐st❛ ✭▲✐st❛ ✯❧✐st❛✱ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t ✯❛❝t✉❛❧✱ ❝❤❛r ✯❞❛t♦
✮❀
▲❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ❞❡✈✉❡❧✈❡ ✲✶ ❡♥ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ ❡rr♦r✱ s✐ ♥♦ ❞❡✈✉❡❧✈❡ ✵✳ ❊t❛♣❛s✿
✶✳ ❛s✐❣♥❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ♠❡♠♦r✐❛ ❛❧ ♥✉❡✈♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦
✷✳ r❡❧❧❡♥❛r ❡❧ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s ❞❡❧ ♥✉❡✈♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦

✶✺✵
 ✸✳ ❡❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡❧ ✉❧t✐♠♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❛♣✉♥t❛ ❤❛❝✐❛ ❡❧ ♥✉❡✈♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦
✹✳ ❡❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ ✜♥ ❛♣✉♥t❛ ❤❛❝✐❛ ❡❧ ♥✉❡✈♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦
✺✳ ❡❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ♥♦ ❝❛♠❜✐❛
✻✳ ❡❧ t❛♠❛ñ♦ ❡s ✐♥❝r❡♠❡♥t❛❞♦

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✷✳✾✿

▲❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥✿
✶ ✴✯ ✐♥s❡r❝✐ ó♥ ❛❧ ❢✐♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ ✯✴
✷
✸ ✐♥t ✐♥s❴❢✐♥❴❧✐st❛ ✭ ▲✐st❛ ✯ ❧✐st❛ ✱ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t ✯ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✱ ❝❤❛r ✯ ❞❛t♦ ✮④
✹
✺ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t ✯ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❀
✻
✼ ✐❢ ✭✭ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❂ ✭ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t ✯✮ ♠❛❧❧♦❝ ✭ s✐③❡♦❢ ✭ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t ✮ ✮✮
❂❂ ◆❯▲▲ ✮
✽ r❡t✉r♥ ✲✶❀
✾
✶✵ ✐❢ ✭✭ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✲❃ ❞❛t♦ ❂ ✭ ❝❤❛r ✯✮ ♠❛❧❧♦❝ ✭✺✵ ✯ s✐③❡♦❢ ✭ ❝❤❛r
✮✮ ✮ ❂❂ ◆❯▲▲ ✮
✶✶ r❡t✉r♥ ✲✶❀
✶✷
✶✸ str❝♣② ✭ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✲❃ ❞❛t♦ ✱ ❞❛t♦ ✮❀
✶✹ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✲❃ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❂ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❀
✶✺ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✲❃ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❂ ◆❯▲▲ ❀
✶✻ ❧✐st❛ ✲ ❃ ❢✐♥ ❂ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❀
✶✼ ❧✐st❛ ✲ ❃ t❛♠❛ ñ ♦ ✰✰❀
✶✽
✶✾ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✷✵
✷✶ ⑥

■♥s❡r❝✐ó♥ ❡♥ ♦tr❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛

❊❥❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥✿ ✐♥t ✐♥s❴❧✐st❛ ✭▲✐st❛ ✯❧✐st❛✱ ❝❤❛r ✯❞❛t♦✱✐♥t ♣♦s✮❀

▲❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ❞❡✈✉❡❧✈❡ ✲✶ ❡♥ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ ❡rr♦r✱ s✐ ♥♦ ❞❡✈✉❡❧✈❡ ✵✳ ▲❛ ✐♥s❡r❝✐ó♥ s❡ ❡❢❡❝tú❛ ❞❡s♣✉és ❞❡

✶✺✶
❤❛❜❡r ♣❛s❛❞♦ ❛ ❧❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ✉♥❛ ♣♦s✐❝✐ó♥ ❝♦♠♦ ❛r❣✉♠❡♥t♦✳ ❙✐ ❧❛ ♣♦s✐❝✐ó♥ ✐♥❞✐❝❛❞❛ ♥♦ t✐❡♥❡ q✉❡ s❡r
❡❧ ú❧t✐♠♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦✳ ❊♥ ❡s❡ ❝❛s♦ ❤❛② q✉❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r ❧❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ✐♥s❡r❝✐ó♥ ❛❧ ✜♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛✳ ❊t❛♣❛s✿
✶✳ ❛s✐❣♥❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ♠❡♠♦r✐❛ ❛❧ ♥✉❡✈♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦
✷✳ r❡❧❧❡♥❛r ❡❧ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s ❞❡❧ ♥✉❡✈♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦
✸✳ ❊❧❡❣✐r ✉♥❛ ♣♦s✐❝✐ó♥ ❡♥ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ ✭❧❛ ✐♥s❡r❝✐ó♥ s❡ ❤❛❝❡ ❞❡s♣✉és ❞❡ ❤❛❜❡r ❡❧❡❣✐❞♦ ❧❛ ♣♦s✐❝✐ó♥✮
✹✳ ❡❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡❧ ♥✉❡✈♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❛♣✉♥t❛ ❤❛❝✐❛ ❧❛ ❞✐r❡❝❝✐ó♥ ❛ ❧❛ q✉❡ ❛♣✉♥t❛ ❡❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦
s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡❧ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❛❝t✉❛❧✳
✺✳ ❡❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡❧ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❛♣✉♥t❛ ❛❧ ♥✉❡✈♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦
✻✳ ❧♦s ♣✉♥t❡r♦s ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ② ✜♥ ♥♦ ❝❛♠❜✐❛♥
✼✳ ❡❧ t❛♠❛ñ♦ s❡ ✐♥❝r❡♠❡♥t❛ ❡♥ ✉♥❛ ✉♥✐❞❛❞

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✷✳✶✵✿

▲❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥✿
✶ ✴✯ ✐♥s❡r❝✐ ó♥ ❡♥ ❧❛ ♣♦s✐❝✐ ó♥ s♦❧✐❝✐t❛❞❛ ✯✴
✷
✸ ✐♥t ✐♥s❴❧✐st❛ ✭ ▲✐st❛ ✯ ❧✐st❛ ✱ ❝❤❛r ✯ ❞❛t♦ ✱ ✐♥t ♣♦s ✮④
✹ ✐❢ ✭ ❧✐st❛ ✲ ❃ t❛♠❛ ñ ♦ ❁ ✷✮
✺ r❡t✉r♥ ✲✶❀
✻
✼ ✐❢ ✭ ♣♦s ❁ ✶ ⑤⑤ ♣♦s ❃❂ ❧✐st❛ ✲❃ t❛♠❛ ñ♦✮
✽ r❡t✉r♥ ✲✶❀
✾
✶✵ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t ✯ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❀
✶✶ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t ✯ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❀
✶✷ ✐♥t ✐ ❀
✶✸ ✐❢ ✭✭ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❂ ✭ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t ✯✮ ♠❛❧❧♦❝ ✭ s✐③❡♦❢ ✭ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t ✮✮✮
❂❂ ◆❯▲▲ ✮
✶✹ r❡t✉r♥ ✲✶❀
✶✺

✶✺✷
✶✻ ✐❢ ✭✭ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✲❃ ❞❛t♦ ❂ ✭ ❝❤❛r ✯✮ ♠❛❧❧♦❝ ✭✺✵ ✯ s✐③❡♦❢ ✭ ❝❤❛r
✮✮ ✮ ❂❂ ◆❯▲▲ ✮
✶✼ r❡t✉r♥ ✲✶❀
✶✽

✶✾ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❂ ❧✐st❛ ✲❃ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❀

✷✵ ❢♦r ✭ ✐ ❂ ✶❀ ✐ ❁ ♣♦s ❀ ✰✰ ✐✮
✷✶ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❂ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✲ ❃ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❀
✷✷

✷✸ ✐❢ ✭ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✲❃ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❂❂ ◆❯▲▲ ✮

✷✹ r❡t✉r♥ ✲✶❀
✷✺

✷✻ str❝♣② ✭ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✲❃ ❞❛t♦ ✱ ❞❛t♦ ✮❀

✷✼ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✲❃ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❂ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✲❃ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❀
✷✽ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✲❃ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❂ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❀
✷✾ ❧✐st❛ ✲ ❃ t❛♠❛ ñ ♦ ✰✰❀
✸✵

✸✶ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✸✷ ⑥

✶✷✳✷✳✷✳✸✳ ❊❧✐♠✐♥❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ✉♥ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛

❆ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛❝✐ó♥✱ ✉♥ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛r ✉♥ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛✿

✶✳ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ✉♥ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ t❡♠♣♦r❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❣✉❛r❞❛r ❧❛ ❞✐r❡❝❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❧♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❛ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛r

✷✳ ❡❧ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❛ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛r s❡ ❡♥❝✉❡♥tr❛ ❞❡s♣✉és ❞❡❧ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❛❝t✉❛❧

❆♣✉♥t❛r ❡❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡❧ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❤❛❝✐❛ ❧❛ ❞✐r❡❝❝✐ó♥ ❞❡❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡❧

❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❛ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛r✿

✶✳ ❧✐❜❡r❛r ❧❛ ♠❡♠♦r✐❛ ♦❝✉♣❛❞❛ ♣♦r ❡❧ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛❞♦

✷✳ ❛❝t✉❛❧✐③❛r ❡❧ t❛♠❛ñ♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛

P❛r❛ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛r ✉♥ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ ❤❛② ✈❛r✐♦s ❝❛s♦s✿

✶✳ ❊❧✐♠✐♥❛❝✐ó♥ ❛❧ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛

✷✳ ❊❧✐♠✐♥❛❝✐ó♥ ❡♥ ♦tr❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛

❊❧✐♠✐♥❛❝✐ó♥ ❛❧ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛

❊❥❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥✿ ✐♥t s✉♣❴✐♥✐❝✐♦ ✭▲✐st❛ ✯❧✐st❛✮❀

▲❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ❞❡✈✉❡❧✈❡ ✲✶ ❡♥ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ ❡rr♦r✱ s✐ ♥♦ ❞❡✈✉❡❧✈❡ ✵✳ ❊t❛♣❛s✿

✶✳ ❡❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ s✉♣❴❡❧❡♠ ❝♦♥t✐❡♥❡ ❧❛ ❞✐r❡❝❝✐ó♥ ❞❡❧ ✶❡r ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦

✷✳ ❡❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❛♣✉♥t❛r❛ ❤❛❝✐❛ ❡❧ ✷❞♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦

✸✳ ❡❧ t❛♠❛ñ♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ ❞✐s♠✐♥✉✐rá ✉♥ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦

✶✺✸
 ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✷✳✶✶✿

▲❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥
✶ ✴✯ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛❝✐ ó ♥ ❛❧ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ ✯✴
✷
✸ ✐♥t s✉♣❴✐♥✐❝✐♦ ✭ ▲✐st❛ ✯ ❧✐st❛ ✮ ④
✹
✺ ✐❢ ✭ ❧✐st❛ ✲ ❃ t❛♠❛ ñ ♦ ❂❂ ✵✮
✻ r❡t✉r♥ ✲✶❀
✼
✽ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t ✯ s✉♣❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❀
✾ s✉♣❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t ❂ ❧✐st❛ ✲❃ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❀
✶✵ ❧✐st❛ ✲ ❃ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❂ ❧✐st❛ ✲❃ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ✲❃ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❀
✶✶ ✐❢ ✭ ❧✐st❛ ✲ ❃ t❛♠❛ ñ ♦ ❂❂ ✶✮
✶✷ ❧✐st❛ ✲ ❃ ❢✐♥ ❂ ◆❯▲▲ ❀
✶✸
✶✹ ❢r❡❡ ✭ s✉♣❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✲❃ ❞❛t♦ ✮ ❀
✶✺ ❢r❡❡ ✭ s✉♣❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✮❀
✶✻ ❧✐st❛ ✲ ❃ t❛♠❛ ñ♦ ✲ ✲❀
✶✼
✶✽ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✶✾
✷✵ ⑥

❊❧✐♠✐♥❛❝✐ó♥ ❡♥ ♦tr❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛

❊❥❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥✿ ✐♥t s✉♣❴❡♥❴❧✐st❛ ✭▲✐st❛ ✯❧✐st❛✱ ✐♥t ♣♦s✮❀
▲❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ❞❡✈✉❡❧✈❡ ✲✶ ❡♥ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ ❡rr♦r✱ s✐ ♥♦ ❞❡✈✉❡❧✈❡ ✵✳ ❊t❛♣❛s✿
✶✳ ❡❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ s✉♣❴❡❧❡♠ ❝♦♥t✐❡♥❡ ❧❛ ❞✐r❡❝❝✐ó♥ ❤❛❝✐❛ ❧❛ q✉❡ ❛♣✉♥t❛ ❡❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡❧
❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❛❝t✉❛❧
✷✳ ❡❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡❧ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❛♣✉♥t❛ ❤❛❝✐❛ ❡❧ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❛❧ q✉❡ ❛♣✉♥t❛ ❡❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦
s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡❧ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ q✉❡ s✐❣✉❡ ❛❧ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❡♥ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛✳
❙✐ ❡❧ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❡s ❡❧ ♣❡♥ú❧t✐♠♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦✱ ❡❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ ✜♥ ❞❡❜❡ s❡r ❛❝t✉❛❧✐③❛❞♦✳

✶✺✹
 ✶✳ ❡❧ t❛♠❛ñ♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ ❡s ❞✐s♠✐♥✉✐❞♦ ❡♥ ✉♥ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✷✳✶✷✿

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✷✳✶✸✿

▲❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥

✶ ✴✯ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛r ✉♥ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡s♣✉ é s ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣♦s✐❝✐ ó ♥ s♦❧✐❝✐t❛❞❛ ✯✴

✷

✸ ✐♥t s✉♣❴❡♥❴❧✐st❛ ✭ ▲✐st❛ ✯ ❧✐st❛ ✱ ✐♥t ♣♦s ✮④

✹ ✐❢ ✭ ❧✐st❛ ✲ ❃ t❛♠❛ ñ ♦ ❂ ❧✐st❛ ✲❃ t❛♠❛ ñ♦ ✮
✺ r❡t✉r♥ ✲✶❀
✻

✼ ✐♥t ✐ ❀
✽ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t ✯ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❀
✾ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t ✯ s✉♣❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❀
✶✵ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❂ ❧✐st❛ ✲❃ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❀
✶✶

✶✷ ❢♦r ✭ ✐ ❂ ✶❀ ✐ ❁ ♣♦s ❀ ✰✰ ✐✮
✶✸ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❂ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✲ ❃ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❀
✶✹

✶✺ s✉♣❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❂ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✲❃ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❀

✶✻ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✲❃ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❂ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✲❃ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ✲❃ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❀
✶✼

✶✽ ✐❢ ✭ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✲❃ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❂❂ ◆❯▲▲ ✮

✶✾ ❧✐st❛ ✲ ❃ ❢✐♥ ❂ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❀
✷✵

✷✶ ❢r❡❡ ✭ s✉♣❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✲❃ ❞❛t♦ ✮ ❀

✷✷ ❢r❡❡ ✭ s✉♣❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✮❀
✷✸ ❧✐st❛ ✲ ❃ t❛♠❛ ñ♦ ✲ ✲❀
✷✹

✶✺✺
✷✺ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✷✻
✷✼ ⑥

✶✷✳✷✳✷✳✹✳ ❱✐s✉❛❧✐③❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛

P❛r❛ ♠♦str❛r ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ ❡♥t❡r❛ ❤❛② q✉❡ ♣♦s✐❝✐♦♥❛rs❡ ❛❧ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ ✭❡❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❧♦
❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛✮✳ ▲✉❡❣♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❡❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ ❡s r❡❝♦rr✐❞❛ ❞❡❧ ✶❡r♦ ❛❧
✉❧t✐♠♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦✳ ▲❛ ❝♦♥❞✐❝✐ó♥ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡t❡♥❡r ❡s ❞❛❞❛ ♣♦r ❡❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡❧ ✉❧t✐♠♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦
q✉❡ ✈❛❧❡ ◆❯▲▲✳ ▲❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥

✶ ✴✯ ✈✐s✉❛❧✐③❛❝✐ ó♥ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ ✯✴
✷
✸ ✈♦✐❞ ✈✐s✉❛❧✐③❛❝✐ ó♥ ✭ ▲✐st❛ ✯ ❧✐st❛ ✮④
✹
✺ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t ✯ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❀
✻ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❂ ❧✐st❛ ✲❃ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❀
✼
✽ ✇❤✐❧❡ ✭ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✦❂ ◆❯▲▲ ✮ ④
✾ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ✪♣ ✲ ✪s ❭♥✧ ✱ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✱ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✲ ❃ ❞❛t♦ ✮❀
✶✵ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❂ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✲ ❃ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❀
✶✶ ⑥
✶✷
✶✸ ⑥

✶✷✳✷✳✷✳✺✳ ❉❡str✉❝❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛

P❛r❛ ❞❡str✉✐r ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ ❡♥t❡r❛✱ ❤❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ❧❛ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛❝✐ó♥ ❛❧ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ ②❛ q✉❡ ❡❧ t❛♠❛ñ♦
❡s ♠❛②♦r ❛ ❝❡r♦✳ ▲❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥

✶ ✴✯ ❞❡str✉✐r ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ ✯✴
✷
✸ ✈♦✐❞ ❞❡str✉✐r ✭ ▲✐st❛ ✯ ❧✐st❛ ✮④
✹ ✇❤✐❧❡ ✭ ❧✐st❛ ✲❃ t❛♠❛ ñ♦ ❃ ✵✮
✺ s✉♣❴✐♥✐❝✐♦ ✭ ❧✐st❛ ✮❀
✻ ⑥

✶✷✳✷✳✷✳✻✳ ❊❥❡♠♣❧♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t♦

✶ ✴✯ ✲✲✲✲✲✲✲✲✲✲ ❧✐st❛ ✳ ❤ ✲✲✲✲✲✲✲✲✲✲✲ ✯✴

✷
✸ t②♣❡❞❡❢ str✉❝t ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦▲✐st❛ ④
✹ ❝❤❛r ✯ ❞❛t♦ ❀
✺ str✉❝t ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦▲✐st❛ ✯ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❀
✻ ⑥ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❀
✼
✽ t②♣❡❞❡❢ str✉❝t ▲✐st❛■❞❡♥t✐❢✐❝❛r ④

✶✺✻
 ✾ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✯ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❀
✶✵ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✯ ❢✐♥ ❀
✶✶ ✐♥t t❛♠❛ ñ ♦❀
✶✷ ⑥ ▲✐st❛ ❀
✶✸
✶✹ ✴✯ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧✐③❛❝✐ ó ♥ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ ✯✴
✶✺
✶✻ ✈♦✐❞ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧✐③❛❝✐ ó ♥ ✭ ▲✐st❛ ✯ ❧✐st❛ ✮❀
✶✼
✶✽ ✴✯ ■◆❙❊❘❈■❖◆ ✯✴
✶✾
✷✵ ✴✯ ✐♥s❡r❝✐ ó♥ ❡♥ ✉♥❡ ❧✐st❛ ✈❛❝ í❛ ✯✴
✷✶
✷✷ ✐♥t ✐♥s❴❡♥❴❧✐st❛❴✈❛❝✐❛ ✭ ▲✐st❛ ✯ ❧✐st❛ ✱ ❝❤❛r ✯ ❞❛t♦ ✮❀
✷✸
✷✹ ✴✯ ✐♥s❡r❝✐ ó♥ ❛❧ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ ✯✴
✷✺
✷✻ ✐♥t ✐♥s❴✐♥✐❝✐♦❴❧✐st❛ ✭ ▲✐st❛ ✯ ❧✐st❛ ✱ ❝❤❛r ✯ ❞❛t♦ ✮❀
✷✼
✷✽ ✴✯ ✐♥s❡r❝✐ ó♥ ❛❧ ❢✐♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ ✯✴
✷✾
✸✵ ✐♥t ✐♥s❴❢✐♥❴❧✐st❛ ✭ ▲✐st❛ ✯ ❧✐st❛ ✱ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✯ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✱ ❝❤❛r ✯ ❞❛t♦ ✮
❀
✸✶
✸✷ ✴✯ ✐♥s❡r❝✐ ó♥ ❡♥ ♦tr❛ ♣❛rt❡ ✯✴
✸✸
✸✹ ✐♥t ✐♥s❴❧✐st❛ ✭ ▲✐st❛ ✯ ❧✐st❛ ✱ ❝❤❛r ✯ ❞❛t♦ ✱ ✐♥t ♣♦s ✮❀
✸✺
✸✻ ✴✯ ❙❯P❘❊❙■❖◆ ✯✴
✸✼
✸✽ ✐♥t s✉♣❴✐♥✐❝✐♦ ✭ ▲✐st❛ ✯ ❧✐st❛ ✮❀
✸✾
✹✵ ✐♥t s✉♣❴❡♥❴❧✐st❛ ✭ ▲✐st❛ ✯ ❧✐st❛ ✱ ✐♥t ♣♦s ✮❀
✹✶
✹✷ ✐♥t ♠❡♥✉ ✭ ▲✐st❛ ✯ ❧✐st❛ ✱ ✐♥t ✯❦ ✮❀
✹✸
✹✹ ✈♦✐❞ ♠✉❡str❛ ✭ ▲✐st❛ ✯ ❧✐st❛ ✮❀
✹✺
✹✻ ✈♦✐❞ ❞❡str✉✐r ✭ ▲✐st❛ ✯ ❧✐st❛ ✮❀
✹✼
✹✽ ✴✯ ✲✲✲✲✲✲✲✲ ❋■◆ ❧✐st❛ ✳❤ ✲✲✲✲✲✲✲✲✲ ✯✴
✹✾
✺✵ ❧✐st❛ ❴❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥ ✳❤
✺✶
✺✷ ✴✯ ✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯❭
✺✸
✺✹ ✯ ❧✐st❛❴❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥ ✳❤ ✯

✶✺✼
✺✺
✺✻ ❭✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯ ✯✴
✺✼
✺✽ ✈♦✐❞
✺✾
✻✵ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧✐s❛❝✐♦♥ ✭ ▲✐st❛ ✯ ❧✐st❛ ✮ ④
✻✶ ❧✐st❛ ✲❃ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❂ ◆❯▲▲ ❀
✻✷ ❧✐st❛ ✲❃ ❢✐♥ ❂ ◆❯▲▲ ❀
✻✸ ❧✐st❛ ✲❃ t❛♠❛ ñ♦ ❂ ✵❀
✻✹ ⑥
✻✺
✻✻ ✴✯ ✐♥s❡r❝✐♦♥ ❡♥ ✉♥❡ ❧✐st❛ ✈❛❝✐❛ ✯✴
✻✼
✻✽ ✐♥t ✐♥s❴❡♥❴❧✐st❛ ❴✈❛❝✐❛ ✭ ▲✐st❛ ✯ ❧✐st❛ ✱ ❝❤❛r ✯ ❞❛t♦ ✮ ④
✻✾ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✯ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❀
✼✵ ✐❢ ✭✭ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❂ ✭ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✯✮ ♠❛❧❧♦❝ ✭ s✐③❡♦❢ ✭ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✮✮ ✮
❂❂ ◆❯▲▲ ✮
✼✶ r❡t✉r♥ ✲✶❀
✼✷
✼✸ ✐❢ ✭✭ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✲❃ ❞❛t♦ ❂ ✭ ❝❤❛r ✯✮ ♠❛❧❧♦❝ ✭✺✵ ✯ s✐③❡♦❢ ✭ ❝❤❛r
✮✮ ✮ ❂❂ ◆❯▲▲ ✮
✼✹ r❡t✉r♥ ✲✶❀
✼✺
✼✻ str❝♣② ✭ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✲❃ ❞❛t♦ ✱ ❞❛t♦ ✮❀
✼✼ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✲❃ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❂ ◆❯▲▲ ❀
✼✽ ❧✐st❛ ✲❃ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❂ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❀
✼✾ ❧✐st❛ ✲❃ ❢✐♥ ❂ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❀
✽✵ ❧✐st❛ ✲❃ t❛♠❛ ñ♦ ✰✰❀
✽✶ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✽✷
✽✸ ⑥
✽✹
✽✺ ✴✯ ✐♥s❡r❝✐ ó♥ ❛❧ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ ✯✴
✽✻
✽✼ ✐♥t ✐♥s❴✐♥✐❝✐♦❴❧✐st❛ ✭ ▲✐st❛ ✯ ❧✐st❛ ✱ ❝❤❛r ✯ ❞❛t♦ ✮ ④
✽✽ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✯ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❀
✽✾
✾✵ ✐❢ ✭✭ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❂ ✭ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✯✮ ♠❛❧❧♦❝ ✭ s✐③❡♦❢ ✭ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✮✮ ✮
❂❂ ◆❯▲▲ ✮
✾✶ r❡t✉r♥ ✲✶❀
✾✷
✾✸ ✐❢ ✭✭ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✲❃ ❞❛t♦ ❂ ✭ ❝❤❛r ✯✮ ♠❛❧❧♦❝ ✭✺✵ ✯ s✐③❡♦❢ ✭ ❝❤❛r
✮✮ ✮ ❂❂ ◆❯▲▲ ✮
✾✹ r❡t✉r♥ ✲✶❀
✾✺
✾✻ str❝♣② ✭ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✲❃ ❞❛t♦ ✱ ❞❛t♦ ✮❀
✾✼ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✲❃ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❂ ❧✐st❛ ✲ ❃ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❀

✶✺✽
 ✾✽ ❧✐st❛ ✲❃ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❂ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❀
✾✾ ❧✐st❛ ✲❃ t❛♠❛ ñ ♦ ✰✰❀
✶✵✵
✶✵✶ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✶✵✷
✶✵✸ ⑥
✶✵✹
✶✵✺ ✴✯ ✐♥s❡r❝✐♦♥ ❛❧ ❢✐♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ ✯✴
✶✵✻
✶✵✼ ✐♥t ✐♥s❴❢✐♥❴❧✐st❛ ✭ ▲✐st❛ ✯ ❧✐st❛ ✱ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✯ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✱ ❝❤❛r ✯ ❞❛t♦ ✮
④
✶✵✽ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✯ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❀
✶✵✾
✶✶✵ ✐❢ ✭✭ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❂ ✭ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✯✮ ♠❛❧❧♦❝ ✭ s✐③❡♦❢ ✭ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✮✮ ✮
❂❂ ◆❯▲▲ ✮
✶✶✶ r❡t✉r♥ ✲✶❀
✶✶✷
✶✶✸ ✐❢ ✭✭ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✲❃ ❞❛t♦ ❂ ✭ ❝❤❛r ✯✮ ♠❛❧❧♦❝ ✭✺✵ ✯ s✐③❡♦❢ ✭ ❝❤❛r
✮✮ ✮ ❂❂ ◆❯▲▲ ✮
✶✶✹ r❡t✉r♥ ✲✶❀
✶✶✺
✶✶✻ str❝♣② ✭ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✲❃ ❞❛t♦ ✱ ❞❛t♦ ✮❀
✶✶✼ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✲❃ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❂ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❀
✶✶✽ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✲❃ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❂ ◆❯▲▲ ❀
✶✶✾ ❧✐st❛ ✲❃ ❢✐♥ ❂ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❀
✶✷✵ ❧✐st❛ ✲❃ t❛♠❛ ñ ♦ ✰✰❀
✶✷✶
✶✷✷ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✶✷✸
✶✷✹ ⑥
✶✷✺
✶✷✻ ✴✯ ✐♥s❡r❝✐♦♥ ❡♥ ❧❛ ♣♦s✐❝✐♦♥ s♦❧✐❝✐t❛❞❛ ✯✴
✶✷✼
✶✷✽ ✐♥t ✐♥s❴ ❧✐st❛ ✭ ▲✐st❛ ✯ ❧✐st❛ ✱ ❝❤❛r ✯ ❞❛t♦ ✱ ✐♥t ♣♦s ✮ ④
✶✷✾
✶✸✵ ✐❢ ✭ ❧✐st❛ ✲❃ t❛♠❛ ñ ♦ ❁ ✷✮
✶✸✶ r❡t✉r♥ ✲✶❀
✶✸✷
✶✸✸ ✐❢ ✭ ♣♦s ❁ ✶ ⑤⑤ ♣♦s ❃❂ ❧✐st❛ ✲❃ t❛♠❛ ñ♦ ✮
✶✸✹ r❡t✉r♥ ✲✶❀
✶✸✺
✶✸✻ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✯ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❀
✶✸✼ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✯ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❀
✶✸✽ ✐♥t ✐ ❀
✶✸✾
✶✹✵ ✐❢ ✭✭ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❂ ✭ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✯✮ ♠❛❧❧♦❝ ✭ s✐③❡♦❢ ✭ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✮✮ ✮
❂❂ ◆❯▲▲ ✮

✶✺✾
✶✹✶ r❡t✉r♥ ✲✶❀
✶✹✷
✶✹✸ ✐❢ ✭✭ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✲❃ ❞❛t♦ ❂ ✭ ❝❤❛r ✯✮ ♠❛❧❧♦❝ ✭✺✵ ✯ s✐③❡♦❢ ✭ ❝❤❛r
✮✮ ✮ ❂❂ ◆❯▲▲ ✮
✶✹✹ r❡t✉r♥ ✲✶❀
✶✹✺
✶✹✻ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❂ ❧✐st❛ ✲❃ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❀
✶✹✼
✶✹✽ ❢♦r ✭ ✐ ❂ ✶❀ ✐ ❁ ♣♦s ❀ ✰✰ ✐✮
✶✹✾ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❂ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✲ ❃ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❀
✶✺✵
✶✺✶ ✐❢ ✭ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✲❃ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❂❂ ◆❯▲▲ ✮
✶✺✷ r❡t✉r♥ ✲✶❀
✶✺✸
✶✺✹ str❝♣② ✭ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✲❃ ❞❛t♦ ✱ ❞❛t♦ ✮❀
✶✺✺ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✲❃ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❂ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✲❃ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❀
✶✺✻ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✲❃ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❂ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❀
✶✺✼ ❧✐st❛ ✲❃ t❛♠❛ ñ♦ ✰✰❀
✶✺✽
✶✺✾ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✶✻✵
✶✻✶ ⑥
✶✻✷
✶✻✸ ✴✯ s✉♣r❡s✐ ó♥ ❛❧ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ ✯✴
✶✻✹
✶✻✺ ✐♥t s✉♣❴✐♥✐❝✐♦ ✭ ▲✐st❛ ✯ ❧✐st❛ ✮ ④
✶✻✻
✶✻✼ ✐❢ ✭ ❧✐st❛ ✲❃ t❛♠❛ ñ ♦ ❂❂ ✵✮
✶✻✽ r❡t✉r♥ ✲✶❀
✶✻✾
✶✼✵ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✯ s✉♣❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❀
✶✼✶ s✉♣❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❂ ❧✐st❛ ✲❃ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❀
✶✼✷ ❧✐st❛ ✲❃ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❂ ❧✐st❛ ✲❃ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ✲❃ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❀
✶✼✸
✶✼✹ ✐❢ ✭ ❧✐st❛ ✲❃ t❛♠❛ ñ ♦ ❂❂ ✶✮
✶✼✺ ❧✐st❛ ✲❃ ❢✐♥ ❂ ◆❯▲▲ ❀
✶✼✻
✶✼✼ ❢r❡❡ ✭ s✉♣❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✲❃ ❞❛t♦ ✮ ❀
✶✼✽ ❢r❡❡ ✭ s✉♣❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✮❀
✶✼✾ ❧✐st❛ ✲❃ t❛♠❛ ñ♦ ✲ ✲❀
✶✽✵
✶✽✶ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✶✽✷
✶✽✸ ⑥
✶✽✹
✶✽✺ ✴✯ s✉♣r✐♠✐r ✉♥ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡s♣✉ é s ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣♦s✐❝✐ ó ♥ s♦❧✐❝✐t❛❞❛ ✯✴
✶✽✻

✶✻✵
✶✽✼ ✐♥t s✉♣❴❡♥❴❧✐st❛ ✭ ▲✐st❛ ✯ ❧✐st❛ ✱ ✐♥t ♣♦s ✮ ④
✶✽✽
✶✽✾ ✐❢ ✭ ❧✐st❛ ✲❃ t❛♠❛ ñ ♦ ❂ ❧✐st❛ ✲❃ t❛♠❛ ñ ♦✮
✶✾✵ r❡t✉r♥ ✲✶❀
✶✾✶
✶✾✷ ✐♥t ✐ ❀
✶✾✸ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✯ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❀
✶✾✹ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✯ s✉♣❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❀
✶✾✺ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❂ ❧✐st❛ ✲❃ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❀
✶✾✻
✶✾✼ ❢♦r ✭ ✐ ❂ ✶❀ ✐ ❁ ♣♦s ❀ ✰✰ ✐✮
✶✾✽ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❂ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✲ ❃ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❀
✶✾✾
✷✵✵ s✉♣❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❂ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✲❃ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❀
✷✵✶ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✲❃ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❂ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✲❃ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ✲❃ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❀
✷✵✷
✷✵✸ ✐❢ ✭ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✲❃ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❂❂ ◆❯▲▲ ✮
✷✵✹ ❧✐st❛ ✲❃ ❢✐♥ ❂ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❀
✷✵✺
✷✵✻ ❢r❡❡ ✭ s✉♣❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✲❃ ❞❛t♦ ✮ ❀
✷✵✼ ❢r❡❡ ✭ s✉♣❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✮❀
✷✵✽ ❧✐st❛ ✲❃ t❛♠❛ ñ♦ ✲ ✲❀
✷✵✾
✷✶✵ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✷✶✶
✷✶✷ ⑥
✷✶✸
✷✶✹ ✴✯ ✈✐s✉❛❧✐③❛❝✐ ó♥ ❞❡ ❧❛ ▲✐st❛ ✯✴
✷✶✺
✷✶✻ ✈♦✐❞ ♠✉❡str❛ ✭ ▲✐st❛ ✯ ❧✐st❛ ✮ ④
✷✶✼
✷✶✽ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✯ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❀
✷✶✾ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❂ ❧✐st❛ ✲❃ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❀
✷✷✵
✷✷✶ ✇❤✐❧❡ ✭ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✦❂ ◆❯▲▲ ✮④
✷✷✷ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ✪♣ ✲ ✪s ❭♥✧ ✱ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✱ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✲ ❃ ❞❛t♦ ✮❀
✷✷✸ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❂ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✲ ❃ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❀
✷✷✹ ⑥
✷✷✺
✷✷✻ ⑥
✷✷✼
✷✷✽ ✴✯ ❞❡str✉✐r ❧❛ ▲✐st❛ ✯✴
✷✷✾
✷✸✵ ✈♦✐❞ ❞❡str✉✐r ✭ ▲✐st❛ ✯ ▲✐st❛ ✮ ④
✷✸✶
✷✸✷ ✇❤✐❧❡ ✭ ❧✐st❛ ✲❃ t❛♠❛ ñ ♦ ❃ ✵✮
✷✸✸ s✉♣❴✐♥✐❝✐♦ ✭ ❧✐st❛ ✮❀

✶✻✶
✷✸✹
✷✸✺ ⑥
✷✸✻
✷✸✼ ✐♥t ♠❡♥✉ ✭ ▲✐st❛ ✯ ❧✐st❛ ✱ ✐♥t ✯❦ ✮ ④
✷✸✽
✷✸✾ ✐♥t ❡❧❡❝❝✐ ó♥ ❀
✷✹✵
✷✹✶ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯ ▼❊◆❯ ✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯❭ ♥✧✮ ❀
✷✹✷
✷✹✸ ✐❢ ✭ ❧✐st❛ ✲❃ t❛♠❛ ñ ♦ ❂❂ ✵✮ ④
✷✹✹ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ✶✳ ❆❞✐❝✐ ó♥ ❞❡❧✶❡r ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❭ ♥✧✮ ❀
✷✹✺ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ✷✳ ◗✉✐t❛r ❭ ♥✧✮ ❀
✷✹✻ ⑥ ❡❧s❡ ✐❢ ✭ ❧✐st❛ ✲❃ t❛♠❛ ñ ♦ ❂❂ ✶ ⑤⑤ ✯❦ ❂❂ ✶✮ ④
✷✹✼ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ✶✳ ❆❞✐❝✐ ó♥ ❛❧ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ ❭♥✧✮❀
✷✹✽ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ✷✳ ❆❞✐❝✐ ó♥ ❛❧ ❢✐♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ ❭ ♥✧✮ ❀
✷✹✾ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ✹✳ ❙✉♣r❡s✐ ó♥ ❛❧ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ ❭ ♥✧✮ ❀
✷✺✵ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ✻✳ ❉❡str✉✐r ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ ❭♥✧✮ ❀
✷✺✶ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ✼✳ ◗✉✐t❛r ❭ ♥✧✮ ❀
✷✺✷ ⑥ ❡❧s❡ ④
✷✺✸ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ✶✳ ❆❞✐❝✐ ó♥ ❛❧ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ ❭♥✧✮❀
✷✺✹ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ✷✳ ❆❞✐❝✐ ó♥ ❛❧ ❢✐♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ ❭ ♥✧✮ ❀
✷✺✺ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ✸✳ ❆❞✐❝✐ ó♥ ❞❡s♣✉ é s ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣♦s✐❝✐ ó♥ ✐♥❞✐❝❛❞❛ ❭♥ ✧✮❀
✷✺✻ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ✹✳ ❙✉♣r❡s✐ ó♥ ❛❧ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ ❭ ♥✧✮ ❀
✷✺✼ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ✺✳ ❙✉♣r❡s✐ ó♥ ❞❡s♣✉ és ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣♦s✐❝✐ ó ♥ ✐♥❞✐❝❛❞❛ ❭♥✧✮❀
✷✺✽ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ✻✳ ❉❡str✉✐r ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ ❭♥✧✮ ❀
✷✺✾ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ✼✳ ◗✉✐t❛r ❭ ♥✧✮ ❀
✷✻✵ ⑥
✷✻✶
✷✻✷ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❭♥❭ ♥❊❧❡❣✐r ✿ ✧✮❀
✷✻✸ s❝❛♥❢ ✭✧ ✪❞ ✧ ✱ ✫ ❡❧❡❝❝✐ ó ♥✮❀
✷✻✹ ❣❡t❝❤❛r ✭✮ ❀
✷✻✺
✷✻✻ ✐❢ ✭ ❧✐st❛ ✲ ❃ t❛♠❛ ñ ♦ ❂❂ ✵ ✫✫ ❡❧❡❝❝✐ ó♥ ❂❂ ✷✮
✷✻✼ ❡❧❡❝❝✐ ó♥ ❂ ✼❀
✷✻✽
✷✻✾ r❡t✉r♥ ❡❧❡❝❝✐ ó♥ ❀
✷✼✵
✷✼✶ ⑥
✷✼✷
✷✼✸ ✴✯ ✲✲✲✲✲✲✲✲ ❋■◆ ❧✐st❛❴❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥ ✳❤ ✲✲✲✲✲✲✲✲✲ ✯✴
✷✼✹
✷✼✺ ❧✐st❛ ✳❝
✷✼✻
✷✼✼ ✴✯ ✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯❭
✷✼✽
✷✼✾ ✯ ❧✐st❛ ✳❝ ✯
✷✽✵

✶✻✷
✷✽✶ ❭✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯ ✯✴
✷✽✷
✷✽✸ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡
✷✽✹
✷✽✺ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡
✷✽✻
✷✽✼ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡
✷✽✽
✷✽✾ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ✧ ❧✐st❛ ✳❤✧
✷✾✵
✷✾✶ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ✧ ❧✐st❛ ❴❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥ ✳❤✧
✷✾✷
✷✾✸ ✐♥t ♠❛✐♥ ✭ ✈♦✐❞ ✮ ④
✷✾✹
✷✾✺ ❝❤❛r ❡❧❡❝❝✐ ó ♥❀
✷✾✻ ❝❤❛r ✯ ♥♦♠ ❀
✷✾✼ ▲✐st❛ ✯ ❧✐st❛ ❀
✷✾✽ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✯ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❀
✷✾✾
✸✵✵ ✐❢ ✭✭ ❧✐st❛ ❂ ✭ ▲✐st❛ ✯✮ ♠❛❧❧♦❝ ✭ s✐③❡♦❢ ✭ ▲✐st❛ ✮ ✮✮ ❂❂ ◆❯▲▲ ✮
✸✵✶ r❡t✉r♥ ✲✶❀
✸✵✷
✸✵✸ ✐❢ ✭✭ ♥♦♠ ❂ ✭ ❝❤❛r ✯✮ ♠❛❧❧♦❝ ✭✺✵✮ ✮ ❂❂ ◆❯▲▲ ✮
✸✵✹ r❡t✉r♥ ✲✶❀
✸✵✺
✸✵✻ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❂ ◆❯▲▲ ❀
✸✵✼ ❡❧❡❝❝✐ ó♥ ❂ ✬♦ ✬❀
✸✵✽ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧✐s❛❝✐♦♥ ✭ ❧✐st❛ ✮❀
✸✵✾ ✐♥t ♣♦s ✱ ❦❀
✸✶✵
✸✶✶ ✇❤✐❧❡ ✭ ❡❧❡❝❝✐ ó♥ ✦❂ ✼✮ ④
✸✶✷ ❡❧❡❝❝✐ ó♥ ❂ ♠❡♥✉ ✭ ❧✐st❛ ✱ ✫❦ ✮❀
✸✶✸
✸✶✹ s✇✐t❝❤ ✭ ❡❧❡❝❝✐ ó ♥✮④
✸✶✺ ❝❛s❡ ✶✿
✸✶✻ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ■♥❣r❡s❡ ✉♥ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✿ ✧✮ ❀
✸✶✼ s❝❛♥❢ ✭✧ ✪s ✧ ✱ ♥♦♠ ✮ ❀
✸✶✽ ❣❡t❝❤❛r ✭✮ ❀
✸✶✾ ✐❢ ✭ ❧✐st❛ ✲ ❃ t❛♠❛ ñ ♦ ❂❂ ✵✮
✸✷✵ ✐♥s❴❡♥❴❧✐st❛❴✈❛❝✐❛ ✭ ❧✐st❛ ✱ ♥♦♠ ✮❀
✸✷✶ ❡❧s❡
✸✷✷ ✐♥s❴✐♥✐❝✐♦❴❧✐st❛ ✭ ❧✐st❛ ✱ ♥♦♠ ✮❀
✸✷✸
✸✷✹ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ✪❞ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ✿ ✐♥✐❂ ✪s ✱ ❢✐♥❂ ✪s❭♥ ✧ ✱ ❧✐st❛ ✲❃ t❛♠❛ ñ♦ ✱ ❧✐st❛
✲❃ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ✲❃ ❞❛t♦ ✱ ❧✐st❛ ✲❃ ❢✐♥ ✲❃ ❞❛t♦ ✮❀
✸✷✺ ♠✉❡str❛ ✭ ❧✐st❛ ✮❀
✸✷✻ ❜r❡❛❦ ❀

✶✻✸
✸✷✼
✸✷✽ ❝❛s❡ ✷✿
✸✷✾ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ■♥❣r❡s❡ ✉♥ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✿ ✧✮❀
✸✸✵ s❝❛♥❢ ✭✧ ✪s ✧ ✱ ♥♦♠ ✮ ❀
✸✸✶ ❣❡t❝❤❛r ✭✮ ❀
✸✸✷ ✐♥s❴❢✐♥❴❧✐st❛ ✭ ❧✐st❛ ✱ ❧✐st❛ ✲❃ ❢✐♥ ✱ ♥♦♠ ✮❀
✸✸✸ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ✪❞ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ✿ ✐♥✐❂ ✪s ✱ ❢✐♥❂ ✪s❭♥ ✧ ✱ ❧✐st❛ ✲❃ t❛♠❛ ñ♦ ✱
✸✸✹ ❧✐st❛ ✲ ❃ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ✲❃ ❞❛t♦ ✱ ❧✐st❛ ✲❃ ❢✐♥ ✲❃ ❞❛t♦ ✮❀
✸✸✺ ♠✉❡str❛ ✭ ❧✐st❛ ✮❀
✸✸✻ ❜r❡❛❦ ❀
✸✸✼
✸✸✽ ❝❛s❡ ✸✿
✸✸✾
✸✹✵ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ■♥❣r❡s❡ ✉♥ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✿ ✧✮❀
✸✹✶ s❝❛♥❢ ✭✧ ✪s ✧ ✱ ♥♦♠ ✮ ❀
✸✹✷ ❣❡t❝❤❛r ✭✮ ❀
✸✹✸
✸✹✹ ❞♦ ④
✸✹✺ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ■♥❣r❡s❡ ❧❛ ♣♦s✐❝✐♦♥ ✿ ✧✮❀
✸✹✻ s❝❛♥❢ ✭✧ ✪❞ ✧ ✱ ✫ ♣♦s ✮❀
✸✹✼ ⑥
✸✹✽
✸✹✾ ✇❤✐❧❡ ✭ ♣♦s ❁ ✶ ⑤⑤ ♣♦s ❃ ❧✐st❛ ✲ ❃ t❛♠❛ ñ ♦✮❀
✸✺✵ ❣❡t❝❤❛r ✭✮ ❀
✸✺✶
✸✺✷ ✐❢ ✭ ❧✐st❛ ✲ ❃ t❛♠❛ ñ ♦ ❂❂ ✶ ⑤⑤ ♣♦s ❂❂ ❧✐st❛ ✲ ❃ t❛♠❛ ñ ♦✮ ④
✸✺✸
✸✺✹ ❦ ❂ ✶❀
✸✺✺ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ✲ ✲✲✲ ✲✲✲ ✲✲✲ ✲✲✲✲ ✲✲✲ ✲✲✲ ✲✲✲ ✲✲✲ ✲✲✲ ✲✲✲ ✲✲✲ ✲✲✲✲ ✲✲✲ ✲✲✲ ✲✲❭♥✧
✮❀
✸✺✻ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ✴✦❭❭ ❋r❛❝❛s♦ ❧❛ ✐♥s❡r❝✐♦♥ ✳ ❯t✐❧✐❝❡ ❡❧ ♠❡♥✉ ④✶⑤✷⑥
✴✦❭❭❭ ♥✧✮❀
✸✺✼ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ✲ ✲✲✲ ✲✲✲ ✲✲✲ ✲✲✲✲ ✲✲✲ ✲✲✲ ✲✲✲ ✲✲✲ ✲✲✲ ✲✲✲ ✲✲✲ ✲✲✲✲ ✲✲✲ ✲✲✲ ✲✲❭♥✧
✮❀
✸✺✽ ❜r❡❛❦ ❀
✸✺✾
✸✻✵ ⑥
✸✻✶
✸✻✷ ✐♥s❴❧✐st❛ ✭ ❧✐st❛ ✱ ♥♦♠ ✱ ♣♦s ✮ ❀
✸✻✸ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ✪❞ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ✿ ✐♥✐❂ ✪s ✱ ❢✐♥❂ ✪s❭♥ ✧ ✱ ❧✐st❛ ✲❃ t❛♠❛ ñ♦ ✱
✸✻✹ ❧✐st❛ ✲ ❃ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ✲❃ ❞❛t♦ ✱ ❧✐st❛ ✲❃ ❢✐♥ ✲❃ ❞❛t♦ ✮❀
✸✻✺ ♠✉❡str❛ ✭ ❧✐st❛ ✮❀
✸✻✻ ❜r❡❛❦ ❀
✸✻✼
✸✻✽ ❝❛s❡ ✹✿
✸✻✾
✸✼✵ s✉♣❴✐♥✐❝✐♦ ✭ ❧✐st❛ ✮❀

✶✻✹
✸✼✶ ✐❢ ✭ ❧✐st❛ ✲ ❃ t❛♠❛ ñ ♦ ✦❂ ✵✮
✸✼✷ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ✪❞ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ✿ ✐♥✐❂ ✪s ✱ ❢✐♥❂ ✪s❭♥ ✧ ✱ ❧✐st❛ ✲❃ t❛♠❛ ñ♦ ✱
❧✐st❛ ✲❃ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ✲❃ ❞❛t♦ ✱ ❧✐st❛ ✲❃ ❢✐♥ ✲❃ ❞❛t♦ ✮❀
✸✼✸ ❡❧s❡
✸✼✹ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❧✐st❛ ✈❛❝✐❛ ❭♥ ✧✮❀
✸✼✺
✸✼✻ ♠✉❡str❛ ✭ ❧✐st❛ ✮❀
✸✼✼ ❜r❡❛❦ ❀
✸✼✽
✸✼✾ ❝❛s❡ ✺✿
✸✽✵
✸✽✶ ❞♦ ④
✸✽✷ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ■♥❣r❡s❡ ❧❛ ♣♦s✐❝✐♦♥ ✿ ✧✮ ❀
✸✽✸ s❝❛♥❢ ✭✧ ✪❞ ✧ ✱ ✫ ♣♦s ✮❀
✸✽✹ ⑥
✸✽✺
✸✽✻ ✇❤✐❧❡ ✭ ♣♦s ❁ ✶ ⑤⑤ ♣♦s ❃ ❧✐st❛ ✲ ❃ t❛♠❛ ñ ♦✮❀
✸✽✼ ❣❡t❝❤❛r ✭✮ ❀
✸✽✽
✸✽✾ s✉♣❴❡♥❴❧✐st❛ ✭ ❧✐st❛ ✱ ♣♦s ✮❀
✸✾✵
✸✾✶ ✐❢ ✭ ❧✐st❛ ✲ ❃ t❛♠❛ ñ ♦ ✦❂ ✵✮
✸✾✷ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ✪❞ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ✿ ✐♥✐❂ ✪s ✱ ❢✐♥❂ ✪s❭♥ ✧ ✱ ❧✐st❛ ✲❃ t❛♠❛ ñ♦ ✱
❧✐st❛ ✲❃ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ✲❃ ❞❛t♦ ✱ ❧✐st❛ ✲❃ ❢✐♥ ✲❃ ❞❛t♦ ✮❀
✸✾✸ ❡❧s❡
✸✾✹ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❧✐st❛ ✈❛❝✐❛ ❭♥ ✧✮❀
✸✾✺
✸✾✻ ♠✉❡str❛ ✭ ❧✐st❛ ✮❀
✸✾✼ ❜r❡❛❦ ❀
✸✾✽
✸✾✾ ❝❛s❡ ✻✿
✹✵✵
✹✵✶ ❞❡str✉✐r ✭ ❧✐st❛ ✮ ❀
✹✵✷ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ ❤❛ s✐❞♦ ❞❡str✉✐❞❛ ✿ ✪❞ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❭ ♥✧ ✱
❧✐st❛ ✲❃ t❛♠❛ ñ ♦✮❀
✹✵✸ ❜r❡❛❦ ❀
✹✵✹
✹✵✺ ⑥
✹✵✻ ⑥
✹✵✼
✹✵✽ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✹✵✾
✹✶✵ ⑥
✶✷✳✷✳✸✳ ▲✐st❛ ❝♦♥ ❞♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s

▲♦ ♣r✐♠❡r♦ q✉❡ ❤❛❝❡♠♦s ❡s r❡s❡r✈❛r ♠❡♠♦r✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❡❧ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦✱ ❧✉❡❣♦ s❡ ✐♥❣r❡s❛♥ ❧♦s ❞❛t♦s✱
s❡ ♣♦♥❡ ❡❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❛♣✉♥t❛♥❞♦ ❛ ◆❯▲▲ ✭ú❧t✐♠♦✮✱ ② ❛❧ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r q✉❡ ❛♣✉♥t❡ ❛❧

✶✻✺
❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❛❣r❡❣❛❞♦✳

P❛r❛ ♠♦str❛r ❡♥ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛✱ ❝♦♠❡♥③❛♠♦s ♣♦r ❡❧ ♣r✐♠❡r ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦✱ ❧♦ ♠♦str❛♠♦s ② ❝♦♥ ❡❧
♣✉♥t❡r♦ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ✈❛♠♦s ❛❧ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦✱ ② ❛sí ❤❛st❛ q✉❡ ❡❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❛♣✉♥t❡ ❛ ◆❯▲▲✳

❙✐❡♠♣r❡ t❡♥❞r❡♠♦s ✉♥ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ ❞❡❧ t✐♣♦ ❴❛❣❡♥❞❛ ♣❛r❛ r❡❝♦r❞❛r ❧❛ ♣♦s✐❝✐ó♥ ❡♥ ♠❡♠♦r✐❛ ❞❡❧ ♣r✐♠❡r
❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛✳ ❙✐ ♣❡r❞❡♠♦s ❡st❡ ♣✉♥t❡r♦✱ ♣❡r❞❡♠♦s ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❛✳ ❊st❡ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ s❡ ❞❡✜♥❡
❛sí✿ str✉❝t ❴❛❣❡♥❞❛ ♣r✐♠❡r♦❀

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✷✳✶✹✿ ▲✐st❛ ❞♦❜❧❡♠❡♥t❡ ❡♥❧❛③❛❞❛

✶✷✳✷✳✹✳ ▲✐st❛s ❡♥❧❛③❛❞❛s

❱❡❛♠♦s ❞♦s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❡str✉❝t✉r❛s ❞✐♥á♠✐❝❛s ✭❛✉♠❡♥t❛♥ ♦ ❞✐s♠✐♥✉②❡♥ ❞❡ t❛♠❛ñ♦ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❧❛

❡❥❡❝✉❝✐ó♥ ❞❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛✮✳ Pr✐♠❡r♦✿ ❧❛s ❧✐st❛s✱ ❧✉❡❣♦ ❧❛s ♣✐❧❛s✱ ❝♦❧❛s ② ❧♦s ár❜♦❧❡s ❜✐♥❛r✐♦s✳ ❍❛② ♦tr❛s
♠✉❝❤❛s ❡str✉❝t✉r❛s✱ ♣❡r♦ ♥♦ s♦♥ ❞✐❢í❝✐❧❡s ❞❡ ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧❛r s✐ s❡ ❡♥t✐❡♥❞❡♥ ❧❛s ♣r✐♠❡r❛s ❞♦s✳

❆❤♦r❛ ✑❡❧ tr✉❝♦✑ ❝♦♥s✐st❡ ❡♥ q✉❡ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❞❛t♦ ❛❧♠❛❝❡♥❛♠♦s ❧♦ q✉❡ ✐♥t❡r❡s❛✱ ♣❡r♦ t❛♠❜✐é♥
✉♥❛ r❡❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❜✉s❝❛r ❡❧ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❞❛t♦✳

❆❧❣♦ ❝♦♠♦✿

✶ ✭ P♦s✐❝✐ ó ♥✿ ✶✵✷✸✮ ✳
✷ ◆♦♠❜r❡ ✿ ✬ ❏♦r❣❡ ❉♦♠ í ♥❣✉❡③ ❈❤ á ✈❡③ ✬
✸ ❲❡❜ ✿ ✬ ✇✇✇ ✳ ❥♦❞♦❝❤❛ ✳ ❝♦♠ ✬
✹ ❙✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡❉❛t♦ ✿ ✶✹✸✵
❊st❡ ❞❛t♦ ❡s ❛❧♠❛❝❡♥❛❞♦ ❡♥ ❧❛ ♣♦s✐❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ♠❡♠♦r✐❛ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ✶✵✷✸✳ ❊♥ ❡❧❧❛✱ ❣✉❛r❞❛♠♦s ❡❧ ♥♦♠❜r❡
② ❧❛ ❞✐r❡❝❝✐ó♥ ✭♦ ❧♦ q✉❡ ✐♥t❡r❡s❡✮ ❞❡ ❡st❛ ♣❡rs♦♥❛✱ ② ✉♥❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥ ❡①tr❛✿ ❧❛ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ✜❝❤❛ s❡
❡♥❝✉❡♥tr❛ ❡♥ ❧❛ ♣♦s✐❝✐ó♥ ✶✹✸✵✳

❆sí✱ r❡❝♦rr❡♠♦s ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ s❡❝✉❡♥❝✐❛❧✱ ♣♦rq✉❡ s❛❜❡♠♦s ❞ó♥❞❡ ❡stá ❛❧♠❛❝❡♥❛❞♦ ❡❧ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡
❞❛t♦✳

❈✉❛♥❞♦ ❧❧❡❣✉❡♠♦s ❛ ✉♥♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡❧ q✉❡ ♥♦ ❡stá ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦ ❡❧ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❞❛t♦✱ q✉✐❡r❡ ❞❡❝✐r q✉❡ s❡ ❤❛
❛❝❛❜❛❞♦ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛✳

P♦r t❛♥t♦✱ ❡♥ ❝❛❞❛ ❞❛t♦ t❡♥❡♠♦s ✉♥ ❡♥❧❛❝❡ ❝♦♥ ❡❧ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡✳ ❊st❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❡str✉❝t✉r❛s r❡❝✐❜❡ ❡❧
♥♦♠❜r❡ ❞❡ ✑❧✐st❛s s✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❡ ❡♥❧❛③❛❞❛s✑ ♦ ❧✐st❛s s✐♠♣❧❡s✳ ❙✐ t❡♥❡♠♦s ❡♥❧❛❝❡s ❤❛❝✐❛ ❡❧ ❞❛t♦ s✐✲
❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ② ❛❧ ♣♦st❡r✐♦r✱ s❡ tr❛t❛ ❞❡ ✉♥❛ ✑❧✐st❛ ❞♦❜❧❡♠❡♥t❡ ❡♥❧❛③❛❞❛✑ ♦ ❧✐st❛ ❞♦❜❧❡✱ q✉❡ ♣r❡t❡♥❞❡
❤❛❝❡r s❡♥❝✐❧❧♦ ❡❧ r❡❝♦rr✐❞♦ ❤❛❝✐❛ ❞❡❧❛♥t❡ ♦ ❛trás✳

❈♦♥ ❡st❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❡str✉❝t✉r❛s ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥✱ ♣❡r❞✐♠♦s ❧❛ ✈❡♥t❛❥❛ ❞❡❧ ❛❝❝❡s♦ ❞✐r❡❝t♦✱ ②❛ ♥♦ s❛❧✲
t❛♠♦s ❞✐r❡❝t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ❧❛ ✜❝❤❛ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ✺✵✵✳ P❡r♦ t❡♥❡♠♦s t❛♥t❛s ✜❝❤❛s ❝♦♠♦ ❧❛ ♠❡♠♦r✐❛ ❛❝❡♣t❡✱
② ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛♠♦s ✉♥❛ ✭♦ ✈❛r✐❛s✮ ❞❡ ❡❧❧❛s ❝✉❛♥❞♦ q✉❡rr❛♠♦s✱ r❡❝✉♣❡r❛♥❞♦ ✐♥♠❡❞✐❛t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡❧ ❡s♣❛❝✐♦
♦❝✉♣❛❞♦✳

P❛r❛ ❛❣r❡❣❛r ✉♥❛ ✜❝❤❛✱ r❡s❡r✈❛♠♦s ❧❛ ♠❡♠♦r✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❡❧❧❛✱ ② ❡❧ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦r ❞❡ ❈ ❞✐❝❡ ✑❧❡ ❤❡ ❡♥❝♦♥✲
tr❛❞♦ s✐t✐♦ ❡♥ ❧❛ ♣♦s✐❝✐ó♥ ✹✵✼✾✑✳ ❊♥t♦♥❝❡s✱ ✈❛♠♦s ❛ ❧❛ ú❧t✐♠❛ ✜❝❤❛ ② ❞❡❝✐♠♦s ✑t✉ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❞❛t♦
✈❛ ❛ ❡st❛r ❡♥ ❧❛ ♣♦s✐❝✐ó♥ ✹✵✼✾✑✳

❊s❛ ❡s ❧❛ ✑✐❞❡❛ ✐♥t✉✐t✐✈❛✑✳ ❆❤♦r❛ ✈❛♠♦s ❛ ❝♦♥❝r❡t❛r ❝♦s❛s ❡♥ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❡♥ ❈✳

✶✻✻
Pr✐♠❡r♦ ✈❡❛♠♦s ❝ó♠♦ ❡s ❝❛❞❛ ✉♥❛ ❞❡ ❧❛s ✜❝❤❛s✿

✶ str✉❝t ❢ ④ ✴✯ ❊st♦s s♦♥ ❧♦s ❞❛t♦s q✉❡ ❣✉❛r❞❛♠♦s ✿ ✯✴

✷ ❝❤❛r ♥♦♠❜r❡ ❬✸✵❪❀ ✴✯ ◆♦♠❜r❡ ✱ ❤❛st❛ ✸✵ ❧❡tr❛s ✯✴
✸ ❝❤❛r ❞✐r❡❝❝✐♦♥ ❬✺✵❪❀ ✴✯ ❉✐r❡❝❝✐♦♥ ✱ ❤❛st❛ ✺✵ ✯✴
✹ ✐♥t ❡❞❛❞ ❀ ✴✯ ❊❞❛❞ ✱ ✉♥ ♥✉♠❡r♦ ❁ ✷✺✺ ✯✴
✺ str✉❝t ❢✯ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❀ ✴✯ ❨ ❞✐r❡❝❝✐ ó♥ ❞❡ ❧❛ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ✯✴
✻ ⑥❀
▲❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛ ❝♦♥ ✉♥ ✑str✉❝t✑ ♥♦r♠❛❧ ❡stá ❡♥ ❡❧ ❝❛♠♣♦ ✑s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡✑ ❞❡ ♥✉❡str♦ r❡❣✐str♦✱ q✉❡ ✐♥❞✐❝❛
❞♦♥❞❡ ❡♥❝✉❡♥tr❛ ❧❛ ✜❝❤❛ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❛ ❧❛ ❛❝t✉❛❧✱ ② ♣♦r t❛♥t♦ ❡s ♦tr♦ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ ❛ ✉♥ r❡❣✐str♦ ❞❡❧ ♠✐s♠♦
t✐♣♦✱ ✉♥ ✑str✉❝t ❢ ✯✑✳

❯♥ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ q✉❡ ✑♥♦ ❛♣✉♥t❛ ❛ ♥✐♥❣ú♥ s✐t✐♦✑ t✐❡♥❡ ✈❛❧♦r ◆❯▲▲✱ q✉❡ s✐r✈❡ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♠♣r♦❜❛r s✐ ❡s ❡❧
✜♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛✿ t♦❞❛s ❧❛s ✜❝❤❛s ✑❛♣✉♥t❛♥✑ ❛ ❧❛ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡✱ ♠❡♥♦s ❧❛ ú❧t✐♠❛✱ q✉❡ ✑♥♦ t✐❡♥❡ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡✑✱
② ❛♣✉♥t❛ ❛ ◆❯▲▲✳

❊♥t♦♥❝❡s✱ ❞❡✜♥✐♠♦s ❧❛ ♣r✐♠❡r❛ ✜❝❤❛ ❝♦♥✿

str✉❝t ❢ ✯❞❛t♦✶❀ ✴✯P✉♥t❡r♦ ❛ ❢✐❝❤❛ ✯✴

② ❧❛ ✉s❛♠♦s ❝♦♥✿

✶ str❝♣② ✭ ❞❛t♦✶ ✲❃ ❞✐r❡❝❝✐♦♥ ✱ ✧ ❙✉ ❝❛s❛ ✧✮❀ ✴✯ ❧❛ ❞✐r❡❝❝✐ ó♥ ✯✴

✷ ❞❛t♦✶ ✲ ❃ ❡❞❛❞ ❂ ✹✵❀ ✴✯ ❧❛ ❡❞❛❞ ✯✴
✸ ❞❛t♦✶ ✲ ❃ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❂ ◆❯▲▲ ❀ ✴✯ ② ♥♦ ❤❛② ♥✐♥❣✉♥❛ ♠ás ✯✴
✹ ❞❛t♦✶ ❂ ✭ str✉❝t ❢ ✯✮ ♠❛❧❧♦❝ ✭ s✐③❡♦❢ ✭ str✉❝t ❢✮✮ ❀ ✴✯ ❘❡s❡r✈❛♠♦s
♠❡♠♦r✐❛ ✯✴
✺ str❝♣② ✭ ❞❛t♦✶ ✲❃ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ✱ ✧ P❡♣❡ ✧✮❀ ✴✯ ●✉❛r❞❛♠♦s ❡❧ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ✱ ✯✴
✭◆♦ ❞❡❜❡ ❤❛❜❡r ♥✉❡✈♦s✱ ❝♦♥♦❝❡♠♦s ❝♦♠♦ r❡s❡r✈❛r ♠❡♠♦r✐❛ ✉s❛♥❞♦✑♠❛❧❧♦❝✑ ② ❛❝❝❡❞❡r ❛ ❧♦s ❝❛♠♣♦s
❞❡ ✉♥❛ ❡str✉❝t✉r❛ ❞✐♥á♠✐❝❛ ✉s❛♥❞♦ →✮✳
❆❤♦r❛ q✉❡ t❡♥❡♠♦s ✉♥❛ ✜❝❤❛✱ ❛❣r❡❣❛♠♦s ♦tr❛ ✜❝❤❛ ❞❡trás ❞❡ ❡❧❧❛✳ Pr✐♠❡r♦✱ ❣✉❛r❞❛♠♦s ❡s♣❛❝✐♦
♣❛r❛ ❧❛ ♥✉❡✈❛ ✜❝❤❛✿

✶ str✉❝t ❢ ✯ ❞❛t♦✷ ❀
✷ ❞❛t♦✷ ❂ ✭ str✉❝t ❢ ✯✮ ♠❛❧❧♦❝ ✭ s✐③❡♦❢ ✭ str✉❝t ❢✮✮ ❀ ✴✯ ❘❡s❡r✈❛♠♦s
♠❡♠♦r✐❛ ✯✴
✸ str❝♣② ✭ ❞❛t♦✷ ✲❃ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ✱ ✧ ❏✉❛♥ ✧✮❀ ✴✯ ●✉❛r❞❛♠♦s ❡❧ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ✱ ✯✴
✹ str❝♣② ✭ ❞❛t♦✷ ✲❃ ❞✐r❡❝❝✐♦♥ ✱ ✧ ◆♦ ❧♦ sé✧✮❀ ✴✯ ❧❛ ❞✐r❡❝❝✐ ó♥ ✯✴
✺ ❞❛t♦✷ ✲ ❃ ❡❞❛❞ ❂ ✸✺❀ ✴✯ ❧❛ ❡❞❛❞ ✯✴
✻ ❞❛t♦✷ ✲ ❃ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❂ ◆❯▲▲ ❀ ✴✯ ② ♥♦ ❤❛② ♥✐♥❣✉♥❛ ♠ás ✯✴
② ❛❤♦r❛ ❡♥❧❛③❛♠♦s ❧❛ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r ❝♦♥ ❡❧❧❛✿ ❞❛t♦✶✲❃s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❂ ❞❛t♦✷❀
❙✐ ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝✐♠♦s ❧♦s ❞❛t♦s ♦r❞❡♥❛❞♦s ❛❧❢❛❜ét✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❜❛st❛ ❝♦♥ ✐r ❝♦♠♣❛r❛♥❞♦ ❝❛❞❛ ♥✉❡✈♦ ❞❛t♦
❝♦♥ ❧♦s ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛✱ ❡ ✐♥s❡rt❛r❧♦ ❞♦♥❞❡ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❛✳ P❛r❛ ✐♥s❡rt❛r ✉♥ ♥✉❡✈♦ ❞❛t♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❧♦s ❞♦s
❛♥t❡r✐♦r❡s✱ ❤❛❝❡♠♦s✿

✶ str✉❝t ❢ ✯ ❞❛t♦✸ ❀
✷ ❞❛t♦✸ ❂ ✭ str✉❝t ❢ ✯✮ ♠❛❧❧♦❝ ✭ s✐③❡♦❢ ✭ str✉❝t ❢✮✮ ❀ ✴✯ ▲❛ t❡r❝❡r❛ ✯✴
✸ str❝♣② ✭ ❞❛t♦✸ ✲❃ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ✱ ✧ ❈❛r❧♦s ✧✮ ❀
✹ str❝♣② ✭ ❞❛t♦✸ ✲❃ ❞✐r❡❝❝✐♦♥ ✱ ✧ P♦r ❛❤ í✧✮❀
✺ ❞❛t♦✸ ✲ ❃ ❡❞❛❞ ❂ ✶✹❀
✻ ❞❛t♦✸ ✲ ❃ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❂ ❞❛t♦✷ ❀ ✴✯ ❡♥❧❛③❛♠♦s ❝♦♥ ❧❛ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ✯✴

✶✻✼
 ✼ ❞❛t♦✶ ✲ ❃ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❂ ❞❛t♦✸ ❀ ✴✯ ② ❧❛ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r ❝♦♥ ❡❧❧❛ ✯✴
✽ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ▲❛ ❧✐st❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡s ✿❭ ♥ ✧✮❀
❈❛❞❛ ✜❝❤❛ ❡stá ❡♥❧❛③❛❞❛ ❝♦♥ ❧❛ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡✱ ❡①❝❡♣t♦ ❧❛ ú❧t✐♠❛✱ q✉❡ ❛♣✉♥t❛ ❛ ◆❯▲▲✳

P❛r❛ ❜♦rr❛r ❉❛t♦✸✱ s❡❣✉✐♠♦s ❞♦s ♣❛s♦s✿

✶✳ ❊♥❧❛③❛r ❉❛t♦✶ ❝♦♥ ❉❛t♦✷✱ ♣❛r❛ ♥♦ ♣❡r❞❡r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥✳

✷✳ ▲✐❜❡r❛r ❧❛ ♠❡♠♦r✐❛ ♦❝✉♣❛❞❛ ♣♦r ❉❛t♦✸✳

❊s❝r✐t♦ ❡♥ ❈ ❡s✿

✶ ❞❛t♦✶ ✲ ❃ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❂ ❞❛t♦✷ ❀ ✴✯ ❇♦rr❛r ❞❛t♦✸ ✿ ❊♥❧❛③❛ ❉❛t♦✶ ② ❉❛t♦✷

✯✴
✷ ❢r❡❡ ✭ ❞❛t♦✸ ✮❀ ✴✯ ▲✐❜❡r❛ ❧♦ q✉❡ ♦❝✉♣ ó ❉❛t♦✸ ✯✴
❊♠♣❧❡❛♠♦s tr❡s ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s ♣❛r❛ ❣✉❛r❞❛r tr❡s ❞❛t♦s✳ ❙✐ t❡♥❡♠♦s ✷✵ ❞❛t♦s✱ ➽◆❡❝❡s✐t❛♠♦s ✷✵ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s❄
➽❨ ✸✵✵✵ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s ♣❛r❛ ✸✵✵✵ ❞❛t♦s❄

◆♦ t✐❡♥❡ ♠✉❝❤♦ s❡♥t✐❞♦ ② ❡s ✐♥❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡✳ ❊♥ ❧❛ ♣rá❝t✐❝❛✱ ❜❛st❛ ❝♦♥ ❞♦s ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s✱ q✉❡ ✐♥❞✐❝❛♥ ❡❧
♣r✐♥❝✐♣✐♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ ② ❧❛ ♣♦s✐❝✐ó♥ ❛❝t✉❛❧✱ ♦ ✐♥❝❧✉s♦ só❧♦ ✉♥❛ ♣❛r❛ ❡❧ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣✐♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛✳

❯♥❛ r✉t✐♥❛ q✉❡ ♠✉❡str❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛✱ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ r❡❝✉rs✐✈❛✱ s❡ ❡s❝r✐❜❡✿

✶ ✈♦✐❞ ▼✉❡str❛▲✐st❛ ✭ str✉❝t ❢ ✯ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ✮ ④

✷ ✐❢ ✭ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ✦❂ ◆❯▲▲ ✮ ④ ✴✯ ❙✐ r❡❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❤❛② ❧✐st❛ ✯✴
✸ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ◆♦♠❜r❡ ✿ ✪s ❭♥✧ ✱ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ✲ ❃ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ✮❀
✹ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❉✐r❡❝❝✐ ó♥ ✿ ✪s ❭♥✧ ✱ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ✲ ❃ ❞✐r❡❝❝✐♦♥ ✮❀
✺ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❊❞❛❞ ✿ ✪❞❭♥ ❭♥✧ ✱ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ✲ ❃ ❡❞❛❞ ✮ ❀
✻ ▼✉❡str❛▲✐st❛ ✭ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ✲❃ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ✮ ❀ ✴✯ ❨ ♠✐r❛ ❡❧ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ✯✴
✼ ⑥
✽ ⑥
▲❛ ❧❧❛♠❛♠♦s ❝♦♥ ✑▼✉❡str❛▲✐st❛✭❉❛t♦✶✮✑✱ ② ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ❛❤í ❡❧ ♣r♦❝❡❞✐♠✐❡♥t♦ s❡ ❡♥❝❛r❣❛ ❞❡ ✐r ②
♠♦str❛r ❧♦s s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❤❛st❛ ❧❧❡❣❛r ❛ ◆❯▲▲✳

❆♥t❡s ❞❡ s❡❣✉✐r✱ ✉♥❛♠♦s t♦❞♦ ❡♥ ✉♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛✱ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♠♣r♦❜❛r q✉❡ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛ ❛❣r❡❣❛♠♦s ✸ ❞❛t♦s ②
❞❡❝✐♠♦s q✉❡ ❧♦s ♠✉❡str❡ ❞❡s❞❡ ❡❧ ♣r✐♠❡r♦❀ ❧✉❡❣♦ ❜♦rr❛♠♦s ❡❧ ❞❡❧ ♠❡❞✐♦ ② ❧♦s ✈♦❧✈❡♠♦s ❛ ♠♦str❛r✿

✶ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ st❞✐♦ ✳❤ ❃
✷ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ st❞❧✐❜ ✳❤ ❃
✸
✹ str✉❝t ❢ ④ ✴✯ ❊st♦s s♦♥ ❧♦s ❞❛t♦s q✉❡ ❣✉❛r❞❛♠♦s ✿ ✯✴
✺ ❝❤❛r ♥♦♠❜r❡ ❬✸✵❪❀ ✴✯ ◆♦♠❜r❡ ✱ ❤❛st❛ ✸✵ ❧❡tr❛s ✯✴
✻ ❝❤❛r ❞✐r❡❝❝✐♦♥ ❬✺✵❪❀ ✴✯ ❉✐r❡❝❝✐♦♥ ✱ ❤❛st❛ ✺✵ ✯✴
✼ ✐♥t ❡❞❛❞ ❀ ✴✯ ❊❞❛❞ ✱ ✉♥ ♥✉♠❡r♦ ❁ ✷✺✺ ✯✴
✽ str✉❝t ❢✯ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❀ ✴✯ ❨ ❞✐r❡❝❝✐ ó ♥ ❞❡ ❧❛ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ✯✴
✾ ⑥❀
✶✵
✶✶ str✉❝t ❢ ✯ ❞❛t♦✶ ❀ ✴✯ ❱❛ ❛ s❡r ✉♥ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ ❛ ❢✐❝❤❛ ✯✴
✶✷ str✉❝t ❢ ✯ ❞❛t♦✷ ❀ ✴✯ ❖tr♦ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ ❛ ❢✐❝❤❛ ✯✴
✶✸ str✉❝t ❢ ✯ ❞❛t♦✸ ❀ ✴✯ ❨ ♦tr♦ ♠ás ✯✴
✶✹
✶✺ ✈♦✐❞ ▼✉❡str❛▲✐st❛ ✭ str✉❝t ❢ ✯ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ✮ ④

✶✻✽
✶✻ ✐❢ ✭ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ✦❂ ◆❯▲▲ ✮ ④ ✴✯ ❙✐ r❡❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❤❛②
❧✐st❛ ✯✴
✶✼ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ◆♦♠❜r❡ ✿ ✪s ❭♥✧ ✱ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ✲ ❃ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ✮❀
✶✽ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❉✐r❡❝❝✐ ó♥ ✿ ✪s ❭♥✧ ✱ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ✲ ❃ ❞✐r❡❝❝✐♦♥ ✮❀
✶✾ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❊❞❛❞ ✿ ✪❞❭♥ ❭♥✧ ✱ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ✲ ❃ s♣❛♥ ❃ ❡❞❛❞ ✮❀
✷✵ ▼✉❡str❛▲✐st❛ ✭ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ✲❃ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ✮❀ ✴✯ ❨ ♠✐r❛ ❡❧ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡
✯✴
✷✶ ⑥
✷✷ ⑥
✷✸
✷✹ ✐♥t ♠❛✐♥ ✭✮ ④
✷✺ ❞❛t♦✶ ❂ ✭ str✉❝t ❢ ✯✮ ♠❛❧❧♦❝ ✭ s✐③❡♦❢ ✭ str✉❝t ❢✮✮ ❀ ✴✯ ❘❡s❡r✈❛♠♦s
♠❡♠♦r✐❛ ✯✴
✷✻ str❝♣② ✭ ❞❛t♦✶ ✲❃ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ✱ ✧ P❡♣❡ ✧✮❀ ✴✯ ●✉❛r❞❛♠♦s ❡❧ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ✱
✯✴
✷✼ str❝♣② ✭ ❞❛t♦✶ ✲❃ ❞✐r❡❝❝✐♦♥ ✱ ✧ ❙✉ ❝❛s❛ ✧✮❀ ✴✯ ❧❛ ❞✐r❡❝❝✐ ó♥ ✯✴
✷✽ ❞❛t♦✶ ✲ ❃ ❡❞❛❞ ❂ ✹✵❀ ✴✯ ❧❛ ❡❞❛❞ ✯✴
✷✾ ❞❛t♦✶ ✲ ❃ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❂ ◆❯▲▲ ❀ ✴✯ ② ♥♦ ❤❛② ♥✐♥❣✉♥❛ ♠á s
✯✴
✸✵ ❞❛t♦✷ ❂ ✭ str✉❝t ❢ ✯✮ ♠❛❧❧♦❝ ✭ s✐③❡♦❢ ✭ str✉❝t ❢✮✮ ❀ ✴✯ ❘❡s❡r✈❛♠♦s
♠❡♠♦r✐❛ ✯✴
✸✶ str❝♣② ✭ ❞❛t♦✷ ✲❃ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ✱ ✧ ❏✉❛♥ ✧✮❀ ✴✯ ●✉❛r❞❛♠♦s ❡❧ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ✱
✯✴
✸✷ str❝♣② ✭ ❞❛t♦✷ ✲❃ ❞✐r❡❝❝✐♦♥ ✱ ✧ ◆♦ ❧♦ sé✧✮❀ ✴✯ ❧❛ ❞✐r❡❝❝✐ ó♥ ✯✴
✸✸ ❞❛t♦✷ ✲ ❃ ❡❞❛❞ ❂ ✸✺❀ ✴✯ ❧❛ ❡❞❛❞ ✯✴
✸✹ ❞❛t♦✷ ✲ ❃ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❂ ◆❯▲▲ ❀ ✴✯ ② ♥♦ ❤❛② ♥✐♥❣✉♥❛ ♠á s
✯✴
✸✺ ❞❛t♦✶ ✲ ❃ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❂ ❞❛t♦✷ ❀ ✴✯ ❊♥❧❛③❛♠♦s ❛♥t❡r✐♦r
❝♦♥ ❡❧❧❛ ✯✴
✸✻ ❞❛t♦✸ ❂ ✭ str✉❝t ❢ ✯✮ ♠❛❧❧♦❝ ✭ s✐③❡♦❢ ✭ str✉❝t ❢✮✮ ❀ ✴✯ ▲❛ t❡r❝❡r❛ ✯✴
✸✼ str❝♣② ✭ ❞❛t♦✸ ✲❃ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ✱ ✧ ❈❛r❧♦s ✧✮ ❀
✸✽ str❝♣② ✭ ❞❛t♦✸ ✲❃ ❞✐r❡❝❝✐♦♥ ✱ ✧ P♦r ❛❤ í✧✮❀
✸✾ ❞❛t♦✸ ✲ ❃ ❡❞❛❞ ❂ ✶✹❀
✹✵ ❞❛t♦✸ ✲ ❃ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❂ ❞❛t♦✷ ❀ ✴✯ ❡♥❧❛③❛♠♦s ❝♦♥ ❧❛
s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ✯✴
✹✶ ❞❛t♦✶ ✲ ❃ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❂ ❞❛t♦✸ ❀ ✴✯ ② ❧❛ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r ❝♦♥
❡❧❧❛ ✯✴
✹✷ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ▲❛ ❧✐st❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡s ✿❭ ♥ ✧✮❀
✹✸ ▼✉❡str❛▲✐st❛ ✭ ❞❛t♦✶ ✮❀
✹✹ ❞❛t♦✶ ✲ ❃ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❂ ❞❛t♦✷ ❀ ✴✯ ❇♦rr❛r ❞❛t♦✸ ✿ ❊♥❧❛③❛ ❉❛t♦✶ ②
❉❛t♦✷ ✯✴
✹✺ ❢r❡❡ ✭ ❞❛t♦✸ ✮ ❀ ✴✯ ▲✐❜❡r❛ ❧♦ q✉❡ ♦❝✉♣ ó ❉❛t♦✸ ✯✴
✹✻ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❨ tr❛s ❜♦rr❛r ❞❛t♦✸ ✿❭ ♥❭♥ ✧✮❀
✹✼ ▼✉❡str❛▲✐st❛ ✭ ❞❛t♦✶ ✮❀
✹✽
✹✾ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✺✵ ⑥

✶✻✾
❱❡❛♠♦s ♦tr♦ ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦✱ q✉❡ ❝r❡❡ ✉♥❛ ❧✐st❛ ❞❡ ♥ú♠❡r♦s✱ ② ✈❛②❛ ✐♥s❡rt❛♥❞♦ ❡♥ ❡❧❧❛ ✈❛r✐♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s

♦r❞❡♥❛❞♦s✳ ❆❤♦r❛ t❡♥❡♠♦s ✉♥❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ♣❛r❛ ♠♦str❛r ❞❛t♦s✱ ♦tr❛ ♣❛r❛ ❝r❡❛r ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ ✐♥s❡rt❛♥❞♦ ❡❧

♣r✐♠❡r ❞❛t♦✱ ② ♦tr❛ q✉❡ ✐♥s❡rt❡ ✉♥ ❞❛t♦ ♦r❞❡♥❛❞♦✳

✶ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ st❞✐♦ ✳❤ ❃
✷ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ st❞❧✐❜ ✳❤ ❃
✸

✹ str✉❝t ❧✐st❛ ④ ✴✯ ◆✉❡str❛ ❧✐st❛ ✯✴

✺ ✐♥t ♥✉♠❡r♦ ❀ ✴✯ ❙♦❧♦ ❣✉❛r❞❛ ✉♥ ♥✉♠❡r♦ ✯✴
✻ str✉❝t ❧✐st❛ ✯ s✐❣ ❀ ✴✯ ❨ ❡❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ ❛❧ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❞❛t♦ ✯✴
✼ ⑥❀
✽

✾ str✉❝t ❧✐st❛ ✯ ❈r❡❛r▲✐st❛ ✭ ✐♥t ✈❛❧♦r ✮ ④ ✴✯ ❈r❡❛ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ ✱ ❝❧❛r♦

✯✴
✶✵ str✉❝t ❧✐st❛ ✯ r❀ ✴✯ ❱❛r✐❛❜❧❡ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛r ✯✴
✶✶ r ❂ ✭ str✉❝t ❧✐st❛ ✯✮
✶✷ ♠❛❧❧♦❝ ✭ s✐③❡♦❢ ✭ str✉❝t ❧✐st❛ ✮ ✮❀ ✴✯ ❘❡s❡r✈❛ ♠❡♠♦r✐❛ ✯✴
✶✸ r ✲❃ ♥✉♠❡r♦ ❂ ✈❛❧♦r ❀ ✴✯ ●✉❛r❞❛ ❡❧ ✈❛❧♦r ✯✴
✶✹ r ✲❃ s✐❣ ❂ ◆❯▲▲ ❀ ✴✯ ◆♦ ❤❛② s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ✯✴
✶✺ r❡t✉r♥ r❀ ✴✯ ❈r❡❛ ❡❧ str✉❝t ❧✐st❛ ✯ ✯✴
✶✻ ⑥
✶✼

✶✽ ✈♦✐❞ ▼✉❡str❛▲✐st❛ ✭ str✉❝t ❧✐st❛ ✯ ❧✐st❛ ✮ ④

✶✾ ✐❢ ✭ ❧✐st❛ ✮ ④ ✴✯ ❙✐ r❡❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❤❛② ❧✐st❛
✯✴
✷✵ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ✪❞❭ ♥✧ ✱ ❧✐st❛ ✲ ❃ ♥✉♠❡r♦ ✮❀ ✴✯ ❊s❝r✐❜❡ ❡❧ ✈❛❧♦r ✯✴
✷✶ ▼✉❡str❛▲✐st❛ ✭ ❧✐st❛ ✲❃ s✐❣ ✮❀ ✴✯ ❨ ♠✐r❛ ❡❧ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ✯✴
✷✷ ⑥
✷✸ ⑥
✷✹

✷✺ ✈♦✐❞ ■♥s❡rt❛▲✐st❛ ✭ str✉❝t ❧✐st❛ ✯✯ ❧✐st❛ ✱ ✐♥t ✈❛❧♦r ✮ ④

✷✻ str✉❝t ❧✐st❛ ✯ r❀ ✴✯ ❱❛r✐❛❜❧❡ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛r ✱ ♣❛r❛ r❡s❡r✈❛r ✯✴
✷✼ str✉❝t ❧✐st❛ ✯ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❀ ✴✯ ❖tr❛ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛r ✱ ♣❛r❛ r❡❝♦rr❡r ✯✴
✷✽ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❂ ✯ ❧✐st❛ ❀
✷✾ ✐❢ ✭ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✮ ✴✯ ❙✐ ❤❛② ❧✐st❛ ✯✴
✸✵ ✐❢ ✭ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✲❃ ♥✉♠❡r♦ ❁ ✈❛❧♦r ✮ ✴✯ ② t♦❞❛✈ í❛ ♥♦ ❡s s✉
s✐t✐♦ ✯✴
✸✶ ■♥s❡rt❛▲✐st❛ ✭✫ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✲❃ s✐❣ ✱ ✈❛❧♦r ✮❀ ✴✯ ♠✐r❛ ❧❛ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ♣♦s✐❝✐ ó
♥ ✯✴
✸✷ ❡❧s❡ ④ ✴✯ ❙✐ ❤❛② ❧✐st❛ ♣❡r♦ ②❛ ❡s s✉ s✐t✐♦
✯✴
✸✸ r ❂ ❈r❡❛r▲✐st❛ ✭ ✈❛❧♦r ✮❀ ✴✯ ❣✉❛r❞❛ ❡❧ ❞❛t♦ ✯✴
✸✹ r ✲❃ s✐❣ ❂ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❀ ✴✯ ♣♦♥❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ ❛ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛❝ ✳ ✯✴
✸✺ ✯ ❧✐st❛ ❂ r ❀ ✴✯ ❨ ❤❛❝❡ q✉❡ ❝♦♠✐❡♥❝❡ ❡♥ ❡❧ ♥✉❡✈♦ ❞❛t♦
✯✴
✸✻ ⑥ ❡❧s❡ ④ ✴✯ ❙✐ ♥♦ ❤❛② ❧✐st❛ ✱ ❤❛② q✉❡ ❝r❡❛r❧❛ ✯✴
✸✼ r ❂ ❈r❡❛r▲✐st❛ ✭ ✈❛❧♦r ✮❀

✶✼✵
✸✽ ✯ ❧✐st❛ ❂ r ❀ ✴✯ ② ❤❛② q✉❡ ✐♥❞✐❝❛r ❞♦♥❞❡ ❞❡❜❡ ❝♦♠❡♥③❛r ✯✴
✸✾ ⑥
✹✵ ⑥
✹✶
✹✷ ✐♥t ♠❛✐♥ ✭✮ ④
✹✸ str✉❝t ❧✐st❛ ✯ ❧❀ ✴✯ ▲❛ ❧✐st❛ q✉❡ ❝r❡❛r❡♠♦s ✯✴
✹✹ ❧ ❂ ❈r❡❛r▲✐st❛ ✭✺✮ ❀ ✴✯ ❈r❡❛ ❧✐st❛ ❡ ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝❡ ✺ ✯✴
✹✺ ■♥s❡rt❛▲✐st❛ ✭✫ ❧ ✱ ✸✮ ❀ ✴✯ ■♥s❡rt❛ ✉♥ ✸ ✯✴
✹✻ ■♥s❡rt❛▲✐st❛ ✭✫ ❧ ✱ ✷✮ ❀ ✴✯ ■♥s❡rt❛ ✉♥ ✷ ✯✴
✹✼ ■♥s❡rt❛▲✐st❛ ✭✫ ❧ ✱ ✻✮ ❀ ✴✯ ■♥s❡rt❛ ✉♥ ✻ ✯✴
✹✽ ▼✉❡str❛▲✐st❛ ✭❧ ✮❀ ✴✯ ▼✉❡str❛ ❧✐st❛ r❡s✉❧t❛♥t❡ ✯✴
✹✾
✺✵ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀ ✴✯ ❙❡ ❛❝❛❜ ó ✯✴
✺✶ ⑥
❊❧ ❝✉❛❧ ❡s ✉♥ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❢✉❡♥t❡ ◆❖❢á❝✐❧ ❞❡ ❧❡❡r✱ ♣❡r♦ ❛ú♥ ❛sí ❧♦s ❝❛♠❜✐♦s ♥♦ s♦♥ ❣r❛♥❞❡s✳
❍❡♠♦s ❛✉t♦♠❛t✐③❛❞♦ ❧❛ ✐♥s❡r❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ✉♥ ♥✉❡✈♦ ❞❛t♦ ❝♦♥ ❧❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ❈r❡❛r▲✐st❛✳
❈✉❛♥❞♦✱ ❞❡s♣✉és ❞❡ ❡s❡ ❞❛t♦✱ ❡♥❧❛③❛♠♦s ❞❛t♦s ❡①✐st❡♥t❡s✱ ❧♦ ❤❛❝❡♠♦s ❡♥ ❞♦s ♣❛s♦s✿

✶✳ r ❂ ❈r❡❛r▲✐st❛✭✈❛❧♦r✮❀

✷✳ r✲❃s✐❣ ❂ ❛❝t✉❛❧❀

❆❞❡♠ás✱ s✐ ❡❧ ❞❛t♦ ❛ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛r ❡s ❡❧ ♣r✐♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛✱ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛♠♦s ❧❛ ❞✐r❡❝❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❝♦♠✐❡♥③♦

♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ❧♦ r❡✢❡❥❡✿ r ❂ ❈r❡❛r▲✐st❛✭✈❛❧♦r✮❀ ✯❧✐st❛ ❂ r❀
❈✉❛♥❞♦ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛♠♦s ✉♥ ❞❛t♦ ❞❡ t✐♣♦ ï♥t✧✱ ♣❛s❛♠♦s ✉♥ ♣❛rá♠❡tr♦ ❞❡ t✐♣♦ ✧✐♥t ✯✧✳ ❊♥ ❡st❡ ❝❛s♦✱
❧❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ■♥s❡rt❛▲✐st❛ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛ ✉♥ ❞❛t♦ ❞❡ t✐♣♦ ✧str✉❝t ❧✐st❛ ✯✧✱ ♣♦r ❧♦ q✉❡ ❡❧ ♣❛rá♠❡tr♦ ❛
♠♦❞✐✜❝❛r ❡s ❞❡ t✐♣♦ ✧str✉❝t ❧✐st❛ ✯✯✧✳ ❆❧ ✜♥❛❧ ❞❡❧ ❛♣❛rt❛❞♦ ❝♦♠❡♥t❛♠♦s ❛❧❣♦ ♠ás s♦❜r❡ ❡st❡
t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❡①♣r❡s✐♦♥❡s✳
P♦r ♦tr❛ ♣❛rt❡✱ ❤❡♠♦s ❛❜r❡✈✐❛❞♦ ❧❛ ❡①♣r❡s✐ó♥✿ ✐❢ ✭❧✐st❛✮ q✉❡ ❡s ✐❣✉❛❧ ❛ ✐❢ ✭❧✐st❛✦❂◆❯▲▲✮✳
❋✐♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❤❛② ✈❛r✐♦s ❝❛s♦s ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r❡s q✉❡ r❡s✉❧t❛♥ ♠ás s❡♥❝✐❧❧♦s q✉❡ ✉♥❛ ❧✐st❛ ✧♥♦r♠❛❧✧✳ ❍❡
❛q✉í ❛❧❣✉♥♦s ❞❡ ❧♦s ♠ás ❤❛❜✐t✉❛❧❡s✿

❯♥❛ ♣✐❧❛ ❡s ✉♥ ❝❛s♦ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r ❞❡ ❧✐st❛✱ ❝✉②♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s s❡ ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝❡♥ ② s❛❝❛♥ ♣♦r ❡❧ ♠✐s♠♦
❡①tr❡♠♦✳ ❊s ❝♦♠♦ ✉♥❛ ♣✐❧❛ ❞❡ ❧✐❜r♦s✱ ❡♥ ❧❛ q✉❡ ♣❛r❛ t♦♠❛r ❡❧ t❡r❝❡r♦ ❛♣❛rt❛♠♦s ❧♦s ❞♦s
♣r✐♠❡r♦s✳ ❊st❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❡str✉❝t✉r❛ s❡ ❧❧❛♠❛ ▲■❋❖✳

❯♥❛ ❝♦❧❛ ❡s ♦tr♦ ❝❛s♦ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r✱ ❡♥ ❡❧ q✉❡ ❧♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s s❡ ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝❡♥ ♣♦r ✉♥ ❡①tr❡♠♦ ②
s❛❝❛♥ ♣♦r ❡❧ ♦tr♦✳ ❊s ❝♦♠♦ ❧❛ ❝♦❧❛ ❞❡❧ ❜❛♥❝♦✿ ❧♦s q✉❡ ❧❧❡❣❛♥✱ s❡ ♣♦♥❡♥ ❛❧ ✜♥❛❧✱ ② s❡ ❛t✐❡♥❞❡
♣r✐♠❡r♦ ❛ ❧♦s q✉❡ ❡stá♥ ❛❧ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣✐♦✳ ❊s ✉♥❛ ❡str✉❝t✉r❛ ❋■❋❖✳

✶✷✳✸✳ ▲✐st❛ ❞♦❜❧❡ ❡♥❧❛③❛❞❛

✶✷✳✸✳✶✳ ■♥tr♦❞✉❝❝✐ó♥

❊❧ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ❡st❡ ❛♣❛rt❛❞♦ ❡s ❧❛ ❝♦♠♣r❡♥s✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❧❛s ❧✐st❛s ❞♦❜❧❡♠❡♥t❡ ❡♥❧❛③❛❞❛s✳ ➱st❛s✱ s❡

✉t✐❧✐③❛♥ ❝✉❛♥❞♦ s♦♥ ♥❡❝❡s❛r✐❛s ✈❛r✐❛s ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❡s ❞❡ ✐♥s❡r❝✐ó♥ ♦ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s✳

✶✼✶
✶✷✳✸✳✷✳ ❉❡✜♥✐❝✐ó♥
▲❛s ❧✐st❛s ❞♦❜❧❡♠❡♥t❡ ❡♥❧❛③❛❞❛s s♦♥ ❡str✉❝t✉r❛s ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s s❡♠❡❥❛♥t❡s ❛ ❧❛s ❧✐st❛s ❡♥❧❛③❛❞❛s
s✐♠♣❧❡s✳ ▲❛ ❛s✐❣♥❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ♠❡♠♦r✐❛ ❡s ❤❡❝❤❛ ❛❧ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❡❥❡❝✉❝✐ó♥✳ ❊♥ ❝❛♠❜✐♦✱ ❡♥ r❡❧❛❝✐ó♥
❛ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛s ❡♥❧❛③❛❞❛ s✐♠♣❧❡ ❡❧ ❡♥❧❛❝❡ ❡♥tr❡ ❧♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s s❡ ❤❛❝❡ ❣r❛❝✐❛s ❛ ❞♦s ♣✉♥t❡r♦s ✭✉♥♦ q✉❡
❛♣✉♥t❛ ❤❛❝✐❛ ❡❧ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r ② ♦tr♦ q✉❡ ❛♣✉♥t❛ ❤❛❝✐❛ ❡❧ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡✮✳

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✷✳✶✺✿

❊❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r ❞❡❧ ♣r✐♠❡r ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡❜❡ ❛♣✉♥t❛r ❤❛❝✐❛ ◆❯▲▲ ✭❡❧ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛✮✳ ❊❧
♣✉♥t❡r♦ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡❧ ú❧t✐♠♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡❜❡ ❛♣✉♥t❛r ❤❛❝✐❛ ◆❯▲▲ ✭❡❧ ✜♥ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛✮✳ P❛r❛ ❛❝❝❡❞❡r
❛ ✉♥ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦✱ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ ♣✉❡❞❡ s❡r r❡❝♦rr✐❞❛ ❡♥ ❛♠❜♦s s❡♥t✐❞♦s✿
✶✳ ❝♦♠❡♥③❛♥❞♦ ♣♦r ❡❧ ✐♥✐❝✐♦✱ ❡❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ❡❧ ❞❡s♣❧❛③❛♠✐❡♥t♦ ❤❛❝✐❛ ❡❧ ♣ró①✐♠♦
❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦✳
✷✳ ❝♦♠❡♥③❛♥❞♦ ♣♦r ❡❧ ✜♥❛❧✱ ❡❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ❡❧ ❞❡s♣❧❛③❛♠✐❡♥t♦ ❤❛❝✐❛ ❡❧ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦
❛♥t❡r✐♦r✳
❘❡s✉♠✐❡♥❞♦✱ ❡❧ ❞❡s♣❧❛③❛♠✐❡♥t♦ s❡ ❤❛❝❡ ❡♥ ❛♠❜❛s ❞✐r❡❝❝✐♦♥❡s✱ ❞❡❧ ♣r✐♠❡r ❛❧ ✉❧t✐♠♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ②✴♦
❞❡❧ ú❧t✐♠♦ ❛❧ ♣r✐♠❡r ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦✳

✶✷✳✸✳✸✳ ❈♦♥str✉❝❝✐ó♥ ❞❡❧ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ✉♥ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛

P❛r❛ ❞❡✜♥✐r ✉♥ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ ❡s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ❡❧ t✐♣♦ str✉❝t✳ ❊❧ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ ❝♦♥t✐❡♥❡✿
✉♥ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❞❛t♦✱ ✉♥ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r ② ✉♥ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡✳ ▲♦s ♣✉♥t❡r♦s ❛♥t❡r✐♦r ② s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡
❞❡❜❡♥ s❡r ❞❡❧ ♠✐s♠♦ t✐♣♦ q✉❡ ❡❧ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦✱ ❡♥ ❝❛s♦ ❝♦♥tr❛r✐♦ ♥♦ ♣♦❞rá♥ ❛♣✉♥t❛r ❤❛❝✐❛ ✉♥ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦
❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛✳ ❊❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛ ❡❧ ❛❝❝❡s♦ ❤❛❝✐❛ ❡❧ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r ♠✐❡♥tr❛s q✉❡ ❡❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦
s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛ ❡❧ ❛❝❝❡s♦ ❤❛❝✐❛ ❡❧ ♣ró①✐♠♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦✳
❘❡s✉♠✐❡♥❞♦✱ ❡❧ ❞❡s♣❧❛③❛♠✐❡♥t♦ s❡ ❤❛❝❡ ❡♥ ❛♠❜❛s ❞✐r❡❝❝✐♦♥❡s✱ ❞❡❧ ♣r✐♠❡r ❛❧ ✉❧t✐♠♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦
②✴♦ ❞❡❧ ú❧t✐♠♦ ❛❧ ♣r✐♠❡r ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦✳

✶ t②♣❡❞❡❢ str✉❝t ❞❧❴❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦▲✐st❛ ④

✷ ❝❤❛r ✯ ❞❛t♦ ❀
✸ str✉❝t ❞❧❴❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦▲✐st❛ ✯ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r ❀
✹ str✉❝t ❞❧❴❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦▲✐st❛ ✯ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❀
✺ ⑥ ❞❧❴❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❀
P❛r❛ t❡♥❡r ❡❧ ❝♦♥tr♦❧ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ ❡s ♣r❡❢❡r✐❜❧❡ ❝♦♥s❡r✈❛r ❛❧❣✉♥♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s✿ ❡❧ ♣r✐♠❡r ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦✱ ❡❧
ú❧t✐♠♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦✱ ❡❧ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s✳ P❛r❛ ❡❧❧♦✱ ❡s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ♦tr❛ ❡str✉❝t✉r❛ ✭♥♦ ❡s ♦❜❧✐❣❛t♦r✐♦✱
♣✉❡❞❡♥ s❡r ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s✮✳
✶ t②♣❡❞❡❢ str✉❝t ❞❧❴▲✐st❛■❞❡♥t✐❢✐❝❛❝✐♦♥ ④
✷ ❞❧❴❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✯ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❀
✸ ❞❧❴❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✯ ❢✐♥ ❀

✶✼✷
 ✹ ✐♥t t❛♠❛ ñ ♦❀
✺ ⑥ ❞❧❴▲✐st❛ ❀
❊❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❝♦♥t✐❡♥❡ ❧❛ ❞✐r❡❝❝✐ó♥ ❞❡❧ ♣r✐♠❡r ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛✳ ❊❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ ✜♥ ❝♦♥t✐❡♥❡ ❧❛
❞✐r❡❝❝✐ó♥ ❞❡❧ ú❧t✐♠♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛✳ ▲❛ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ t❛♠❛ñ♦ ❝♦♥t✐❡♥❡ ❡❧ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s✳
❈✉❛❧q✉✐❡r❛ q✉❡ s❡❛ ❧❛ ♣♦s✐❝✐ó♥ ❡♥ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛✱ ❧♦s ♣✉♥t❡r♦s ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ② ✜♥ ❛♣✉♥t❛♥ s✐❡♠♣r❡ ❛❧ ♣r✐♠❡r ②
ú❧t✐♠♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦✳ ❊❧ ❝❛♠♣♦ t❛♠❛ñ♦ ❝♦♥t✐❡♥❡ ❡❧ ♥✉♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ ❝✉❛❧q✉✐❡r❛ q✉❡
s❡❛ ❧❛ ♦♣❡r❛❝✐ó♥ ❡❢❡❝t✉❛❞❛ s♦❜r❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛✳

✶✷✳✸✳✹✳ ❖♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❡s s♦❜r❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ ❞♦❜❧❡♠❡♥t❡ ❡♥❧❛③❛❞❛s

P❛r❛ ❧❛ ✐♥s❡r❝✐ó♥ ② ❧❛ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛❝✐ó♥✱ ✉♥❛ s♦❧❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ❜❛st❛ s✐ ❡stá ❜✐❡♥ ❝♦♥❝❡❜✐❞❛ ❡♥ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥
❞❡ ❧❛s ♥❡❝❡s✐❞❛❞❡s✳ P♦r ♠♦t✐✈♦s ♣✉r❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛❝❛❞é♠✐❝♦s✱ ❤❡♠♦s ❡s❝r✐t♦ ✉♥❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛
♦♣❡r❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ✐♥s❡r❝✐ó♥ ② ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛❝✐ó♥✳

■♥✐❝✐❛❧✐③❛❝✐ó♥

▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥✿ ✈♦✐❞ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧✐③❛❝✐ó♥ ✭▲✐st❛ ✯❧✐st❛✮❀

❊st❛ ♦♣❡r❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡❜❡ s❡r ❤❡❝❤❛ ❛♥t❡s ❞❡ ❝✉❛❧q✉✐❡r ♦tr❛ ♦♣❡r❛❝✐ó♥ s♦❜r❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛✳ ❊st❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧✐③❛ ❡❧
♣✉♥t❡r♦ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ② ❡❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ ✜♥ ❝♦♥ ❡❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ ◆❯▲▲✱ ② ❡❧ t❛♠❛ñ♦ ❝♦♥ ❡❧ ✈❛❧♦r ✵✳ ▲❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥
✶ ✈♦✐❞ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧✐③❛❝✐ ó ♥ ✭ ▲✐st❡ ✯ ❧✐st❡ ✮④
✷ ❧✐st❛ ✲ ❃ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❂ ◆❯▲▲ ❀
✸ ❧✐st❛ ✲ ❃ ❢✐♥ ❂ ◆❯▲▲ ❀
✹ t❛♠❛ ñ ♦ ❂ ✵❀
✺ ⑥
■♥s❡r❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ✉♥ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❡♥ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ ❆ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛❝✐ó♥ ❡❧ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❞❡ ✐♥s❡r❝✐ó♥ ② r❡❣✐str♦ ❞❡ ❧♦s
❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s✿
✶✳ ❞❡❝❧❛r❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡❧ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❛ ✐♥s❡rt❛r
✷✳ ❛s✐❣♥❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❧❛ ♠❡♠♦r✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❡❧ ♥✉❡✈♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦
✸✳ r❡❧❧❡♥❛r ❡❧ ❝♦♥t❡♥✐❞♦ ❞❡❧ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s
✹✳ ❛❝t✉❛❧✐③❛r ❧♦s ♣✉♥t❡r♦s ❤❛❝✐❛ ❡❧ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r ② ❡❧ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡
✺✳ ❛❝t✉❛❧✐③❛r ❧♦s ♣✉♥t❡r♦s ❤❛❝✐❛ ❡❧ ✶❡r ② ✉❧t✐♠♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ s✐ ❡s ♥❡❝❡s❛r✐♦✳
✻✳ ❈❛s♦ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r✿ ❡♥ ✉♥❛ ❧✐st❛ ❝♦♥ ✉♥ s♦❧♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦✱ ❡❧ ♣r✐♠❡r♦ ❡s ❛❧ ♠✐s♠♦ t✐❡♠♣♦ ❡❧ ú❧t✐♠♦✳
✼✳ ❆❝t✉❛❧✐③❛r ❡❧ t❛♠❛ñ♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛
P❛r❛ ❛ñ❛❞✐r ✉♥ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❛ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ ❤❛② ✈❛r✐❛s s✐t✉❛❝✐♦♥❡s✿
✶✳ ■♥s❡r❝✐ó♥ ❡♥ ✉♥❛ ❧✐st❛ ✈❛❝í❛
✷✳ ■♥s❡r❝✐ó♥ ❛❧ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛
✸✳ ■♥s❡r❝✐ó♥ ❛❧ ✜♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛
✹✳ ■♥s❡r❝✐ó♥ ❛♥t❡s ❞❡ ✉♥ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦
✺✳ ■♥s❡r❝✐ó♥ ❞❡s♣✉és ❞❡ ✉♥ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦

✶✼✸
 ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✷✳✶✻✿

■♥s❡r❝✐ó♥ ❡♥ ✉♥❛ ❧✐st❛ ✈❛❝í❛ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥✿ ✐♥t ✐♥s❴❡♥❴❧✐st❛❴✈❛❝✐❛ ✭❞❧❴▲✐st❛

✯❧✐st❛✱ ❝❤❛r ✯❞❛t♦✮❀
▲❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ❞❡✈✉❡❧✈❡ ✲✶ ❡♥ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ ❡rr♦r✱ s✐ ♥♦ ❞❡✈✉❡❧✈❡ ✵✳ ❊t❛♣❛s✿
✶✳ ❛s✐❣♥❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ♠❡♠♦r✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❡❧ ♥✉❡✈♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦
✷✳ r❡❧❧❡♥❛r ❡❧ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s ❞❡❧ ♥✉❡✈♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦
✸✳ ❡❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r ❞❡❧ ♥✉❡✈♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❛♣✉♥t❛rá ❤❛❝✐❛ ◆❯▲▲ ✭②❛ q✉❡ ❧❛ ✐♥s❡r❝✐ó♥ ❡s ❤❡❝❤❛
❡♥ ✉♥❛ ❧✐st❛ ✈❛❝í❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠♦s ❧❛ ❞✐r❡❝❝✐ó♥ ❞❡❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ q✉❡ ✈❛❧❡ ◆❯▲▲✮
✹✳ ❡❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡❧ ♥✉❡✈♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❛♣✉♥t❛rá ❤❛❝✐❛ ◆❯▲▲ ✭②❛ q✉❡ ❧❛ ✐♥s❡r❝✐ó♥ ❡s ❤❡❝❤❛
❡♥ ✉♥❛ ❧✐st❛ ✈❛❝í❛ s❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛ ❧❛ ❞✐r❡❝❝✐ó♥ ❞❡❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ ✜♥ q✉❡ ✈❛❧❡ ◆❯▲▲✮
✺✳ ❧♦s ♣✉♥t❡r♦s ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ② ✜♥ ❛♣✉♥t❛r❛♥ ❤❛❝✐❛ ❡❧ ♥✉❡✈♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦
✻✳ ❡❧ t❛♠❛ñ♦ ❡s ❛❝t✉❛❧✐③❛❞♦
▲❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥
✶ ✐♥t ✐♥s❡r❝✐♦♥❴❡♥❴❧✐st❛❴✈❛❝✐❛ ✭ ❞❧❴▲✐st❛ ✯ ❧✐st❛ ✱ ❝❤❛r ✯ ❞❛t♦ ✮ ④
✷ ❞❧❴❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✯ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❀
✸ ✐❢ ✭✭ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❂ ❛❧❧♦❝ ✭ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✮✮ ❂❂ ◆❯▲▲ ✮
✹ r❡t✉r♥ ✲✶❀
✺
✻ str❝♣② ✭ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✲❃ ❞❛t♦ ✱ ❞❛t♦ ✮❀
✼ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✲❃ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r ❂ ❧✐st❛ ✲❃ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❀
✽ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✲❃ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❂ ❧✐st❛ ✲ ❃ ❢✐♥ ❀
✾ ❧✐st❛ ✲ ❃ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❂ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❀
✶✵ ❧✐st❛ ✲ ❃ ❢✐♥ ❂ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❀
✶✶ ❧✐st❛ ✲ ❃ t❛♠❛ ñ ♦ ✰✰❀
✶✷
✶✸ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✶✹
✶✺ ⑥

■♥s❡r❝✐ó♥ ❛❧ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥✿ ✐♥t ✐♥s❴✐♥✐❝✐♦❴❧✐st❛✭❞❧❴▲✐st❛

✯ ❧✐st❛✱ ❝❤❛r ✯❞❛t♦✮❀
▲❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ❞❡✈✉❡❧✈❡ ✲✶ ❡♥ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ ❡rr♦r✱ s✐ ♥♦ ❞❡✈✉❡❧✈❡ ✵✳ ❊t❛♣❛s✿

✶✼✹
 ✶✳ ❛s✐❣♥❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ♠❡♠♦r✐❛ ❛❧ ♥✉❡✈♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦
✷✳ r❡❧❧❡♥❛r ❡❧ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s ❞❡❧ ♥✉❡✈♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦
✸✳ ❡❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r ❞❡❧ ♥✉❡✈♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❛♣✉♥t❛ ❤❛❝✐❛ ◆❯▲▲
✹✳ ❡❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡❧ ♥✉❡✈♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❛♣✉♥t❛ ❤❛❝✐❛ ❡❧ ✶❡r ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦
✺✳ ❡❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r ❞❡❧ ✶❡r ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❛♣✉♥t❛ ❤❛❝✐❛ ❡❧ ♥✉❡✈♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦
✻✳ ❡❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❛♣✉♥t❛ ❤❛❝✐❛ ❡❧ ♥✉❡✈♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦
✼✳ ❡❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ ✜♥ ♥♦ ❝❛♠❜✐❛
✽✳ ❡❧ t❛♠❛ñ♦ ❡s ✐♥❝r❡♠❡♥t❛❞♦

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✷✳✶✼✿

▲❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥
✶ ✐♥t ✐♥s❴✐♥✐❝✐♦❴❧✐st❛ ✭ ❞❧❴▲✐st❛ ✯ ❧✐st❛ ✱ ❝❤❛r ✯ ❞❛t♦ ✮ ④
✷ ❞❧❴❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✯ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❀
✸ ✐❢ ✭✭ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❂ ❛❧❧♦❝ ✭ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✮✮ ❂❂ ◆❯▲▲ ✮
✹ r❡t✉r♥ ✲✶❀
✺
✻ str❝♣② ✭ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✲❃ ❞❛t♦ ✱ ❞❛t♦ ✮❀
✼ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✲❃ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r ❂ ◆❯▲▲ ❀
✽ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✲❃ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❂ ❧✐st❛ ✲ ❃ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❀
✾ ❧✐st❛ ✲ ❃ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ✲❃ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r ❂ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❀
✶✵ ❧✐st❛ ✲ ❃ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❂ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❀
✶✶ ❧✐st❛ ✲ ❃ t❛♠❛ ñ ♦ ✰✰❀
✶✷
✶✸ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✶✹
✶✺ ⑥

■♥s❡r❝✐ó♥ ❛❧ ✜♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥✿ ✐♥t ✐♥s❴❢✐♥❴❧✐st❛✭❞❧❴▲✐st❛ ✯

❧✐st❛✱ ❝❤❛r ✯❞❛t♦✮❀
▲❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ❞❡✈✉❡❧✈❡ ✲✶ ❡♥ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ ❡rr♦r✱ s✐ ♥♦ ❞❡✈✉❡❧✈❡ ✵✳ ❊t❛♣❛s✿
✶✳ ❛s✐❣♥❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ♠❡♠♦r✐❛ ❛❧ ♥✉❡✈♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦

✶✼✺
 ✷✳ r❡❧❧❡♥❛r ❡❧ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s ❞❡❧ ♥✉❡✈♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦
✸✳ ❡❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡❧ ♥✉❡✈♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❛♣✉♥t❛ ❤❛❝✐❛ ◆❯▲▲
✹✳ ❡❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r ❞❡❧ ♥✉❡✈♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❛♣✉♥t❛ ❤❛❝✐❛ ❡❧ ✉❧t✐♠♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✭❡s ❡❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ ✜♥
q✉❡ ❝♦♥t✐❡♥❡ ♣♦r ❛❤♦r❛ s✉ ❞✐r❡❝❝✐ó♥✮
✺✳ ❡❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡❧ ✉❧t✐♠♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❛♣✉♥t❛rá ❤❛❝✐❛ ❡❧ ♥✉❡✈♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦
✻✳ ❡❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ ✜♥ ❛♣✉♥t❛ ❤❛❝✐❛ ❡❧ ♥✉❡✈♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦
✼✳ ❡❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ♥♦ ❝❛♠❜✐❛
✽✳ ❡❧ t❛♠❛ñ♦ ❡s ✐♥❝r❡♠❡♥t❛❞♦

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✷✳✶✽✿

▲❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥
✶ ✐♥t ✐♥s❴❢✐♥❴❧✐st❛ ✭ ❞❧❴▲✐st❛ ✯ ❧✐st❛ ✱ ❝❤❛r ✯ ❞❛t♦ ✮ ④
✷ ❞❧❴❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✯ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❀
✸ ✐❢ ✭✭ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❂ ❛❧❧♦❝ ✭ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✮✮ ❂❂ ◆❯▲▲ ✮
✹ r❡t✉r♥ ✲✶❀
✺
✻ str❝♣② ✭ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✲❃ ❞❛t♦ ✱ ❞❛t♦ ✮❀
✼ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✲❃ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❂ ◆❯▲▲ ❀
✽ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✲❃ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r ❂ ❧✐st❛ ✲❃ ❢✐♥ ❀
✾ ❧✐st❛ ✲ ❃ ❢✐♥ ✲❃ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❂ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❀
✶✵ ❧✐st❛ ✲ ❃ ❢✐♥ ❂ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❀
✶✶ ❧✐st❛ ✲ ❃ t❛♠❛ ñ ♦ ✰✰❀
✶✷
✶✸ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✶✹
✶✺ ⑥

■♥s❡r❝✐ó♥ ❛♥t❡s ❞❡ ✉♥ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥✿ ✐♥t ✐♥s❴❛♥t❡s ✭

❞❧❴▲✐st❛ ✯ ❧✐st❛✱ ❝❤❛r ✯❞❛t♦✱ ✐♥t ♣♦s✮❀
▲❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ❞❡✈✉❡❧✈❡ ✲✶ ❡♥ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ ❡rr♦r✱ s✐ ♥♦ ❞❡✈✉❡❧✈❡ ✵✳ ▲❛ ✐♥s❡r❝✐ó♥ s❡ ❡❢❡❝t✉❛r❛ ❛♥t❡s ❞❡ ❝✐❡rt❛
♣♦s✐❝✐ó♥ ♣❛s❛❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❛r❣✉♠❡♥t♦ ❛ ❧❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥✳ ▲❛ ♣♦s✐❝✐ó♥ ✐♥❞✐❝❛❞❛ ♥♦ ❞❡❜❡ s❡r ♥✐ ❡❧ ♣r✐♠❡r ♥✐ ❡❧
ú❧t✐♠♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦✳ ❊♥ ❡s❡ ❝❛s♦ ❤❛② q✉❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r ❧❛s ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❡s ❞❡ ✐♥s❡r❝✐ó♥ ❛❧ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ②✴♦ ❛❧ ✜♥❛❧ ❞❡
❧❛ ❧✐st❛✳ ❊t❛♣❛s✿

✶✼✻
 ✶✳ ❛s✐❣♥❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ♠❡♠♦r✐❛ ❛❧ ♥✉❡✈♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦
✷✳ r❡❧❧❡♥❛r ❡❧ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s ❞❡❧ ♥✉❡✈♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦
✸✳ ❊❧❡❣✐r ✉♥❛ ♣♦s✐❝✐ó♥ ❡♥ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ ✭❧❛ ✐♥s❡r❝✐ó♥ s❡ ❤❛❝❡ ❞❡s♣✉és ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣♦s✐❝✐ó♥ ❡❧❡❣✐❞❛✮
✹✳ ❡❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡❧ ♥✉❡✈♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❛♣✉♥t❛ ❤❛❝✐❛ ❡❧ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❛❝t✉❛❧✳
✺✳ ❡❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r ❞❡❧ ♥✉❡✈♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❛♣✉♥t❛ ❤❛❝✐❛ ❧❛ ❞✐r❡❝❝✐ó♥ ❤❛❝✐❛ ❧❛ q✉❡ ❛♣✉♥t❛ ❡❧
♣✉♥t❡r♦ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r ❞❡❧ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❛❝t✉❛❧✳
✻✳ ❡❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡❧ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ q✉❡ ♣r❡❝❡❞❡ ❛❧ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❛♣✉♥t❛rá ❤❛❝✐❛ ❡❧ ♥✉❡✈♦
❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦
✼✳ ❡❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r ❞❡❧ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❛♣✉♥t❛ ❤❛❝✐❛ ❡❧ ♥✉❡✈♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦
✽✳ ❡❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ ✜♥ ♥♦ ❝❛♠❜✐❛
✾✳ ❡❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❝❛♠❜✐❛ s✐ ❧❛ ♣♦s✐❝✐ó♥ ❡❧❡❣✐❞❛ ❡s ❧❛ ♣♦s✐❝✐ó♥ ✶
✶✵✳ ❡❧ t❛♠❛ñ♦ s❡ ✐♥❝r❡♠❡♥t❛ ❡♥ ✉♥❛ ✉♥✐❞❛❞

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✷✳✶✾✿

▲❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥
✶ ✐♥t ✐♥s❴❛♥t❡s ✭ ❞❧❴▲✐st❛ ✯ ❧✐st❛ ✱ ❝❤❛r ✯ ❞❛t♦ ✱ ✐♥t ♣♦s ✮ ④
✷
✸ ✐♥t ✐ ❀
✹ ❞❧❴❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✯ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✱ ✯ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❀
✺ ✐❢ ✭✭ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❂ ❛❧❧♦❝ ✭ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✮✮ ❂❂ ◆❯▲▲ ✮
✻ r❡t✉r♥ ✲✶❀
✼
✽ str❝♣② ✭ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✲❃ ❞❛t♦ ✱ ❞❛t♦ ✮❀
✾ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❂ ❧✐st❛ ✲❃ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❀

✶✼✼
✶✵ ❢♦r ✭ ✐ ❂ ✶❀ ✐ ❁ ♣♦s ❀ ✰✰ ✐✮
✶✶ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❂ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✲ ❃ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❀
✶✷
✶✸ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✲❃ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❂ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❀
✶✹ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✲❃ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r ❂ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✲ ❃ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r ❀
✶✺ ✐❢ ✭ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✲❃ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r ❂❂ ◆❯▲▲ ✮
✶✻ ❧✐st❛ ✲ ❃ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❂ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❀
✶✼ ❡❧s❡
✶✽ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✲❃ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r ✲ ❃ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❂ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❀
✶✾
✷✵ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✲❃ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r ❂ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❀
✷✶ ❧✐st❛ ✲ ❃ t❛♠❛ ñ ♦ ✰✰❀
✷✷
✷✸ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✷✹
✷✺ ⑥

■♥s❡r❝✐ó♥ ❞❡s♣✉és ❞❡ ✉♥ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥✿ ✐♥t ✐♥s❴❞❡s♣✉é

s ✭❞❧❴▲✐st❛ ✯ ❧✐st❛✱ ❝❤❛r ✯❞❛t♦✱ ✐♥t ♣♦s✮❀
▲❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ❞❡✈✉❡❧✈❡ ✲✶ ❡♥ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ ❡rr♦r✱ s✐ ♥♦ ❞❡✈✉❡❧✈❡ ✵✳ ▲❛ ✐♥s❡r❝✐ó♥ s❡ ❡❢❡❝tú❛ ❞❡s♣✉és ❞❡
❝✐❡rt❛ ♣♦s✐❝✐ó♥ ♣❛s❛❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❛r❣✉♠❡♥t♦ ❛ ❧❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥✳ ▲❛ ♣♦s✐❝✐ó♥ ✐♥❞✐❝❛❞❛ ♥♦ ❞❡❜❡ s❡r ❡❧ ú❧t✐♠♦
❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦✳ ❊♥ ❡s❡ ❝❛s♦ ❤❛② q✉❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r ❧❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ✐♥s❡r❝✐ó♥ ❛❧ ✜♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛✳ ❊t❛♣❛s✿

✶✳ ❛s✐❣♥❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ♠❡♠♦r✐❛ ❛❧ ♥✉❡✈♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦

✷✳ r❡❧❧❡♥❛r ❡❧ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s ❞❡❧ ♥✉❡✈♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦

✸✳ ❊❧❡❣✐r ✉♥❛ ♣♦s✐❝✐ó♥ ❡♥ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ ✭❧❛ ✐♥s❡r❝✐ó♥ s❡ ❤❛❝❡ ❞❡s♣✉és ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣♦s✐❝✐ó♥ ❡❧❡❣✐❞❛✮

✹✳ ❡❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡❧ ♥✉❡✈♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❛♣✉♥t❛ ❤❛❝✐❛ ❧❛ ❞✐r❡❝❝✐ó♥ ❤❛❝✐❛ ❧❛ q✉❡ ❛♣✉♥t❛ ❡❧
♣✉♥t❡r♦ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡❧ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✭✈❡r ❧❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♥✮✳

✺✳ ❡❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r ❞❡❧ ♥✉❡✈♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❛♣✉♥t❛ ❤❛❝✐❛ ❡❧ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❛❝t✉❛❧✳

✻✳ ❡❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r ❞❡❧ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ q✉❡ ✈❛ ❞❡s♣✉és ❞❡❧ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❛♣✉♥t❛rá ❤❛❝✐❛ ❡❧ ♥✉❡✈♦
❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦✳

✼✳ ❡❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡❧ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❛♣✉♥t❛ ❤❛❝✐❛ ❡❧ ♥✉❡✈♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦

✽✳ ❡❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ♥♦ ❝❛♠❜✐❛

✾✳ ❡❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ ✜♥ ❝❛♠❜✐❛ s✐ ❧❛ ♣♦s✐❝✐ó♥ ❡❧❡❣✐❞❛ ❡s ❧❛ ♣♦s✐❝✐ó♥ ❞❡❧ ✉❧t✐♠♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✭❡❧ t❛♠❛ñ♦ ❞❡
❧❛ ❧✐st❛✮

✶✵✳ ❡❧ t❛♠❛ñ♦ s❡ ✐♥❝r❡♠❡♥t❛ ❡♥ ✉♥❛ ✉♥✐❞❛❞

✶✼✽
 ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✷✳✷✵✿

▲❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥

✶ ✐♥t ✐♥s❴❞❡s♣✉ és ✭ ❞❧❴▲✐st❛ ✯ ❧✐st❛ ✱ ❝❤❛r ✯ ❞❛t♦ ✱ ✐♥t ♣♦s ✮ ④

✷

✸ ✐♥t ✐ ❀
✹ ❞❧❴❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✯ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✱ ✯ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❀
✺ ✐❢ ✭✭ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❂ ❛❧❧♦❝ ✭ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✮✮ ❂❂ ◆❯▲▲ ✮
✻ r❡t✉r♥ ✲✶❀
✼

✽ str❝♣② ✭ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✲❃ ❞❛t♦ ✱ ❞❛t♦ ✮❀

✾ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❂ ❧✐st❛ ✲❃ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❀
✶✵ ❢♦r ✭ ✐ ❂ ✶❀ ✐ ❁ ♣♦s ❀ ✰✰ ✐✮
✶✶ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❂ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✲ ❃ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❀
✶✷

✶✸ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✲❃ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❂ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✲❃ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❀

✶✹ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✲❃ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r ❂ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❀
✶✺ ✐❢ ✭ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✲❃ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❂❂ ◆❯▲▲ ✮
✶✻ ❧✐st❛ ✲ ❃ ❢✐♥ ❂ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❀
✶✼ ❡❧s❡
✶✽ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✲❃ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ✲❃ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r ❂ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❀
✶✾

✷✵ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✲❃ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❂ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❀

✷✶ ❧✐st❛ ✲ ❃ t❛♠❛ ñ ♦ ✰✰❀
✷✷ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✷✸

✷✹ ⑥

❊❧✐♠✐♥❛❝✐ó♥
❆ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛❝✐ó♥ ❡❧ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛r ✉♥ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛✿

✶✳ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ✉♥ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ t❡♠♣♦r❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❣✉❛r❞❛r ❧❛ ❞✐r❡❝❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❧♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❛ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛r

✶✼✾
 ✷✳ ❡❧ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❛ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛r ♣✉❡❞❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛s❡ ❡♥ ❝✉❛❧q✉✐❡r ♣♦s✐❝✐ó♥ ❡♥ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛✳
❊♥ r❡❧❛❝✐ó♥ ❛ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ ❡♥❧❛③❛❞❛ s✐♠♣❧❡ ❡♥ ❧❛ q✉❡ ❧❛ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛❝✐ó♥ só❧♦ ♣✉❡❞❡ s❡r ❤❡❝❤❛ ❞❡s♣✉és q✉❡
✉♥ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❤❛ s✐❞♦ ❞❡s✐❣♥❛❞♦✱ ❧❛s ❧✐st❛s ❞♦❜❧❡♠❡♥t❡ ❡♥❧❛③❛❞❛s s♦♥ ♠ás ✢❡①✐❜❧❡s ❣r❛❝✐❛s ❛ ❧♦s ✷
♣✉♥t❡r♦s q✉❡ ❣✉❛r❞❛♥ ❡❧ r❛str♦ t❛♥t♦ ❤❛❝✐❛ ❛trás ❝♦♠♦ ❤❛❝✐❛ ❞❡❧❛♥t❡✳
✶✳ ❧✐❜❡r❛r ❧❛ ♠❡♠♦r✐❛ ♦❝✉♣❛❞❛ ♣♦r ❡❧ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛❞♦
✷✳ ❛❝t✉❛❧✐③❛r ❡❧ t❛♠❛ñ♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛
P❛r❛ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛r ✉♥ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ ❤❛② ✈❛r✐❛s s✐t✉❛❝✐♦♥❡s✿
✶✳ ❊❧✐♠✐♥❛❝✐ó♥ ❛❧ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛
✷✳ ❊❧✐♠✐♥❛❝✐ó♥ ❛❧ ✜♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛
✸✳ ❊❧✐♠✐♥❛❝✐ó♥ ❛♥t❡s ❞❡ ✉♥ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦
✹✳ ❊❧✐♠✐♥❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡s♣✉és ❞❡ ✉♥ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦
✺✳ ❊❧✐♠✐♥❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ✉♥ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦
❙✐♥ ❡♠❜❛r❣♦✱ ❧❛ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛❝✐ó♥ ❛❧ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ② ❛❧ ✜♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ ❞♦❜❧❡♠❡♥t❡ ❡♥❧❛③❛❞❛ ❛sí ❝♦♠♦ ❛♥t❡s
♦ ❞❡s♣✉és ❞❡ ✉♥ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡ ❛ ❧❛ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛❝✐ó♥ ❡♥ ❧❛ ♣♦s✐❝✐ó♥ ✵ ✭❝❡r♦✮ ♦ ❡♥ ❧❛ ♣♦s✐❝✐ó♥ ◆
✭◆❂ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛✮ ♦ ❡♥ ♦tr❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛✳ ❊♥ ❡❧ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ ❧✐st❛s ❞♦❜❧❡♠❡♥t❡
❡♥❧❛③❛❞❛s ❧❛ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛❝✐ó♥ ❡♥ ❝✉❛❧q✉✐❡r ♣♦s✐❝✐ó♥ ♥♦ ♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♥✐♥❣ú♥ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❣r❛❝✐❛s ❛ ❧♦s ♣✉♥t❡r♦s
❛♥t❡r✐♦r ② s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡✱ q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❡♥ ❝♦♥s❡r✈❛r ❡❧ ❡♥❧❛❝❡ ❡♥tr❡ ❧♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛✳ ❘❛③ó♥ ♣♦r
❧❛ ❝✉❛❧ s♦❧♦ ✈❛♠♦s ❛ ❝r❡❛r ✉♥❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥✳
✶✳ s✐ ❞❡s❡❛♠♦s ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛r ❡❧ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❛❧ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ ❡❧❡❣✐r❡♠♦s ❧❛ ♣♦s✐❝✐ó♥ ❝❡r♦
✷✳ s✐ ❞❡s❡❛♠♦s ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛r ❡❧ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❛❧ ✜♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ ❡❧❡❣✐r❡♠♦s ❧❛ ♣♦s✐❝✐ó♥ ◆ ✭❡❧ ♥✉♠❡r♦ ❞❡
❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s✮
✸✳ s✐ ❞❡s❡❛♠♦s ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛r ❝✉❛❧q✉✐❡r ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❡♥t♦♥❝❡s ❡❧❡❣✐♠♦s s✉ ♣♦s✐❝✐ó♥ ❡♥ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛✳

❊❧✐♠✐♥❛❝✐ó♥ ❡♥ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥✿ ✐♥t s✉♣♣✭❞❧❴▲✐st❛ ✯❧✐st❛✱ ✐♥t ♣♦s✮❀

▲❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ❞❡✈✉❡❧✈❡ ✲✶ ❡♥ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ ❡rr♦r✱ s✐ ♥♦ ❞❡✈✉❡❧✈❡ ✵✳ ❉✐st✐♥❣✉✐♠♦s ✈❛r✐❛s s✐t✉❛❝✐♦♥❡s✿
✶✳ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛❝✐ó♥ ❡♥ ❧❛ ♣♦s✐❝✐ó♥ ✶ ❡♥ ✉♥❛ ❧✐st❛ ❝♦♥ ✉♥ s♦❧♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦
✷✳ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛❝✐ó♥ ❡♥ ❧❛ ♣♦s✐❝✐ó♥ ✶ ❡♥ ✉♥❛ ❧✐st❛ ❝♦♥ ✈❛r✐♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s
✸✳ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛❝✐ó♥ ❡♥ ❧❛ ✉❧t✐♠❛ ♣♦s✐❝✐ó♥ ✭❡❧ ✉❧t✐♠♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦✮
✹✳ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛❝✐ó♥ ❡♥ ♦tr❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ ❡♥ ❝✐❡rt❛ ♣♦s✐❝✐ó♥
✺✳ ▲❛ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛❝✐ó♥ ❡♥ ✉♥❛ ❧✐st❛ ✈❛❝í❛ ♥♦ t✐❡♥❡ s❡♥t✐❞♦ ❊t❛♣❛s✿
✻✳ ▲❛ ♣♦s✐❝✐ó♥ ❡❧❡❣✐❞❛ ❡s ✶ ✭❡❧ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡❧ ✶❡r ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛✮
✼✳ ❡❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ s✉♣❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♥t✐❡♥❡ ❧❛ ❞✐r❡❝❝✐ó♥ ❞❡❧ ✶❡r ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦

✶✽✵
 ✽✳ ❡❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❝♦♥t✐❡♥❡ ❧❛ ❞✐r❡❝❝✐ó♥ ❝♦♥t❡♥✐❞❛ ♣♦r ❡❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡❧ ✶❡r ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦
q✉❡ ❞❡s❡❛♠♦s ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛r ✭s✐ ❡st❡ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ ✈❛❧❡ ◆❯▲▲ ❡♥t♦♥❝❡s ❛❝t✉❛❧✐③❛♠♦s ❡❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ ✜♥ ②❛
q✉❡ ❡st❛♠♦s ❡♥ ❡❧ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ ✉♥❛ ❧✐st❛ ❝♦♥ ✉♥ s♦❧♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦✱ s✐ ♥♦ ❤❛❝❡♠♦s ❛♣✉♥t❛r ❡❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦
❛♥t❡r✐♦r ❞❡❧ ✷❞♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❤❛❝✐❛ ◆❯▲▲✮

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✷✳✷✶✿

✾✳ ❧❛ ♣♦s✐❝✐ó♥ ❡❧❡❣✐❞❛ ❡s ✐❣✉❛❧ ❛❧ ♥✉♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛

✶✵✳ ❡❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ s✉♣❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♥t✐❡♥❡ ❧❛ ❞✐r❡❝❝✐ó♥ ❞❡❧ ✉❧t✐♠♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦

✶✶✳ ❛♣✉♥t❛♠♦s ❛❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡❧ ♣❡♥ú❧t✐♠♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✭❡s ❡❧ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❤❛❝✐❛ ❡❧ q✉❡ ❛♣✉♥t❛
❡❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ ❞❡❧ ✉❧t✐♠♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦✮✱ ❤❛❝✐❛ ◆❯▲▲

✶✷✳ ❛❝t✉❛❧✐③❛♠♦s ❡❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ ✜♥

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✷✳✷✷✿

✶✸✳ ❧❛ ♣♦s✐❝✐ó♥ ❡❧❡❣✐❞❛ ❡s ❛❧❡❛t♦r✐❛ ❡♥ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛

✶✹✳ ❡❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ s✉♣❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♥t✐❡♥❡ ❧❛ ❞✐r❡❝❝✐ó♥ ❞❡❧ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❛ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛r

✶✺✳ ❡❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡❧ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ q✉❡ ❛♥t❡❝❡❞❡ ❛❧ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❛ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛r ❛♣✉♥t❛ ❤❛❝✐❛ ❧❛
❞✐r❡❝❝✐ó♥ ❝♦♥t❡♥✐❞❛ ❡♥ ❡❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡❧ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❛ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛r

✶✻✳ ❡❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r ❞❡❧ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ q✉❡ ✈❛ ❞❡s♣✉és ❞❡❧ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❛ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛r ❛♣✉♥t❛ ❤❛❝✐❛ ❧❛
❞✐r❡❝❝✐ó♥ ❝♦♥t❡♥✐❞❛ ❡♥ ❡❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r ❞❡❧ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❛ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛r✳

✶✽✶
 ✶✼✳ ❡❧ t❛♠❛ñ♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ ❡s ❞✐s♠✐♥✉✐❞❛ ❡♥ ✶ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✷✳✷✸✿

▲❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥

✶ ✐♥t s✉♣♣ ✭ ❞❧❴▲✐st❛ ✯ ❧✐st❛ ✱ ✐♥t ♣♦s ✮ ④

✷

✸ ✐♥t ✐ ❀
✹ ❞❧❴❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✯ s✉♣❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✱✯ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❀
✺

✻ ✐❢ ✭ ❧✐st❛ ✲ ❃ t❛♠❛ ñ ♦ ❂❂ ✵✮
✼ r❡t✉r♥ ✲✶❀
✽

✾ ✐❢ ✭ ♣♦s ❂❂ ✶✮ ④ ✴✯ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛❝✐ ó ♥ ❞❡❧ ✶ ❡r ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✯✴

✶✵ s✉♣❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❂ ❧✐st❛ ✲ ❃ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❀
✶✶ ❧✐st❛ ✲ ❃ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❂ ❧✐st❛ ✲❃ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ✲❃ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❀
✶✷ ✐❢ ✭ ❧✐st❛ ✲ ❃ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❂❂ ◆❯▲▲ ✮
✶✸ ❧✐st❛ ✲ ❃ ❢✐♥ ❂ ◆❯▲▲ ❀
✶✹ ❡❧s❡
✶✺ ❧✐st❛ ✲ ❃ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ✲❃ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r ❂❂ ◆❯▲▲ ❀
✶✻ ⑥ ❡❧s❡ ✐❢ ✭ ♣♦s ❂❂ ❧✐st❛ ✲❃ t❛♠❛ ñ♦ ✮ ④ ✴✯ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛❝✐ ó ♥ ❞❡❧ ú ❧t✐♠♦
❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✯✴
✶✼ s✉♣❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❂ ❧✐st❛ ✲ ❃ ❢✐♥ ❀
✶✽ ❧✐st❛ ✲ ❃ ❢✐♥ ✲❃ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r ✲ ❃ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❂ ◆❯▲▲ ❀
✶✾ ❧✐st❛ ✲ ❃ ❢✐♥ ❂ ❧✐st❛ ✲ ❃ ❢✐♥ ✲❃ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r ❀
✷✵ ⑥ ❡❧s❡ ④ ✴✯ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛❝✐ ó♥ ❡♥ ♦tr❛ ♣❛rt❡ ✯✴
✷✶ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❂ ❧✐st❛ ✲❃ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❀
✷✷ ❢♦r ✭✐ ❂✶❀ ✐✴ ❢♦♥t ❃
✷✸ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❂ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✲ ❃ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❀
✷✹

✷✺ s✉♣❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❂ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❀
✷✻ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✲❃ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r ✲ ❃ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❂ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✲ ❃ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❀
✷✼ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✲❃ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ✲❃ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r ❂ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✲ ❃ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r ❀
✷✽

✷✾ ⑥
✸✵

✸✶ ❢r❡❡ ✭ s✉♣❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✲ ❃ ❞❛t♦ ✮ ❀

✸✷ ❢r❡❡ ✭ s✉♣❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✮ ❀
✸✸ ❧✐st❛ ✲ ❃ t❛♠❛ ñ♦ ✲ ✲❀
✸✹ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀

✶✽✷
✸✺
✸✻ ⑥

❱✐s✉❛❧✐③❛❝✐ó♥
P❛r❛ ♠♦str❛r ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ ❡♥t❡r❛ ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ♣♦s✐❝✐♦♥❛r♥♦s ❛❧ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ♦ ❛❧ ✜♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ ✭❡❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦
✐♥✐❝✐♦ ♦ ✜♥ ❧♦ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛✮✳ ▲✉❡❣♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❡❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ♦ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦✱ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛
❡s r❡❝♦rr✐❞❛ ❞❡❧ ✶❡r ❛❧ ✉❧t✐♠♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ♦ ❞❡❧ ✉❧t✐♠♦ ❛❧ ✶❡r ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦✳ ▲❛ ❝♦♥❞✐❝✐ó♥ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡t❡♥❡r
❡s ❞❛❞❛ ♣♦r ❡❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡❧ ✉❧t✐♠♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ q✉❡ ✈❛❧❡ ◆❯▲▲ ❡♥ ❡❧ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧❡❝t✉r❛ ❞❡❧
✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❤❛❝✐❛ ❡❧ ✜♥ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛✱ ♦ ♣♦r ❡❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r ❞❡❧ ✶❡r ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ q✉❡ ✈❛❧❡ ◆❯▲▲✱ ❡♥ ❡❧ ❝❛s♦
❞❡ ✉♥❛ ❧❡❝t✉r❛ ❞❡❧ ✜♥❛❧ ❤❛❝✐❛ ❡❧ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛✳ ▲❛s ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❡s
✶ ✈♦✐❞ ❛❢❢✐❝❤❡ ✭ ❞❧❴▲✐st❛ ✯ ❧✐st❛ ✮ ④ ✴✯ ✈✐s✉❛❧✐③❛❝✐ ó♥ ❤❛❝✐❛ ❛❞❡❧❛♥t❡
✯✴
✷ ❞❧❴❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✯ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❀
✸ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❂ ❧✐st❛ ✲❃ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❀ ✴✯ ♣✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❡❧ ✶ ❡r ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✯✴
✹ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❬ ✧✮ ❀
✺ ✇❤✐❧❡ ✭ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✦❂ ◆❯▲▲ ✮ ④
✻ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ✪s ✧ ✱ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✲❃ ❞❛t♦ ✮❀
✼ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❂ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✲ ❃ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❀
✽ ⑥
✾
✶✵ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❪❭ ♥ ✧✮❀
✶✶
✶✷ ⑥
✶✸
✶✹ ✈♦✐❞ ♠✉str❛❴✐♥✈ ✭ ❞❧❴▲✐st❛ ✯ ❧✐st❛ ✮ ④ ✴✯ ✈✐s✉❛❧✐③❛❝✐ ó♥ ❤❛❝✐❛ ❛tr ás
✯✴
✶✺ ❞❧❴❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✯ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❀
✶✻ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❂ ❧✐st❛ ✲❃ ❢✐♥ ❀ ✴✯ ♣✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❡❧ ✉❧t✐♠♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✯✴
✶✼ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❬ ✧✮ ❀
✶✽ ✇❤✐❧❡ ✭ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✦❂ ◆❯▲▲ ✮ ④
✶✾ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ✪s ✿ ✧ ✱ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✲ ❃ ❞❛t♦ ✮ ❀
✷✵ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❂ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✲ ❃ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r ❀
✷✶ ⑥
✷✷
✷✸ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❪❭ ♥ ✧✮❀
✷✹
✷✺ ⑥

❉❡str✉❝❝✐ó♥
P❛r❛ ❞❡str✉✐r ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ ❡♥t❡r❛✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠♦s ❧❛ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛❝✐ó♥ ❡♥ ❧❛ ♣♦s✐❝✐ó♥ ✶ ②❛ q✉❡ ❡❧ t❛♠❛ñ♦ ❡s
♠❛②♦r ❛ ❝❡r♦✳ ▲❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥
✶ ✈♦✐❞ ❞❡str✉✐r ✭ ❞❧❴▲✐st❛ ✯ ❧✐st❛ ✮④
✷ ✇❤✐❧❡ ✭ ❧✐st❛ ✲❃ t❛♠❛ ñ♦ ❃ ✵✮
✸ s✉♣ ✭ ❧✐st❛ ✱✶✮ ❀

✶✽✸
✹
✺ ⑥

❊❥❡♠♣❧♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t♦
✶
✷ ✴✯ ✲✲✲✲✲✲✲✲✲✲ ❞❧✐st❛ ✳❤ ✲✲✲✲✲✲✲✲✲✲✲ ✯✴
✸
✹ t②♣❡❞❡❢ str✉❝t ❞❧❴❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦♦▲✐st❛ ④
✺ ❝❤❛r ✯ ❞❛t♦ ❀
✻ str✉❝t ❞❧❴❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦▲✐st❛ ✯ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r ❀
✼ str✉❝t ❞❧❴❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦▲✐st❛ ✯ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❀
✽ ⑥ ❞❧❴❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❀
✾
✶✵ t②♣❡❞❡❢ str✉❝t ❞❧❴▲✐st❛■❞❡♥t✐❢✐❝❛r ④
✶✶ ❞❧❴❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✯ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❀
✶✷ ❞❧❴❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✯ ❢✐♥ ❀
✶✸ ✐♥t t❛♠❛ ñ ♦❀
✶✹ ⑥ ❞❧❴▲✐st❛ ❀
✶✺
✶✻ ✴✯ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧✐③❛❝✐ ó ♥ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ ✯✴
✶✼
✶✽ ✈♦✐❞ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧✐③❛❝✐ ó ♥ ✭ ❞❧❴▲✐st❛ ✯ ❧✐st❛ ✮❀
✶✾
✷✵ ❞❧❴❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✯ ❛❧❧♦❝ ✭ ❞❧❴❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✯ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✮ ❀
✷✶
✷✷ ✴✯ ■◆❙❊❘❈■❖◆ ✯✴
✷✸
✷✹ ✐♥t ✐♥s❴❡♥❴❧✐st❛❴✈❛❝✐❛ ✭ ❞❧❴▲✐st❛ ✯ ❧✐st❛ ✱ ❝❤❛r ✯ ❞❛t♦ ✮❀
✷✺
✷✻ ✐♥t ✐♥s❴✐♥✐❝✐♦❴❧✐st❛ ✭ ❞❧❴▲✐st❛ ✯ ❧✐st❛ ✱ ❝❤❛r ✯ ❞❛t♦ ✮❀
✷✼
✷✽ ✐♥t ✐♥s❴❢✐♥❴❧✐st❛ ✭ ❞❧❴▲✐st❛ ✯ ❧✐st❛ ✱ ❝❤❛r ✯ ❞❛t♦ ✮❀
✷✾
✸✵ ✐♥t ✐♥s❴❞❡s♣✉ és ✭ ❞❧❴▲✐st❛ ✯ ❧✐st❛ ✱ ❝❤❛r ✯ ❞❛t♦ ✱ ✐♥t ♣♦s ✮❀
✸✶
✸✷ ✐♥t ✐♥s❴❛♥t❡s ✭ ❞❧❴▲✐st❛ ✯ ❧✐st❛ ✱ ❝❤❛r ✯ ❞❛t♦ ✱ ✐♥t ♣♦s ✮❀
✸✸
✸✹ ✴✯ ❊▲■▼■◆❆❈■❖◆ ✯✴
✸✺
✸✻ ✐♥t s✉♣ ✭ ❞❧❴▲✐st❛ ✯ ❧✐st❡ ✱ ✐♥t ♣♦s ✮❀
✸✼
✸✽ ✈♦✐❞ ♠✉❡str❛ ✭ ❞❧❴▲✐st❛ ✯ ❧✐st❛ ✮❀
✸✾
✹✵ ✴✯ ✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯ ✯✴
✹✶

✶✽✹
✹✷ ✈♦✐❞ ♠✉❡str❛❴✐♥✈ ✭ ❞❧❴▲✐st❛ ✯ ❧✐st❛ ✮❀
✹✸
✹✹ ✈♦✐❞ ❞❡str✉✐r ✭ ❞❧❴▲✐st❛ ✯ ❧✐st❛ ✮❀
✹✺
✹✻ ✴✯ ✲✲✲✲✲✲✲✲ ❋■◆ ❧✐st❛ ✳❤ ✲✲✲✲✲✲✲✲✲ ✯✴
✹✼
✹✽
✹✾
✺✵ ✴✯ ✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯❭
✺✶
✺✷ ✯ ❞❧✐st❛❴❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥ ✳ ❤ ✯
✺✸
✺✹ ❭✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯ ✯✴
✺✺
✺✻ ✈♦✐❞ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧✐③❛❝✐ ó ♥ ✭ ❞❧❴▲✐st❛ ✯ ❧✐st❛ ✮ ④
✺✼ ❧✐st❛ ✲ ❃ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❂ ◆❯▲▲ ❀
✺✽ ❧✐st❛ ✲ ❃ ❢✐♥ ❂ ◆❯▲▲ ❀
✺✾ ❧✐st❛ ✲ ❃ t❛♠❛ ñ ♦ ❂ ✵❀
✻✵ ⑥
✻✶
✻✷ ✐♥t ✐♥s❡r❝✐ ó ♥❴❡♥❴❧✐st❛❴✈❛❝✐❛ ✭ ❞❧❴▲✐st❛ ✯ ❧✐st❛ ✱ ❝❤❛r ✯ ❞❛t♦ ✮ ④
✻✸ ❞❧❴❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✯ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❀
✻✹ ✐❢ ✭✭ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❂ ❛❧❧♦❝ ✭ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✮✮ ❂❂ ◆❯▲▲ ✮
✻✺ r❡t✉r♥ ✲✶❀
✻✻
✻✼ str❝♣② ✭ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✲❃ ❞❛t♦ ✱ ❞❛t♦ ✮❀
✻✽ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✲❃ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r ❂ ◆❯▲▲ ❀
✻✾ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✲❃ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❂ ◆❯▲▲ ❀
✼✵ ❧✐st❛ ✲ ❃ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❂ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❀
✼✶ ❧✐st❛ ✲ ❃ ❢✐♥ ❂ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❀
✼✷ ❧✐st❛ ✲ ❃ t❛♠❛ ñ ♦ ✰✰❀
✼✸
✼✹ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✼✺
✼✻ ⑥
✼✼
✼✽ ✐♥t ✐♥s❴✐♥✐❝✐♦❴❧✐st❛ ✭ ❞❧❴▲✐st❛ ✯ ❧✐st❛ ✱ ❝❤❛r ✯ ❞❛t♦ ✮ ④
✼✾ ❞❧❴❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✯ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❀
✽✵ ✐❢ ✭✭ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❂ ❛❧❧♦❝ ✭ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✮✮ ❂❂ ◆❯▲▲ ✮
✽✶ r❡t✉r♥ ✲✶❀
✽✷
✽✸ str❝♣② ✭ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✲❃ ❞❛t♦ ✱ ❞❛t♦ ✮❀
✽✹ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✲❃ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r ❂ ◆❯▲▲ ❀
✽✺ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✲❃ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❂ ❧✐st❛ ✲ ❃ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❀
✽✻ ❧✐st❛ ✲ ❃ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ✲❃ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r ❂ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❀
✽✼ ❧✐st❛ ✲ ❃ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❂ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❀
✽✽ ❧✐st❛ ✲ ❃ t❛♠❛ ñ ♦ ✰✰❀

✶✽✺
 ✽✾ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✾✵
✾✶ ⑥
✾✷
✾✸ ✐♥t ✐♥s❴❢✐♥❴❧✐st❛ ✭ ❞❧❴▲✐st❛ ✯ ❧✐st❛ ✱ ❝❤❛r ✯ ❞❛t♦ ✮ ④
✾✹
✾✺ ❞❧❴❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✯ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❀
✾✻
✾✼ ✐❢ ✭✭ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❂ ❛❧❧♦❝ ✭ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✮✮ ❂❂ ◆❯▲▲ ✮
✾✽ r❡t✉r♥ ✲✶❀
✾✾
✶✵✵ str❝♣② ✭ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✲❃ ❞❛t♦ ✱ ❞❛t♦ ✮❀
✶✵✶ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✲❃ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❂ ◆❯▲▲ ❀
✶✵✷ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✲❃ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r ❂ ❧✐st❛ ✲❃ ❢✐♥ ❀
✶✵✸ ❧✐st❛ ✲ ❃ ❢✐♥ ✲❃ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❂ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❀
✶✵✹ ❧✐st❛ ✲ ❃ ❢✐♥ ❂ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❀
✶✵✺ ❧✐st❛ ✲ ❃ t❛♠❛ ñ ♦ ✰✰❀
✶✵✻
✶✵✼ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✶✵✽
✶✵✾ ⑥
✶✶✵
✶✶✶ ✐♥t ✐♥s❴❞❡s♣✉ és ✭ ❞❧❴▲✐st❛ ✯ ❧✐st❛ ✱ ❝❤❛r ✯ ❞❛t♦ ✱ ✐♥t ♣♦s ✮④
✶✶✷
✶✶✸ ✐♥t ✐ ❀
✶✶✹ ❞❧❴❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✯ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✱ ✯ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❀
✶✶✺
✶✶✻ ✐❢ ✭✭ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❂ ❛❧❧♦❝ ✭ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✮✮ ❂❂ ◆❯▲▲ ✮
✶✶✼ r❡t✉r♥ ✲✶❀
✶✶✽
✶✶✾ str❝♣② ✭ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✲❃ ❞❛t♦ ✱ ❞❛t♦ ✮❀
✶✷✵ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❂ ❧✐st❛ ✲❃ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❀
✶✷✶
✶✷✷ ❢♦r ✭ ✐ ❂ ✶❀ ✐ ❁ ♣♦s ❀ ✐ ✮
✶✷✸ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❂ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✲ ❃ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❀
✶✷✹
✶✷✺ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✲❃ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❂ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✲❃ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❀
✶✷✻ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✲❃ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r ❂ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❀
✶✷✼ ✐❢ ✭ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✲❃ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❂❂ ◆❯▲▲ ✮
✶✷✽ ❧✐st❛ ✲ ❃ ❢✐♥ ❂ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❀
✶✷✾ ❡❧s❡
✶✸✵ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✲❃ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ✲❃ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r ❂ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❀
✶✸✶
✶✸✷ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✲❃ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❂ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❀
✶✸✸ ❧✐st❛ ✲ ❃ t❛♠❛ ñ ♦ ✰✰❀
✶✸✹
✶✸✺ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀

✶✽✻
✶✸✻
✶✸✼ ⑥
✶✸✽
✶✸✾ ✐♥t ✐♥s❴❛♥t❡s ✭ ❞❧❴▲✐st❛ ✯ ❧✐st❛ ✱ ❝❤❛r ✯ ❞❛t♦ ✱ ✐♥t ♣♦s ✮ ④
✶✹✵
✶✹✶ ✐♥t ✐ ❀
✶✹✷
✶✹✸ ❞❧❴❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✯ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✱ ✯ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❀
✶✹✹
✶✹✺ ✐❢ ✭✭ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❂ ❛❧❧♦❝ ✭ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✮✮ ❂❂ ◆❯▲▲ ✮
✶✹✻ r❡t✉r♥ ✲✶❀
✶✹✼
✶✹✽ str❝♣② ✭ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✲❃ ❞❛t♦ ✱ ❞❛t♦ ✮❀
✶✹✾ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❂ ❧✐st❛ ✲❃ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❀
✶✺✵
✶✺✶ ❢♦r ✭ ✐ ❂ ✶❀ ✐ ❁ ♣♦s ❀ ✐ ✮
✶✺✷ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❂ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✲ ❃ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❀
✶✺✸
✶✺✹ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✲❃ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❂ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❀
✶✺✺ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✲❃ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r ❂ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✲❃ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r ❀
✶✺✻
✶✺✼ ✐❢ ✭ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✲❃ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r ❂❂ ◆❯▲▲ ✮
✶✺✽ ❧✐st❛ ✲ ❃ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❂ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❀
✶✺✾ ❡❧s❡
✶✻✵ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✲❃ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r ✲ ❃ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❂ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❀
✶✻✶
✶✻✷ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✲❃ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r ❂ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❀
✶✻✸ ❧✐st❛ ✲ ❃ t❛♠❛ ñ ♦ ✰✰❀
✶✻✹
✶✻✺ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✶✻✻
✶✻✼ ⑥
✶✻✽
✶✻✾ ✐♥t s✉♣ ✭ ❞❧❴▲✐st❛ ✯ ❧✐st❛ ✱ ✐♥t ♣♦s ✮④
✶✼✵
✶✼✶ ✐♥t ✐ ❀
✶✼✷
✶✼✸ ❞❧❴❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✯ s✉♣❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✱✯ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❀
✶✼✹
✶✼✺ ✐❢ ✭ ❧✐st❛ ✲ ❃ t❛♠❛ ñ ♦ ❂❂ ✵✮
✶✼✻ r❡t✉r♥ ✲✶❀
✶✼✼
✶✼✽ ✐❢ ✭ ♣♦s ❂❂ ✶✮ ④ ✴✯ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛❝✐ ó ♥ ❞❡ ✶ ❡r ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✯✴
✶✼✾ s✉♣❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❂ ❧✐st❛ ✲ ❃ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❀
✶✽✵ ❧✐st❛ ✲ ❃ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❂ ❧✐st❛ ✲❃ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ✲❃ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❀
✶✽✶
✶✽✷ ✐❢ ✭ ❧✐st❛ ✲ ❃ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❂❂ ◆❯▲▲ ✮

✶✽✼
✶✽✸ ❧✐st❛ ✲❃ ❢✐♥ ❂ ◆❯▲▲ ❀
✶✽✹ ❡❧s❡
✶✽✺ ❧✐st❛ ✲❃ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ✲❃ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r ❂❂ ◆❯▲▲ ❀
✶✽✻
✶✽✼ ⑥ ❡❧s❡ ✐❢ ✭ ♣♦s ❂❂ ❧✐st❛ ✲ ❃ t❛♠❛ ñ♦ ✮ ④ ✴✯ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛❝✐♦♥ ❞❡❧ ✉❧t✐♠♦
❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✯✴
✶✽✽ s✉♣❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❂ ❧✐st❛ ✲ ❃ ❢✐♥ ❀
✶✽✾ ❧✐st❛ ✲❃ ❢✐♥ ✲❃ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r ✲ ❃ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❂ ◆❯▲▲ ❀
✶✾✵ ❧✐st❛ ✲❃ ❢✐♥ ❂ ❧✐st❛ ✲ ❃ ❢✐♥ ✲❃ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r ❀
✶✾✶ ⑥ ❡❧s❡ ④ ✴✯ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛❝✐♦♥ ❡♥ ♦tr❛ ♣❛rt❡ ✯✴
✶✾✷ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❂ ❧✐st❛ ✲❃ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❀
✶✾✸
✶✾✹ ❢♦r ✭✐ ❂✶❀ ✐❣r❛s ❃ ✐✮
✶✾✺ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❂ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✲ ❃ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❀
✶✾✻
✶✾✼ s✉♣❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❂ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❀
✶✾✽ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✲❃ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r ✲ ❃ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❂ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✲ ❃ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❀
✶✾✾ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✲❃ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ✲❃ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r ❂ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✲ ❃ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r ❀
✷✵✵
✷✵✶ ⑥
✷✵✷
✷✵✸ ❢r❡❡ ✭ s✉♣❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✲ ❃ ❞❛t♦ ✮ ❀
✷✵✹ ❢r❡❡ ✭ s✉♣❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✮ ❀
✷✵✺ ❧✐st❛ ✲ ❃ t❛♠❛ ñ♦ ✲ ✲❀
✷✵✻
✷✵✼ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✷✵✽
✷✵✾ ⑥
✷✶✵
✷✶✶ ✈♦✐❞ ❞❡str✉✐r ✭ ❞❧❴▲✐st❛ ✯ ❧✐st❛ ✮④
✷✶✷
✷✶✸ ✇❤✐❧❡ ✭ ❧✐st❛ ✲❃ t❛♠❛ ñ♦ ❃ ✵✮
✷✶✹ s✉♣♣ ✭ ❧✐st❛ ✱✶✮ ❀
✷✶✺
✷✶✻ ⑥
✷✶✼
✷✶✽ ❞❧❴❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✯ ❛❧❧♦❝ ✭ ❞❧❴❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✯ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✮ ④
✷✶✾
✷✷✵ ✐❢ ✭✭ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❂ ✭ ❞❧❴❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✯✮ ♠❛❧❧♦❝ ✭ s✐③❡♦❢ ✭
❞❧❴❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✮ ✮✮ ❂❂ ◆❯▲▲ ✮
✷✷✶ r❡t✉r♥ ◆❯▲▲ ❀
✷✷✷
✷✷✸ ✐❢ ✭✭ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✲❃ ❞❛t♦ ❂ ✭ ❝❤❛r ✯✮ ♠❛❧❧♦❝ ✭✺✵ ✯ s✐③❡♦❢ ✭ ❝❤❛r
✮✮ ✮ ❂❂ ◆❯▲▲ ✮
✷✷✹ r❡t✉r♥ ◆❯▲▲ ❀
✷✷✺
✷✷✻ r❡t✉r♥ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❀

✶✽✽
✷✷✼
✷✷✽ ⑥
✷✷✾
✷✸✵ ✐♥t ♠❡♥✉ ✭ ❞❧❴▲✐st❛ ✯ ❧✐st❛ ✮④
✷✸✶
✷✸✷ ✐♥t ❝❤♦✐① ❀
✷✸✸
✷✸✹ ✐❢ ✭ ❧✐st❛ ✲ ❃ t❛♠❛ ñ ♦ ❂❂ ✵✮ ④
✷✸✺ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ✶✳ ❆❞✐❝✐ ó♥ ❞❡❧ ✶ ❡r ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❭♥✧✮ ❀
✷✸✻ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ✷✳ ❊❧✐♠✐♥❛r ❭♥ ✧✮❀
✷✸✼ ⑥ ❡❧s❡ ④
✷✸✽ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ✶✳ ❆ ñ ❛❞✐r ❛❧ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ ❭ ♥✧✮ ❀
✷✸✾ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ✷✳ ❆ ñ ❛❞✐r ❛❧ ❢✐♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ ❭♥ ✧✮❀
✷✹✵ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ✸✳ ❆ ñ ❛❞✐r ❛♥t❡s ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣♦s✐❝✐ ó♥ ❡s♣❡❝✐❢✐❝❛❞❛ ❭ ♥✧✮❀
✷✹✶ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ✹✳ ❆ ñ ❛❞✐r ❞❡s♣✉ és ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣♦s✐❝✐ ó ♥ ❡s♣❡❝✐❢✐❝❛❞❛ ❭♥✧✮❀
✷✹✷ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ✺✳ ❊❧✐♠✐♥❛❝✐♦♥ ❡♥ ❧❛ ♣♦s✐❝✐♦♥ ❡s♣❡❝✐❢✐❝❛❞❛ ❭♥ ✧✮❀
✷✹✸ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ✻✳ ❉❡str✉✐r ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ ❭ ♥✧✮ ❀
✷✹✹ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ✼✳ ❊❧✐♠✐♥❛r ❭♥ ✧✮❀
✷✹✺ ⑥
✷✹✻
✷✹✼ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❭♥❭ ♥❊❧✐❥❛ ✿ ✧✮ ❀
✷✹✽ s❝❛♥❢ ✭✧ ✪❞ ✧ ✱ ✫ ❡❧❡❝❝✐ ó♥✮ ❀
✷✹✾ ❣❡t❝❤❛r ✭✮ ❀
✷✺✵
✷✺✶ ✐❢ ✭ ❧✐st❛ ✲ ❃ t❛♠❛ ñ ♦ ❂❂ ✵ ✫✫ ❡❧❡❝❝✐ ó♥ ❂❂ ✷✮
✷✺✷ ❡❧❡❝❝✐ ó♥ ❂ ✼❀
✷✺✸
✷✺✹ r❡t✉r♥ ❡❧❡❝❝✐ ó♥ ❀
✷✺✺
✷✺✻ ⑥
✷✺✼
✷✺✽ ✐♥t s✉♣♣ ✭ ❞❧❴▲✐st❛ ✯ ❧✐st❛ ✱ ✐♥t ♣♦s ✮❀
✷✺✾
✷✻✵ ✈♦✐❞ ♠✉❡str❛ ✭ ❞❧❴▲✐st❛ ✯ ❧✐st❛ ✮ ④
✷✻✶
✷✻✷ ❞❧❴❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✯ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❀
✷✻✸ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❂ ❧✐st❛ ✲❃ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❀
✷✻✹ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❬ ✧✮ ❀
✷✻✺
✷✻✻ ✇❤✐❧❡ ✭ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✦❂ ◆❯▲▲ ✮④
✷✻✼ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ✪s ✧ ✱ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✲❃ ❞❛t♦ ✮❀
✷✻✽ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❂ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✲ ❃ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❀
✷✻✾ ⑥
✷✼✵
✷✼✶ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❪❭ ♥ ✧✮❀
✷✼✷
✷✼✸ ⑥

✶✽✾
✷✼✹
✷✼✺ ✈♦✐❞ ♠✉❡str❛❴✐♥✈ ✭ ❞❧❴▲✐st❛ ✯ ❧✐st❛ ✮④
✷✼✻
✷✼✼ ❞❧❴❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✯ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❀
✷✼✽ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❂ ❧✐st❛ ✲❃ ❢✐♥ ❀
✷✼✾
✷✽✵ ✇❤✐❧❡ ✭ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✦❂ ◆❯▲▲ ✮④
✷✽✶ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ✪s ✿ ✧ ✱ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✲ ❃ ❞❛t♦ ✮ ❀
✷✽✷ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❂ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✲ ❃ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r ❀
✷✽✸ ⑥
✷✽✹
✷✽✺ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❭♥✧✮❀
✷✽✻
✷✽✼ ⑥
✷✽✽
✷✽✾ ✴✯ ✲✲✲✲✲✲✲✲ ❋■◆ ❞❧✐st❛❴❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥ ✳❤ ✲✲✲✲✲✲✲✲✲ ✯✴
✷✾✵
✷✾✶ ❞❧✐st❛ ✳❝
✷✾✷
✷✾✸ ✴✯ ✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯❭
✷✾✹
✷✾✺ ✯ ❞❧✐st❛ ✳ ❝ ✯
✷✾✻
✷✾✼ ❭✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯ ✯✴
✷✾✽
✷✾✾ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡
✸✵✵
✸✵✶ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡
✸✵✷
✸✵✸ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡
✸✵✹
✸✵✺ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ✧ ❞❧✐st❛ ✳❤ ✧
✸✵✻
✸✵✼ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ✧ ❞❧✐st❛❴❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥ ✳❤✧
✸✵✽
✸✵✾ ✐♥t ♠❛✐♥ ✭ ✈♦✐❞ ✮ ④
✸✶✵
✸✶✶ ✐♥t ❡❧❡❝❝✐ ó♥ ❂ ✵ ✱ ♣♦s ❀
✸✶✷ ❝❤❛r ✯ ❞❛t♦ ❀
✸✶✸ ❞❛t♦ ❂ ♠❛❧❧♦❝ ✭✺✵✮ ❀
✸✶✹ ❞❧❴▲✐st❛ ✯ ❧✐st❛ ❀
✸✶✺ ❞❧❴❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✯ ♣✐❧♦t♦ ❂ ◆❯▲▲ ❀
✸✶✻ ❧✐st❛ ❂ ✭ ❞❧❴▲✐st❛ ✯✮ ♠❛❧❧♦❝ ✭ s✐③❡♦❢ ✭ ❞❧❴▲✐st❛ ✮✮❀
✸✶✼ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧✐③❛❝✐ ó♥ ✭ ❧✐st❛ ✮❀
✸✶✽
✸✶✾ ✇❤✐❧❡ ✭ ❡❧❡❝❝✐ ó ♥ ✦❂ ✼✮ ④
✸✷✵ ❡❧❡❝❝✐ ó♥ ❂ ♠❡♥✉ ✭ ❧✐st❛ ✮ ❀

✶✾✵
✸✷✶ s✇✐t❝❤ ✭ ❡❧❡❝❝✐ ó ♥✮④
✸✷✷ ❝❛s❡ ✶✿
✸✷✸ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ■♥❣r❡s❡ ✉♥ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✿ ✧✮❀
✸✷✹ s❝❛♥❢ ✭✧ ✪s✧ ✱ ❞❛t♦ ✮ ❀
✸✷✺ ❣❡t❝❤❛r ✭✮ ❀
✸✷✻
✸✷✼ ✐❢ ✭ ❧✐st❛ ✲ ❃ t❛♠❛ ñ ♦ ❂❂ ✵✮
✸✷✽ ✐♥s❡r❝✐ ó ♥❴❡♥❴❧✐st❛❴✈❛❝✐❛ ✭ ❧✐st❛ ✱ ❞❛t♦ ✮ ❀
✸✷✾ ❡❧s❡
✸✸✵ ✐♥s❴✐♥✐❝✐♦❴❧✐st❛ ✭ ❧✐st❛ ✱ ❞❛t♦ ✮ ❀
✸✸✶
✸✸✷ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ✪❞ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ✿ ❞❡❜❂ ✪s ✱ ❢✐♥❂ ✪s ✧ ✱
✸✸✸ ❧✐st❛ ✲ ❃ t❛♠❛ ñ♦ ✱ ❧✐st❛ ✲❃ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ✲ ❃ ❞❛t♦ ✱ ❧✐st❛ ✲ ❃ ❢✐♥ ✲❃ ❞❛t♦ ✮❀
✸✸✹ ♠✉❡str❛ ✭ ❧✐st❛ ✮ ❀
✸✸✺ ❜r❡❛❦ ❀
✸✸✻
✸✸✼ ❝❛s❡ ✷✿
✸✸✽
✸✸✾ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ■♥❣r❡s❡ ✉♥ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✿ ✧✮❀
✸✹✵ s❝❛♥❢ ✭✧ ✪s✧ ✱ ❞❛t♦ ✮ ❀
✸✹✶ ❣❡t❝❤❛r ✭✮ ❀
✸✹✷ ✐♥s❴❢✐♥❴❧✐st❛ ✭ ❧✐st❛ ✱ ❞❛t♦ ✮❀
✸✹✸ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ✪❞ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ✿ ❞❡❜❂ ✪s ✱ ❢✐♥❂ ✪s ✧ ✱
✸✹✹ ❧✐st❛ ✲ ❃ t❛♠❛ ñ♦ ✱ ❧✐st❛ ✲❃ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ✲ ❃ ❞❛t♦ ✱ ❧✐st❛ ✲ ❃ ❢✐♥ ✲❃ ❞❛t♦ ✮❀
✸✹✺ ♠✉❡str❛ ✭ ❧✐st❛ ✮ ❀
✸✹✻ ❜r❡❛❦ ❀
✸✹✼
✸✹✽ ❝❛s❡ ✸✿
✸✹✾
✸✺✵ ✐❢ ✭ ❧✐st❛ ✲ ❃ t❛♠❛ ñ ♦ ❂❂ ✶✮ ④
✸✺✶ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❯t✐❧✐③❛r ❧❛ ✐♥s❡r❝✐ ó ♥ ❛❧ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ♦ ❛❧ ❢✐♥❛❧ ✭
■♥❣r❡s❡ ▼❡♥✉ ✿ ✶ ó ✷✮ ❭♥✧✮❀
✸✺✷ ❜r❡❛❦ ❀
✸✺✸ ⑥
✸✺✹
✸✺✺ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ■♥❣r❡s❡ ✉♥ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✿ ✧✮❀
✸✺✻ s❝❛♥❢ ✭✧ ✪s✧ ✱ ❞❛t♦ ✮ ❀
✸✺✼ ❣❡t❝❤❛r ✭✮ ❀
✸✺✽
✸✺✾ ❞♦ ④
✸✻✵ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ■♥❣r❡s❡ ❧❛ ♣♦s✐❝✐ ó♥✿ ✧✮❀
✸✻✶ s❝❛♥❢ ✭✧ ✪❞✧ ✱✫ ♣♦s ✮ ❀
✸✻✷ ⑥ ✇❤✐❧❡ ✭ ♣♦s ❁ ✶ ⑤⑤ ♣♦s ❃ ❧✐st❛ ✲ ❃ t❛♠❛ ñ♦ ✮❀
✸✻✸
✸✻✹ ❣❡t❝❤❛r ✭✮ ❀
✸✻✺ ✐♥s❴❛♥t❡s ✭ ❧✐st❡ ✱ ❞❛t♦ ✱ ♣♦s ✮ ❀
✸✻✻ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ✪❞ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ✿ ❞❡❜❂ ✪s ❢✐♥❂ ✪s ✧ ✱

✶✾✶
✸✻✼ ❧✐st❛ ✲ ❃ t❛♠❛ ñ♦ ✱ ❧✐st❛ ✲❃ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ✲❃ ❞❛t♦ ✱ ❧✐st❛ ✲ ❃ ❢✐♥ ✲❃ ❞❛t♦ ✮❀
✸✻✽ ♠✉❡str❛ ✭ ❧✐st❛ ✮ ❀
✸✻✾ ❜r❡❛❦ ❀
✸✼✵
✸✼✶ ❝❛s❡ ✹✿
✸✼✷
✸✼✸ ✐❢ ✭ ❧✐st❛ ✲ ❃ t❛♠❛ ñ ♦ ❂❂ ✶✮ ④
✸✼✹ Pr✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❯t✐❧✐③❛r ❧❛ ✐♥s❡r❝✐ ó ♥ ❛❧ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ♦ ❛❧ ❢✐♥❛❧ ✭
■♥❣r❡s❡ ▼❡♥✉ ✿ ✶ ó ✷✮ ❭♥✧✮❀
✸✼✺ ❜r❡❛❦ ❀
✸✼✻ ⑥
✸✼✼
✸✼✽ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ■♥❣r❡s❡ ✉♥ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✿ ✧✮❀
✸✼✾ s❝❛♥❢ ✭✧ ✪s✧ ✱ ❞❛t♦ ✮ ❀
✸✽✵ ❣❡t❝❤❛r ✭✮ ❀
✸✽✶
✸✽✷ ❞♦ ④
✸✽✸ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ■♥❣r❡s❡ ❧❛ ♣♦s✐❝✐♦♥ ✿ ✧✮❀
✸✽✹ s❝❛♥❢ ✭✧ ✪❞✧ ✱✫ ♣♦s ✮ ❀
✸✽✺ ⑥ ✇❤✐❧❡ ✭ ♣♦s ❁ ✶ ⑤⑤ ♣♦s ❃ ❧✐st❛ ✲ ❃ t❛♠❛ ñ♦ ✮❀
✸✽✻
✸✽✼ ❣❡t❝❤❛r ✭✮ ❀
✸✽✽ ✐♥s❴❞❡s♣✉ és✭ ❧✐st❛ ✱ ❞❛t♦ ✱ ♣♦s ✮❀
✸✽✾ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ✪❞ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ✿ ❞❡❜❂ ✪s ✱ ❢✐♥❂ ✪s ✧ ✱
✸✾✵ ❧✐st❛ ✲ ❃ t❛♠❛ ñ♦ ✱ ❧✐st❛ ✲❃ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ✲❃ ❞❛t♦ ✱ ❧✐st❛ ✲ ❃ ❢✐♥ ✲❃ ❞❛t♦ ✮❀
✸✾✶ ♠✉❡str❛ ✭ ❧✐st❛ ✮ ❀
✸✾✷ ❜r❡❛❦ ❀
✸✾✸
✸✾✹ ❝❛s❡ ✺✿
✸✾✺
✸✾✻ ❞♦ ④
✸✾✼ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ■♥❣r❡s❡ ❧❛ ♣♦s✐❝✐ ó♥ ✿ ✧✮ ❀
✸✾✽ s❝❛♥❢ ✭✧ ✪❞✧ ✱✫ ♣♦s ✮ ❀
✸✾✾ ⑥ ✇❤✐❧❡ ✭ ♣♦s ❁ ✶ ⑤⑤ ♣♦s ❃ ❧✐st❛ ✲ ❃ t❛♠❛ ñ♦ ✮❀
✹✵✵
✹✵✶ ❣❡t❝❤❛r ✭✮ ❀
✹✵✷ s✉♣♣ ✭ ❧✐st❛ ✱ ♣♦s ✮ ❀
✹✵✸
✹✵✹ ✐❢ ✭ ❧✐st❛ ✲ ❃ t❛♠❛ ñ ♦ ✦❂ ✵✮
✹✵✺ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ✪❞ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ✿ ❞❡❜❂ ✪s ✱ ❢✐♥❂ ✪s ✧ ✱ ❧✐st❛ ✲ ❃ t❛♠❛ ñ♦ ✱
❧✐st❛ ✲ ❃ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ✲❃ ❞❛t♦ ✱ ❧✐st❛ ✲❃ ❢✐♥ ✲ ❃ ❞❛t♦ ✮ ❀
✹✵✻ ❡❧s❡
✹✵✼ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❧✐st❡ ✈✐❞❡ ✿ ✪❞ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ✧ ✱ ❧✐st❛ ✲❃ t❛♠❛ ñ♦ ✮❀
✹✵✽
✹✵✾ ♠✉❡str❛ ✭ ❧✐st❛ ✮ ❀
✹✶✵ ❜r❡❛❦ ❀
✹✶✶ ❝❛s❡ ✻✿

✶✾✷
✹✶✷
✹✶✸ ❞❡str✉✐r ✭ ❧✐st❛ ✮ ❀
✹✶✹ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ ❤❛ s✐❞♦ ❞❡str✉✐❞❛ ✿ ✪❞ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❭♥ ✧ ✱
❧✐st❛ ✲ ❃ t❛♠❛ ñ ♦✮❀
✹✶✺ ❜r❡❛❦ ❀
✹✶✻
✹✶✼ ⑥
✹✶✽
✹✶✾ ⑥
✹✷✵
✹✷✶ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✹✷✷
✹✷✸ ⑥
✹✷✹
✹✷✺ ✴✯ ✲✲✲✲✲✲✲✲ ❋■◆ ❞❧✐st❛ ✳❝ ✲✲✲✲✲✲✲✲✲ ✯✴

✶✷✳✹✳ P✐❧❛

✶✷✳✹✳✶✳ ■♥tr♦❞✉❝❝✐ó♥

❊❧ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ❡st❡ ❛♣❛rt❛❞♦ ❡s q✉❡ ❡❧ ❧❡❝t♦r ❝♦♠♣r❡♥❞❛ ❡❧ ❡♠♣❧❡♦ ❞❡ ❧❛s ♣✐❧❛s✳ P❛r❛ ❡①♣❧✐❝❛r
❡❧ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❤❡ ❡❧❡❣✐❞♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r ✉♥❛ ❧✐st❛ ❡♥❧❛③❛❞❛ s✐♠♣❧❡✳ P♦r ❧♦ t❛♥t♦ ❧❛ ❝♦♠♣r❡♥s✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❧❛s ❧✐st❛s
❡♥❧❛③❛❞❛s ❡s ♥❡❝❡s❛r✐❛✳

✶✷✳✹✳✷✳ ❉❡✜♥✐❝✐ó♥

▲❛ ♣✐❧❛ ❡s ✉♥❛ ❡str✉❝t✉r❛ ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ❛❧♠❛❝❡♥❛r ❞❛t♦s ❡♥ ❡❧ ♦r❞❡♥ ▲■❋❖ ✭▲❛st
■♥ ❋✐rst ❖✉t✮ ❡♥ ❡s♣❛ñ♦❧✱ ú❧t✐♠♦ ❡♥ ❡♥tr❛r✱ ♣r✐♠❡r♦ ❡♥ s❛❧✐r✮✳ ▲❛ r❡❝✉♣❡r❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❧♦s ❞❛t♦s ❡s
❤❡❝❤❛ ❡♥ ❡❧ ♦r❞❡♥ ✐♥✈❡rs♦ ❞❡ s✉ ✐♥s❡r❝✐ó♥✳ P❛r❛ ❧❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❝✐ó♥ ❤❡ ❡❧❡❣✐❞♦ ✉♥❛ ❧✐st❛ ❡♥❧❛③❛❞❛
s✐♠♣❧❡✱ ♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ s♦❜r❡ ❧❛ ✈❡rt✐❝❛❧✳ ❨❛ q✉❡ ❧❛ ✐♥s❡r❝✐ó♥ ❡s s✐❡♠♣r❡ ❤❡❝❤❛ ❛❧ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛✱ ❡❧
✶❡r ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ ❡s ❡❧ ✉❧t✐♠♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✐♥❣r❡s❛❞♦✱ ♣♦r ❧♦ t❛♥t♦ ❡st❛rá ❡♥ ❧❛ ❝❛❜❡③❛ ❞❡ ❧❛
♣✐❧❛✳ ◆♦ ❤❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ✉♥ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ ✜♥✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❧♦ ❤✐❝❡ ❡♥ ❡❧ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ ❡♥❧❛③❛❞❛ s✐♠♣❧❡✱ ②❛ q✉❡
❡❧ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ♥♦ ❡s ❡❧ ❞❡ tr❛t❛r ✉♥❛ ❧✐st❛ ❡♥❧❛③❛❞❛✱ s✐♥♦ ✉♥❛ ♣✐❧❛✳ ▲♦ ✐♥t❡r❡s❛♥t❡ ❡s q✉❡ ❡❧ ✉❧t✐♠♦
❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✐♥❣r❡s❛❞♦✱ ❡s ❡❧ ✶❡r ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ r❡❝✉♣❡r❛❞♦✳

✶✾✸
 ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✷✳✷✹✿

✶✷✳✹✳✸✳ ❈♦♥str✉❝❝✐ó♥ ❞❡❧ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ✉♥ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣✐❧❛

P❛r❛ ❞❡✜♥✐r ✉♥ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣✐❧❛ ❡s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ❡❧ t✐♣♦ str✉❝t✳ ❊❧ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣✐❧❛ ❝♦♥t✐❡♥❡ ✉♥
❝❛♠♣♦ ❞❛t♦ ② ✉♥ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡✳ ❊❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡❜❡ s❡r ❞❡❧ ♠✐s♠♦ t✐♣♦ q✉❡ ❡❧ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦✱
❞❡ ❧♦ ❝♦♥tr❛r✐♦ ♥♦ ♣♦❞rá ❛♣✉♥t❛r ❤❛❝✐❛ ❡❧ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦✳ ❊❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛ ❡❧ ❛❝❝❡s♦ ❛❧
♣ró①✐♠♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦✳
✶ t②♣❡❞❡❢ str✉❝t ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦▲✐st❛ ④
✷ ❝❤❛r ✯ ❞❛t♦ ❀
✸ str✉❝t ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦▲✐st❛ ✯ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❀
✹ ⑥ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❀
P❛r❛ ♣❡r♠✐t✐r ❧❛s ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❡s s♦❜r❡ ❧❛ ♣✐❧❛✱ ✈❛♠♦s ❛ ❣✉❛r❞❛r ❝✐❡rt♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s✿

✶✳ ❡❧ ♣r✐♠❡r ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦

✷✳ ❡❧ ♥✉♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s

❊❧ ✶❡r ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦✱ q✉❡ s❡ ❡♥❝✉❡♥tr❛ ❡♥ ❧❛ ❝❛❜❡③❛ ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣✐❧❛✱ ♥♦s ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ❧❛ ♦♣❡r❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡
r❡❝✉♣❡r❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❧♦s ❞❛t♦s s✐t✉❛❞♦s ❡♥ ❧❛ ♣❛rt❡ s✉♣❡r✐♦r ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣✐❧❛✳ P❛r❛ ❡❧❧♦✱ ❡s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ♦tr❛
❡str✉❝t✉r❛ ✭♥♦ ❡s ♦❜❧✐❣❛t♦r✐♦✱ ♣✉❡❞❡♥ s❡r ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s✮✳
✶ t②♣❡❞❡❢ str✉❝t ▲✐st❛❯❜✐❝❛❝✐ ó ♥④
✷ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✯ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❀
✸ ✐♥t t❛♠❛ ñ ♦❀
✹ ⑥ P✐❧❛ ❀
❊❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❝♦♥t✐❡♥❡ ❧❛ ❞✐r❡❝❝✐ó♥ ❞❡❧ ✶❡r ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛✳ ▲❛ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ t❛♠❛ñ♦ ❝♦♥t✐❡♥❡ ❡❧
♥✉♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s✳ ◆♦t❛✿ ❊st❛ ✈❡③ ♥♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠♦s ✉♥ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ ✜♥ ✭✈❡r ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ ❡♥❧❛③❛❞❛ s✐♠♣❧❡✮✱
♥♦ ❧♦ ♥❡❝❡s✐t❛♠♦s ♣✉❡st♦ q✉❡ ú♥✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ tr❛❜❛❥❛♠♦s ❛❧ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛✳ ❈✉❛❧q✉✐❡r❛ q✉❡ s❡❛ ❧❛
♣♦s✐❝✐ó♥ ❡♥ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛✱ ❡❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❛♣✉♥t❛ s✐❡♠♣r❡ ❤❛❝✐❛ ❡❧ ✶❡r ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦✱ q✉❡ ❡st❛rá ❡♥ ❧❛ ❝❛❜❡③❛
❞❡ ❧❛ ♣✐❧❛✳ ❊❧ ❝❛♠♣♦ t❛♠❛ñ♦ ❝♦♥t✐❡♥❡ ❡❧ ♥✉♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣✐❧❛✱ ❝✉❛❧q✉✐❡r❛ q✉❡ s❡❛ ❧❛
♦♣❡r❛❝✐ó♥ ❡❢❡❝t✉❛❞❛ s♦❜r❡ ❧❛ ♣✐❧❛✳

✶✾✹
✶✷✳✹✳✹✳ ❖♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❡s s♦❜r❡ ❧❛s ♣✐❧❛s

✶✷✳✹✳✹✳✶✳ ■♥✐❝✐❛❧✐③❛❝✐ó♥

▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥✿ ✈♦✐❞ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧✐③❛❝✐ó♥ ✭P✐❧❛ ✯t❛s✮❀

❊st❛ ♦♣❡r❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡❜❡ s❡r ❤❡❝❤❛ ❛♥t❡s ❞❡ ❝✉❛❧q✉✐❡r ♦tr❛ ♦♣❡r❛❝✐ó♥ s♦❜r❡ ❧❛ ♣✐❧❛✳ ❊st❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧✐③❛ ❡❧
♣✉♥t❡r♦ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❝♦♥ ❡❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ ◆❯▲▲✱ ② ❡❧ t❛♠❛ñ♦ ❝♦♥ ❡❧ ✈❛❧♦r ✵✳ ▲❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥

✶ ✈♦✐❞ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧✐③❛❝✐ ó ♥ ✭ P✐❧❛ ✯ t❛s ✮④

✷ t❛s ✲❃ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❂ ◆❯▲▲ ❀
✸ t❛s ✲❃ t❛♠❛ ñ♦ ❂ ✵❀
✹ ⑥

■♥s❡r❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ✉♥ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❡♥ ❧❛ ♣✐❧❛

❆ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛❝✐ó♥ ❡❧ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❞❡ ✐♥s❡r❝✐ó♥ ② r❡❣✐str♦ ❞❡ ❧♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s✿

✶✳ ❞❡❝❧❛r❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡❧ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❛ ✐♥s❡rt❛r

✷✳ ❛s✐❣♥❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❧❛ ♠❡♠♦r✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❡❧ ♥✉❡✈♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦

✸✳ r❡❧❧❡♥❛r ❡❧ ❝♦♥t❡♥✐❞♦ ❞❡❧ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s

✹✳ ❛❝t✉❛❧✐③❛r ❡❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❤❛❝✐❛ ❡❧ ✶❡r ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✭❧❛ ❝❛❜❡③❛ ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣✐❧❛✮

✺✳ ❆❝t✉❛❧✐③❛r ❡❧ t❛♠❛ñ♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣✐❧❛✳

▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥✿ ✐♥t ❛♣✐❧❛r ✭P✐❧❛ ✯t❛s✱ ❝❤❛r ✯❞❛t♦✮❀

▲❛ ♣r✐♠❡r❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♥ ♠✉❡str❛ ❡❧ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ✐♥s❡r❝✐ó♥✱ ♣♦r ❧♦ t❛♥t♦ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ ❞❡ t❛♠❛ñ♦ ✶ ❞❡s♣✉és ❞❡
❧❛ ✐♥s❡r❝✐ó♥✳ ▲❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣✐❧❛ ♥♦ ❡s ♠✉② ❛♣r❡❝✐❛❞❛ ❝♦♥ ✉♥ s♦❧♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦✱ ②❛ q✉❡ ❡s ❡❧
ú♥✐❝♦ ❛ r❡❝✉♣❡r❛r✳

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✷✳✷✺✿

❊♥ ❝❛♠❜✐♦ ❧❛ ✷❞❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♥ ♥♦s ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❛r ❡❧ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠✐❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣✐❧❛✳ ▲♦ q✉❡ ❞❡❜❡♠♦s
r❡t❡♥❡r ❡s q✉❡ ❧❛ ✐♥s❡r❝✐ó♥ s✐❡♠♣r❡ s❡ ❤❛❝❡ ❡♥ ❧❛ ♣❛rt❡ s✉♣❡r✐♦r ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣✐❧❛ ✭❛❧ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛✮✳

✶✾✺
 ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✷✳✷✻✿

▲❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥

✶ ✴✯ ❛♣✐❧❛r ✭❛ñ ❛❞✐r ✮ ✉♥ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❡♥ ❧❛ ♣✐❧❛ ✯✴

✷
✸ ✐♥t ❛♣✐❧❛r ✭ P✐❧❛ ✯ t❛s ✱ ❝❤❛r ✯ ❞❛t♦ ✮ ④
✹ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✯ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❀
✺
✻ ✐❢ ✭✭ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❂ ✭ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✯✮ ♠❛❧❧♦❝ ✭ s✐③❡♦❢ ✭ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✮✮ ✮
❂❂ ◆❯▲▲ ✮
✼ r❡t✉r♥ ✲✶❀
✽
✾ ✐❢ ✭✭ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✲❃ ❞❛t♦ ❂ ✭ ❝❤❛r ✯✮ ♠❛❧❧♦❝ ✭✺✵ ✯ s✐③❡♦❢ ✭ ❝❤❛r
✮✮ ✮ ❂❂ ◆❯▲▲ ✮
✶✵ r❡t✉r♥ ✲✶❀
✶✶
✶✷ str❝♣② ✭ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✲❃ ❞❛t♦ ✱ ❞❛t♦ ✮❀
✶✸ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✲❃ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❂ t❛s ✲❃ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❀
✶✹ t❛s ✲❃ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❂ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❀
✶✺ t❛s ✲❃ t❛♠❛ ñ♦ ✰✰❀
✶✻
✶✼ ⑥

❊❧✐♠✐♥❛❝✐ó♥
P❛r❛ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛r ✉♥ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣✐❧❛✱ s✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❡ ❤❛② q✉❡ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛r ❡❧ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❤❛❝✐❛ ❡❧ ❝✉❛❧
❛♣✉♥t❛ ❡❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ ✐♥✐❝✐♦✳ ❊st❛ ♦♣❡r❛❝✐ó♥ ♥♦ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ r❡❝✉♣❡r❛r ❡❧ ❞❛t♦ ❡♥ ❧❛ ❝❛❜❡③❛ ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣✐❧❛✱ só❧♦
❡❧✐♠✐♥❛r❧♦✳ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥✿ ✐♥t ❞❡s❛♣✐❧❛r ✭P✐❧❛ ✯t❛s✮❀
▲❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ❞❡✈✉❡❧✈❡ ✲✶ ❡♥ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ ❡rr♦r✱ s✐ ♥♦ ❞❡✈✉❡❧✈❡ ✵✳ ▲❛s ❡t❛♣❛s✿

✶✳ ❡❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ s✉♣❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♥t✐❡♥❡ ❧❛ ❞✐r❡❝❝✐ó♥ ❞❡❧ ✶❡r✳ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦✳

✷✳ ❡❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❛♣✉♥t❛rá ❤❛❝✐❛ ❡❧ ✷❞♦✳ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✭❞❡s♣✉és ❞❡ ❧❛ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡❧ ✶❡r ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦✱
❡❧ ✷❞♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❡st❛rá ❡♥ ❧❛ ❝❛❜❡③❛ ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣✐❧❛✮

✸✳ ❡❧ t❛♠❛ñ♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣✐❧❛ ❞✐s♠✐♥✉✐rá ✉♥ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦✳

✶✾✻
 ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✷✳✷✼✿

▲❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥

✶ ✐♥t ❞❡s❛♣✐❧❛r ✭ P✐❧❛ ✯ t❛s ✮ ④

✷ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✯ s✉♣❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❀
✸

✹ ✐❢ ✭ t❛s ✲❃ t❛♠❛ ñ♦ ❂❂ ✵✮
✺ r❡t✉r♥ ✲✶❀
✻

✼ s✉♣❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❂ t❛s ✲❃ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❀

✽ t❛s ✲❃ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❂ t❛s ✲❃ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ✲ ❃ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❀
✾ ❢r❡❡ ✭ s✉♣❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✲❃ ❞❛t♦ ✮ ❀
✶✵ ❢r❡❡ ✭ s✉♣❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✮❀
✶✶ t❛s ✲❃ t❛♠❛ ñ♦ ✲ ✲❀
✶✷

✶✸ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✶✹

✶✺ ⑥

✶✷✳✹✳✺✳ ❖♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❡s s♦❜r❡ ❧❛s ♣✐❧❛s

✶✷✳✹✳✺✳✶✳ ■♥✐❝✐❛❧✐③❛❝✐ó♥

▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥✿ ✈♦✐❞ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧✐③❛❝✐ó♥ ✭P✐❧❛ ✯t❛s✮❀

❊st❛ ♦♣❡r❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡❜❡ s❡r ❤❡❝❤❛ ❛♥t❡s ❞❡ ❝✉❛❧q✉✐❡r ♦tr❛ ♦♣❡r❛❝✐ó♥ s♦❜r❡ ❧❛ ♣✐❧❛✳ ❊st❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧✐③❛ ❡❧

♣✉♥t❡r♦ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❝♦♥ ❡❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ ◆❯▲▲✱ ② ❡❧ t❛♠❛ñ♦ ❝♦♥ ❡❧ ✈❛❧♦r ✵✳ ▲❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥

✶ ✈♦✐❞ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧✐③❛❝✐ ó ♥ ✭ P✐❧❛ ✯ t❛s ✮④

✷ t❛s ✲❃ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❂ ◆❯▲▲ ❀
✸ t❛s ✲❃ t❛♠❛ ñ♦ ❂ ✵❀
✹ ⑥

■♥s❡r❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ✉♥ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❡♥ ❧❛ ♣✐❧❛

❆ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛❝✐ó♥ ❡❧ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❞❡ ✐♥s❡r❝✐ó♥ ② r❡❣✐str♦ ❞❡ ❧♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s✿

✶✳ ❞❡❝❧❛r❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡❧ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❛ ✐♥s❡rt❛r

✷✳ ❛s✐❣♥❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❧❛ ♠❡♠♦r✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❡❧ ♥✉❡✈♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦

✸✳ r❡❧❧❡♥❛r ❡❧ ❝♦♥t❡♥✐❞♦ ❞❡❧ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s

✶✾✼
 ✹✳ ❛❝t✉❛❧✐③❛r ❡❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❤❛❝✐❛ ❡❧ ✶❡r ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✭❧❛ ❝❛❜❡③❛ ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣✐❧❛✮

✺✳ ❆❝t✉❛❧✐③❛r ❡❧ t❛♠❛ñ♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣✐❧❛✳

▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥✿ ✐♥t ❛♣✐❧❛r ✭P✐❧❛ ✯t❛s✱ ❝❤❛r ✯❞❛t♦✮❀

▲❛ ♣r✐♠❡r❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♥ ♠✉❡str❛ ❡❧ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ✐♥s❡r❝✐ó♥✱ ♣♦r ❧♦ t❛♥t♦ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ ❞❡ t❛♠❛ñ♦ ✶ ❞❡s♣✉és ❞❡
❧❛ ✐♥s❡r❝✐ó♥✳ ▲❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣✐❧❛ ♥♦ ❡s ♠✉② ❛♣r❡❝✐❛❞❛ ❝♦♥ ✉♥ s♦❧♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦✱ ②❛ q✉❡ ❡s ❡❧
ú♥✐❝♦ ❛ r❡❝✉♣❡r❛r✳

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✷✳✷✽✿

❊♥ ❝❛♠❜✐♦ ❧❛ ✷❞❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♥ ♥♦s ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❛r ❡❧ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠✐❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣✐❧❛✳ ▲♦ q✉❡ ❞❡❜❡♠♦s
r❡t❡♥❡r ❡s q✉❡ ❧❛ ✐♥s❡r❝✐ó♥ s✐❡♠♣r❡ s❡ ❤❛❝❡ ❡♥ ❧❛ ♣❛rt❡ s✉♣❡r✐♦r ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣✐❧❛ ✭❛❧ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛✮✳

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✷✳✷✾✿

▲❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥

✶ ✴✯ ❛♣✐❧❛r ✭❛ñ ❛❞✐r ✮ ✉♥ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❡♥ ❧❛ ♣✐❧❛ ✯✴

✷
✸ ✐♥t ❛♣✐❧❛r ✭ P✐❧❛ ✯ t❛s ✱ ❝❤❛r ✯ ❞❛t♦ ✮ ④
✹ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✯ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❀
✺
✻ ✐❢ ✭✭ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❂ ✭ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✯✮ ♠❛❧❧♦❝ ✭ s✐③❡♦❢ ✭ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✮✮ ✮
❂❂ ◆❯▲▲ ✮
✼ r❡t✉r♥ ✲✶❀
✽
✾ ✐❢ ✭✭ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✲❃ ❞❛t♦ ❂ ✭ ❝❤❛r ✯✮ ♠❛❧❧♦❝ ✭✺✵ ✯ s✐③❡♦❢ ✭ ❝❤❛r
✮✮ ✮ ❂❂ ◆❯▲▲ ✮
✶✵ r❡t✉r♥ ✲✶❀
✶✶
✶✷ str❝♣② ✭ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✲❃ ❞❛t♦ ✱ ❞❛t♦ ✮❀

✶✾✽
✶✸ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✲❃ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❂ t❛s ✲❃ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❀
✶✹ t❛s ✲❃ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❂ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❀
✶✺ t❛s ✲❃ t❛♠❛ ñ♦ ✰✰❀
✶✻
✶✼ ⑥

❊❧✐♠✐♥❛❝✐ó♥
P❛r❛ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛r ✉♥ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣✐❧❛✱ s✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❡ ❤❛② q✉❡ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛r ❡❧ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❤❛❝✐❛ ❡❧ ❝✉❛❧
❛♣✉♥t❛ ❡❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ ✐♥✐❝✐♦✳ ❊st❛ ♦♣❡r❛❝✐ó♥ ♥♦ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ r❡❝✉♣❡r❛r ❡❧ ❞❛t♦ ❡♥ ❧❛ ❝❛❜❡③❛ ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣✐❧❛✱ s♦❧♦
❡❧✐♠✐♥❛r❧♦✳ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥✿ ✐♥t ❞❡s❛♣✐❧❛r ✭P✐❧❛ ✯t❛s✮❀
▲❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ❞❡✈✉❡❧✈❡ ✲✶ ❡♥ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ ❡rr♦r✱ s✐ ♥♦ ❞❡✈✉❡❧✈❡ ✵✳ ▲❛s ❡t❛♣❛s✿

✶✳ ❡❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ s✉♣❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♥t✐❡♥❡ ❧❛ ❞✐r❡❝❝✐ó♥ ❞❡❧ ✶❡r ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦

✷✳ ❡❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❛♣✉♥t❛rá ❤❛❝✐❛ ❡❧ ✷❞♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✭❞❡s♣✉és ❞❡ ❧❛ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡❧ ✶❡r ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦✱
❡❧ ✷❞♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❡st❛rá ❡♥ ❧❛ ❝❛❜❡③❛ ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣✐❧❛✮

✸✳ ❡❧ t❛♠❛ñ♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣✐❧❛ ❞✐s♠✐♥✉✐rá ✉♥ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦✳

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✷✳✸✵✿

▲❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥

✶ ✐♥t ❞❡s❛♣✐❧❛r ✭ P✐❧❛ ✯ t❛s ✮ ④

✷ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✯ s✉♣❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❀
✸
✹ ✐❢ ✭ t❛s ✲❃ t❛♠❛ ñ♦ ❂❂ ✵✮
✺ r❡t✉r♥ ✲✶❀
✻
✼ s✉♣❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❂ t❛s ✲❃ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❀
✽ t❛s ✲❃ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❂ t❛s ✲❃ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ✲ ❃ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❀
✾ ❢r❡❡ ✭ s✉♣❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✲❃ ❞❛t♦ ✮ ❀
✶✵ ❢r❡❡ ✭ s✉♣❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✮❀
✶✶ t❛s ✲❃ t❛♠❛ ñ♦ ✲ ✲❀
✶✷
✶✸ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✶✹
✶✺ ⑥

✶✾✾
✶✷✳✹✳✺✳✷✳ ❱✐s✉❛❧✐③❛❝✐ó♥

P❛r❛ ♠♦str❛r ❧❛ ♣✐❧❛ ❡♥t❡r❛✱ ❡s ♥❡❝❡s❛r✐♦ ♣♦s✐❝✐♦♥❛rs❡ ❛❧ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣✐❧❛ ✭❡❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❧♦
❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛✮✳ ▲✉❡❣♦✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❡❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦✱ ❧❛ ♣✐❧❛ ❡s r❡❝♦rr✐❞❛ ❞❡❧ ✶❡r ❤❛❝✐❛
❡❧ ✉❧t✐♠♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦✳ ▲❛ ❝♦♥❞✐❝✐ó♥ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡t❡♥❡rs❡ ❡s ❞❛❞❛ ♣♦r ❡❧ t❛♠❛ñ♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣✐❧❛✳ ▲❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥

✶ ✴✯ ✈✐s✉❛❧✐③❛❝✐ ó♥ ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣✐❧❛ ✯✴
✷
✸ ✈♦✐❞ ♠✉❡str❛ ✭ P✐❧❛ ✯ t❛s ✮ ④
✹ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✯ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❀
✺ ✐♥t ✐ ❀
✻ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❂ t❛s ✲ ❃ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❀
✼
✽ ❢♦r ✭✐ ❂✵❀ ✐t❛♠❛ ñ ♦ ❀✰✰ ✐✮ ④
✾ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❭t❭ t ✪s ❭♥✧ ✱ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✲❃ ❞❛t♦ ✮❀
✶✵ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❂ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✲ ❃ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❀
✶✶ ⑥
✶✷ ⑥

✶✷✳✹✳✻✳ ❘❡❝✉♣❡r❛❝✐ó♥

P❛r❛ r❡❝✉♣❡r❛r ❡❧ ❞❛t♦ ❡♥ ❧❛ ❝❛❜❡③❛ ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣✐❧❛ s✐♥ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛r❧♦✱ ❤❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ✉♥❛ ♠❛❝r♦✳ ▲❛ ♠❛❝r♦
❧❡❡ ❧♦s ❞❛t♦s ❡♥ ❧❛ ♣❛rt❡ s✉♣❡r✐♦r ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣✐❧❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❡❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ ✐♥✐❝✐♦✿ ★❞❡❢✐♥❡ ♣✐❧❛❴❞❛t♦✭t❛s
✮t❛s✲❃✐♥✐❝✐♦✲❃❞❛t♦❀

✶✷✳✹✳✻✳✶✳ ❊❥❡♠♣❧♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t♦

✶ ✴✯ ✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯❭
✷
✸ ✯ ♣✐❧❛ ✳❤ ✯
✹
✺ ❭✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯ ✯✴
✻
✼ t②♣❡❞❡❢ str✉❝t ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦▲✐st❛ ④
✽ ❝❤❛r ✯ ❞❛t♦ ❀
✾ str✉❝t ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦▲✐st❛ ✯ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❀
✶✵ ⑥ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❀
✶✶
✶✷ t②♣❡❞❡❢ str✉❝t ▲✐st❛❯❜✐❝❛❝✐ ó ♥ ④
✶✸ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✯ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❀
✶✹ ✐♥t t❛♠❛ ñ ♦❀
✶✺ ⑥ P✐❧❛ ❀
✶✻
✶✼ ✴✯ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧✐③❛❝✐ ó ♥ ✯✴
✶✽
✶✾ ✈♦✐❞ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧✐③❛❝✐ ó ♥ ✭ P✐❧❛ ✯ t❛s ✮❀
✷✵
✷✶ ✴✯ ❆P■▲❆❘ ✯✴

✷✵✵
✷✷
✷✸ ✐♥t ❛♣✐❧❛r ✭ P✐❧❡ ✯ t❛s ✱ ❝❤❛r ✯ ❞❛t♦ ✮❀
✷✹
✷✺ ✴✯ ❉❊❙❆P■▲❆❘ ✯✴
✷✻
✷✼ ✐♥t ❞❡s❛♣✐❧❛r ✭ P✐❧❛ ✯ t❛s ✮ ❀
✷✽
✷✾ ✴✯ ❱✐s✉❛❧✐③❛❝✐ ó♥ ❞❡❧ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❡♥ ❧❛ ❝❛❜❡③❛ ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣✐❧❛ ✭
▲❛st■♥❋✐rst❖✉t ✮ ✯✴
✸✵
✸✶ ★ ❞❡❢✐♥❡ ♣✐❧❛❴❞❛t♦ ✭ t❛s ✮ t❛s ✲❃ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ✲ ❃ ❞❛t♦
✸✷
✸✸ ✴✯ ♠✉❡str❛ ❧❛ ♣✐❧❛ ✯✴
✸✹
✸✺ ✈♦✐❞ ♠✉❡str❛ ✭ P✐❧❛ ✯ t❛s ✮❀
✸✻
✸✼ ♣✐❧❛❴❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥ ✳❤
✸✽
✸✾ ✴✯ ✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯❭
✹✵
✹✶ ✯ ♣✐❧❛❴❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥ ✳❤ ✯
✹✷
✹✸ ❭✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯ ✯✴
✹✹
✹✺ ✈♦✐❞ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧✐③❛❝✐ ó ♥ ✭ P✐❧❛ ✯ t❛s ✮ ④
✹✻ t❛s ✲❃ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❂ ◆❯▲▲ ❀
✹✼ t❛s ✲❃ t❛♠❛ ñ♦ ❂ ✵❀
✹✽ ⑥
✹✾
✺✵ ✴✯ ❛♣✐❧❛r ✭❛ñ ❛❞✐r ✮ ✉♥ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❡♥ ❧❛ ♣✐❧❛ ✯✴
✺✶
✺✷ ✐♥t ❛♣✐❧❛r ✭ P✐❧❛ ✯ t❛s ✱ ❝❤❛r ✯ ❞❛t♦ ✮ ④
✺✸
✺✹ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✯ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❀
✺✺
✺✻ ✐❢ ✭✭ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❂ ✭ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✯✮ ♠❛❧❧♦❝ ✭ s✐③❡♦❢ ✭ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✮✮ ✮
❂❂ ◆❯▲▲ ✮
✺✼ r❡t✉r♥ ✲✶❀
✺✽
✺✾ ✐❢ ✭✭ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✲❃ ❞❛t♦ ❂ ✭ ❝❤❛r ✯✮ ♠❛❧❧♦❝ ✭✺✵ ✯ s✐③❡♦❢ ✭ ❝❤❛r
✮✮ ✮ ❂❂ ◆❯▲▲ ✮
✻✵ r❡t✉r♥ ✲✶❀
✻✶
✻✷ str❝♣② ✭ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✲❃ ❞❛t♦ ✱ ❞❛t♦ ✮❀
✻✸ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✲❃ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❂ t❛s ✲❃ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❀
✻✹ t❛s ✲❃ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❂ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❀
✻✺ t❛s ✲❃ t❛♠❛ ñ♦ ✰✰❀

✷✵✶
 ✻✻
✻✼ ⑥
✻✽
✻✾ ✴✯ ❞❡s❛♣✐❧❛r ✭ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛r ✉♥ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣✐❧❛ ✯✴
✼✵
✼✶ ✐♥t ❞❡s❛♣✐❧❛r ✭ P✐❧❛ ✯ t❛s ✮ ④
✼✷
✼✸ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✯ s✉♣❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❀
✼✹
✼✺ ✐❢ ✭ t❛s ✲❃ t❛♠❛ ñ♦ ❂❂ ✵✮
✼✻ r❡t✉r♥ ✲✶❀
✼✼
✼✽ s✉♣❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❂ t❛s ✲❃ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❀
✼✾ t❛s ✲❃ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❂ t❛s ✲❃ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ✲ ❃ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❀
✽✵ ❢r❡❡ ✭ s✉♣❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✲❃ ❞❛t♦ ✮ ❀
✽✶ ❢r❡❡ ✭ s✉♣❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✮❀
✽✷ t❛s ✲❃ t❛♠❛ ñ♦ ✲ ✲❀
✽✸
✽✹ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✽✺
✽✻ ⑥
✽✼
✽✽ ✴✯ ✈✐s✉❛❧✐③❛❝✐ ó♥ ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣✐❧❛ ✯✴
✽✾
✾✵ ✈♦✐❞ ♠✉❡str❛ ✭ P✐❧❛ ✯ t❛s ✮ ④
✾✶
✾✷ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✯ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❀
✾✸ ✐♥t ✐ ❀
✾✹ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❂ t❛s ✲ ❃ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❀
✾✺
✾✻ ❢♦r ✭✐ ❂✵❀ ✐t❛♠❛ ñ ♦ ❀✰✰ ✐✮ ④
✾✼ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❭t❭ t ✪s ❭♥✧ ✱ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✲❃ ❞❛t♦ ✮❀
✾✽ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❂ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✲ ❃ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❀
✾✾ ⑥
✶✵✵
✶✵✶ ⑥
✶✵✷
✶✵✸ ♣✐❧❛ ✳ ❝
✶✵✹
✶✵✺ ✴✯ ✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯❭
✶✵✻
✶✵✼ ✯ ♣✐❧❛ ✳❝ ✯
✶✵✽
✶✵✾ ❭✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯ ✯✴
✶✶✵
✶✶✶ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡
✶✶✷

✷✵✷
✶✶✸ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡
✶✶✹
✶✶✺ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡
✶✶✻
✶✶✼ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ✧ ♣✐❧❛ ✳ ❤✧
✶✶✽
✶✶✾ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ✧ ♣✐❧❛❴❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥ ✳❤ ✧
✶✷✵
✶✷✶ ✐♥t ♠❛✐♥ ✭✮ ④
✶✷✷
✶✷✸ P✐❧❛ ✯ t❛s ❀
✶✷✹ ❝❤❛r ✯ ♥♦♠ ❀
✶✷✺
✶✷✻ ✐❢ ✭✭ t❛s ❂ ✭ P✐❧❛ ✯✮ ♠❛❧❧♦❝ ✭ s✐③❡♦❢ ✭ P✐❧❛ ✮✮ ✮ ❂❂ ◆❯▲▲ ✮
✶✷✼ r❡t✉r♥ ✲✶❀
✶✷✽
✶✷✾ ✐❢ ✭✭ ♥♦♠ ❂ ✭ ❝❤❛r ✯✮ ♠❛❧❧♦❝ ✭✺✵ ✯ s✐③❡♦❢ ✭ ❝❤❛r ✮ ✮✮ ❂❂ ◆❯▲▲ ✮
✶✸✵ r❡t✉r♥ ✲✶❀
✶✸✶
✶✸✷ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧✐③❛❝✐ ó♥ ✭ t❛s ✮❀
✶✸✸ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ■♥❣r❡s❡ ✉♥❛ ♣❛❧❛❜r❛ ✿ ✧✮ ❀
✶✸✹ s❝❛♥❢ ✭✧ ✪s ✧ ✱ ♥♦♠ ✮ ❀
✶✸✺ ❛♣✐❧❛r ✭ t❛s ✱ ♥♦♠ ✮❀
✶✸✻ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ▲❛ ♣✐❧❛ ✭ ✪❞❡ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ✮ ✿ ❭♥ ✧ ✱t❛s ✲❃ t❛♠❛ ñ♦ ✮❀
✶✸✼ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❭♥ ✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯ ❈❛❜❡③❛ ❞❡ ❧❛ P■▲❆ ✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯❭ ♥✧✮❀
✶✸✽ ♠✉❡str❛ ✭ t❛s ✮❀
✶✸✾ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❴❴❴❴❴❴❴❴❴❴ ❇❛❥♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ P■▲❆ ❴❴❴❴❴❴❴❴❴❴ ❭ ♥❭♥ ✧✮❀
✶✹✵ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ■♥❣r❡s❡ ✉♥❛ ♣❛❧❛❜r❛ ✿ ✧✮ ❀
✶✹✶ s❝❛♥❢ ✭✧ ✪s ✧ ✱ ♥♦♠ ✮ ❀
✶✹✷ ❛♣✐❧❛r ✭ t❛s ✱ ♥♦♠ ✮❀
✶✹✸ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ▲❛ ♣✐❧❛ ✭ ✪❞❡ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ✮ ✿ ❭♥ ✧ ✱t❛s ✲❃ t❛♠❛ ñ♦ ✮❀
✶✹✹ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❭♥ ✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯ ❈❛❜❡③❛ ❞❡ ❧❛ P■▲❆ ✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯❭ ♥✧✮❀
✶✹✺ ♠✉❡str❛ ✭ t❛s ✮❀
✶✹✻ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❴❴❴❴❴❴❴❴❴❴ ❇❛❥♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ P■▲❆ ❴❴❴❴❴❴❴❴❴❴ ❭ ♥❭♥ ✧✮❀
✶✹✼ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ■♥❣r❡s❡ ✉♥❛ ♣❛❧❛❜r❛ ✿ ✧✮ ❀
✶✹✽ s❝❛♥❢ ✭✧ ✪s ✧ ✱ ♥♦♠ ✮ ❀
✶✹✾ ❛♣✐❧❛r ✭ t❛s ✱ ♥♦♠ ✮❀
✶✺✵ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ▲❛ ♣✐❧❛ ✭ ✪❞❡ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ✮ ✿ ❭♥ ✧ ✱t❛s ✲❃ t❛♠❛ ñ♦ ✮❀
✶✺✶ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❭♥ ✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯ ❈❛❜❡③❛ ❞❡ ❧❛ P■▲❆ ✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯❭ ♥✧✮❀
✶✺✷ ♠✉❡str❛ ✭ t❛s ✮❀
✶✺✸ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❴❴❴❴❴❴❴❴❴❴ ❇❛❥♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ P■▲❆ ❴❴❴❴❴❴❴❴❴❴ ❭ ♥❭♥ ✧✮❀
✶✺✹ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❭ ♥▲❛ ✉❧t✐♠❛ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ✭ ▲❛st■♥❋✐rst❖✉t ✮ ❬ ✪s ❪ s❡r❛
❡❧✐♠✐♥❛❞❛ ✧ ✱
✶✺✺ ♣✐❧❡❴❞❛t♦ ✭ t❛s ✮✮❀
✶✺✻ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❭ ♥▲❛ ✉❧t✐♠❛ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ❡s ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛❞❛ ❭♥ ✧✮❀
✶✺✼ ❞❡s❛♣✐❧❛r ✭ t❛s ✮❀ ✴✯ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛❝✐ ó ♥ ❞❡❧ ✉❧t✐♠♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✐♥❣r❡s❛❞♦
✯✴

✷✵✸
✶✺✽ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ▲❛ ♣✐❧❛ ✭ ✪❞❡ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ✮✿ ❭♥ ✧ ✱t❛s ✲❃ t❛♠❛ ñ♦ ✮❀
✶✺✾ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❭♥ ✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯ ❈❛❜❡③❛ ❞❡ ❧❛ P■▲❆ ✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯❭ ♥✧✮❀
✶✻✵ ♠✉❡str❛ ✭ t❛s ✮❀
✶✻✶ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❴❴❴❴❴❴❴❴❴❴ ❇❛❥♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ P■▲❆ ❴❴❴❴❴❴❴❴❴❴ ❭ ♥❭♥ ✧✮❀
✶✻✷
✶✻✸ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✶✻✹
✶✻✺ ⑥

✶✷✳✺✳ ❋✐❧❛s

Pr✐♠❡r♦ ❡♥ ❊♥tr❛r✱ Pr✐♠❡r♦ ❡♥ s❛❧✐r ✭❋■❋❖✮

✶✷✳✺✳✶✳ ■♥tr♦❞✉❝❝✐ó♥
❊❧ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ❡st❡ ❛♣❛rt❛❞♦ ❡s ❝♦♠♣r❡♥❞❡r ❡❧ ❡♠♣❧❡♦ ❞❡ ❧❛s ✜❧❛s✳ P❛r❛ ❡①♣❧✐❝❛r ❡❧ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦
✉t✐❧✐③❛♠♦s ✉♥❛ ❧✐st❛ ❡♥❧❛③❛❞❛ s✐♠♣❧❡✳

✶✷✳✺✳✷✳ ❉❡✜♥✐❝✐ó♥
▲❛ ✜❧❛ ❡s ✉♥❛ ❡str✉❝t✉r❛ ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ❛❧♠❛❝❡♥❛r ❞❛t♦s ❡♥ ❡❧ ♦r❞❡♥ ❋■❋❖ ✭❋✐rst ■♥
❋✐rst ❖✉t✮ ❡♥ ❡s♣❛ñ♦❧✱ Pr✐♠❡r♦ ❡♥ ❊♥tr❛r✱ Pr✐♠❡r♦ ❡♥ ❙❛❧✐r✮✳ ▲❛ r❡❝✉♣❡r❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❧♦s ❞❛t♦s ❡s
❤❡❝❤❛ ❡♥ ❡❧ ♦r❞❡♥ ❡♥ q✉❡ s♦♥ ✐♥s❡rt❛❞♦s✳ P❛r❛ ❧❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❝✐ó♥ ❤❡ ❡❧❡❣✐❞♦ ✉♥❛ ❧✐st❛ ❡♥❧❛③❛❞❛
s✐♠♣❧❡✳ ▲❛ ✐♥s❡r❝✐ó♥ ❡♥ ❧❛ ✜❧❛ s❡ ❤❛❝❡ ❡♥ ❡❧ ♦r❞❡♥ ♥♦r♠❛❧✱ ❡❧ ✶❡r ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ✜❧❛ ❡s ❡❧ ♣r✐♠❡r
❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✐♥❣r❡s❛❞♦✱ ♣♦r ❧♦ t❛♥t♦ s✉ ♣♦s✐❝✐ó♥ ❡s ❛❧ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ✜❧❛✳

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✷✳✸✶✿

✶✷✳✺✳✸✳ ❈♦♥str✉❝❝✐ó♥ ❞❡❧ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ✉♥ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ✜❧❛

P❛r❛ ❞❡✜♥✐r ✉♥ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ✜❧❛ ❡s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ❡❧ t✐♣♦ str✉❝t✳ ❊❧ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ✜❧❛ ❝♦♥t✐❡♥❡ ✉♥
❝❛♠♣♦ ❞❛t♦ ② ✉♥ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡✳ ❊❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡❜❡ s❡r ❞❡❧ ♠✐s♠♦ t✐♣♦ q✉❡ ❡❧ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦✱
❞❡ ❧♦ ❝♦♥tr❛r✐♦ ♥♦ ♣♦❞rá ❛♣✉♥t❛r ❤❛❝✐❛ ❡❧ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦✳ ❊❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛ ❡❧ ❛❝❝❡s♦ ❛❧
♣ró①✐♠♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦✳
✶ t②♣❡❞❡❢ str✉❝t ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦▲✐st❛ ④
✷ ❝❤❛r ✯ ❞❛t♦ ❀
✸ str✉❝t ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦▲✐st❛ ✯ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❀
✹ ⑥ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❀
P❛r❛ t❡♥❡r ❡❧ ❝♦♥tr♦❧ ❞❡ ❧❛ ✜❧❛✱ ❡s ♣r❡❢❡r✐❜❧❡ ❣✉❛r❞❛r ❝✐❡rt♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s✿ ❡❧ ♣r✐♠❡r ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦✱ ❡❧
ú❧t✐♠♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦✱ ❡❧ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s✳ P❛r❛ ❡❧❧♦✱ ❡s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ♦tr❛ ❡str✉❝t✉r❛ ✭♥♦ ❡s ♦❜❧✐❣❛t♦r✐♦✱
♣✉❡❞❡♥ s❡r ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s✮✳

✷✵✹
 ✶ t②♣❡❞❡❢ str✉❝t ▲✐st❛❯❜✐❝❛❝✐ ó ♥④
✷ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✯ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❀
✸ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✯ ❢✐♥ ❀
✹ ✐♥t t❛♠❛ ñ ♦❀
✺ ⑥ ❋✐❧❛ ❀

✶✷✳✺✳✹✳ ❖♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❡s s♦❜r❡ ❧❛s ✜❧❛s

✶✷✳✺✳✹✳✶✳ ■♥✐❝✐❛❧✐③❛❝✐ó♥

▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥✿ ✈♦✐❞ ✐♥✐t✐❛❧✐s❛t✐♦♥ ✭❋✐❧❛ ✯ s❡r✐❡✮❀

❊st❛ ♦♣❡r❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡❜❡ s❡r ❤❡❝❤❛ ❛♥t❡s ❞❡ ❝✉❛❧q✉✐❡r ♦tr❛ ♦♣❡r❛❝✐ó♥ s♦❜r❡ ❧❛ ✜❧❛✳ ❊st❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧✐③❛ ❡❧
♣✉♥t❡r♦ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ② ❡❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ ✜♥ ❝♦♥ ❡❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ ◆❯▲▲✱ ② ❡❧ t❛♠❛ñ♦ ❝♦♥ ❡❧ ✈❛❧♦r ✵✳ ▲❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥
✶ ✈♦✐❞ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧✐③❛❝✐ ó ♥ ✭ ❋✐❧❛ ✯ s❡r✐❡ ✮ ④
✷ s❡r✐❡ ✲ ❃ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❂ ◆❯▲▲ ❀
✸ s❡r✐❡ ✲ ❃ ❢✐♥ ❂ ◆❯▲▲ ❀
✹ s❡r✐❡ ✲ ❃ t❛♠❛ ñ ♦ ❂ ✵❀
✺ ⑥

■♥s❡r❝✐ó♥

❆ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛❝✐ó♥ ❡❧ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❞❡ ✐♥s❡r❝✐ó♥ ② r❡❣✐str♦ ❞❡ ❧♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s✿

✶✳ ❞❡❝❧❛r❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡❧ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❛ ✐♥s❡rt❛r

✷✳ ❛s✐❣♥❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❧❛ ♠❡♠♦r✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❡❧ ♥✉❡✈♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦✳

✸✳ ❧❧❡♥❛r ❡❧ ❝♦♥t❡♥✐❞♦ ❞❡❧ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s✳

✹✳ ❛❝t✉❛❧✐③❛r ❡❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❤❛❝✐❛ ❡❧ ✶❡r✳ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✭❡❧ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ✜❧❛✮

✺✳ ❛❝t✉❛❧✐③❛r ❡❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ ✜♥ ✭❡st♦ s✐r✈❡ ♣❛r❛ ❧❛ ✐♥s❡r❝✐ó♥ ❤❛❝✐❛ ❡❧ ✜♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❧❛ ✜❧❛✮

✻✳ ❛❝t✉❛❧✐③❛r ❡❧ t❛♠❛ñ♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣✐❧❛✳

▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥✿ ✐♥t ✐♥s❡rt❛r ✭❋✐❧❛ ✯ s❡r✐❡✱ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✯ ❛❝t✉❛❧✱ ❝❤❛r ✯❞❛t♦✮❀
▲❛ ♣r✐♠❡r❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♥ ♠✉❡str❛ ❡❧ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ✐♥s❡r❝✐ó♥✱ ♣♦r ❧♦ q✉❡ ❡❧ t❛♠❛ñ♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ ❡s ✶ ❞❡s♣✉és
❞❡ ❧❛ ✐♥s❡r❝✐ó♥✳

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✷✳✸✷✿

✷✵✺
 ❊♥ ❧❛ ✜❧❛✱ ❡❧ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❛ r❡❝✉♣❡r❛r ❡s ❡❧ ♣r✐♠❡r♦ ❡♥ ❡♥tr❛r✳ P♦r ❡❧❧♦✱ ❧❛ ✐♥s❡r❝✐ó♥ s❡ ❤❛❝❡ s✐❡♠♣r❡
❛❧ ✜♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❧❛ ✜❧❛✳ ❊s ❡❧ ♦r❞❡♥ ♥♦r♠❛❧ ❞❡ ❧❛ ✐♥s❡r❝✐ó♥ ✭✶r♦✱ ✷❞♦✱ ✸r♦✱ ❡t❝✳✮

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✷✳✸✸✿

▲❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥✿
✶ ✐♥t ✐♥s❡rt❛r ✭ ❋✐❧❛ ✯ s❡r✐❡ ✱ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✯ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✱ ❝❤❛r ✯ ❞❛t♦ ✮ ④
✷
✸ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✯ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❀
✹
✺ ✐❢ ✭✭ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❂ ✭ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✯✮ ♠❛❧❧♦❝ ✭ s✐③❡♦❢ ✭ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✮✮ ✮
❂❂ ◆❯▲▲ ✮
✻ r❡t✉r♥ ✲✶❀
✼
✽ ✐❢ ✭✭ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✲❃ ❞❛t♦ ❂ ✭ ❝❤❛r ✯✮ ♠❛❧❧♦❝ ✭✺✵ ✯ s✐③❡♦❢ ✭ ❝❤❛r
✮✮ ✮ ❂❂ ◆❯▲▲ ✮
✾ r❡t✉r♥ ✲✶❀
✶✵
✶✶ str❝♣② ✭ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✲❃ ❞❛t♦ ✱ ❞❛t♦ ✮❀
✶✷
✶✸ ✐❢ ✭ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❂❂ ◆❯▲▲ ✮ ④
✶✹
✶✺ ✐❢ ✭ s❡r✐❡ ✲ ❃ t❛♠❛ ñ ♦ ❂❂ ✵✮
✶✻ s❡r✐❡ ✲❃ ❢✐♥ ❂ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❀
✶✼
✶✽ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✲❃ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❂ s❡r✐❡ ✲ ❃ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❀
✶✾ s❡r✐❡ ✲ ❃ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❂ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❀
✷✵
✷✶ ⑥ ❡❧s❡ ④
✷✷ ✐❢ ✭ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✲❃ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❂❂ ◆❯▲▲ ✮
✷✸ s❡r✐❡ ✲ ❃ ❢✐♥ ❂ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❀
✷✹
✷✺ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✲❃ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❂ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✲❃ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❀
✷✻ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✲❃ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❂ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❀
✷✼
✷✽ ⑥
✷✾
✸✵ s❡r✐❡ ✲ ❃ t❛♠❛ ñ ♦ ✰✰❀
✸✶

✷✵✻
✸✷ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✸✸
✸✹ ⑥

✶✷✳✺✳✹✳✷✳ ❊❧✐♠✐♥❛❝✐ó♥

P❛r❛ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛r ✉♥ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ✜❧❛✱ s✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❡ ❤❛② q✉❡ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛r ❡❧ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❤❛❝✐❛ ❡❧ ❝✉❛❧
❛♣✉♥t❛ ❡❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ ✐♥✐❝✐♦✳ ❊st❛ ♦♣❡r❛❝✐ó♥ ♥♦ r❡❝✉♣❡r❛ ❡❧ ❞❛t♦ ❛❧ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ✜❧❛ ✭❡❧ ♣r✐♠❡r ❞❛t♦✮✱
só❧♦ ❧♦ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛✳ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥✿ ✐♥t ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛r ✭❋✐❧❛ ✯ s❡r✐❡✮❀
▲❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ❞❡✈✉❡❧✈❡ ✲✶ ❡♥ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ ❡rr♦r✱ s✐ ♥♦ ❞❡✈✉❡❧✈❡ ✵✳ ▲❛s ❡t❛♣❛s✿
✶✳ ❡❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ s✉♣❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♥t✐❡♥❡ ❧❛ ❞✐r❡❝❝✐ó♥ ❞❡❧ ✶❡r ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦✳
✷✳ ❡❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❛♣✉♥t❛ ❤❛❝✐❛ ❡❧ ✷❞♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✭❞❡s♣✉és ❞❡ ❧❛ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡❧ ✶❡r ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦✱
❡❧ ✷❞♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❡st❛ ❛❧ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ✜❧❛✮✳
✸✳ ❡❧ t❛♠❛ñ♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ✜❧❛ ❞✐s♠✐♥✉②❡ ✉♥ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦✳

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✷✳✸✹✿

▲❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥
✶ ✐♥t ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛r ✭ ❋✐❧❛ ✯ s❡r✐❡ ✮ ④
✷
✸ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✯ s✉♣❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❀
✹
✺ ✐❢ ✭ s❡r✐❡ ✲ ❃ t❛♠❛ ñ ♦ ❂❂ ✵✮
✻ r❡t✉r♥ ✲✶❀
✼
✽ s✉♣❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❂ s❡r✐❡ ✲ ❃ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❀
✾ s❡r✐❡ ✲ ❃ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❂ s❡r✐❡ ✲❃ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ✲❃ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❀
✶✵ ❢r❡❡ ✭ s✉♣❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✲❃ ❞❛t♦ ✮ ❀
✶✶ ❢r❡❡ ✭ s✉♣❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✮❀
✶✷ s❡r✐❡ ✲ ❃ t❛♠❛ ñ♦ ✲ ✲❀
✶✸
✶✹ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀

✷✵✼
✶✺
✶✻ ⑥

✶✷✳✺✳✹✳✸✳ ❱✐s✉❛❧✐③❛❝✐ó♥

P❛r❛ ♠♦str❛r ❧❛ ✜❧❛ ❡♥t❡r❛✱ ❞❡❜❡♠♦s ♣♦s✐❝✐♦♥❛r♥♦s ❛❧ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ✜❧❛ ✭❡❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❧♦
❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛✮✳ ▲✉❡❣♦✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❡❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦✱ ❧❛ ✜❧❛ ❡s r❡❝♦rr✐❞❛ ❞❡❧ ♣r✐♠❡r
❤❛❝✐❛ ❡❧ ✉❧t✐♠♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦✳ ▲❛ ❝♦♥❞✐❝✐ó♥ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡t❡♥❡rs❡ ❡s ❞❛❞❛ ♣♦r ❡❧ t❛♠❛ñ♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ✜❧❛✳ ▲❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥✿
✶ ✈♦✐❞ ♠✉❡str❛ ✭ ❋✐❧❛ ✯ s❡r✐❡ ✮ ④
✷
✸ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✯ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❀
✹ ✐♥t ✐ ❀
✺ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❂ s❡r✐❡ ✲❃ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❀
✻
✼ ❢♦r ✭✐ ❂✵❀ ✐t❛♠❛ ñ ♦ ❀✰✰ ✐✮ ④
✽ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ✪s ✧ ✱ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✲❃ ❞❛t♦ ✮❀
✾ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❂ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✲ ❃ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❀
✶✵ ⑥
✶✶
✶✷ ⑥

✶✷✳✺✳✹✳✹✳ ❘❡❝✉♣❡r❛❝✐ó♥

P❛r❛ r❡❝✉♣❡r❛r ❡❧ ❞❛t♦ ❛❧ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ✜❧❛ s✐♥ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛r❧♦✱ ❤❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ✉♥❛ ♠❛❝r♦✳ ▲❛ ♠❛❝r♦
❧❡❡ ❧♦s ❞❛t♦s ❛❧ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ✜❧❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❡❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ ✐♥✐❝✐♦✳ ★❞❡❢✐♥❡ ❢✐❧❛❴❞❛t♦✭s❡r✐❡✮s❡r✐❡✲❃
✐♥✐❝✐♦✲❃❞❛t♦❀

✶✷✳✺✳✺✳ ❊❥❡♠♣❧♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t♦

❱❡❛♠♦s ✉♥ ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t♦ ❞❡ ❧♦ ❛♥t❡s ❡①♣✉❡st♦✳

✶ ✴✯ ✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯❭
✷
✸ ✯ ❢✐❧❛ ✳❤ ✯
✹
✺ ❭✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯ ✯✴
✻
✼ t②♣❡❞❡❢ str✉❝t ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦▲✐st❛ ④
✽ ❝❤❛r ✯ ❞❛t♦ ❀
✾ str✉❝t ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦▲✐st❛ ✯ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❀
✶✵ ⑥ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❀
✶✶
✶✷ t②♣❡❞❡❢ str✉❝t ▲✐st❛❯❜✐❝❛❝✐ ó ♥④
✶✸ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✯ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❀
✶✹ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✯ ❢✐♥ ❀
✶✺ ✐♥t t❛♠❛ ñ ♦❀

✷✵✽
✶✻ ⑥ ❋✐❧❛ ❀
✶✼
✶✽ ✴✯ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧✐③❛❝✐ ó ♥ ✯✴
✶✾
✷✵ ✈♦✐❞ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧✐③❛❝✐ ó ♥ ✭ ❋✐❧❛ ✯ s❡r✐❡ ✮❀
✷✶
✷✷ ✴✯ ■♥s❡rt❛r ✯✴
✷✸
✷✹ ✐♥t ✐♥s❡rt❛r ✭ ❋✐❧❛ ✯ s❡r✐❡ ✱ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✯ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✱ ❝❤❛r ✯ ❞❛t♦ ✮ ❀
✷✺
✷✻ ✴✯ ❊❧✐♠✐♥❛r ✯✴
✷✼
✷✽ ✐♥t ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛r ✭ ❋✐❧❛ ✯ s❡r✐❡ ✮❀
✷✾
✸✵ ✴✯ ❋✐rst■♥❋✐rst❖✉t ✯✴
✸✶
✸✷ ★ ❞❡❢✐♥❡ ❢✐❧❛❴❞❛t♦ ✭ s❡r✐❡ ✮ s❡r✐❡ ✲ ❃ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ✲❃ ❞❛t♦
✸✸
✸✹ ✴✯ ▼✉❡str❛ ❧❛ ❋✐❧❛ ✯✴
✸✺
✸✻ ✈♦✐❞ ♠✉❡str❛ ✭ ❋✐❧❛ ✯ s❡r✐❡ ✮ ❀
✸✼
✸✽ ✴✴ ❢✐❧❛❴❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥ ✳❤
✸✾
✹✵ ✴✯ ✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯❭
✹✶
✹✷ ✯ ❢✐❧❛❴❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥ ✳❤ ✯
✹✸
✹✹ ❭✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯ ✯✴
✹✺
✹✻ ✈♦✐❞ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧✐③❛❝✐ ó ♥ ✭ ❋✐❧❛ ✯ s❡r✐❡ ✮ ④
✹✼ s❡r✐❡ ✲ ❃ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❂ ◆❯▲▲ ❀
✹✽ s❡r✐❡ ✲ ❃ ❢✐♥ ❂ ◆❯▲▲ ❀
✹✾ s❡r✐❡ ✲ ❃ t❛♠❛ ñ ♦ ❂ ✵❀
✺✵ ⑥
✺✶
✺✷ ✴✯ ✐♥s❡rt❛r ✭ ❛ñ ❛❞✐r ✮ ✉♥ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❡♥ ❧❛ ❋✐❧❛ ✯✴
✺✸
✺✹ ✐♥t ✐♥s❡rt❛r ✭ ❋✐❧❛ ✯ s❡r✐❡ ✱ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✯ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✱ ❝❤❛r ✯ ❞❛t♦ ✮ ④
✺✺ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✯ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❀
✺✻
✺✼ ✐❢ ✭✭ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❂ ✭ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✯✮ ♠❛❧❧♦❝ ✭ s✐③❡♦❢ ✭ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✮✮ ✮
❂❂ ◆❯▲▲ ✮
✺✽ r❡t✉r♥ ✲✶❀
✺✾
✻✵ ✐❢ ✭✭ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✲❃ ❞❛t♦ ❂ ✭ ❝❤❛r ✯✮ ♠❛❧❧♦❝ ✭✺✵ ✯ s✐③❡♦❢ ✭ ❝❤❛r
✮✮ ✮ ❂❂ ◆❯▲▲ ✮

✷✵✾
 ✻✶ r❡t✉r♥ ✲✶❀
✻✷
✻✸ str❝♣② ✭ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✲❃ ❞❛t♦ ✱ ❞❛t♦ ✮❀
✻✹
✻✺ ✐❢ ✭ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❂❂ ◆❯▲▲ ✮ ④
✻✻ ✐❢ ✭ s❡r✐❡ ✲ ❃ t❛♠❛ ñ ♦ ❂❂ ✵✮
✻✼ s❡r✐❡ ✲❃ ❢✐♥ ❂ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❀
✻✽
✻✾ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✲❃ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❂ s❡r✐❡ ✲ ❃ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❀
✼✵ s❡r✐❡ ✲ ❃ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❂ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❀
✼✶
✼✷ ⑥ ❡❧s❡ ④
✼✸ ✐❢ ✭ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✲❃ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❂❂ ◆❯▲▲ ✮
✼✹ s❡r✐❡ ✲❃ ❢✐♥ ❂ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❀
✼✺
✼✻ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✲❃ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❂ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✲❃ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❀
✼✼ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✲❃ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❂ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❀
✼✽
✼✾ ⑥
✽✵
✽✶ s❡r✐❡ ✲ ❃ t❛♠❛ ñ ♦❀
✽✷
✽✸ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✽✹
✽✺ ⑥
✽✻
✽✼ ✴✯ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛r ✭ q✉✐t❛r ✮ ✉♥ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❋✐❧❛ ✯✴
✽✽
✽✾ ✐♥t ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛r ✭ ❋✐❧❛ ✯ s❡r✐❡ ✮ ④
✾✵
✾✶ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✯ s✉♣❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❀
✾✷
✾✸ ✐❢ ✭ s❡r✐❡ ✲ ❃ t❛♠❛ ñ ♦ ❂❂ ✵✮
✾✹ r❡t✉r♥ ✲✶❀
✾✺
✾✻ s✉♣❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❂ s❡r✐❡ ✲ ❃ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❀
✾✼ s❡r✐❡ ✲ ❃ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❂ s❡r✐❡ ✲❃ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ✲❃ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❀
✾✽ ❢r❡❡ ✭ s✉♣❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✲❃ ❞❛t♦ ✮ ❀
✾✾ ❢r❡❡ ✭ s✉♣❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦♦ ✮❀
✶✵✵ s❡r✐❡ ✲ ❃ t❛♠❛ ñ♦ ✲ ✲❀
✶✵✶
✶✵✷ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✶✵✸
✶✵✹ ⑥
✶✵✺
✶✵✻ ✴✯ ✈✐s✉❛❧✐③❛❝✐ ó♥ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❋✐❧❛ ✯✴
✶✵✼

✷✶✵
✶✵✽ ✈♦✐❞ ♠✉❡str❛ ✭ ❋✐❧❛ ✯ s❡r✐❡ ✮ ④
✶✵✾
✶✶✵ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✯ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❀
✶✶✶ ✐♥t ✐ ❀
✶✶✷ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❂ s❡r✐❡ ✲❃ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❀
✶✶✸
✶✶✹ ❢♦r ✭✐ ❂✵❀ ✐t❛♠❛ ñ ♦ ❀✰✰ ✐✮ ④
✶✶✺ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ✪s ✧ ✱ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✲❃ ❞❛t♦ ✮❀
✶✶✻ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❂ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✲ ❃ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❀
✶✶✼ ⑥
✶✶✽
✶✶✾ ⑥
✶✷✵
✶✷✶ ❢✐❧❛ ✳ ❝
✶✷✷
✶✷✸ ✴✯ ✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯❭
✶✷✹
✶✷✺ ✯ ❢✐❧❛ ✳❝ ✯
✶✷✻
✶✷✼ ❭✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯ ✯✴
✶✷✽
✶✷✾ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡
✶✸✵
✶✸✶ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡
✶✸✷
✶✸✸ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡
✶✸✹
✶✸✺ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ✧ ❢✐❧❛ ✳ ❤✧
✶✸✻
✶✸✼ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ✧ ❢✐❧❛❴❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥ ✳❤ ✧
✶✸✽
✶✸✾ ✐♥t ♠❛✐♥ ✭✮ ④
✶✹✵
✶✹✶ ❋✐❧❛ ✯ s❡r✐❡ ❀
✶✹✷ ❝❤❛r ✯ ♥♦♠ ❀
✶✹✸
✶✹✹ ✐❢ ✭✭ s❡r✐❡ ❂ ✭ ❋✐❧❛ ✯✮ ♠❛❧❧♦❝ ✭ s✐③❡♦❢ ✭ ❋✐❧❛ ✮✮✮ ❂❂ ◆❯▲▲ ✮
✶✹✺ r❡t✉r♥ ✲✶❀
✶✹✻
✶✹✼ ✐❢ ✭✭ ♥♦♠ ❂ ✭ ❝❤❛r ✯✮ ♠❛❧❧♦❝ ✭✺✵ ✯ s✐③❡♦❢ ✭ ❝❤❛r ✮ ✮✮ ❂❂ ◆❯▲▲ ✮
✶✹✽ r❡t✉r♥ ✲✶❀
✶✹✾
✶✺✵ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧✐③❛❝✐ ó♥ ✭ s❡r✐❡ ✮❀
✶✺✶ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ■♥❣r❡s❡ ✉♥❛ ♣❛❧❛❜r❛ ✿ ✧✮ ❀
✶✺✷ s❝❛♥❢ ✭✧ ✪s ✧ ✱ ♥♦♠ ✮ ❀
✶✺✸ ✐♥s❡rt❛r ✭ s❡r✐❡ ✱ s❡r✐❡ ✲ ❃ ❢✐♥ ✱ ♥♦♠ ✮ ❀
✶✺✹ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ▲❛ ❢✐❧❛ ✭ ✪❞❡ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ✮ ❭♥✧ ✱ s❡r✐❡ ✲ ❃ t❛♠❛ ñ ♦✮❀

✷✶✶
✶✺✺ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❭ ♥■♥✐❝✐♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❋■▲❆ ❬ ✧✮❀
✶✺✻ ♠✉❡str❛ ✭ s❡r✐❡ ✮ ❀ ✴✯ ❡❧ ♣r✐♠❡r♦ ❡♥ ❡♥tr❛r ❡s ♠♦str❛❞♦ ✯✴
✶✺✼ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❪ ❋✐♥ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❋■▲❆ ❭♥ ❭♥✧✮❀
✶✺✽ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ■♥❣r❡s❡ ✉♥❛ ♣❛❧❛❜r❛ ✿ ✧✮❀
✶✺✾ s❝❛♥❢ ✭✧ ✪s ✧ ✱ ♥♦♠ ✮ ❀
✶✻✵ ✐♥s❡rt❛r ✭ s❡r✐❡ ✱ s❡r✐❡ ✲ ❃ ❢✐♥ ✱ ♥♦♠ ✮ ❀
✶✻✶ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ▲❛ ❢✐❧❛ ✭ ✪❞❡ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ✮❭ ♥✧ ✱ s❡r✐❡ ✲ ❃ t❛♠❛ ñ ♦✮❀
✶✻✷ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❭ ♥■♥✐❝✐♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❋■▲❆ ❬ ✧✮❀
✶✻✸ ♠✉❡str❛ ✭ s❡r✐❡ ✮ ❀ ✴✯ ❡❧ ♣r✐♠❡r ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❡s ♠♦str❛❞♦ ✯✴
✶✻✹ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❪ ❋✐♥ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❋■▲❆ ❭♥ ❭♥✧✮❀
✶✻✺ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ■♥❣r❡s❡ ✉♥❛ ♣❛❧❛❜r❛ ✿ ✧✮❀
✶✻✻ s❝❛♥❢ ✭✧ ✪s ✧ ✱ ♥♦♠ ✮ ❀
✶✻✼ ✐♥s❡rt❛r ✭ s❡r✐❡ ✱ s❡r✐❡ ✲ ❃ ❢✐♥ ✱ ♥♦♠ ✮ ❀
✶✻✽ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ▲❛ ❢✐❧❛ ✭ ✪❞❡ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ✮❭ ♥✧ ✱ s❡r✐❡ ✲ ❃ t❛♠❛ ñ ♦✮❀
✶✻✾ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❭ ♥■♥✐❝✐♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❋■▲❆ ❬ ✧✮❀
✶✼✵ ♠✉❡str❛ ✭ s❡r✐❡ ✮ ❀ ✴✯ ❡❧ ♣r✐♠❡r♦ ❡♥ ❡♥tr❛r ❡s ♠♦str❛❞♦ ✯✴
✶✼✶ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❪ ❋✐♥ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❋■▲❆ ❭♥ ❭♥✧✮❀
✶✼✷ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❭ ♥❊❧ ♣r✐♠❡r♦ ❡♥ ❡♥tr❛r ✭ ❋✐rst■♥❋✐rst❖✉t ✮ ❬ ✪s ❪ ❡s
❡❧✐♠✐♥❛❞♦ ✧ ✱
✶✼✸ ❢✐❧❛❴❞❛t♦ ✭ s❡r✐❡ ✮ ✮❀
✶✼✹ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❭ ♥❊❧ ♣r✐♠❡r ❡♥ ❡♥tr❛r ❡s ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛❞♦ ❭♥✧✮ ❀
✶✼✺ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛r ✭ s❡r✐❡ ✮ ❀ ✴✯ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛❝✐ ó♥ ❞❡❧ ♣r✐♠❡r ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✐♥❣r❡s❛❞♦
✯✴
✶✼✻ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ▲❛ ❢✐❧❛ ✭ ✪❞❡ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ✮✿ ❭♥ ✧ ✱ s❡r✐❡ ✲❃ t❛♠❛ ñ♦✮ ❀
✶✼✼ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❭ ♥■♥✐❝✐♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❋■▲❆ ❬ ✧✮❀
✶✼✽ ♠✉❡str❛ ✭ s❡r✐❡ ✮ ❀
✶✼✾ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❪ ❋✐♥ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❋■▲❆ ❭♥ ❭♥✧✮❀
✶✽✵
✶✽✶ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✶✽✷
✶✽✸ ⑥

✶✷✳✻✳ ▲✐st❛s ❝✐r❝✉❧❛r❡s

✶✷✳✻✳✶✳ ■♥tr♦❞✉❝❝✐ó♥
❊❧ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ❡st❡ ❛♣❛rt❛❞♦ ❡s ❝♦♠♣r❡♥❞❡r ❧❛s ❧✐st❛s ❝✐r❝✉❧❛r❡s

✶✷✳✻✳✷✳ ❉❡✜♥✐❝✐ó♥
▲❛ ❧✐st❛ ❝✐r❝✉❧❛r ❡s ✉♥❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐❡ ❞❡ ❧✐st❛ ❡♥❧❛③❛❞❛ s✐♠♣❧❡ ♦ ❞♦❜❧❡♠❡♥t❡ ❡♥❧❛③❛❞❛✱ ♣❡r♦ q✉❡ ♣♦s❡❡
✉♥❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ ❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❡❧ ❞❡s♣❧❛③❛♠✐❡♥t♦ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛✱ ✑ést❛ ♥♦ t✐❡♥❡ ✜♥✑✳ P❛r❛
q✉❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ s❡❛ s✐♥ ✜♥✱ ❡❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡❧ ú❧t✐♠♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❛♣✉♥t❛ ❤❛❝✐❛ ❡❧ ♣r✐♠❡r ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦
❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ ❡♥ ❧✉❣❛r ❞❡ ❛♣✉♥t❛r ❛❧ ✈❛❧♦r ◆❯▲▲✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❤❡♠♦s ✈✐st♦ ❡♥ ❡❧ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ ❧✐st❛s ❡♥❧❛③❛❞❛s
s✐♠♣❧❡s ♦ ❞♦❜❧❡♠❡♥t❡ ❡♥❧❛③❛❞❛s✳

❊♥ ❧❛s ❧✐st❛s ❝✐r❝✉❧❛r❡s✱ ♥✉♥❝❛ s❡ ❧❧❡❣❛ ❛ ✉♥❛ ♣♦s✐❝✐ó♥ ❡♥ ❧❛ q✉❡ ②❛ ♥♦ s❡❛ ♣♦s✐❜❧❡ ❞❡s♣❧❛③❛rs❡✳
❈✉❛♥❞♦ ✉❜✐❝❛ ❛❧ ú❧t✐♠♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦✱ ❡❧ ❞❡s♣❧❛③❛♠✐❡♥t♦ ✈✉❡❧✈❡ ❛ ❝♦♠❡♥③❛r ❞❡s❞❡ ❡❧ ♣r✐♠❡r ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦✳

✷✶✷
 ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✷✳✸✺✿

✶✷✳✻✳✸✳ ❈♦♥str✉❝❝✐ó♥ ❞❡❧ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ✉♥ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛

P❛r❛ ❞❡✜♥✐r ✉♥ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛✱ ❡❧ t✐♣♦ str✉❝t ❡s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦✳ ❊❧ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ ❝♦♥t✐❡♥❡
✉♥ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❞❛t♦ ② ✉♥ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡✳ ❊❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡❜❡ s❡r ❞❡❧ ♠✐s♠♦ t✐♣♦ q✉❡ ❡❧
❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦✱ ❡♥ ❝❛s♦ ❝♦♥tr❛r✐♦ ♥♦ ♣♦❞rá ❛♣✉♥t❛r ❤❛❝✐❛ ❡❧ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦✳ ❊❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛ ❡❧
❛❝❝❡s♦ ❤❛❝✐❛ ❡❧ ♣ró①✐♠♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦✳
✶ t②♣❡❞❡❢ str✉❝t ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦▲✐st❛ ④
✷ ❝❤❛r ✯ ❞❛t♦ ❀
✸ str✉❝t ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦▲✐st❛ ✯ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❀
✹ ⑥ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❀
P❛r❛ t❡♥❡r ❡❧ ❝♦♥tr♦❧ ❞❡ ❧ ❛❧✐st❛ ❡s ♣r❡❢❡r✐❜❧❡ ❣✉❛r❞❛r ❝✐❡rt♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s✿ ❡❧ ♣r✐♠❡r ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦✱ ❡❧
ú❧t✐♠♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦✱ ❡❧ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s✳ P❛r❛ ❡❧❧♦✱ ♦tr❛ ❡str✉❝t✉r❛ ❡s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ✭♥♦ ❡s ♦❜❧✐❣❛t♦r✐♦✱
♣✉❡❞❡♥ s❡r ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s✮
✶ t②♣❡❞❡❢ str✉❝t ▲✐st❛■❞❡♥t✐❢✐❝❛r ④
✷ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✯ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❀
✸ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✯ ❢✐♥ ❀
✹ ✐♥t t❛♠❛ ñ♦❀
✺ ⑥ ▲✐st❛ ❀
❊❧ ♣✉♥t❡r ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❝♦♥t✐❡♥❡ ❧❛ ❞✐r❡❝❝✐ó♥ ❞❡❧ ♣r✐♠❡r ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛✳ ❊❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ ✜♥ ❝♦♥t✐❡♥❡ ❧❛
❞✐r❡❝❝✐ó♥ ❞❡❧ ✉❧t✐♠♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛✳ ▲❛ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ t❛♠❛ñ♦ ❝♦♥t✐❡♥❡ ❡❧ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s✳
❈✉❛❧q✉✐❡r❛ q✉❡ s❡❛ ❧❛ ♣♦s✐❝✐ó♥ ❡♥ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛✱ ❧♦s ♣✉♥t❡r♦s ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ② ✜♥ s✐❡♠♣r❡ ❛♣✉♥t❛r❛♥ ❤❛❝✐❛ ❡❧ ✶❡r
② ❡❧ ú❧t✐♠♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ❊❧ ❝❛♠♣♦ t❛♠❛ñ♦ ❝♦♥t✐❡♥❡ ❡❧ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❧❛
❧✐st❛ ❝✉❛❧q✉✐❡r❛ s❡❛ ❧❛ ♦♣❡r❛❝✐ó♥ ❡❢❡❝t✉❛❞❛ s♦❜r❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛✳

✶✷✳✻✳✹✳ ❖♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❡s s♦❜r❡ ❧❛s ❧✐st❛s ❝✐r❝✉❧❛r❡s

✶✷✳✻✳✹✳✶✳ ■♥✐❝✐❛❧✐③❛❝✐ó♥

▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥✿ ✈♦✐❞ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧✐③❛❝✐ó♥ ✭▲✐st❛ ✯❧✐st❛✮❀

❊st❛ ♦♣❡r❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡❜❡ s❡r ❤❡❝❤❛ ❛♥t❡s ❞❡ ❝✉❛❧q✉✐❡r ♦tr❛ ♦♣❡r❛❝✐ó♥ s♦❜r❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛✳ ■♥✐❝✐❛ ❡❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦
✐♥✐❝✐♦ ② ❡❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ ✜♥ ❝♦♥ ❡❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ ◆❯▲▲✱ ② ❡❧ t❛♠❛ñ♦ ❝♦♥ ❡❧ ✈❛❧♦r ✵✳ ▲❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥✿
✶ ✈♦✐❞ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧✐③❛❝✐ ó ♥ ✭ ▲✐st❛ ✯ ❧✐st❛ ✮④
✷ ❧✐st❛ ✲ ❃ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❂ ◆❯▲▲ ❀
✸ ❧✐st❛ ✲ ❃ ❢✐♥ ❂ ◆❯▲▲ ❀
✹ t❛♠❛ ñ ♦ ❂ ✵❀
✺ ⑥

✷✶✸
■♥s❡r❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ✉♥ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❡♥ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛

❆ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛❝✐ó♥ ❡❧ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❞❡ ✐♥s❡r❝✐ó♥ ② r❡❣✐str♦ ❞❡ ❧♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s✿

✶✳ ❞❡❝❧❛r❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡❧ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❛ ✐♥s❡rt❛r
✷✳ ❛s✐❣♥❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❧❛ ♠❡♠♦r✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❡❧ ♥✉❡✈♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦✳
✸✳ r❡❧❧❡♥❛r ❡❧ ❝♦♥t❡♥✐❞♦ ❞❡❧ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s✳
✹✳ ❛❝t✉❛❧✐③❛r ❧♦s ♣✉♥t❡r♦s ❤❛❝✐❛ ❡❧ ♣r✐♠❡r ② ✉❧t✐♠♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ s✐ ❡s ♥❡❝❡s❛r✐♦✳
✺✳ ❈❛s♦ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r✿ ❡♥ ✉♥❛ ❧✐st❛ ❝♦♥ ✉♥ só❧♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦✱ ❡❧ ♣r✐♠❡r ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❡s ❛❧ ♠✐s♠♦ t✐❡♠♣♦
❡❧ ✉❧t✐♠♦✳
✻✳ ❆❝t✉❛❧✐③❛r ❡❧ t❛♠❛ñ♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛✳

■♥s❡r❝✐ó♥ ❡♥ ✉♥❛ ❧✐st❛ ✈❛❝í❛ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥✿ ✐♥t ✐♥s❴❧✐st❛❴❝✐r❝❴✈❛❝✐❛✭▲✐st❛

✯ ❧✐st❛✱ ❝❤❛r ✯❞❛t♦✮❀
▲❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ❞❡✈✉❡❧✈❡ ✲✶ ❡♥ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ ❡rr♦r✱ s✐ ♥♦ ❞❡✈✉❡❧✈❡ ✵✳ ❊t❛♣❛s✿
✶✳ ❛s✐❣♥❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ♠❡♠♦r✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❡❧ ♥✉❡✈♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦✳
✷✳ r❡❧❧❡♥❛r ❡❧ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s ❞❡❧ ♥✉❡✈♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦✳
✸✳ ❡❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡❧ ♥✉❡✈♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❛♣✉♥t❛rá ❤❛❝✐❛ s✐ ♠✐s♠♦ ✭❡s ❧❛ ❡t❛♣❛ q✉❡ ✈✉❡❧✈❡ ❛
❧❛ ❧✐st❛ ❝✐r❝✉❧❛r✮✳
✹✳ ❧♦s ♣✉♥t❡r♦s ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ② ✜♥ ❛♣✉♥t❛♥ ❤❛❝✐❛ ❡❧ ♥✉❡✈♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦✳
✺✳ ❡❧ t❛♠❛ñ♦ ❡s ❛❝t✉❛❧✐③❛❞♦

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✷✳✸✻✿

▲❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥✿
✶ ✴✯ ✐♥s❡r❝✐ ó♥ ❡♥ ✉♥❛ ❧✐st❛ ✈❛❝ í❛ ✯✴
✷
✸ ✐♥t ✐♥s❴❧✐st❛❴❝✐r❝❴✈❛❝✐❛ ✭ ▲✐st❛ ✯ ❧✐st❛ ✱ ❝❤❛r ✯ ❞❛t♦ ✮ ④
✹
✺ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✯ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❀
✻
✼ ✐❢ ✭✭ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❂ ✭ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✯✮ ♠❛❧❧♦❝ ✭ s✐③❡♦❢ ✭ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✮✮ ✮
❂❂ ◆❯▲▲ ✮

✷✶✹
 ✽ r❡t✉r♥ ✲✶❀
✾
✶✵ ✐❢ ✭✭ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✲❃ ❞❛t♦ ❂ ✭ ❝❤❛r ✯✮ ♠❛❧❧♦❝ ✭✺✵ ✯ s✐③❡♦❢ ✭ ❝❤❛r
✮✮ ✮ ❂❂ ◆❯▲▲ ✮
✶✶ r❡t✉r♥ ✲✶❀
✶✷
✶✸ str❝♣② ✭ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✲❃ ❞❛t♦ ✱ ❞❛t♦ ✮❀
✶✹ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✲❃ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❂ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❀
✶✺ ❧✐st❛ ✲ ❃ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❂ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❀
✶✻ ❧✐st❛ ✲ ❃ ❢✐♥ ❂ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❀
✶✼ ❧✐st❛ ✲ ❃ t❛♠❛ ñ ♦ ✰✰❀
✶✽
✶✾ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✷✵
✷✶ ⑥

■♥s❡r❝✐ó♥ ❡♥ ✉♥❛ ❧✐st❛ ♥♦ ✈❛❝í❛ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥✿ ✐♥t ✐♥s❴❧✐st❛❴❝✐r❝✭▲✐st❛ ✯

❧✐st❛✱ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✯❛❝t✉❛❧✱ ❝❤❛r ✯❞❛t♦✮❀
▲❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ❞❡✈✉❡❧✈❡ ✲✶ ❡♥ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ ❡rr♦r✱ s✐ ♥♦ ❞❡✈✉❡❧✈❡ ✵✳ ▲❛ ✐♥s❡r❝✐ó♥ s❡ ❡❢❡❝tú❛ ❛❧ ✜♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❧❛
❧✐st❛✳ ❊t❛♣❛s✿
✶✳ ❛s✐❣♥❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ♠❡♠♦r✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❡❧ ♥✉❡✈♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦✳
✷✳ ❧❧❡♥❛r ❡❧ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s ❞❡❧ ♥✉❡✈♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦✳
✸✳ ❡❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡❧ ♥✉❡✈♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❛♣✉♥t❛ ❤❛❝✐❛ ❧❛ ❞✐r❡❝❝✐ó♥ ❞❡❧ ♣r✐♠❡r ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦
✭❝♦♥s❡r✈❛r ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ ❝✐r❝✉❧❛r✮✳
✹✳ ❡❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ♥♦ ❝❛♠❜✐❛✳
✺✳ ❡❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ ✜♥ ❛♣✉♥t❛ ❤❛❝✐❛ ❡❧ ♥✉❡✈♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦✳
✻✳ ❡❧ t❛♠❛ñ♦ s❡ ✐♥❝r❡♠❡♥t❛ ❡♥ ✉♥❛ ✉♥✐❞❛❞✳

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✷✳✸✼✿

▲❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥✿

✷✶✺
 ✶ ✴✯ ✐♥s❡r❝✐ ó♥ ❡♥ ✉♥❛ ❧✐st❛ ♥♦ ✈❛❝ í❛ ✯✴
✷

✸ ✐♥t ✐♥s❴❧✐st❛❴❝✐r❝ ✭ ▲✐st❛ ✯ ❧✐st❛ ✱ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✯ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✱ ❝❤❛r ✯ ❞❛t♦ ✮

④
✹

✺ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✯ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❀
✻

✼ ✐❢ ✭✭ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❂ ✭ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✯✮ ♠❛❧❧♦❝ ✭ s✐③❡♦❢ ✭ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✮✮ ✮

❂❂ ◆❯▲▲ ✮
✽ r❡t✉r♥ ✲✶❀
✾

✶✵ ✐❢ ✭✭ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✲❃ ❞❛t♦ ❂ ✭ ❝❤❛r ✯✮ ♠❛❧❧♦❝ ✭✺✵ ✯ s✐③❡♦❢ ✭ ❝❤❛r

✮✮ ✮ ❂❂ ◆❯▲▲ ✮
✶✶ r❡t✉r♥ ✲✶❀
✶✷

✶✸ str❝♣② ✭ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✲❃ ❞❛t♦ ✱ ❞❛t♦ ✮❀

✶✹

✶✺ ✐❢ ✭ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✦❂ ❧✐st❛ ✲❃ ❢✐♥ ✮

✶✻ r❡t✉r♥ ✲✶❀
✶✼

✶✽ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✲❃ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❂ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✲❃ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❀

✶✾ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✲❃ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❂ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❀
✷✵ ❧✐st❛ ✲ ❃ ❢✐♥ ❂ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❀
✷✶ ❧✐st❛ ✲ ❃ t❛♠❛ ñ ♦ ✰✰❀
✷✷

✷✸ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✷✹

✷✺ ⑥

✶✷✳✻✳✹✳✷✳ ❊❧✐♠✐♥❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ✉♥ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❡♥ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛

❆ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛❝✐ó♥ ❡❧ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❞❡ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ✉♥ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛✿

✶✳ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ✉♥ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ t❡♠♣♦r❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❣✉❛r❞❛r ❧❛ ❞✐r❡❝❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❧♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❛ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛r✳

✷✳ ❡❧ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❛ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛r s❡ ❡♥❝✉❡♥tr❛ ❞❡s♣✉és ❞❡❧ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❛❝t✉❛❧✳

❍❛❝❡r ❛♣✉♥t❛r ❡❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡❧ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❤❛❝✐❛ ❧❛ ❞✐r❡❝❝✐ó♥ ❞❡❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡

❞❡❧ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❛ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛r✳

✶✳ ❧✐❜❡r❛r ❧❛ ♠❡♠♦r✐❛ ♦❝✉♣❛❞❛ ♣♦r ❡❧ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛❞♦✳

✷✳ ❛❝t✉❛❧✐③❛r ❡❧ t❛♠❛ñ♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛✳

P❛r❛ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛r ✉♥ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ ❤❛② ✈❛r✐❛s s✐t✉❛❝✐♦♥❡s✱ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛❝✐ó♥✿

✶✳ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛✳ ✐t❡♠ ❞❡❧ ú❧t✐♠♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛✳

✷✶✻
 ❊❧✐♠✐♥❛❝✐ó♥ ❛❧ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥✿ ✐♥t s✉♣❴❧✐st❴❝✐r❝✭▲✐st❛ ✯
❧✐st❛✮❀
▲❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ❞❡✈✉❡❧✈❡ ✲✶ ❡♥ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ ❡rr♦r✱ s✐ ♥♦ ❞❡✈✉❡❧✈❡ ✵✳ ❊t❛♣❛s✿

✶✳ ❡❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ s✉♣❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♥t✐❡♥❡ ❧❛ ❞✐r❡❝❝✐ó♥ ❞❡❧ ♣r✐♠❡r ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦✳

✷✳ ❡❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❛♣✉♥t❛ ❤❛❝✐❛ ❡❧ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦✳

✸✳ ❡❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡❧ ✉❧t✐♠♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❛♣✉♥t❛ ❤❛❝✐❛ ❡❧ ♣r✐♠❡r ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✭q✉❡ ❡r❛ ❡❧ s❡❣✉♥❞♦
❛♥t❡s ❞❡ ❧❛ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛❝✐ó♥✮✳

✹✳ ❡❧ t❛♠❛ñ♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ ❞✐s♠✐♥✉②❡ ❡♥ ✶ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦✳

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✷✳✸✽✿

▲❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥✿

✶ ✴✯ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛❝✐ ó ♥ ❛❧ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ ✯✴

✷
✸ ✐♥t s✉♣❴❧✐st❛❴❝✐r❝ ✭ ▲✐st❛ ✯ ❧✐st❛ ✮ ④
✹
✺ ✐❢ ✭ ❧✐st❛ ✲ ❃ t❛♠❛ ñ ♦ ❁ ✷✮
✻ r❡t✉r♥ ✲✶❀
✼
✽ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✯ s✉♣❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t ❀
✾ s✉♣❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❂ ❧✐st❛ ✲ ❃ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❀
✶✵ ❧✐st❛ ✲ ❃ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❂ ❧✐st❛ ✲❃ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ✲❃ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❀
✶✶ ❧✐st❛ ✲ ❃ ❢✐♥ ✲❃ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❂ ❧✐st❛ ✲❃ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❀
✶✷ ❢r❡❡ ✭ s✉♣❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✲❃ ❞❛t♦ ✮ ❀
✶✸ ❢r❡❡ ✭ s✉♣❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✮❀
✶✹ ❧✐st❛ ✲ ❃ t❛♠❛ ñ♦ ✲ ✲❀
✶✺
✶✻ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✶✼
✶✽ ⑥

✷✶✼
 ❊❧✐♠✐♥❛❝✐ó♥ ❡♥ ✉♥❛ ❧✐st❛ ❝♦♥ ✉♥ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥✿ ✐♥t s✉♣❴❧✐st❴❝✐r❝❴✉♥✐❝❛
✭▲✐st❛ ✯❧✐st❛✮❀
▲❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ❞❡✈✉❡❧✈❡ ✲✶ ❡♥ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ ❡rr♦r✱ s✐ ♥♦ ❞❡✈✉❡❧✈❡ ✵✳ ❊t❛♣❛s✿
✶✳ ❡❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ s✉♣❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♥t✐❡♥❡ ❧❛ ❞✐r❡❝❝✐ó♥ ❞❡❧ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✭❧❛ ❧✐st❛ ❝♦♥t✐❡♥❡ ✉♥ só❧♦ ❡❧❡✲
♠❡♥t♦✮✳
✷✳ ❡❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❛♣✉♥t❛ ❤❛❝✐❛ ◆❯▲▲✳
✸✳ ❡❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ ✜♥ ❛♣✉♥t❛ ❤❛❝✐❛ ◆❯▲▲✳
✹✳ ❡❧ t❛♠❛ñ♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ ❞✐s♠✐♥✉②❡ ❡♥ ✉♥ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦✳

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✷✳✸✾✿

▲❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥✿
✶ ✴✯ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛❝✐ ó ♥ ❡♥ ✉♥❛ ❧✐st❛ ❝♦♥ ✉♥ s♦❧♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✯✴
✷
✸ ✐♥t s✉♣❴❧✐st❛❴❝✐r❝❴✉♥✐❝❛ ✭ ▲✐st❛ ✯ ❧✐st❛ ✮ ④
✹
✺ ✐❢ ✭ ❧✐st❛ ✲ ❃ t❛♠❛ ñ ♦ ✦❂ ✶✮
✻ r❡t✉r♥ ✲✶❀
✼
✽ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✯ s✉♣❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❀
✾ s✉♣❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❂ ❧✐st❛ ✲ ❃ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❀
✶✵ ❧✐st❛ ✲ ❃ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❂ ◆❯▲▲ ❀
✶✶ ❧✐st❛ ✲ ❃ ❢✐♥ ❂ ◆❯▲▲ ❀
✶✷ ❢r❡❡ ✭ s✉♣❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✲❃ ❞❛t♦ ✮ ❀
✶✸ ❢r❡❡ ✭ s✉♣❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✮❀
✶✹ ❧✐st❛ ✲ ❃ t❛♠❛ ñ♦ ✲ ✲❀
✶✺
✶✻ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✶✼
✶✽ ⑥

✷✶✽
✶✷✳✻✳✹✳✸✳ ❱✐s✉❛❧✐③❛❝✐ó♥
P❛r❛ ♠♦str❛r ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❛✱ ❡s ♥❡❝❡s❛r✐♦ ♣♦s✐❝✐♦♥❛rs❡ ❛❧ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ ✭❡❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ ✐♥✐❝✐♦
❧♦ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛✮✳ ▲✉❡❣♦✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❡❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦✱ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ ❡s r❡❝♦rr✐❞❛ ❞❡❧ ✶❡r
❛❧ ✉❧t✐♠♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦✳ ❊♥ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛❝✐ó♥ ❝♦♥ ❧❛s ❧✐st❛s s✐♠♣❧❡s ② ❞♦❜❧❡♠❡♥t❡ ❡♥❧❛③❛❞❛s✱ ❡♥ ❡❧ q✉❡ ❧❛
❝♦♥❞✐❝✐ó♥ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡t❡♥❡rs❡ ❡st❛ ❞❛❞❛ ♣♦r ❡❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡❧ ✉❧t✐♠♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦✱ q✉❡ ✈❛❧❡ ◆❯▲▲✱
♣❛r❛ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ ❝✐r❝✉❧❛r✱ ♥♦ ❤❛② ♣✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❞❡t❡♥❝✐ó♥✱ ❛ ♠❡♥♦s q✉❡ ❡❧✐❥❛♠♦s ✉♥♦✳ ❆ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛❝✐ó♥ ❞♦s
✈❛r✐❛♥t❡s ❞❡ ✈✐s✉❛❧✐③❛❝✐ó♥✿

✶✳ ▼♦str❛r ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ ✭❞❡❧ ♣r✐♠❡r ❛❧ ú❧t✐♠♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦✮✳

✷✳ ▼♦str❛r ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ s✐♥ ✉♥❛ ❝♦♥❞✐❝✐ó♥ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡t❡♥❡rs❡✳

▼♦str❛r ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ ✭❞❡❧ ✶❡r ❛❧ ú❧t✐♠♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦✮

❯t✐❧✐③❛r❡♠♦s ❡❧ t❛♠❛ñ♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❧❛ ❝♦♥❞✐❝✐ó♥ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡t❡♥❡rs❡✳ ▲❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥✿

✶ ✴✯ ♠♦str❛r ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ ✯✴
✷
✸ ✈♦✐❞ ♠♦str❛r ✭ ▲✐st❛ ✯ ❧✐st❛ ✮ ④
✹
✺ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✯ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❀
✻ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❂ ❧✐st❛ ✲❃ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❀
✼ ✐♥t ✐ ❀
✽
✾ ❢♦r ✭✐ ❂✵❀ ✐t❛♠❛ ñ ♦ ❀✰✰ ✐✮ ④
✶✵ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ✪♣ ✲ ✪s ❭♥✧ ✱ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✱ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✲ ❃ ❞❛t♦ ✮❀
✶✶ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❂ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✲ ❃ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❀
✶✷ ⑥
✶✸
✶✹ ⑥

▼♦str❛r ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ s✐♥ ✉♥❛ ❝♦♥❞✐❝✐ó♥ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡t❡♥❡rs❡ ✭✐♥❞❡✜♥✐❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ✮

▲❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥✿

✶ ✴✯ r❡❝♦rr❡r ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ ✐♥❞❡❢✐♥✐❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ✯✴

✷
✸ ✈♦✐❞ ♠♦str❛r❴✐♥❞❡❢✐♥✐❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ✭ ▲✐st❛ ✯ ❧✐st❛ ✮ ④
✹ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✯ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❀
✺ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❂ ❧✐st❛ ✲❃ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❀
✻
✼ ✇❤✐❧❡ ✭✶✮ ④
✽ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ✪♣ ✲ ✪s ❭♥✧ ✱ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✱ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✲ ❃ ❞❛t♦ ✮❀
✾ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❂ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✲ ❃ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❀
✶✵ ⑥
✶✶
✶✷ ⑥

✷✶✾
✶✷✳✻✳✹✳✹✳ ❉❡str✉❝❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛

P❛r❛ ❞❡str✉✐r ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❛✱ ❤❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ❛❧ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛❝✐ó♥ ❛❧ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ ②❛ q✉❡ ❡❧ t❛♠❛ñ♦

❡s ♠❛②♦r ❛ ✶✱ ❧✉❡❣♦ ❧❛ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛❝✐ó♥ ❡♥ ✉♥❛ ❧✐st❛ ❝♦♥ ✉♥ s♦❧♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦✳ ▲❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥✿

✶ ✴✯ ❞❡str✉✐r ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ ✯✴
✷

✸ ✈♦✐❞ ❞❡str✉✐r ✭ ▲✐st❛ ✯ ❧✐st❛ ✮ ④

✹

✺ ✇❤✐❧❡ ✭ ❧✐st❛ ✲ ❃ t❛♠❛ ñ♦ ❃ ✵✮ ④

✻ ✐❢ ✭ ❧✐st❛ ✲ ❃ t❛♠❛ ñ ♦ ❃ ✶✮
✼ s✉♣❴❧✐st❛❴❝✐r❝ ✭ ❧✐st❛ ✮❀
✽ ❡❧s❡
✾ s✉♣❴❧✐st❛❴❝✐r❝❴✉♥✐❝❛ ✭ ❧✐st❛ ✮❀
✶✵ ⑥
✶✶

✶✷ ⑥

✶✷✳✻✳✺✳ ❊❥❡♠♣❧♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t♦

❱❡❛♠♦s ✉♥ ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t♦ ❞❡ ❧♦ ❛♥t❡s ❡①♣✉❡st♦✳

✶ ✴✯ ✲✲✲✲✲✲✲✲✲✲ ❧✐st❛❴❝✐r❝ ✳❤ ✲✲✲✲✲✲✲✲✲✲✲ ✯✴

✷

✸ t②♣❡❞❡❢ str✉❝t ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦▲✐st❛❈✐r❝ ④

✹ ❝❤❛r ✯ ❞❛t♦ ❀
✺ str✉❝t ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦▲✐st❛❈✐r❝ ✯ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❀
✻ ⑥ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t ❀
✼

✽ t②♣❡❞❡❢ str✉❝t ▲✐st❛■❞❡♥t✐❢✐❝❛r❈✐r❝ ④

✾ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✯ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❀
✶✵ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✯ ❢✐♥ ❀
✶✶ ✐♥t t❛♠❛ ñ ♦❀
✶✷ ⑥ ▲✐st❛ ❀
✶✸

✶✹ ✴✯ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧✐③❛❝✐ ó ♥ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ ✯✴
✶✺

✶✻ ✈♦✐❞ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧✐③❛❝✐ ó ♥ ✭ ▲✐st❛ ✯ ❧✐st❛ ✮❀

✶✼

✶✽ ✴✯ ■◆❙❊❘❈■❖◆ ✯✴
✶✾

✷✵ ✴✯ ✐♥s❡r❝✐ ó♥ ❡♥ ✉♥❛ ❧✐st❛ ✈❛❝✐❛ ✯✴

✷✶

✷✷ ✐♥t ✐♥s❴❧✐st❛❴❝✐r❝❴✈❛❝✐❛ ✭ ▲✐st❛ ✯ ❧✐st❛ ✱ ❝❤❛r ✯ ❞❛t♦ ✮❀

✷✸

✷✹ ✐♥t ✐♥s❴❧✐st❛❴❝✐r❝ ✭ ▲✐st❛ ✯ ❧✐st❛ ✱ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✯ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✱ ❝❤❛r ✯ ❞❛t♦ ✮❀

✷✺

✷✻ ✴✯ ❊▲■▼■◆❆❈■❖◆ ✯✴

✷✷✵
✷✼
✷✽ ✐♥t s✉♣❴❧✐st❛❴❝✐r❝ ✭ ▲✐st❛ ✯ ❧✐st❛ ✮❀
✷✾
✸✵ ✐♥t s✉♣❴❧✐st❛❴❝✐r❝❴✉♥✐❝❛ ✭ ▲✐st❛ ✯ ❧✐st❛ ✮❀
✸✶
✸✷ ✐♥t ♠❡♥✉ ✭ ▲✐st❛ ✯ ❧✐st❛ ✮❀
✸✸
✸✹ ✈♦✐❞ ♠♦str❛r ✭ ▲✐st❛ ✯ ❧✐st❛ ✮❀
✸✺
✸✻ ✈♦✐❞ ♠♦str❛r❴✐♥❢✐♥✐t♦ ✭ ▲✐st❛ ✯ ❧✐st❛ ✮❀
✸✼
✸✽ ✈♦✐❞ ❞❡str✉✐r ✭ ▲✐st❛ ✯ ❧✐st❛ ✮❀
✸✾
✹✵ ✴✯ ✲✲✲✲✲✲✲✲ ❋■◆ ❧✐st❛❴❝✐r❝ ✳ ❤ ✲✲✲✲✲✲✲✲✲ ✯✴
✹✶
✹✷ ✯ ❧✐st❛❴❝✐r❝❴❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥ ✳❤ ✯
✹✸
✹✹ ✴✯ ✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯❭
✹✺
✹✻ ✯ ❧✐st❛❴❝✐r❝❴❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥ ✳❤ ✯
✹✼
✹✽ ❭✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯ ✯✴
✹✾
✺✵ ✈♦✐❞ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧✐③❛❝✐ ó ♥ ✭ ▲✐st❛ ✯ ❧✐st❛ ✮ ④
✺✶ ❧✐st❛ ✲ ❃ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❂ ◆❯▲▲ ❀
✺✷ ❧✐st❛ ✲ ❃ ❢✐♥ ❂ ◆❯▲▲ ❀
✺✸ ❧✐st❛ ✲ ❃ t❛♠❛ ñ ♦ ❂ ✵❀
✺✹ ⑥
✺✺
✺✻ ✴✯ ✐♥s❡r❝✐ ó♥ ❡♥ ✉♥❛ ❧✐st❛ ✈❛❝✐❛ ✯✴
✺✼
✺✽ ✐♥t ✐♥s❴❧✐st❛❴❝✐r❝❴✈❛❝✐❛ ✭ ▲✐st❛ ✯ ❧✐st❛ ✱ ❝❤❛r ✯ ❞❛t♦ ✮ ④
✺✾
✻✵ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✯ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❀
✻✶
✻✷ ✐❢ ✭✭ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❂ ✭ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✯✮ ♠❛❧❧♦❝ ✭ s✐③❡♦❢ ✭ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✮✮ ✮
❂❂ ◆❯▲▲ ✮
✻✸ r❡t✉r♥ ✲✶❀
✻✹
✻✺ ✐❢ ✭✭ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✲❃ ❞❛t♦ ❂ ✭ ❝❤❛r ✯✮ ♠❛❧❧♦❝ ✭✺✵ ✯ s✐③❡♦❢ ✭ ❝❤❛r
✮✮ ✮ ❂❂ ◆❯▲▲ ✮
✻✻ r❡t✉r♥ ✲✶❀
✻✼
✻✽ str❝♣② ✭ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✲❃ ❞❛t♦ ✱ ❞❛t♦ ✮❀
✻✾ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✲❃ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❂ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❀
✼✵ ❧✐st❛ ✲ ❃ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❂ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❀
✼✶ ❧✐st❛ ✲ ❃ ❢✐♥ ❂ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❀

✷✷✶
 ✼✷ ❧✐st❛ ✲ ❃ t❛♠❛ ñ ♦❀
✼✸
✼✹ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✼✺
✼✻ ⑥
✼✼
✼✽ ✴✯ ✐♥s❡r❝✐ ó♥ ❡♥ ✉♥❛ ❧✐st❛ ♥♦ ✈❛❝✐❛ ✯✴
✼✾
✽✵ ✐♥t ✐♥s❴❧✐st❛❴❝✐r❝ ✭ ▲✐st❛ ✯ ❧✐st❛ ✱ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✯ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✱ ❝❤❛r ✯ ❞❛t♦ ✮
④
✽✶
✽✷ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✯ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❀
✽✸
✽✹ ✐❢ ✭✭ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❂ ✭ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✯✮ ♠❛❧❧♦❝ ✭ s✐③❡♦❢ ✭ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✮✮ ✮
❂❂ ◆❯▲▲ ✮
✽✺ r❡t✉r♥ ✲✶❀
✽✻
✽✼ ✐❢ ✭✭ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✲❃ ❞❛t♦ ❂ ✭ ❝❤❛r ✯✮ ♠❛❧❧♦❝ ✭✺✵ ✯ s✐③❡♦❢ ✭ ❝❤❛r
✮✮ ✮ ❂❂ ◆❯▲▲ ✮
✽✽ r❡t✉r♥ ✲✶❀
✽✾
✾✵ str❝♣② ✭ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✲❃ ❞❛t♦ ✱ ❞❛t♦ ✮❀
✾✶
✾✷ ✐❢ ✭ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✦❂ ❧✐st❛ ✲❃ ❢✐♥ ✮
✾✸ r❡t✉r♥ ✲✶❀
✾✹
✾✺ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✲❃ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❂ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✲❃ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❀
✾✻ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✲❃ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❂ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❀
✾✼ ❧✐st❛ ✲ ❃ ❢✐♥ ❂ ♥✉❡✈♦❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❀
✾✽ ❧✐st❛ ✲ ❃ t❛♠❛ ñ ♦❀
✾✾
✶✵✵ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✶✵✶
✶✵✷ ⑥
✶✵✸
✶✵✹ ✴✯ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛❝✐ ó ♥ ❛❧ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ ✯✴
✶✵✺
✶✵✻ ✐♥t s✉♣❴❧✐st❛❴❝✐r❝ ✭ ▲✐st❛ ✯ ❧✐st❛ ✮ ④
✶✵✼
✶✵✽ ✐❢ ✭ ❧✐st❛ ✲ ❃ t❛♠❛ ñ ♦ ❁ ✷✮
✶✵✾ r❡t✉r♥ ✲✶❀
✶✶✵
✶✶✶ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✯ s✉♣❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❀
✶✶✷ s✉♣❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❂ ❧✐st❛ ✲ ❃ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❀
✶✶✸ ❧✐st❛ ✲ ❃ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❂ ❧✐st❛ ✲❃ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ✲❃ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❀
✶✶✹ ❧✐st❛ ✲ ❃ ❢✐♥ ✲❃ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❂ ❧✐st❛ ✲❃ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❀
✶✶✺ ❢r❡❡ ✭ s✉♣❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✲❃ ❞❛t♦ ✮ ❀

✷✷✷
✶✶✻ ❢r❡❡ ✭ s✉♣❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✮❀
✶✶✼ ❧✐st❛ ✲ ❃ t❛♠❛ ñ♦ ✲ ✲❀
✶✶✽
✶✶✾ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✶✷✵
✶✷✶ ⑥
✶✷✷
✶✷✸ ✴✯ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛❝✐ ó ♥ ❡♥ ✉♥❛ ❧✐st❛ ❝♦♥ ✉♥ s♦❧♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✯✴
✶✷✹
✶✷✺ ✐♥t s✉♣❴❧✐st❛❴❝✐r❝❴✉♥✐❝❛ ✭ ▲✐st❛ ✯ ❧✐st❛ ✮④
✶✷✻
✶✷✼ ✐❢ ✭ ❧✐st❛ ✲ ❃ t❛♠❛ ñ ♦ ✦❂ ✶✮
✶✷✽ r❡t✉r♥ ✲✶❀
✶✷✾
✶✸✵ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✯ s✉♣❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❀
✶✸✶ s✉♣❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❂ ❧✐st❛ ✲ ❃ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❀
✶✸✷ ❧✐st❛ ✲ ❃ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❂ ◆❯▲▲ ❀
✶✸✸ ❧✐st❛ ✲ ❃ ❢✐♥ ❂ ◆❯▲▲ ❀
✶✸✹ ❢r❡❡ ✭ s✉♣❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✲❃ ❞❛t♦ ✮ ❀
✶✸✺ ❢r❡❡ ✭ s✉♣❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✮❀
✶✸✻ ❧✐st❛ ✲ ❃ t❛♠❛ ñ♦ ✲ ✲❀
✶✸✼
✶✸✽ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✶✸✾
✶✹✵ ⑥
✶✹✶
✶✹✷ ✴✯ ♠♦str❛r ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ ✯✴
✶✹✸
✶✹✹ ✈♦✐❞ ♠♦str❛r ✭ ▲✐st❛ ✯ ❧✐st❛ ✮ ④
✶✹✺
✶✹✻ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✯ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❀
✶✹✼ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❂ ❧✐st❛ ✲❃ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❀
✶✹✽ ✐♥t ✐ ❀
✶✹✾
✶✺✵ ❢♦r ✭✐ ❂✵❀ ✐t❛♠❛ ñ ♦ ❀✰✰ ✐✮ ④
✶✺✶ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ✪♣ ✲ ✪s ❭♥✧ ✱ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✱ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✲ ❃ ❞❛t♦ ✮❀
✶✺✷ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❂ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✲ ❃ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❀
✶✺✸ ⑥
✶✺✹
✶✺✺ ⑥
✶✺✻
✶✺✼ ✴✯ r❡❝♦rr❡r ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ ✐♥❞❡❢✐♥✐❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ✯✴
✶✺✽
✶✺✾ ✈♦✐❞ ♠♦str❛r❴✐♥❢✐♥✐t♦ ✭ ▲✐st❛ ✯ ❧✐st❛ ✮ ④
✶✻✵
✶✻✶ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✯ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❀
✶✻✷ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❂ ❧✐st❛ ✲❃ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❀

✷✷✸
✶✻✸
✶✻✹ ✇❤✐❧❡ ✭✶✮ ④
✶✻✺ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ✪♣ ✲ ✪s ❭♥✧ ✱ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✱ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✲ ❃ ❞❛t♦ ✮❀
✶✻✻ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❂ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✲ ❃ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❀
✶✻✼ ⑥
✶✻✽
✶✻✾ ⑥
✶✼✵
✶✼✶ ✴✯ ❞❡str✉✐r ❧❛ ❧✐st❡ ✯✴
✶✼✷
✶✼✸ ✈♦✐❞ ❞❡str✉✐r ✭ ▲✐st❛ ✯ ❧✐st❛ ✮ ④
✶✼✹
✶✼✺ ✇❤✐❧❡ ✭ ❧✐st❛ ✲ ❃ t❛♠❛ ñ♦ ❃ ✵✮ ④
✶✼✻ ✐❢ ✭ ❧✐st❛ ✲ ❃ t❛♠❛ ñ ♦ ❃ ✶✮
✶✼✼ s✉♣❴❧✐st❛❴❝✐r❝ ✭ ❧✐st❛ ✮❀
✶✼✽ ❡❧s❡
✶✼✾ s✉♣❴❧✐st❛❴❝✐r❝❴✉♥✐❝❛ ✭ ❧✐st❛ ✮❀
✶✽✵ ⑥
✶✽✶
✶✽✷ ⑥
✶✽✸
✶✽✹ ✐♥t ♠❡♥✉ ✭ ▲✐st❛ ✯ ❧✐st❛ ✮④
✶✽✺
✶✽✻ ✐♥t ❡❧❡❝❝✐ ó♥ ❀ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯ ▼❊◆❯ ✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯❭ ♥✧✮❀
✶✽✼
✶✽✽ ✐❢ ✭ ❧✐st❛ ✲ ❃ t❛♠❛ ñ ♦ ❂❂ ✵✮ ④
✶✽✾ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ✶✳ ❆❞✐❝✐♦♥ ❞❡❧ ✶ ❡r ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❭♥✧✮❀
✶✾✵ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ✷✳ ◗✉✐t❛r ❭ ♥✧✮ ❀
✶✾✶ ⑥ ❡❧s❡ ④
✶✾✷ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ✶✳ ❆❞✐❝✐ ó♥ ❞❡ ✉♥ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❭♥ ✧✮❀
✶✾✸ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ✷✳ ❊❧✐♠✐♥❛❝✐ ó ♥ ❛❧ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ✭ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ ❞❡❜❡ t❡♥❡r ❛❧
♠❡♥♦s ✷ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ✮❭♥✧✮❀
✶✾✹ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ✸✳ ❊❧✐♠✐♥❛❝✐ ó ♥ ❡♥ ✉♥❛ ❧✐st❛ ❝♦♥ ✉♥ s♦❧♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❭ ♥✧
✮❀
✶✾✺ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ✹✳ ▼♦str❛r ❧✐st❛ ❝✐r❝✉❧❛r ❭♥ ✧✮❀
✶✾✻ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ✺✳ ▼♦str❛r ❧✐st❛ ❝✐r❝✉❧❛r ❬ ❈tr❧ ✲❈❪ ♣❛r❛ q✉✐t❛r ❡❧
♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❭ ♥✧✮ ❀
✶✾✼ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ✻✳ ❉❡str✉✐r ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ ❭♥✧✮ ❀
✶✾✽ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ✼✳ ◗✉✐t❛r ❭ ♥✧✮ ❀
✶✾✾ ⑥
✷✵✵
✷✵✶ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❭♥❭ ♥❊❧❡❣✐r ✿ ✧✮❀
✷✵✷ s❝❛♥❢ ✭✧ ✪❞ ✧ ✱ ✫ ❡❧❡❝❝✐ ó ♥✮❀
✷✵✸ ❣❡t❝❤❛r ✭✮ ❀
✷✵✹
✷✵✺ ⑥
✷✵✻

✷✷✹
✷✵✼ r❡t✉r♥ ❡❧❡❝❝✐ ó♥ ❀
✷✵✽
✷✵✾ ✴✯ ✲✲✲✲✲✲✲✲ ❋■◆ ❧✐st❛❴❝✐r❝❴❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥ ✲✲✲✲✲✲✲✲✲ ✯✴
✷✶✵
✷✶✶ ✯ ❧✐st❛❴❝✐r❝ ✳❝ ✯
✷✶✷
✷✶✸ ✴✯ ✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯❭
✷✶✹
✷✶✺ ✯ ❧✐st❛❴❝✐r❝ ✳❝ ✯
✷✶✻
✷✶✼ ❭✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯✯ ✯✴
✷✶✽
✷✶✾ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡
✷✷✵
✷✷✶ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡
✷✷✷
✷✷✸ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡
✷✷✹
✷✷✺ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ✧ ❧✐st❛❴❝✐r❝ ✳ ❤✧
✷✷✻
✷✷✼ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ✧ ❧✐st❛❴❝✐r❝❴❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥ ✳❤ ✧
✷✷✽
✷✷✾ ✐♥t ♠❛✐♥ ✭ ✈♦✐❞ ✮ ④
✷✸✵
✷✸✶ ❝❤❛r ❡❧❡❝❝✐ ó ♥❀
✷✸✷ ❝❤❛r ✯ ♥♦♠ ❀
✷✸✸ ▲✐st❛ ✯ ❧✐st❛ ❀
✷✸✹ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✯ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❀
✷✸✺
✷✸✻ ✐❢ ✭✭ ❧✐st❛ ❂ ✭ ▲✐st❛ ✯✮ ♠❛❧❧♦❝ ✭ s✐③❡♦❢ ✭ ❧✐st❛ ✮ ✮✮ ❂❂ ◆❯▲▲ ✮
✷✸✼ r❡t✉r♥ ✲✶❀
✷✸✽
✷✸✾ ✐❢ ✭✭ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ❂ ✭ ❝❤❛r ✯✮ ♠❛❧❧♦❝ ✭✺✵✮ ✮ ❂❂ ◆❯▲▲ ✮
✷✹✵ r❡t✉r♥ ✲✶❀
✷✹✶
✷✹✷ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❂ ◆❯▲▲ ❀
✷✹✸ ❡❧❡❝❝✐ ó♥ ❂ ✬♦ ✬❀
✷✹✹ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧✐③❛❝✐ ó♥ ✭ ❧✐st❛ ✮❀
✷✹✺
✷✹✻ ✇❤✐❧❡ ✭ ❡❧❡❝❝✐ ó♥ ✦❂ ✼✮ ④
✷✹✼ ❡❧❡❝❝✐ ó♥ ❂ ♠❡♥✉ ✭ ❧✐st❛ ✮ ❀
✷✹✽ s✇✐t❝❤ ✭ ❡❧❡❝❝✐ ó ♥✮④
✷✹✾
✷✺✵ ❝❛s❡ ✶✿
✷✺✶
✷✺✷ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ■♥❣r❡s❡ ✉♥ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✿ ✧✮❀
✷✺✸ s❝❛♥❢ ✭✧ ✪s ✧ ✱ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ✮ ❀

✷✷✺
✷✺✹ ❣❡t❝❤❛r ✭✮ ❀
✷✺✺
✷✺✻ ✐❢ ✭ ❧✐st❛ ✲ ❃ t❛♠❛ ñ ♦ ❂❂ ✵✮
✷✺✼ ✐♥s❴❧✐st❛❴❝✐r❝❴✈❛❝✐❛ ✭ ❧✐st❛ ✱ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ✮❀
✷✺✽ ❡❧s❡
✷✺✾ ✐♥s❴❧✐st❛❴❝✐r❝ ✭ ❧✐st❛ ✱ ❧✐st❛ ✲❃ ❢✐♥ ✱ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ✮ ❀
✷✻✵
✷✻✶ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ✪❞ ❡❧❡♠❡♥ts ✿ ❞❡❜❂ ✪s ✱ ❢✐♥❂ ✪s ❭♥✧ ✱ ❧✐st❛ ✲❃ t❛♠❛ ñ♦ ✱
❧✐st❛ ✲ ❃ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ✲❃ ❞❛t♦ ✱ ❧✐st❛ ✲❃ ❢✐♥ ✲❃ ❞❛t♦ ✮ ❀
✷✻✷ ♠♦str❛r ✭ ❧✐st❛ ✮ ❀
✷✻✸ ❜r❡❛❦ ❀
✷✻✹
✷✻✺ ❝❛s❡ ✷✿
✷✻✻
✷✻✼ ✐❢ ✭ ❧✐st❛ ✲ ❃ t❛♠❛ ñ ♦ ❁ ✷✮
✷✻✽ ❜r❡❛❦ ❀
✷✻✾
✷✼✵ s✉♣❴❧✐st❛❴❝✐r❝ ✭ ❧✐st❛ ✮❀
✷✼✶
✷✼✷ ✐❢ ✭ ❧✐st❛ ✲ ❃ t❛♠❛ ñ ♦ ✦❂ ✵✮
✷✼✸ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ✪❞ ❡❧❡♠❡♥ts ✿ ❞❡❜❂ ✪s ✱ ❢✐♥❂ ✪s ❭♥✧ ✱
✷✼✹
✷✼✺ ❧✐st❛ ✲❃ t❛♠❛ ñ♦ ✱
✷✼✻ ❧✐st❛ ✲❃ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ✲❃ ❞❛t♦ ✱
✷✼✼ ❧✐st❛ ✲❃ ❢✐♥ ✲❃ ❞❛t♦ ✮❀
✷✼✽ ♠♦str❛r ✭ ❧✐st❛ ✮ ❀
✷✼✾ ❜r❡❛❦ ❀
✷✽✵
✷✽✶ ❝❛s❡ ✸✿
✷✽✷
✷✽✸ ✐❢ ✭ ❧✐st❛ ✲ ❃ t❛♠❛ ñ ♦ ✦❂ ✶✮
✷✽✹ ❜r❡❛❦ ❀
✷✽✺
✷✽✻ s✉♣❴❧✐st❛❴❝✐r❝❴✉♥✐❝❛ ✭ ❧✐st❛ ✮❀
✷✽✼ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ▲❛ ❧✐st❛ ❡st á ✈❛❝✐❛ ❭♥ ✧✮❀
✷✽✽ ❜r❡❛❦ ❀
✷✽✾
✷✾✵ ❝❛s❡ ✹✿
✷✾✶
✷✾✷ ♠♦str❛r ✭ ❧✐st❛ ✮ ❀
✷✾✸ ❜r❡❛❦ ❀
✷✾✹
✷✾✺ ❝❛s❡ ✺✿
✷✾✻
✷✾✼ ♠♦str❛r❴✐♥❢✐♥✐t♦ ✭ ❧✐st❛ ✮ ❀
✷✾✽ ❜r❡❛❦ ❀
✷✾✾

✷✷✻
✸✵✵ ❝❛s❡ ✻✿
✸✵✶
✸✵✷ ❞❡str✉✐r ✭ ❧✐st❛ ✮ ❀
✸✵✸ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ ❤❛ s✐❞♦ ❞❡str✉✐❞❛ ✿ ✪❞❡ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❭♥✧ ✱
❧✐st❛ ✲❃ t❛♠❛ ñ ♦✮❀
✸✵✹ ❜r❡❛❦ ❀
✸✵✺
✸✵✻ ⑥
✸✵✼
✸✵✽ ⑥
✸✵✾
✸✶✵ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✸✶✶
✸✶✷ ⑥

✶✷✳✼✳ ❈♦❧❛s

❯♥❛ ❝♦❧❛ ❡s ✉♥❛ ❡str✉❝t✉r❛ ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s ❞♦♥❞❡ ❡❧ ♣r✐♠❡r ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❡♥ ❡♥tr❛r ❡s ❡❧ ♣r✐♠❡r♦ ❡♥ s❛❧✐r✱
t❛♠❜✐é♥ ❡str✉❝t✉r❛ ❋■❋❖ ✭❋✐rst ■♥✱ ❋✐rst ❖✉t✮✳

❊st❛ ❡str✉❝t✉r❛ ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s s❡ ❞❡✜♥❡ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♥❛ ❧✐st❛ ❡♥❧❛③❛❞❛ ❝♦♥ ❛❝❝❡s♦ ❋■❋❖ ❛ ❧❛ q✉❡ só❧♦ s❡
❛❝❝❡❞❡ ❛❧ ✜♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ ♣❛r❛ ✐♥❣r❡s❛r ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ② ❛❧ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣✐♦ ❞❡ ❡st❛ ♣❛r❛ s❛❝❛r❧♦s✳

▲♦s ♦♣❡r❛❞♦r❡s ❛s♦❝✐❛❞♦s ❛ ❡st❡ ❚❉❆ ② ❧❛s ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❡s q✉❡ ❧♦s ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛♥ ❡♥ ●▲✐❜ ➋ s♦♥✿ ❱❡❛♠♦s
❧❛ t❛❜❧❛ ✶✷✳✶✳

❖♣❡r❛❞♦r ❋✉♥❝✐♦♥❡s ❛s♦❝✐❛❞❛s ❛ ●◗✉❡✉❡✳

■♥✐❝✐❛r ❝♦❧❛✳ ●◗✉❡✉❡✯ ❣❴q✉❡✉❡❴♥❡✇ ✭✈♦✐❞✮
❈♦❧❛ ✈❛❝í❛✳ ❣❜♦♦❧❡❛♥ ❣❴q✉❡✉❡❴✐s❴❡♠♣t② ✭●◗✉❡✉❡✯ q✉❡✉❡✮
❈♦♥s✉❧t❛r ❢r❡♥t❡ ❝♦❧❛✳ ❣♣♦✐♥t❡r ❣❴q✉❡✉❡❴♣❡❡❦❴❤❡❛❞ ✭●◗✉❡✉❡✯ q✉❡✉❡✮
❈♦♥s✉❧t❛r ✜♥❛❧ ❝♦❧❛✳ ❣♣♦✐♥t❡r ❣❴q✉❡✉❡❴♣❡❡❦❴t❛✐❧ ✭●◗✉❡✉❡✯ q✉❡✉❡✮
▼❡t❡r ✈♦✐❞ ❣❴q✉❡✉❡❴♣✉s❤❴t❛✐❧ ✭●◗✉❡✉❡✯ q✉❡✉❡✱ ❣♣♦✐♥t❡r ❞❛t❛✮
❙❛❝❛r ❣♣♦✐♥t❡r ❣❴q✉❡✉❡❴♣♦♣❴❤❡❛❞ ✭●◗✉❡✉❡✯ q✉❡✉❡✮
❱❛❝✐❛r ❝♦❧❛✳ ✈♦✐❞ ❣❴q✉❡✉❡❴❢r❡❡ ✭●◗✉❡✉❡✯ q✉❡✉❡✮

❚❛❜❧❛ ✶✷✳✶✿ ❖♣❡r❛❞♦r❡s ❛s♦❝✐❛❞♦s ❛❧ ❚❉❆ ❈♦❧❛✳

✶✷✳✼✳✵✳✶✳ ■♥✐❝✐❛r ❝♦❧❛

❊❧ ♦♣❡r❛❞♦r ✑■♥✐❝✐❛r ❝♦❧❛✑ ❡s ❡❧ ❡♥❝❛r❣❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❝r❡❛r ✉♥❛ ♥✉❡✈❛ ❝♦❧❛ ② ♣♦♥❡r❧❛ ❡♥ ❡st❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❝♦❧❛
✈❛❝í❛✳ ❈r❡❛♥❞♦ ✉♥❛ ♥✉❡✈❛ ❝♦❧❛✳

✶ ●◗✉❡✉❡ ✯ ❝♦❧❛ ❀
✷ ❝♦❧❛ ❂ ❣❴q✉❡✉❡❴♥❡✇ ✭✮ ❀

✶✷✳✼✳✵✳✷✳ ❈♦❧❛ ✈❛❝í❛

❊st❡ ♦♣❡r❛❞♦r ✈❡r✐✜❝❛ s✐ ❧❛ ❝♦❧❛ ❡stá ✈❛❝í❛✳ ❊s ♥❡❝❡s❛r✐❛ s✉ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❝✐ó♥ ❛♥t❡s ❞❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ❧❛
♦♣❡r❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ✑s❛❝❛r ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s✑ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❝♦❧❛✳

✷✷✼
❋✉♥❝✐ó♥ q✉❡ ❝♦♠♣r✉❡❜❛ s✐ ✉♥❛ ❝♦❧❛ ❡stá ✈❛❝í❛✳
✶ ❣❜♦♦❧❡❛♥ ❝♦❧❛❴✈❛❝✐❛ ✭ ●◗✉❡✉❡ ✯ ❝♦❧❛ ✮ ④
✷ r❡t✉r♥ ❣❴q✉❡✉❡❴✐s❴❡♠♣t② ✭ ❝♦❧❛ ✮❀
✸ ⑥

✶✷✳✼✳✵✳✸✳ ❈♦♥s✉❧t❛r ❡❧ ❢r❡♥t❡

❊st❛ ♦♣❡r❛❝✐ó♥ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛ ❡❧ ❝♦♥t❡♥✐❞♦ ❞❡❧ ❢r❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❝♦❧❛ s✐♥ s❛❝❛r❧♦✳
❋✉♥❝✐ó♥ q✉❡ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛ ❡❧ ❢r❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❝♦❧❛✳
✶ ❣♣♦✐♥t❡r ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛r❴❢r❡♥t❡ ✭ ●◗✉❡✉❡ ✯ ❝♦❧❛ ✮ ④
✷ r❡t✉r♥ ❣❴q✉❡✉❡❴♣❡❡❦❴❤❡❛❞ ✭ ❝♦❧❛ ✮ ❀
✸ ⑥

✶✷✳✼✳✵✳✹✳ ❈♦♥s✉❧t❛r ❡❧ ✜♥❛❧

❊st❛ ♦♣❡r❛❝✐ó♥ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛ ❡❧ ❝♦♥t❡♥✐❞♦ ❞❡❧ ✜♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❝♦❧❛ s✐♥ s❛❝❛r❧♦✳
❋✉♥❝✐ó♥ q✉❡ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛ ❡❧ ✜♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❝♦❧❛✳
✶ ❣♣♦✐♥t❡r ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛r❴❢✐♥❛❧ ✭ ●◗✉❡✉❡ ✯ ❝♦❧❛ ✮ ④
✷ r❡t✉r♥ ❣❴q✉❡✉❡❴♣❡❡❦❴t❛✐❧ ✭ ❝♦❧❛ ✮ ❀
✸ ⑥

✶✷✳✼✳✵✳✺✳ ■♥tr♦❞✉❝✐r
❊st❡ ♦♣❡r❛❞♦r ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝❡ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❛❧ ✜♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❝♦❧❛✳
■♥tr♦❞✉❝✐r ✉♥ ♥✉❡✈♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❡♥ ❧❛ ❝♦❧❛✳
✶ ●◗✉❡✉❡ ✯ ♠❡t❡r❴❝♦❧❛ ✭ ●◗✉❡✉❡ ✯ ❝♦❧❛ ✱ ❣♣♦✐♥t❡r ❞❛t♦ ✮ ④
✷ ❣❴q✉❡✉❡❴♣✉s❤❴t❛✐❧ ✭ ❝♦❧❛ ✱ ❞❛t♦ ✮❀
✸ r❡t✉r♥ ❝♦❧❛ ❀
✹ ⑥

✶✷✳✼✳✵✳✻✳ ❙❛❝❛r
❊❧ ♦♣❡r❛❞♦r ✧s❛❝❛r✳❡❧✐♠✐♥❛ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡❧ ❢r❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❝♦❧❛✳
❙❛❝❛ ✉♥ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❝♦❧❛✳
✶ ❣♣♦✐♥t❡r s❛❝❛r❴❝♦❧❛ ✭ ●◗✉❡✉❡ ✯ ❝♦❧❛ ✮ ④
✷ ❣♣♦✐♥t❡r ❞❛t♦ ❀
✸ ❞❛t♦ ❂ ❣❴q✉❡✉❡❴♣♦♣❴❤❡❛❞ ✭ ❝♦❧❛ ✮❀
✹ r❡t✉r♥ ❞❛t♦ ❀
✺ ⑥

✷✷✽
✶✷✳✼✳✵✳✼✳ ❱❛❝✐❛r ❝♦❧❛

❊❧✐♠✐♥❛ ❡❧ ❝♦♥t❡♥✐❞♦ ❞❡ ✉♥❛ ❝♦❧❛ ② ❧❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛ ✈❛❝í❛✳

❱❛❝✐❛r ❧❛ ❝♦❧❛✳
✶ ❣❴q✉❡✉❡❴❢r❡❡ ✭ ❝♦❧❛ ✮❀

✶✷✳✼✳✶✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦s ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦

✶✳ ❯♥ ✉s✉❛r✐♦ r❡q✉✐❡r❡ ❞❡ ✉♥❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ✉♥ ♥✐✈❡❧ ♠ás ❛✈❛♥③❛❞♦ ❛❧ ❤❛❜✐t✉❛❧ ✉♥❛ ❧✐st❛ ❞❡
❡♥❧❛❝❡ s✐♠♣❧❡✱ ❞✐❝❤❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❝✐ó♥ ✐♥s❡rt❛r ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❛❧ ✜♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❧❛ ♠✐s♠❛✱ r❡❛❧✐③❛ ✉♥ ❧✐st❛❞♦ ❞❡
❧❛ ❧✐st❛✱ ② ❜♦rr❛ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛✳
✷✳ ❙❡ t✐❡♥❡ ✉♥❛ ❧✐st❛ ❞❡ ♥ ♣❛❝✐❡♥t❡s✱ ❝❛❞❛ ♣❛❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡❜❡ t❡♥❡r✭❝ó❞✐❣♦✱ ♥♦♠❜r❡s✱ ❛♣❡❧❧✐❞♦s✱
❞✐r❡❝❝✐ó♥✱ t❡❧é❢♦♥♦✮✱ s❡ q✉✐❡r❡ ❝r❡❛r ✉♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❛✿
❛ ✮ ❘❡❣✐str❛r ✉♥ ♥✉❡✈♦ ♣❛❝✐❡♥t❡✳
❜ ✮ ❊❧✐♠✐♥❛r ♣❛❝✐❡♥t❡ ✭❡♥ ❝✉❛❧q✉✐❡r ♣♦s✐❝✐ó♥✮✳
❝ ✮ ❆❝t✉❛❧✐③❛r P❛❝✐❡♥t❡s ✭♠♦❞✐✜❝❛r ❛❧❣ú♥ ❞❛t♦✮✳
❞ ✮ ▼♦str❛r ▲✐st❛❞♦✳
❡ ✮ ❈♦♣✐❛r ❞❛t♦s ❞❡ ✉♥ ♣❛❝✐❡♥t❡ ❛ ♦tr♦✳
✸✳ ■♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r ✉♥❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ q✉❡ r❡❝✐❜❡ ✉♥❛ ❧✐st❛ ❞❡ ❡♥t❡r♦s ▲ ② ✉♥ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❡♥t❡r♦ ♥ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛
q✉❡ ♠♦❞✐✜q✉❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ ♠❡❞✐❛♥t❡ ❡❧ ❜♦rr❛❞♦ ❞❡ t♦❞♦s ❧♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ q✉❡ t❡♥❣❛♥
❡st❡ ✈❛❧♦r✳
✹✳ ❊s❝r✐❜✐r ✉♥❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ❘❡❡♠♣❧❛③❛r q✉❡ t❡♥❣❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❛r❣✉♠❡♥t♦s ✉♥❛ ♣✐❧❛ ❝♦♥ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦
✐♥t ② ❞♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ✐♥t✿ ♥✉❡✈♦ ② ✈✐❡❥♦ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ q✉❡ s✐ ❡❧ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ✈❛❧♦r ❛♣❛r❡❝❡ ❡♥ ❛❧❣ú♥ ❧✉❣❛r
❞❡ ❧❛ ♣✐❧❛✱s❡❛ r❡❡♠♣❧❛③❛❞♦ ♣♦r ❡❧ s❡❣✉♥❞♦✳
✺✳ ■♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r ✉♥❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ▼❡③❝❧❛✷ q✉❡ t❡♥❣❛ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛rá♠❡tr♦s ❞♦s ❧✐st❛s ❞❡ ❡♥t❡r♦s ♦r❞❡✲
♥❛❞♦s ❞❡ ♠❡♥♦r ❛ ♠❛②♦r ② q✉❡ ❞❡✈✉❡❧✈❛ ✉♥❛ ♥✉❡✈❛ ❧✐st❛ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♥✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❛♠❜❛s ❝♦♥ s✉s
❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ♦r❞❡♥❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❧❛ ♠✐s♠❛ ❢♦r♠❛✳
✻✳ ❙✉♣♦♥❣❛♠♦s q✉❡ ❚❊❙❚ ❡s ❛❧❣✉♥❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ❇♦♦❧❡❛♥❛ q✉❡ t♦♠❛ ❝✉❛❧q✉✐❡r ❡♥t❡r♦ ❞❛❞♦ ②
❞❡✈✉❡❧✈❡ ✉♥ ✈❛❧♦r ✐❣✉❛❧ ♦ ❞✐st✐♥t♦ ❛ ❝❡r♦✳❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❡♠♦s ❡❧ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ s❡❣♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦✿
✶ ◆ ❂✸❀
✷ ♣❂ ❈r❡❛rP✐❧❛ ✭ s✐③❡♦❢ ✭ ✐♥t ✮✮ ❀
✸ ❢♦r ✭ ✐ ❂✶❀ ✐ ❁❂ ◆❀✐ ✰✰✮
✹ ✐❢ ✭ ❚❊❙❚ ✭✐ ✮✮
✺ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ✪❞✧ ✱✐✮ ❀
✻ ❡❧s❡ P✉s❤ ✭✫✐ ✱♣✮ ❀
✼ ✇❤✐❧❡ ✭✦ ❱❛❝✐❛P✐❧❛ ✭♣✮ ✮④
✽ ❚♦♣❡ ✭✫ ✐ ✱ ♣✮❀
✾ P♦♣ ✭♣ ✮❀
✶✵ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ✪❞✧ ✱✐✮ ❀
✶✶ ⑥

➽❈✉á❧❡s ❞❡ ❧❛s s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡s s♦♥ ♣♦s✐❜❧❡s s❛❧✐❞❛s ❞❡❧ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r❄✳

✷✷✾
 ❛✮ ✶ ✷ ✸

❜✮ ✶ ✸ ✷

❝✮ ✷ ✶ ✸

❞✮ ✸ ✶ ✷

❡✮ ✷ ✸ ✶

❢✮ ✸ ✷ ✶

✼✳ ❈♦♥str✉✐r ✉♥❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ q✉❡ s✉♠❡ ❧♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ✉♥❛ ❧✐st❛ ❞❡ ❡♥t❡r♦s r❡❝✉rs✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳

✽✳ ❈♦♥str✉✐r ✉♥❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ✑✐♠♣r✐♠❡■♥✈❡rs♦✑ q✉❡ ✐♠♣r✐♠❛ ❧♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ✉♥❛ ❧✐st❛ ❡♥❧❛③❛❞❛
❞❡ ❡♥t❡r♦s ❡♥ ♦r❞❡♥ ✐♥✈❡rs♦ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ✉♥❛ ♣♦s✐❝✐ó♥ ♣✳

✶✷✳✽✳ ➪r❜♦❧❡s

✶✷✳✽✳✶✳ ❉❡✜♥✐❝✐ó♥
❯♥ ár❜♦❧ ❡s ✉♥❛ ❡str✉❝t✉r❛ ♥♦ ❧✐♥❡❛❧ ❡♥ ❧❛ q✉❡ ❝❛❞❛ ♥♦❞♦ ♣✉❡❞❡ ❛♣✉♥t❛r ❛ ✉♥♦ ♦ ✈❛r✐♦s ♥♦❞♦s✳

❚❛♠❜✐é♥ s❡ s✉❡❧❡ ❞❛r ✉♥❛ ❞❡✜♥✐❝✐ó♥ r❡❝✉rs✐✈❛✿ ✉♥ ár❜♦❧ ❡s ✉♥❛ ❡str✉❝t✉r❛ ❡♥ ❝♦♠♣✉❡st❛ ♣♦r ✉♥
❞❛t♦ ② ✈❛r✐♦s ár❜♦❧❡s✳

❊st♦ s♦♥ ❞❡✜♥✐❝✐♦♥❡s s✐♠♣❧❡s✳ P❡r♦ ❧❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s q✉❡ ✐♠♣❧✐❝❛♥ ♥♦ ❧♦ s♦♥ t❛♥t♦✳

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✷✳✹✵✿

❉❡✜♥✐r❡♠♦s ✈❛r✐♦s ❝♦♥❝❡♣t♦s✳ ❊♥ r❡❧❛❝✐ó♥ ❝♦♥ ♦tr♦s ♥♦❞♦s✿

◆♦❞♦ ❤✐❥♦✿ ❝✉❛❧q✉✐❡r❛ ❞❡ ❧♦s ♥♦❞♦s ❛♣✉♥t❛❞♦s ♣♦r ✉♥♦ ❞❡ ❧♦s ♥♦❞♦s ❞❡❧ ár❜♦❧✳ ❊♥ ❡❧ ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦✱
✬▲✬② ✬▼✬s♦♥ ❤✐❥♦s ❞❡ ✬●✬✳

◆♦❞♦ ♣❛❞r❡✿ ❝♦♥t✐❡♥❡ ✉♥ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ ❛❧ ♥♦❞♦ ❛❝t✉❛❧✳ ❊♥ ❧❛ ✜❣✉r❛ ✶✷✳✹✵✱ ❡❧ ♥♦❞♦ ➪és ♣❛❞r❡ ❞❡
✬❇✬✱ ✬❈✬② ✬❉✬✳

▲♦s ár❜♦❧❡s ❝♦♥ q✉❡ tr❛❜❛❥❛♠♦s t✐❡♥❡♥ ♦tr❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡✿ ❝❛❞❛ ♥♦❞♦ só❧♦ ❡s ❛♣✉♥✲
t❛❞♦ ♣♦r ♦tr♦ ♥♦❞♦✱ ❡s ❞❡❝✐r✱ ❝❛❞❛ ♥♦❞♦ t✐❡♥❡ só❧♦ ✉♥ ♣❛❞r❡✳ ❊st♦ ❤❛❝❡ q✉❡ ❡st♦s ár❜♦❧❡s ❡sté♥
❢✉❡rt❡♠❡♥t❡ ❥❡r❛rq✉✐③❛❞♦s✱ ② ❡s ❧♦ q✉❡ ❡♥ r❡❛❧✐❞❛❞ ❧❡s ❞❛ ❧❛ ❛♣❛r✐❡♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ár❜♦❧❡s✳

❊♥ ❝✉❛♥t♦ ❛ ❧❛ ♣♦s✐❝✐ó♥ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡❧ ár❜♦❧✿

◆♦❞♦ r❛í③✿ ♥♦ t✐❡♥❡ ♣❛❞r❡✳ ❊s ❡❧ ♥♦❞♦ q✉❡ ✉s❛♠♦s ♣❛r❛ r❡❢❡r✐r♥♦s ❛❧ ár❜♦❧✳ ❊♥ ❡❧ ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦✱
❡s❡ ♥♦❞♦ ❡s ❡❧ ➪✬✳

✷✸✵
 ◆♦❞♦ ❤♦❥❛✿ ♥♦ t✐❡♥❡ ❤✐❥♦s✳ ❊♥ ❡❧ ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦ ❤❛② ✈❛r✐♦s✿ ✬❋✬✱ ✬❍✬✱ ❮✬✱ ✬❑✬✱ ✬▲✬✱ ✬▼✬✱ Ñ✬② Ó✬✳
◆♦❞♦ r❛♠❛✿ ❛✉♥q✉❡ ❡s ✉♥❛ ❞❡✜♥✐❝✐ó♥ ❝♦♥ ♣♦❝♦ ✉s♦✱ s♦♥ ❧♦s ♥♦❞♦s q✉❡ ♥♦ ♣❡rt❡♥❡❝❡♥ ❛
♥✐♥❣✉♥❛ ❞❡ ❧❛s ❞♦s ❝❛t❡❣♦rí❛s ❛♥t❡r✐♦r❡s✳ ❊♥ ❡❧ ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦✿ ✬❇✬✱ ✬❈✬✱ ✬❉✬✱ ➱✬✱ ✬●✬② ✬❏✬✳
❖tr❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ q✉❡ ♥♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡ t✐❡♥❡♥ ❧♦s ár❜♦❧❡s ❡s q✉❡ t♦❞♦s ❧♦s ♥♦❞♦s ❝♦♥t❡♥❣❛♥ ❡❧ ♠✐s♠♦
♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ♣✉♥t❡r♦s✱ ❡s ❞❡❝✐r✱ ✉s❛♠♦s ❧❛ ♠✐s♠❛ ❡str✉❝t✉r❛ ♣❛r❛ t♦❞♦s ❧♦s ♥♦❞♦s ❞❡❧ ár❜♦❧✳ ❊st♦
❤❛❝❡ q✉❡ ❧❛ ❡str✉❝t✉r❛ s❡❛ s❡♥❝✐❧❧❛✱ ② ♣♦r ❧♦ t❛♥t♦ t❛♠❜✐é♥ ❧♦s ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s ♣❛r❛ tr❛❜❛❥❛r ❝♦♥ ❡❧❧♦s✳
❚❛♠♣♦❝♦ ❡s ♥❡❝❡s❛r✐♦ q✉❡ t♦❞♦s ❧♦s ♥♦❞♦s ❤✐❥♦s ❞❡ ✉♥ ♥♦❞♦ ❝♦♥❝r❡t♦ ❡①✐st❛♥✳ ❊s ❞❡❝✐r✱ q✉❡ ♣✉❡❞❡♥
✉s❛rs❡ t♦❞♦s✱ ❛❧❣✉♥♦s ♦ ♥✐♥❣✉♥♦ ❞❡ ❧♦s ♣✉♥t❡r♦s ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ♥♦❞♦✳
❯♥ ár❜♦❧ ❡♥ ❡❧ q✉❡ ❝❛❞❛ ♥♦❞♦ ♦ t♦❞♦s ♦ ♥✐♥❣✉♥♦ ❞❡ ❧♦s ❤✐❥♦s ❡①✐st❡✱ s❡ ❧❧❛♠❛ ár❜♦❧ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t♦✳
❊♥ ✉♥❛ ❝♦s❛✱ ❧♦s ár❜♦❧❡s s❡ ♣❛r❡❝❡♥ ❛❧ r❡st♦ ❞❡ ❧❛s ❡str✉❝t✉r❛s q✉❡ ❤❡♠♦s ✈✐st♦✿ ❞❛❞♦ ✉♥ ♥♦❞♦
❝✉❛❧q✉✐❡r❛ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❡str✉❝t✉r❛✱ ❧♦ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♠♦s ❝♦♠♦ ✉♥❛ ❡str✉❝t✉r❛ ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞✐❡♥t❡✳ ❊s ❞❡❝✐r✱ ✉♥
♥♦❞♦ ❝✉❛❧q✉✐❡r❛ ❡s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❧❛ r❛í③ ❞❡ ✉♥ ár❜♦❧ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t♦✳
❊①✐st❡♥ ♦tr♦s ❝♦♥❝❡♣t♦s q✉❡ ❞❡✜♥❡♥ ❧❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞❡❧ ár❜♦❧✱ ❡♥ r❡❧❛❝✐ó♥ ❛ s✉ t❛♠❛ñ♦✿
❖r❞❡♥✿ ❡s ❡❧ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❞❡ ❤✐❥♦s q✉❡ ♣✉❡❞❡ t❡♥❡r ❝❛❞❛ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ár❜♦❧✳ ❉❡❝✐♠♦s
q✉❡ ✉♥ ár❜♦❧ ❡♥ ❡❧ q✉❡ ❝❛❞❛ ♥♦❞♦ ♣✉❡❞❡ ❛♣✉♥t❛r ❛ ♦tr♦s ❞♦s ❡s ❞❡ ♦r❞❡♥ ❞♦s✱ s✐ ♣✉❡❞❡
❛♣✉♥t❛r ❛ tr❡s ❡s ❞❡ ♦r❞❡♥ tr❡s✱ ❡t❝✳
●r❛❞♦✿ ❡s ❡❧ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❤✐❥♦s q✉❡ t✐❡♥❡ ❡❧ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♥ ♠ás ❤✐❥♦s ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡❧ ár❜♦❧✳ ❊♥ ❡❧
ár❜♦❧ ❞❡❧ ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❡❧ ❣r❛❞♦ ❡s tr❡s✱ ②❛ q✉❡ t❛♥t♦ ➪✬❝♦♠♦ ✬❉✬t✐❡♥❡♥ tr❡s ❤✐❥♦s✱ ② ♥♦ ❡①✐st❡♥
❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❝♦♥ ♠ás ❞❡ tr❡s ❤✐❥♦s✳
◆✐✈❡❧✿ s❡ ❞❡✜♥❡ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡❧ ár❜♦❧ ❝♦♠♦ ❧❛ ❞✐st❛♥❝✐❛ ❛ ❧❛ r❛í③✱ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ❡♥ ♥♦❞♦s✳
❊❧ ♥✐✈❡❧ ❞❡ ❧❛ r❛í③ ❡s ❝❡r♦ ② ❡❧ ❞❡ s✉s ❤✐❥♦s ✉♥♦✳ ❆sí s✉❝❡s✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ❊♥ ❡❧ ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❡❧ ♥♦❞♦
✬❉✬t✐❡♥❡ ♥✐✈❡❧ ✶✱ ❡❧ ♥♦❞♦ ✬●✬t✐❡♥❡ ♥✐✈❡❧ ✷✱ ② ❡❧ ♥♦❞♦ Ñ✬✱ ♥✐✈❡❧ ✸✳
❆❧t✉r❛✿ ❧❛ ❛❧t✉r❛ ❞❡ ✉♥ ár❜♦❧ s❡ ❞❡✜♥❡ ❝♦♠♦ ❡❧ ♥✐✈❡❧ ❞❡❧ ♥♦❞♦ ❞❡ ♠❛②♦r ♥✐✈❡❧✳ ❈♦♠♦ ❝❛❞❛
♥♦❞♦ ❞❡ ✉♥ ár❜♦❧ ♣✉❡❞❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛rs❡ ❛ s✉ ✈❡③ ❝♦♠♦ ❧❛ r❛í③ ❞❡ ✉♥ ár❜♦❧✱ t❛♠❜✐é♥ ❤❛❜❧❛♠♦s
❞❡ ❛❧t✉r❛ ❞❡ r❛♠❛s✳ ❊❧ ár❜♦❧ ❞❡❧ ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦ t✐❡♥❡ ❛❧t✉r❛ ✸✱ ❧❛ r❛♠❛ ✬❇✬t✐❡♥❡ ❛❧t✉r❛ ✷✱ ❧❛ r❛♠❛
✬●✬t✐❡♥❡ ❛❧t✉r❛ ✶✱ ❧❛ ✬❍✬❝❡r♦✱ ❡t❝✳
▲♦s ár❜♦❧❡s ❞❡ ♦r❞❡♥ ❞♦s s♦♥ ❜❛st❛♥t❡ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧❡s✱ ❞❡ ❤❡❝❤♦ ❧❡s ❞❡❞✐❝❛♠♦s ✈❛r✐♦s ❛♣❛rt❛❞♦s✳ ❊st♦s
ár❜♦❧❡s s❡ ❝♦♥♦❝❡♥ t❛♠❜✐é♥ ❝♦♠♦ ár❜♦❧❡s ❜✐♥❛r✐♦s✳
❋r❡❝✉❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛✉♥q✉❡ t❛♠♣♦❝♦ ❡s ❡str✐❝t❛♠❡♥t❡ ♥❡❝❡s❛r✐♦✱ ♣❛r❛ ❤❛❝❡r ♠ás ❢á❝✐❧ ♠♦✈❡rs❡ ❛
tr❛✈és ❞❡❧ ár❜♦❧✱ ❛ñ❛❞✐♠♦s ✉♥ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ ❛ ❝❛❞❛ ♥♦❞♦ q✉❡ ❛♣✉♥t❡ ❛❧ ♥♦❞♦ ♣❛❞r❡✳ ❉❡ ❡st❡ ♠♦❞♦
❛✈❛♥③❛♠♦s ❡♥ ❞✐r❡❝❝✐ó♥ ❛ ❧❛ r❛í③✱ ② ♥♦ só❧♦ ❤❛❝✐❛ ❧❛s ❤♦❥❛s✳
❊s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ❝♦♥s❡r✈❛r s✐❡♠♣r❡ ❡❧ ♥♦❞♦ r❛í③ ②❛ q✉❡ ❡s ❡❧ ♥♦❞♦ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡❧ ❝✉❛❧ s❡ ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧❛ ❡❧
ár❜♦❧✱ s✐ ♣❡r❞❡♠♦s ❡st❡ ♥♦❞♦✱ ❛sí ❝♦♠♦ ❡❧ ❛❝❝❡s♦ ❛ t♦❞♦ ❡❧ ár❜♦❧✳
❊❧ ♥♦❞♦ tí♣✐❝♦ ❞❡ ✉♥ ár❜♦❧ ❞✐✜❡r❡ ❞❡ ❧♦s ♥♦❞♦s q✉❡ ❤❡♠♦s ✈✐st♦ ❤❛st❛ ❛❤♦r❛ ♣❛r❛ ❧✐st❛s✱ ❛✉♥q✉❡
só❧♦ ❡♥ ❡❧ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ♥♦❞♦s✳ ❱❡❛♠♦s ✉♥ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ ♥♦❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❝r❡❛r ár❜♦❧❡s ❞❡ ♦r❞❡♥ tr❡s✿
✶ str✉❝t ♥♦❞♦ ④
✷ ✐♥t ❞❛t♦ ❀
✸ str✉❝t ♥♦❞♦ ✯ r❛♠❛✶ ❀
✹ str✉❝t ♥♦❞♦ ✯ r❛♠❛✷ ❀
✺ str✉❝t ♥♦❞♦ ✯ r❛♠❛✸ ❀
✻ ⑥❀

✷✸✶
❖ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✐③❛♥❞♦✿

✶ ★ ❞❡❢✐♥❡ ❖❘❉❊◆ ✺
✷
✸ str✉❝t ♥♦❞♦ ④
✹ ✐♥t ❞❛t♦ ❀
✺ str✉❝t ♥♦❞♦ ✯ r❛♠❛ ❬ ❖❘❉❊◆ ❪❀
✻ ⑥❀

✶✷✳✽✳✷✳ ❉❡❝❧❛r❛❝✐♦♥❡s ❞❡ t✐♣♦s ♣❛r❛ ♠❛♥❡❥❛r ár❜♦❧❡s ❡♥ ❈

P❛r❛ ❈✱ ② ❜❛sá♥❞♦♥♦s ❡♥ ❧❛ ❞❡❝❧❛r❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ♥♦❞♦ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r✱ tr❛❜❛❥❛♠♦s ❝♦♥ ❧♦s s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡s t✐♣♦s✿

✶ t②♣❡❞❡❢ str✉❝t ❴♥♦❞♦ ④

✷ ✐♥t ❞❛t♦ ❀
✸ str✉❝t ❴♥♦❞♦ ✯ r❛♠❛ ❬ ❖❘❉❊◆ ❪❀
✹ ⑥ t✐♣♦◆♦❞♦ ❀
✺
✻ t②♣❡❞❡❢ t✐♣♦◆♦❞♦ ✯ ♣◆♦❞♦ ❀
✼ t②♣❡❞❡❢ t✐♣♦◆♦❞♦ ✯ ❆r❜♦❧ ❀
❆❧ ✐❣✉❛❧ q✉❡ ❝♦♥ ❧❛s ❧✐st❛s✱ ❞❡❝❧❛r❛♠♦s ✉♥ t✐♣♦ ✑t✐♣♦◆♦❞♦✑ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡❝❧❛r❛r ♥♦❞♦s✱ ② ✉♥ t✐♣♦ ✑♣◆♦❞♦✑
❡s ❡❧ t✐♣♦ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡❝❧❛r❛r ♣✉♥t❡r♦s ❛ ✉♥ ♥♦❞♦✳

➪r❜♦❧ ❡s ❡❧ t✐♣♦ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡❝❧❛r❛r ár❜♦❧❡s ❞❡ ♦r❞❡♥ ❖❘❉❊◆✳

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✷✳✹✶✿

❊❧ ♠♦✈✐♠✐❡♥t♦ ❛ tr❛✈és ❞❡ ár❜♦❧❡s✱ s❛❧✈♦ q✉❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛♠♦s ♣✉♥t❡r♦s ❛❧ ♥♦❞♦ ♣❛❞r❡✱ ❡s

♣❛rt✐❡♥❞♦ ❞❡❧ ♥♦❞♦ r❛í③ ❤❛❝✐❛ ✉♥ ♥♦❞♦ ❤♦❥❛✳ ❈❛❞❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ❧❧❡❣✉❡♠♦s ❛ ✉♥ ♥✉❡✈♦ ♥♦❞♦ ♦♣t❛♠♦s
♣♦r ❝✉❛❧q✉✐❡r❛ ❞❡ ❧♦s ♥♦❞♦s ❛ ❧♦s q✉❡ ❛♣✉♥t❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛✈❛♥③❛r ❛❧ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ♥♦❞♦✳

❊♥ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✱ ✐♥t❡♥t❛♠♦s q✉❡ ❡①✐st❛ ❛❧❣ú♥ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛❞♦ ❛s♦❝✐❛❞♦ ❛ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♥♦ ❞❡ ❧♦s ♣✉♥t❡r♦s ❞❡♥tr♦
❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ♥♦❞♦✱ ❧♦s ár❜♦❧❡s q✉❡ ❡st❛♠♦s ✈✐❡♥❞♦ s♦♥ ❛❜str❛❝t♦s✱ ♣❡r♦ ❧❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛❝✐♦♥❡s ♥♦ t✐❡♥❡♥ ♣♦r
q✉é s❡r❧♦✳ ❯♥ ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❡str✉❝t✉r❛ ❡♥ ár❜♦❧ ❡s ❡❧ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❞✐r❡❝t♦r✐♦s ② ❛r❝❤✐✈♦s ❞❡ ✉♥ s✐st❡♠❛
♦♣❡r❛t✐✈♦✳ ❆✉♥q✉❡ ❡♥ ❡st❡ ❝❛s♦ s❡ tr❛t❛ ❞❡ ár❜♦❧❡s ❝♦♥ ♥♦❞♦s ❞❡ ❞♦s t✐♣♦s✱ ♥♦❞♦s ❞✐r❡❝t♦r✐♦ ②
♥♦❞♦s ❛r❝❤✐✈♦✱ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♠♦s q✉❡ ❧♦s ♥♦❞♦s ❤♦❥❛ s♦♥ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦s ② ❧♦s ♥♦❞♦s r❛♠❛ s♦♥ ❞✐r❡❝t♦r✐♦s✳

❖tr♦ ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦ ❡s ❧❛ t❛❜❧❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥t❡♥✐❞♦ ❞❡ ✉♥ ❧✐❜r♦✱ ❞✐✈✐❞✐❞♦ ❡♥ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦s✱ ② ❝❛❞❛ ✉♥♦ ❞❡ ❡❧❧♦s ❡♥
s❡❝❝✐♦♥❡s✳ ❆✉♥q✉❡ ❡❧ ❧✐❜r♦ s❡❛ ❛❧❣♦ ❧✐♥❡❛❧✱ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♥❛ ❧✐st❛✱ ❡♥ ❡❧ q✉❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ s✐❣✉❡ ❛❧ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r✱
t❛♠❜✐é♥ ❡s ♣♦s✐❜❧❡ ❛❝❝❡❞❡r ❛ ❝✉❛❧q✉✐❡r ♣✉♥t♦ ❞❡ é❧ ❛ tr❛✈és ❞❡ ❧❛ t❛❜❧❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥t❡♥✐❞♦✳

▲♦s ♦r❣❛♥✐❣r❛♠❛s ❞❡ ♠❛♥❞♦ ❡♥ ❡♠♣r❡s❛s ♦ ❡♥ ❡❧ ❡❥ér❝✐t♦ ② ❧♦s ár❜♦❧❡s ❣❡♥❡❛❧ó❣✐❝♦s s❡ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛♥

❡♥ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ár❜♦❧✳

✷✸✷
✶✷✳✽✳✸✳ ❖♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❡s ❜ás✐❝❛s ❝♦♥ ár❜♦❧❡s

❙❛❧✈♦ q✉❡ tr❛❜❛❥❡♠♦s ❝♦♥ ár❜♦❧❡s ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧❡s✱ ❧❛s ✐♥s❡r❝✐♦♥❡s s♦♥ s✐❡♠♣r❡ ❡♥ ♣✉♥t❡r♦s ❞❡ ♥♦❞♦s
❤♦❥❛ ♦ ❡♥ ♣✉♥t❡r♦s ❧✐❜r❡s ❞❡ ♥♦❞♦s r❛♠❛✳ ❈♦♥ ❡st❛s ❡str✉❝t✉r❛s ♥♦ ❡s ❢á❝✐❧ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✐③❛r✱ ②❛ q✉❡
❡①✐st❡♥ ♠✉❝❤❛s ✈❛r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ár❜♦❧❡s✳

❉❡ ♥✉❡✈♦✱ t❡♥❡♠♦s ❝❛s✐ ❡❧ ♠✐s♠♦ r❡♣❡rt♦r✐♦ ❞❡ ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❡s ❞❡ ❧❛s ❧✐st❛s✿

❆ñ❛❞✐r ♦ ✐♥s❡rt❛r ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s✳

❇✉s❝❛r ♦ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛r ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s✳

❇♦rr❛r ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s✳

▼♦✈❡rs❡ ❛ tr❛✈és ❞❡❧ ár❜♦❧✳

❘❡❝♦rr❡r ❡❧ ár❜♦❧ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t♦✳

▲♦s ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❞❡ ✐♥s❡r❝✐ó♥ ② ❜♦rr❛❞♦ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥ ❡♥ ❣r❛♥ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ❞❡❧ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ár❜♦❧ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❞♦✱
❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ q✉❡ ♣♦r ❛❤♦r❛ ❧♦s ♣❛s❛♠♦s ♣♦r ❛❧t♦ ② ♥♦s ❝❡♥tr❛♠♦s ❡♥ ❡❧ ♠♦❞♦ ❞❡ r❡❝♦rr❡r ár❜♦❧❡s✳

✶✷✳✽✳✹✳ ❘❡❝♦rr✐❞♦s ♣♦r ár❜♦❧❡s

❊❧ ♠♦❞♦ ❞❡ ♠♦✈❡rs❡ ❛ tr❛✈és ❞❡ ❧❛s r❛♠❛s ❞❡ ✉♥ ár❜♦❧ ❡s s✐❣✉✐❡♥❞♦ ❧♦s ♣✉♥t❡r♦s✱ ❞❡❧ ♠✐s♠♦
♠♦❞♦ ❡♥ q✉❡ ❛❧ ♠♦✈❡r♥♦s ❡♥ ❧❛s ❧✐st❛s✳

❊s♦s r❡❝♦rr✐❞♦s ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥ ❡♥ ❣r❛♥ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ❞❡❧ t✐♣♦ ② ♣r♦♣ós✐t♦ ❞❡❧ ár❜♦❧✱ ♣❡r♦ ❤❛② ❝✐❡rt♦s r❡❝♦rr✐❞♦s
q✉❡ ✉s❛♠♦s ❢r❡❝✉❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡✳ ❈♦♠♦ ❛q✉❡❧❧♦s q✉❡ ✐♥❝❧✉②❡♥ t♦❞♦ ❡❧ ár❜♦❧✳

❍❛② tr❡s ❢♦r♠❛s ❞❡ r❡❝♦rr❡r ✉♥ ár❜♦❧ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t♦✱ ❧❛s ❝✉❛❧❡s s❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛♥ ♠❡❞✐❛♥t❡ r❡❝✉rs✐✈✐❞❛❞✳
❊♥ ❧♦s tr❡s ❝❛s♦s s❡ s✐❣✉❡ s✐❡♠♣r❡ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ♥♦❞♦ t♦❞❛s ❧❛s r❛♠❛s ✉♥❛ ♣♦r ✉♥❛✳

❙✉♣♦♥❣❛♠♦s q✉❡ t❡♥❡♠♦s ✉♥ ár❜♦❧ ❞❡ ♦r❞❡♥ tr❡s✱ ② q✉❡r❡♠♦s r❡❝♦rr❡r❧♦ ♣♦r ❝♦♠♣❧❡t♦✳

P❛rt✐♠♦s ❞❡❧ ♥♦❞♦ r❛í③✿

✶ ❘❡❝♦rr❡r❆r❜♦❧ ✭ r❛✐③ ✮❀
▲❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ✑❘❡❝♦rr❡r❆r❜♦❧✑✱ ❛♣❧✐❝❛♥❞♦ r❡❝✉rs✐✈✐❞❛❞✱ ❡s t❛♥ s❡♥❝✐❧❧❛ ❝♦♠♦ ✐♥✈♦❝❛r ❞❡ ♥✉❡✈♦ ❛ ❧❛
❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ✑❘❡❝♦rr❡r❆r❜♦❧✑ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♥❛ ❞❡ ❧❛s r❛♠❛s✿

✶ ✈♦✐❞ ❘❡❝♦rr❡r❆r❜♦❧ ✭ ❆r❜♦❧ ❛✮ ④

✷
✸ ✐❢ ✭ ❛ ❂❂ ◆❯▲▲ ✮ r❡t✉r♥ ❀
✹
✺ ❘❡❝♦rr❡r❆r❜♦❧ ✭❛ ✲❃ r❛♠❛ ❬✵❪✮ ❀
✻ ❘❡❝♦rr❡r❆r❜♦❧ ✭❛ ✲❃ r❛♠❛ ❬✶❪✮ ❀
✼ ❘❡❝♦rr❡r❆r❜♦❧ ✭❛ ✲❃ r❛♠❛ ❬✷❪✮ ❀
✽ ⑥
▲♦ q✉❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛ ❧♦s ❞✐st✐♥t♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ r❡❝♦rr❡r ❡❧ ár❜♦❧ ♥♦ ❡s ❡❧ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❤❛❝❡r❧♦✱ s✐♥♦ ❡❧
♠♦♠❡♥t♦ q✉❡ ❡❧❡❣✐♠♦s ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦❝❡s❛r ❡❧ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ♥♦❞♦ ❝♦♥ r❡❧❛❝✐ó♥ ❛ ❧♦s r❡❝♦rr✐❞♦s ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛
✉♥❛ ❞❡ ❧❛s r❛♠❛s✳

✷✸✸
 ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✷✳✹✷✿

▲♦s tr❡s t✐♣♦s s♦♥✿

Pr❡✲♦r❞❡♥✿
❊♥ ❡st❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ r❡❝♦rr✐❞♦✱ ❡❧ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡❧ ♥♦❞♦ s❡ ♣r♦❝❡s❛ ❛♥t❡s ❞❡ r❡❝♦rr❡r ❧❛s r❛♠❛s✿

✶ ✈♦✐❞ Pr❡❖r❞❡♥ ✭ ❆r❜♦❧ ❛✮ ④

✷
✸ ✐❢ ✭ ❛ ❂❂ ◆❯▲▲ ✮ r❡t✉r♥ ❀
✹
✺ Pr♦❝❡s❛r ✭ ❞❛t♦ ✮❀
✻ ❘❡❝♦rr❡r❆r❜♦❧ ✭❛ ✲❃ r❛♠❛ ❬✵❪✮ ❀
✼ ❘❡❝♦rr❡r❆r❜♦❧ ✭❛ ✲❃ r❛♠❛ ❬✶❪✮ ❀
✽ ❘❡❝♦rr❡r❆r❜♦❧ ✭❛ ✲❃ r❛♠❛ ❬✷❪✮ ❀
✾ ⑥

❙✐ s❡❣✉✐♠♦s ❡❧ ár❜♦❧ ❞❡❧ ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦ ❡♥ ♣r❡✲♦r❞❡♥✱ ② ❡❧ ♣r♦❝❡s♦ ❞❡ ❧♦s ❞❛t♦s ❡s s❡♥❝✐❧❧❛♠❡♥t❡

♠♦str❛r❧♦s ♣♦r ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛✱ ♦❜t❡♥❡♠♦s ❛❧❣♦ ❛sí✿ ❆ ❇ ❊ ❑ ❋ ❈ ● ▲ ▼ ❉ ❍ ■ ❏ ◆ ❖

■♥✲♦r❞❡♥✿
❊♥ ❡st❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ r❡❝♦rr✐❞♦✱ ❡❧ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡❧ ♥♦❞♦ s❡ ♣r♦❝❡s❛ ❞❡s♣✉és ❞❡ r❡❝♦rr❡r ❧❛ ♣r✐♠❡r❛ r❛♠❛ ②
❛♥t❡s ❞❡ r❡❝♦rr❡r ❧❛ ú❧t✐♠❛✳ ❊st♦ t✐❡♥❡ ♠ás s❡♥t✐❞♦ ❡♥ ❡❧ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ ár❜♦❧❡s ❜✐♥❛r✐♦s✱ ② t❛♠❜✐é♥
❝✉❛♥❞♦ ❡①✐st❡♥ ❖❘❉❊◆✲✶ ❞❛t♦s✱ ❡♥ ❝✉②♦ ❝❛s♦ ♣r♦❝❡s❛♠♦s ❝❛❞❛ ❞❛t♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❡❧ r❡❝♦rr✐❞♦ ❞❡
❝❛❞❛ ❞♦s r❛♠❛s ✭❡st❡ ❡s ❡❧ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ ❧♦s ár❜♦❧❡s✲❜✮✿

✶ ✈♦✐❞ ■♥❖r❞❡♥ ✭ ❆r❜♦❧ ❛✮ ④

✷
✸ ✐❢ ✭ ❛ ❂❂ ◆❯▲▲ ✮ r❡t✉r♥ ❀
✹
✺ ❘❡❝♦rr❡r❆r❜♦❧ ✭❛ ✲❃ r❛♠❛ ❬✵❪✮ ❀
✻ Pr♦❝❡s❛r ✭ ❞❛t♦ ✮❀
✼ ❘❡❝♦rr❡r❆r❜♦❧ ✭❛ ✲❃ r❛♠❛ ❬✶❪✮ ❀
✽ ❘❡❝♦rr❡r❆r❜♦❧ ✭❛ ✲❃ r❛♠❛ ❬✷❪✮ ❀
✾ ⑥

❙✐ s❡❣✉✐♠♦s ❡❧ ár❜♦❧ ❞❡❧ ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦ ❡♥ ✐♥✲♦r❞❡♥✱ ② ❡❧ ♣r♦❝❡s♦ ❞❡ ❧♦s ❞❛t♦s ❡s s❡♥❝✐❧❧❛♠❡♥t❡

♠♦str❛r❧♦s ♣♦r ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛✱ ♦❜t❡♥❡♠♦s ❛❧❣♦ ❛sí✿ ❑ ❊ ❇ ❋ ❆ ▲ ● ▼ ❈ ❍ ❉ ■ ◆ ❏ ❖

P♦st✲♦r❞❡♥✿
❊♥ ❡st❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ r❡❝♦rr✐❞♦✱ ❡❧ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡❧ ♥♦❞♦ s❡ ♣r♦❝❡s❛ ❞❡s♣✉és ❞❡ r❡❝♦rr❡r t♦❞❛s ❧❛s r❛♠❛s✿

✷✸✹
 ✶ ✈♦✐❞ P♦st❖r❞❡♥ ✭ ❆r❜♦❧ ❛ ✮ ④
✷
✸ ✐❢ ✭ ❛ ❂❂ ◆❯▲▲ ✮ r❡t✉r♥ ❀
✹
✺ ❘❡❝♦rr❡r❆r❜♦❧ ✭❛ ✲❃ r❛♠❛ ❬✵❪✮ ❀
✻ ❘❡❝♦rr❡r❆r❜♦❧ ✭❛ ✲❃ r❛♠❛ ❬✶❪✮ ❀
✼ ❘❡❝♦rr❡r❆r❜♦❧ ✭❛ ✲❃ r❛♠❛ ❬✷❪✮ ❀
✽ Pr♦❝❡s❛r ✭ ❞❛t♦ ✮❀
✾ ⑥

❙✐ s❡❣✉✐♠♦s ❡❧ ár❜♦❧ ❞❡❧ ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦ ❡♥ ♣♦st✲♦r❞❡♥✱ ② ❡❧ ♣r♦❝❡s♦ ❞❡ ❧♦s ❞❛t♦s ❡s s❡♥❝✐❧❧❛♠❡♥t❡

♠♦str❛r❧♦s ♣♦r ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛✱ ♦❜t❡♥❡♠♦s ❛❧❣♦ ❛sí✿ ❑ ❊ ❋ ❇ ▲ ▼ ● ❈ ❍ ■ ◆ ❖ ❏ ❉ ❆

✶✷✳✽✳✺✳ ❊❧✐♠✐♥❛r ♥♦❞♦s ❡♥ ✉♥ ár❜♦❧

❊❧ ♣r♦❝❡s♦ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧ ❡s ♠✉② s❡♥❝✐❧❧♦ ❡♥ ❡st❡ ❝❛s♦✱ ♣❡r♦ ❝♦♥ ✉♥❛ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ❧✐♠✐t❛❝✐ó♥✱ só❧♦
❜♦rr❛♠♦s ♥♦❞♦s ❤♦❥❛✳

❊❧ ♣r♦❝❡s♦ ❡s ❡❧ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡✿

❇✉s❝❛r ❡❧ ♥♦❞♦ ♣❛❞r❡ ❞❡❧ q✉❡ q✉❡r❡♠♦s ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛r✳

❇✉s❝❛r ❡❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ ❞❡❧ ♥♦❞♦ ♣❛❞r❡ q✉❡ ❛♣✉♥t❛ ❛❧ ♥♦❞♦ ❛ ❜♦rr❛r✳

▲✐❜❡r❛r ❡❧ ♥♦❞♦✳

♣❛❞r❡✲❃♥♦❞♦❬✐❪ ❂ ◆❯▲▲❀✳
❈✉❛♥❞♦ ❡❧ ♥♦❞♦ ❛ ❜♦rr❛r ♥♦ s❡❛ ✉♥ ♥♦❞♦ ❤♦❥❛✱ ❞✐r❡♠♦s q✉❡ ❤❛❝❡♠♦s ✉♥❛ ✧♣♦❞❛✧✱ ② ❡♥ ❡s❡
❝❛s♦ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛♠♦s ❡❧ ár❜♦❧ ❝✉②❛ r❛í③ ❡s ❡❧ ♥♦❞♦ ❛ ❜♦rr❛r✳ ❙❡ tr❛t❛ ❞❡ ✉♥ ♣r♦❝❡❞✐♠✐❡♥t♦ r❡❝✉rs✐✈♦✱
❛♣❧✐❝❛♠♦s ❡❧ r❡❝♦rr✐❞♦ ✑P♦st❖r❞❡♥✑✱ ② ❡❧ ♣r♦❝❡s♦ ❡s ❜♦rr❛r ❡❧ ♥♦❞♦✳

❊❧ ♣r♦❝❡❞✐♠✐❡♥t♦ ❡s s✐♠✐❧❛r ❛❧ ❞❡ ❜♦rr❛❞♦ ❞❡ ✉♥ ♥♦❞♦✿

❇✉s❝❛r ❡❧ ♥♦❞♦ ♣❛❞r❡ ❞❡❧ q✉❡ q✉❡r❡♠♦s ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛r✳

❇✉s❝❛r ❡❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ ❞❡❧ ♥♦❞♦ ♣❛❞r❡ q✉❡ ❛♣✉♥t❛ ❛❧ ♥♦❞♦ ❛ ❜♦rr❛r✳

P♦❞❛r ❡❧ ár❜♦❧ ❝✉②♦ ♣❛❞r❡ ❡s ♥♦❞♦✳

♣❛❞r❡✲❃♥♦❞♦❬✐❪ ❂ ◆❯▲▲❀✳
❊♥ ❡❧ ár❜♦❧ ❞❡❧ ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦✱ ♣❛r❛ ♣♦❞❛r ❧❛ r❛♠❛ ✬❇✬✱ r❡❝♦rr❡♠♦s ❡❧ s✉❜ár❜♦❧ ✬❇é♥ ♣♦st♦r❞❡♥✱ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛♥✲
❞♦ ❝❛❞❛ ♥♦❞♦ ❝✉❛♥❞♦ s❡ ♣r♦❝❡s❡✱ ❞❡ ❡st❡ ♠♦❞♦ ♥♦ ♣❡r❞❡♠♦s ❧♦s ♣✉♥t❡r♦s ❛ ❧❛s r❛♠❛s ❛♣✉♥t❛❞❛s
♣♦r ❝❛❞❛ ♥♦❞♦✱ ②❛ q✉❡ ❡s❛s r❛♠❛s s❡ ❜♦rr❛♥ ❛♥t❡s ❞❡ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛r ❡❧ ♥♦❞♦✳

❉❡ ♠♦❞♦ q✉❡ ❡❧ ♦r❞❡♥ ❡♥ q✉❡ s❡ ❜♦rr❛♥ ❧♦s ♥♦❞♦s ❡s✿ ❑ ❊ ❋ ② ❇

✶✷✳✽✳✻✳ ár❜♦❧❡s ♦r❞❡♥❛❞♦s

❆ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡❧ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❛♣❛rt❛❞♦ só❧♦ ❤❛❜❧❛♠♦s ❞❡ ár❜♦❧❡s ♦r❞❡♥❛❞♦s✱ s♦♥ ❧♦s q✉❡ t✐❡♥❡♥ ♠ás
✐♥t❡rés ❞❡s❞❡ ❡❧ ♣✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❆❉✱ ② ❧♦s q✉❡ t✐❡♥❡♥ ♠ás ❛♣❧✐❝❛❝✐♦♥❡s ❣❡♥ér✐❝❛s✳

❯♥ ár❜♦❧ ♦r❞❡♥❛❞♦✱ ❡♥ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✱ ❡s ❛q✉❡❧ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡❧ ❝✉❛❧ s❡ ♣✉❡❞❡ ♦❜t❡♥❡r ✉♥❛ s❡❝✉❡♥❝✐❛ ♦r❞❡♥❛❞❛
s✐❣✉✐❡♥❞♦ ✉♥♦ ❞❡ ❧♦s r❡❝♦rr✐❞♦s ♣♦s✐❜❧❡s ❞❡❧ ár❜♦❧✿ ✐♥♦r❞❡♥✱ ♣r❡♦r❞❡♥ ♦ ♣♦st♦r❞❡♥✳

✷✸✺
❊♥ ❡st♦s ár❜♦❧❡s ❡s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ q✉❡ ❧❛ s❡❝✉❡♥❝✐❛ s❡ ♠❛♥t❡♥❣❛ ♦r❞❡♥❛❞❛ ❛✉♥q✉❡ s❡ ❛ñ❛❞❛♥ ♦ s❡
❡❧✐♠✐♥❡♥ ♥♦❞♦s✳
❊①✐st❡♥ ✈❛r✐♦s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ár❜♦❧❡s ♦r❞❡♥❛❞♦s✱ q✉❡ ✈❡♠♦s ❛ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛❝✐ó♥✿
➪r❜♦❧❡s ❜✐♥❛r✐♦s ❞❡ ❜úsq✉❡❞❛ ✭❆❇❇✮✿ s♦♥ ár❜♦❧❡s ❞❡ ♦r❞❡♥ ✷ q✉❡ ♠❛♥t✐❡♥❡♥ ✉♥❛ s❡❝✉❡♥❝✐❛
♦r❞❡♥❛❞❛ s✐ s❡ r❡❝♦rr❡♥ ❡♥ ✐♥♦r❞❡♥✳
➪r❜♦❧❡s ❆❱▲✿ s♦♥ ár❜♦❧❡s ❜✐♥❛r✐♦s ❞❡ ❜úsq✉❡❞❛ ❡q✉✐❧✐❜r❛❞♦s✱ ❡s ❞❡❝✐r✱ ❧♦s ♥✐✈❡❧❡s ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛
r❛♠❛ ♣❛r❛ ❝✉❛❧q✉✐❡r ♥♦❞♦ ♥♦ ❞✐✜❡r❡♥ ❡♥ ♠ás ❞❡ ✶✳
➪r❜♦❧❡s ♣❡r❢❡❝t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡q✉✐❧✐❜r❛❞♦s✿ s♦♥ ár❜♦❧❡s ❜✐♥❛r✐♦s ❞❡ ❜úsq✉❡❞❛ ❡♥ ❧♦s q✉❡ ❡❧ ♥ú♠❡r♦
❞❡ ♥♦❞♦s ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ r❛♠❛ ♣❛r❛ ❝✉❛❧q✉✐❡r ♥♦❞♦ ♥♦ ❞✐✜❡r❡♥ ❡♥ ♠ás ❞❡ ✶✳ ❙♦♥ ♣♦r ❧♦ t❛♥t♦ ár❜♦❧❡s
❆❱▲ t❛♠❜✐é♥✳
➪r❜♦❧❡s ✷✲✸✿ s♦♥ ár❜♦❧❡s ❞❡ ♦r❞❡♥ ✸✱ q✉❡ ❝♦♥t✐❡♥❡♥ ❞♦s ❝❧❛✈❡s ❡♥ ❝❛❞❛ ♥♦❞♦ ② q✉❡ ❡stá♥
t❛♠❜✐é♥ ❡q✉✐❧✐❜r❛❞♦s✳ ❚❛♠❜✐é♥ ❣❡♥❡r❛♥ s❡❝✉❡♥❝✐❛s ♦r❞❡♥❛❞❛s ❛❧ r❡❝♦rr❡r❧♦s ❡♥ ✐♥♦r❞❡♥✳
➪r❜♦❧❡s✲❇✿ ❝❛s♦ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ár❜♦❧❡s ✷✲✸✱ q✉❡ ♣❛r❛ ✉♥ ♦r❞❡♥ ▼✱ ❝♦♥t✐❡♥❡♥ ▼✲✶ ❝❧❛✈❡s✳

✶✷✳✾✳ ➪r❜♦❧❡s ❜✐♥❛r✐♦s ❞❡ ❜úsq✉❡❞❛ ✭❆❇❇✮

✶✷✳✾✳✶✳ ❉❡✜♥✐❝✐ó♥
❙❡ tr❛t❛ ❞❡ ár❜♦❧❡s ❞❡ ♦r❞❡♥ ✷ ❡♥ ❧♦s q✉❡ s❡ ❝✉♠♣❧❡ q✉❡ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ♥♦❞♦✱ ❡❧ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ ❧❛ ❝❧❛✈❡
❞❡ ❧❛ r❛í③ ❞❡❧ s✉❜ár❜♦❧ ✐③q✉✐❡r❞♦ ❡s ♠❡♥♦r q✉❡ ❡❧ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ ❧❛ ❝❧❛✈❡ ❞❡❧ ♥♦❞♦ ② q✉❡ ❡❧ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ ❧❛
❝❧❛✈❡ r❛í③ ❞❡❧ s✉❜ár❜♦❧ ❞❡r❡❝❤♦ ❡s ♠❛②♦r q✉❡ ❡❧ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ ❧❛ ❝❧❛✈❡ ❞❡❧ ♥♦❞♦✳

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✷✳✹✸✿

✶✷✳✾✳✷✳ ❖♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❡s ❡♥ ❆❇❇

❊❧ r❡♣❡rt♦r✐♦ ❞❡ ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❡s ❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛r s♦❜r❡ ✉♥ ❆❇❇ ❡s ♣❛r❡❝✐❞♦ ❛❧ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦ s♦❜r❡ ♦tr❛s
❡str✉❝t✉r❛s ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s✱ ♠ás ❛❧❣✉♥❛ ♦tr❛ ♣r♦♣✐❛ ❞❡ ár❜♦❧❡s✿
❇✉s❝❛r ✉♥ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦✳
■♥s❡rt❛r ✉♥ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦✳
❇♦rr❛r ✉♥ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦✳
▼♦✈✐♠✐❡♥t♦s ❛ tr❛✈és ❞❡❧ ár❜♦❧✿
❼ ■③q✉✐❡r❞❛✳

✷✸✻
 ❼ ❉❡r❡❝❤❛✳
❼ ❘❛✐③✳

■♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥✿
❼ ❈♦♠♣r♦❜❛r s✐ ✉♥ ár❜♦❧ ❡stá ✈❛❝í♦✳
❼ ❈❛❧❝✉❧❛r ❡❧ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ♥♦❞♦s✳
❼ ❈♦♠♣r♦❜❛r s✐ ❡❧ ♥♦❞♦ ❡s ❤♦❥❛✳
❼ ❈❛❧❝✉❧❛r ❧❛ ❛❧t✉r❛ ❞❡ ✉♥ ♥♦❞♦✳
❼ ❈❛❧❝✉❧❛r ❧❛ ❛❧t✉r❛ ❞❡ ✉♥ ár❜♦❧✳

✶✷✳✾✳✸✳ ❇✉s❝❛r ✉♥ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦

P❛rt✐❡♥❞♦ s✐❡♠♣r❡ ❞❡❧ ♥♦❞♦ r❛í③✱ ❡❧ ♠♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛r ✉♥ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ s❡ ❞❡✜♥❡ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ r❡❝✉rs✐✈❛✳
❙✐ ❡❧ ár❜♦❧ ❡stá ✈❛❝í♦✱ t❡r♠✐♥❛♠♦s ❧❛ ❜úsq✉❡❞❛✿ ❡❧ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ♥♦ ❡stá ❡♥ ❡❧ ár❜♦❧✳
❙✐ ❡❧ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡❧ ♥♦❞♦ r❛í③ ❡s ✐❣✉❛❧ q✉❡ ❡❧ ❞❡❧ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ q✉❡ ❜✉s❝❛♠♦s✱ t❡r♠✐♥❛♠♦s ❧❛ ❜úsq✉❡❞❛
❝♦♥ é①✐t♦✳
❙✐ ❡❧ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡❧ ♥♦❞♦ r❛í③ ❡s ♠❛②♦r q✉❡ ❡❧ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ q✉❡ ❜✉s❝❛♠♦s✱ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛r❡♠♦s ❧❛ ❜úsq✉❡❞❛
❡♥ ❡❧ ár❜♦❧ ✐③q✉✐❡r❞♦✳
❙✐ ❡❧ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡❧ ♥♦❞♦ r❛í③ ❡s ♠❡♥♦r q✉❡ ❡❧ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ q✉❡ ❜✉s❝❛♠♦s✱ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛r❡♠♦s ❧❛ ❜úsq✉❡❞❛
❡♥ ❡❧ ár❜♦❧ ❞❡r❡❝❤♦✳
❊❧ ✈❛❧♦r r❡t♦r♥❛❞♦ ❞❡ ✉♥❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❜úsq✉❡❞❛ ❡♥ ✉♥ ❆❇❇ ♣✉❡❞❡ s❡r ✉♥ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ ❛❧ ♥♦❞♦ ❡♥❝♦♥✲
tr❛❞♦✱ ♦ ◆❯▲▲✱ s✐ ♥♦ s❡ ❡♥❝✉❡♥tr❛✳

✶✷✳✾✳✹✳ ■♥s❡rt❛r ✉♥ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦

P❛r❛ ✐♥s❡rt❛r ✉♥ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✉s❛♠♦s ❡❧ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❞❡ ❜úsq✉❡❞❛✳ ❙✐ ❡①✐st❡ ❡♥ ❡❧ ár❜♦❧ ♥♦ ❧♦ ✐♥s❡r✲

t❛♠♦s✳ ❙✐ ♥♦ ❡stá✱ ❧♦ ✐♥s❡rt❛♠♦s ❛ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡❧ ú❧t✐♠♦ ♥♦❞♦ ✈✐s✐t❛❞♦✳
◆❡❝❡s✐t❛♠♦s ✉♥ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛r ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥s❡r✈❛r ✉♥❛ r❡❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛ ❛❧ ♣❛❞r❡ ❞❡❧ ♥♦❞♦ r❛í③ ❛❝t✉❛❧✳ ❊❧
✈❛❧♦r ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❡s❡ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ ❡s ◆❯▲▲✳
P❛❞r❡ ❂ ◆❯▲▲
♥♦❞♦ ❂ ❘❛✐③
❇✉❝❧❡✿ ♠✐❡♥tr❛s ❛❝t✉❛❧ ♥♦ s❡❛ ✉♥ ár❜♦❧ ✈❛❝í♦ ♦ ❤❛st❛ q✉❡ s❡ ❡♥❝✉❡♥tr❡ ❡❧ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦✿
❼ ❙✐ ❡❧ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡❧ ♥♦❞♦ r❛í③ ❡s ♠❛②♦r q✉❡ ❡❧ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ q✉❡ ❜✉s❝❛♠♦s✱ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛r❡♠♦s ❧❛
❜úsq✉❡❞❛ ❡♥ ❡❧ ár❜♦❧ ✐③q✉✐❡r❞♦✿ P❛❞r❡❂♥♦❞♦✱ ♥♦❞♦❂♥♦❞♦✲❃✐③q✉✐❡r❞♦✳
❼ ❙✐ ❡❧ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡❧ ♥♦❞♦ r❛í③ ❡s ♠❡♥♦r q✉❡ ❡❧ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ q✉❡ ❜✉s❝❛♠♦s✱ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛r❡♠♦s ❧❛
❜úsq✉❡❞❛ ❡♥ ❡❧ ár❜♦❧ ❞❡r❡❝❤♦✿ P❛❞r❡❂♥♦❞♦✱ ♥♦❞♦❂♥♦❞♦✲❃❞❡r❡❝❤♦✳
❙✐ ♥♦❞♦ ♥♦ ❡s ◆❯▲▲✱ ❡❧ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❡stá ❡♥ ❡❧ ár❜♦❧✱ ♣♦r ❧♦ t❛♥t♦ s❛❧✐♠♦s✳
❙✐ P❛❞r❡ ❡s ◆❯▲▲✱ ❡❧ ár❜♦❧ ❡st❛❜❛ ✈❛❝í♦✱ ♣♦r ❧♦ t❛♥t♦✱ ❡❧ ♥✉❡✈♦ ár❜♦❧ só❧♦ ❝♦♥t✐❡♥❡ ❡❧ ♥✉❡✈♦
❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦✱ q✉❡ ❡s ❧❛ r❛í③ ❞❡❧ ár❜♦❧✳

✷✸✼
 ❙✐ ❡❧ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❡s ♠❡♥♦r q✉❡ ❡❧ P❛❞r❡✱ ❡♥t♦♥❝❡s ✐♥s❡rt❛♠♦s ❡❧ ♥✉❡✈♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♥ ♥✉❡✈♦
ár❜♦❧ ✐③q✉✐❡r❞♦ ❞❡ P❛❞r❡✳
❙✐ ❡❧ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❡s ♠❛②♦r q✉❡ ❡❧ P❛❞r❡✱ ❡♥t♦♥❝❡s ✐♥s❡rt❛♠♦s ❡❧ ♥✉❡✈♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♥ ♥✉❡✈♦
ár❜♦❧ ❞❡r❡❝❤♦ ❞❡ P❛❞r❡✳
❊st❡ ♠♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❛❝t✉❛r ❛s❡❣✉r❛ q✉❡ ❡❧ ár❜♦❧ s✐❣✉❡ s✐❡♥❞♦ ❆❇❇✳

✶✷✳✾✳✺✳ ❇♦rr❛r ✉♥ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦

P❛r❛ ❜♦rr❛r ✉♥ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ t❛♠❜✐é♥ ❡♠♣❧❡❛♠♦s ❡❧ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❞❡ ❜úsq✉❡❞❛✳ ❙✐ ❡❧ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ♥♦ ❡stá

❡♥ ❡❧ ár❜♦❧ ♥♦ ❧♦ ♣♦❞r❡♠♦s ❜♦rr❛r✳ ❙✐ ❡stá✱ ❤❛② ❞♦s ❝❛s♦s ♣♦s✐❜❧❡s✿
✶✳ ❙❡ tr❛t❛ ❞❡ ✉♥ ♥♦❞♦ ❤♦❥❛✿ ❡♥ ❡s❡ ❝❛s♦ ❧♦ ❜♦rr❛r❡♠♦s ❞✐r❡❝t❛♠❡♥t❡✳
✷✳ ❙❡ tr❛t❛ ❞❡ ✉♥ ♥♦❞♦ r❛♠❛✿ ❡♥ ❡s❡ ❝❛s♦ ♥♦ ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛r❧♦✱ ♣✉❡st♦ q✉❡ ♣❡r❞❡rí❛♠♦s
t♦❞♦s ❧♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡❧ ár❜♦❧ ❞❡ q✉❡ ❡❧ ♥♦❞♦ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❡s ♣❛❞r❡✳ ❊♥ s✉ ❧✉❣❛r ❜✉s❝❛♠♦s ❡❧ ♥♦❞♦
♠ás ❛ ❧❛ ✐③q✉✐❡r❞❛ ❞❡❧ s✉❜ár❜♦❧ ❞❡r❡❝❤♦✱ ♦ ❡❧ ♠ás ❛ ❧❛ ❞❡r❡❝❤❛ ❞❡❧ s✉❜ár❜♦❧ ✐③q✉✐❡r❞♦ ❡
✐♥t❡r❝❛♠❜✐❛♠♦s s✉s ✈❛❧♦r❡s✳ ❆ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛❝✐ó♥ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛♠♦s ❡❧ ♥♦❞♦ ❤♦❥❛✳
◆❡❝❡s✐t❛♠♦s ✉♥ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛r ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥s❡r✈❛r ✉♥❛ r❡❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛ ❛❧ ♣❛❞r❡ ❞❡❧ ♥♦❞♦ r❛í③ ❛❝t✉❛❧✳ ❊❧
✈❛❧♦r ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❡s❡ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ ❡s ◆❯▲▲✳
P❛❞r❡ ❂ ◆❯▲▲
❙✐ ❡❧ ár❜♦❧ ❡stá ✈❛❝í♦✿ ❡❧ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ♥♦ ❡stá ❡♥ ❡❧ ár❜♦❧✱ ♣♦r ❧♦ t❛♥t♦ s❛❧✐♠♦s s✐♥ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛r
♥✐♥❣ú♥ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦✳
✭✶✮ ❙✐ ❡❧ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡❧ ♥♦❞♦ r❛í③ ❡s ✐❣✉❛❧ q✉❡ ❡❧ ❞❡❧ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ q✉❡ ❜✉s❝❛♠♦s✱ ❡st❛♠♦s ❛♥t❡ ✉♥♦
❞❡ ❧♦s s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡s ❝❛s♦s✿
❼ ❊❧ ♥♦❞♦ r❛í③ ❡s ✉♥ ♥♦❞♦ ❤♦❥❛✿
◦ ❙✐ ✬P❛❞r❡és ◆❯▲▲✱ ❡❧ ♥♦❞♦ r❛í③ ❡s ❡❧ ú♥✐❝♦ ❞❡❧ ár❜♦❧✱ ♣♦r ❧♦ t❛♥t♦ ❡❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ ❛❧
ár❜♦❧ ❞❡❜❡ s❡r ◆❯▲▲✳
◦ ❙✐ r❛í③ ❡s ❧❛ r❛♠❛ ❞❡r❡❝❤❛ ❞❡ ✬P❛❞r❡✬✱ ❤❛❝❡♠♦s q✉❡ ❡s❛ r❛♠❛ ❛♣✉♥t❡ ❛ ◆❯▲▲✳
◦ ❙✐ r❛í③ ❡s ❧❛ r❛♠❛ ✐③q✉✐❡r❞❛ ❞❡ ✬P❛❞r❡✬✱ ❤❛❝❡♠♦s q✉❡ ❡s❛ r❛♠❛ ❛♣✉♥t❡ ❛ ◆❯▲▲✳
◦ ❊❧✐♠✐♥❛♠♦s ❡❧ ♥♦❞♦✱ ② s❛❧✐♠♦s✳
❼ ❊❧ ♥♦❞♦ ♥♦ ❡s ✉♥ ♥♦❞♦ ❤♦❥❛✿
◦ ❇✉s❝❛♠♦s ❡❧ ñ♦❞♦✬♠ás ❛ ❧❛ ✐③q✉✐❡r❞❛ ❞❡❧ ár❜♦❧ ❞❡r❡❝❤♦ ❞❡ r❛í③ ♦ ❡❧ ♠ás ❛ ❧❛ ❞❡r❡❝❤❛
❞❡❧ ár❜♦❧ ✐③q✉✐❡r❞♦✳ ❚❡♥❣❛ ❡♥ ❝✉❡♥t❛ ♣♦❞rí❛ s❡r q✉❡ só❧♦ ❡①✐st❛ ✉♥♦ ❞❡ ❡s♦s ár❜♦❧❡s✳
❆❧ ♠✐s♠♦ t✐❡♠♣♦✱ ❛❝t✉❛❧✐③❛♠♦s ✬P❛❞r❡✬♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ❛♣✉♥t❡ ❛❧ ♣❛❞r❡ ❞❡ ñ♦❞♦✬✳
◦ ■♥t❡r❝❛♠❜✐❛♠♦s ❧♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❧♦s ♥♦❞♦s r❛í③ ② ñ♦❞♦✬✳
◦ ❇♦rr❛♠♦s ❡❧ ♥♦❞♦ ñ♦❞♦✬✳ ❊st♦ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛ ✈♦❧✈❡r ❛ ✭✶✮✱ ②❛ q✉❡ ♣✉❡❞❡ s✉❝❡❞❡r q✉❡
ñ♦❞♦ñ♦ s❡❛ ✉♥ ♥♦❞♦ ❤♦❥❛✳
❼ ❙✐ ❡❧ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡❧ ♥♦❞♦ r❛í③ ❡s ♠❛②♦r q✉❡ ❡❧ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ q✉❡ ❜✉s❝❛♠♦s✱ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛r❡♠♦s ❧❛
❜úsq✉❡❞❛ ❡♥ ❡❧ ár❜♦❧ ✐③q✉✐❡r❞♦✳
❼ ❙✐ ❡❧ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡❧ ♥♦❞♦ r❛í③ ❡s ♠❡♥♦r q✉❡ ❡❧ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ q✉❡ ❜✉s❝❛♠♦s✱ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛r❡♠♦s ❧❛
❜úsq✉❡❞❛ ❡♥ ❡❧ ár❜♦❧ ❞❡r❡❝❤♦✳

✷✸✽
✶✷✳✾✳✺✳✶✳ ❊❥❡♠♣❧♦ ✶✿ ❇♦rr❛r ✉♥ ♥♦❞♦ ❤♦❥❛

❊♥ ❡❧ ár❜♦❧ ❞❡ ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❜♦rr❛r ❡❧ ♥♦❞♦ ✸✳

▲♦❝❛❧✐③❛♠♦s ❡❧ ♥♦❞♦ ❛ ❜♦rr❛r✱ ❛❧ t✐❡♠♣♦ q✉❡ ♠❛♥t❡♥❡♠♦s ✉♥ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ ❛ ✬P❛❞r❡✬✳

❍❛❝❡♠♦s q✉❡ ❡❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ ❞❡ ✬P❛❞r❡✬q✉❡ ❛♣✉♥t❛❜❛ ❛ ñ♦❞♦✬✱ ❛❤♦r❛ ❛♣✉♥t❡ ❛ ◆❯▲▲✳

❇♦rr❛♠♦s ❡❧ ñ♦❞♦✬✳

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✷✳✹✹✿

✶✷✳✾✳✺✳✷✳ ❊❥❡♠♣❧♦ ✷✿ ❇♦rr❛r ✉♥ ♥♦❞♦ r❛♠❛ ❝♦♥ ✐♥t❡r❝❛♠❜✐♦ ❞❡ ✉♥ ♥♦❞♦ ❤♦❥❛✳

❊♥ ❡❧ ár❜♦❧ ❞❡ ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❜♦rr❛r ❡❧ ♥♦❞♦ ✹✳

▲♦❝❛❧✐③❛♠♦s ❡❧ ♥♦❞♦ ❛ ❜♦rr❛r ✭✬r❛í③✬✮✳

❇✉s❝❛♠♦s ❡❧ ♥♦❞♦ ♠ás ❛ ❧❛ ❞❡r❡❝❤❛ ❞❡❧ ár❜♦❧ ✐③q✉✐❡r❞♦ ❞❡ ✬r❛í③✬✱ ❡♥ ❡st❡ ❝❛s♦ ❡❧ ✸✱ ❛❧ t✐❡♠♣♦

q✉❡ ♠❛♥t❡♥❡♠♦s ✉♥ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ ❛ ✬P❛❞r❡á ñ♦❞♦✬✳

■♥t❡r❝❛♠❜✐❛♠♦s ❧♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ✸ ② ✹✳

❍❛❝❡♠♦s q✉❡ ❡❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ ❞❡ ✬P❛❞r❡✬q✉❡ ❛♣✉♥t❛❜❛ ❛ ñ♦❞♦✬✱ ❛❤♦r❛ ❛♣✉♥t❡ ❛ ◆❯▲▲✳

❇♦rr❛♠♦s ❡❧ ñ♦❞♦✬✳

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✷✳✹✺✿

✶✷✳✾✳✺✳✸✳ ❊❥❡♠♣❧♦ ✸✿ ❇♦rr❛r ✉♥ ♥♦❞♦ r❛♠❛ ❝♦♥ ✐♥t❡r❝❛♠❜✐♦ ❞❡ ✉♥ ♥♦❞♦ r❛♠❛✳

P❛r❛ ❡st❡ ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦ ✉s❛♠♦s ♦tr♦ ár❜♦❧✳ ❊♥ ést❡ ❜♦rr❛r❡♠♦s ❡❧ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✻✳

✷✸✾
 ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✷✳✹✻✿

▲♦❝❛❧✐③❛♠♦s ❡❧ ♥♦❞♦ ❛ ❜♦rr❛r ✭✬r❛í③✬✮✳

❇✉s❝❛♠♦s ❡❧ ♥♦❞♦ ♠ás ❛ ❧❛ ✐③q✉✐❡r❞❛ ❞❡❧ ár❜♦❧ ❞❡r❡❝❤♦ ❞❡ ✬r❛í③✬✱ ❡♥ ❡st❡ ❝❛s♦ ❡❧ ✶✷✱ ②❛ q✉❡

❡❧ ár❜♦❧ ❞❡r❡❝❤♦ ♥♦ t✐❡♥❡ ♥♦❞♦s ❛ s✉ ✐③q✉✐❡r❞❛✱ s✐ ♦♣t❛♠♦s ♣♦r ❧❛ r❛♠❛ ✐③q✉✐❡r❞❛✱ ❡st❛r❡♠♦s

❡♥ ✉♥ ❝❛s♦ ❛♥á❧♦❣♦✳ ❆❧ ♠✐s♠♦ t✐❡♠♣♦ q✉❡ ♠❛♥t❡♥❡♠♦s ✉♥ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ ❛ ✬P❛❞r❡á ñ♦❞♦✬✳

■♥t❡r❝❛♠❜✐❛♠♦s ❧♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ✻ ② ✶✷✳

❆❤♦r❛ t❡♥❡♠♦s q✉❡ r❡♣❡t✐r ❡❧ ❜✉❝❧❡ ♣❛r❛ ❡❧ ♥♦❞♦ ✻ ❞❡ ♥✉❡✈♦✱ ②❛ q✉❡ ♥♦ ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛r❧♦✳

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✷✳✹✼✿

▲♦❝❛❧✐③❛♠♦s ❞❡ ♥✉❡✈♦ ❡❧ ♥♦❞♦ ❛ ❜♦rr❛r ✭✬r❛í③✬✮✳

❇✉s❝❛♠♦s ❡❧ ♥♦❞♦ ♠ás ❛ ❧❛ ✐③q✉✐❡r❞❛ ❞❡❧ ár❜♦❧ ❞❡r❡❝❤♦ ❞❡ ✬r❛í③✬✱ ❡♥ ❡st❡ ❝❛s♦ ❡❧ ✶✻✱ ❛❧ ♠✐s♠♦

t✐❡♠♣♦ q✉❡ ♠❛♥t❡♥❡♠♦s ✉♥ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ ❛ ✬P❛❞r❡á ñ♦❞♦✬✳

■♥t❡r❝❛♠❜✐❛♠♦s ❧♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ✻ ② ✶✻✳

❍❛❝❡♠♦s q✉❡ ❡❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ ❞❡ ✬P❛❞r❡✬q✉❡ ❛♣✉♥t❛❜❛ ❛ ñ♦❞♦✬✱ ❛❤♦r❛ ❛♣✉♥t❡ ❛ ◆❯▲▲✳

❇♦rr❛♠♦s ❡❧ ñ♦❞♦✬✳

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✷✳✹✽✿

❊st❡ ♠♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❛❝t✉❛r ❛s❡❣✉r❛ q✉❡ ❡❧ ár❜♦❧ s✐❣✉❡ s✐❡♥❞♦ ❆❇❇✳

✷✹✵
✶✷✳✾✳✻✳ ▼♦✈✐♠✐❡♥t♦s ❛ tr❛✈és ❞❡❧ ár❜♦❧

◆♦ ❤❛② ♠✉❝❤♦ q✉❡ ❝♦♥t❛r✳ ❍❛❝❡♠♦s r❡❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛ ❛ ♥✉❡str❛ ❡str✉❝t✉r❛ ♠❡❞✐❛♥t❡ ✉♥ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ ❛❧
♥♦❞♦ ❘❛í③✳ ➱st❡✱ ♥♦ ❞❡❜❡ ♣❡r❞❡rs❡✳
P❛r❛ ♠♦✈❡r♥♦s ❛ tr❛✈és ❞❡❧ ár❜♦❧ ✉s❛♠♦s ♣✉♥t❡r♦s ❛✉①✐❧✐❛r❡s✱ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ q✉❡ ❞❡s❞❡ ❝✉❛❧q✉✐❡r ♣✉♥t❡r♦
❧♦s ♠♦✈✐♠✐❡♥t♦s ♣♦s✐❜❧❡s s♦♥✿ ✐r ❛❧ ♥♦❞♦ r❛í③ ❞❡ ❧❛ r❛♠❛ ✐③q✉✐❡r❞❛✱ ♠♦✈❡rs❡ ❛❧ ♥♦❞♦ r❛í③ ❞❡ ❧❛
r❛♠❛ ❞❡r❡❝❤❛ ♦ ✐r ❛❧ ♥♦❞♦ ❘❛í③ ❞❡❧ ár❜♦❧✳

✶✷✳✾✳✼✳ ■♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥

❍❛② ✈❛r✐♦s ♣❛rá♠❡tr♦s q✉❡ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛♠♦s ♦ ♠❡❞✐♠♦s ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ✉♥ ár❜♦❧✳ ❆❧❣✉♥♦s ❞❡ ❡❧❧♦s ❞❛♥
✐❞❡❛ ❞❡ ❧♦ ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ q✉❡ ❡stá ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❞♦ ♦ ❡❧ ♠♦❞♦ ❡♥ q✉❡ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛✳
❈♦♠♣r♦❜❛r s✐ ✉♥ ár❜♦❧ ❡stá ✈❛❝í♦✳
❯♥ ár❜♦❧ ❡stá ✈❛❝í♦ s✐ s✉ r❛í③ ❡s ◆❯▲▲✳
❈❛❧❝✉❧❛r ❡❧ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ♥♦❞♦s✳
❚❡♥❡♠♦s ❞♦s ♦♣❝✐♦♥❡s ♣❛r❛ ❤❛❝❡r ❡st♦✱ ✉♥❛ ❡s ❧❧❡✈❛r s✐❡♠♣r❡ ❧❛ ❝✉❡♥t❛ ❞❡ ♥♦❞♦s ❡♥ ❡❧ ár❜♦❧ ❛❧
♠✐s♠♦ t✐❡♠♣♦ q✉❡ s❡ ❛ñ❛❞❡♥ ♦ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛♥ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s✳ ▲❛ ♦tr❛ ❡s✱ s❡♥❝✐❧❧❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❝♦♥t❛r❧♦s✳
P❛r❛ ❝♦♥t❛r ❧♦s ♥♦❞♦s r❡❝✉rr✐♠♦s ❛ ❝✉❛❧q✉✐❡r❛ ❞❡ ❧♦s tr❡s ♠♦❞♦s ❞❡ r❡❝♦rr❡r ❡❧ ár❜♦❧✿ ✐♥♦r❞❡♥✱
♣r❡♦r❞❡♥ ♦ ♣♦st♦r❞❡♥✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❛❝❝✐ó♥ s❡♥❝✐❧❧❛♠❡♥t❡ ✐♥❝r❡♠❡♥t❛♠♦s ❡❧ ❝♦♥t❛❞♦r✳
❈♦♠♣r♦❜❛r s✐ ❡❧ ♥♦❞♦ ❡s ❤♦❥❛✳
❊st♦ ❡s s❡♥❝✐❧❧♦✱ ❜❛st❛ ❝♦♥ ❝♦♠♣r♦❜❛r s✐ t❛♥t♦ ❡❧ ár❜♦❧ ✐③q✉✐❡r❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❡❧ ❞❡r❡❝❤♦ ❡stá♥ ✈❛❝í♦s✳ ❙✐
❛♠❜♦s ❧♦ ❡stá♥✱ s❡ tr❛t❛ ❞❡ ✉♥ ♥♦❞♦ ❤♦❥❛✳
❈❛❧❝✉❧❛r ❧❛ ❛❧t✉r❛ ❞❡ ✉♥ ♥♦❞♦✳
◆♦ ❤❛② ✉♥ ♠♦❞♦ ❞✐r❡❝t♦ ❞❡ ❤❛❝❡r ❡st♦✱ ②❛ q✉❡ ♥♦ ❡s ♣♦s✐❜❧❡ r❡❝♦rr❡r ❡❧ ár❜♦❧ ❡♥ ❧❛ ❞✐r❡❝❝✐ó♥ ❞❡
❧❛ r❛í③✳ ❉❡ ♠♦❞♦ q✉❡ t❡♥❡♠♦s q✉❡ r❡❝✉rr✐r ❛ ♦tr❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛r ❧❛ ❛❧t✉r❛✳
▲♦ q✉❡ ❤❛r❡♠♦s ❡s ❜✉s❝❛r ❡❧ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡❧ ♥♦❞♦ ❞❡ q✉❡ q✉❡r❡♠♦s ❛✈❡r✐❣✉❛r ❧❛ ❛❧t✉r❛✳ ❈❛❞❛ ✈❡③
q✉❡ ❛✈❛♥❝❡♠♦s ✉♥ ♥♦❞♦ ✐♥❝r❡♠❡♥t❛♠♦s ❧❛ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ q✉❡ ❝♦♥t✐❡♥❡ ❧❛ ❛❧t✉r❛ ❞❡❧ ♥♦❞♦✳

❊♠♣❡③❛♠♦s ❝♦♥ ❡❧ ♥♦❞♦ r❛í③ ❛♣✉♥t❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❘❛✐③✱ ② ❧❛ ➪❧t✉r❛í❣✉❛❧ ❛ ❝❡r♦✳

❙✐ ❡❧ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡❧ ♥♦❞♦ r❛í③ ❡s ✐❣✉❛❧ q✉❡ ❡❧ ❞❡❧ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ q✉❡ ❜✉s❝❛♠♦s✱ t❡r♠✐♥❛♠♦s ❧❛ ❜úsq✉❡❞❛
② ❡❧ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ ❧❛ ❛❧t✉r❛ ❡s ➪❧t✉r❛✬✳

■♥❝r❡♠❡♥t❛♠♦s ➪❧t✉r❛✬✳

❙✐ ❡❧ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡❧ ♥♦❞♦ r❛í③ ❡s ♠❛②♦r q✉❡ ❡❧ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ q✉❡ ❜✉s❝❛♠♦s✱ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛♠♦s ❧❛ ❜úsq✉❡❞❛
❡♥ ❡❧ ár❜♦❧ ✐③q✉✐❡r❞♦✳

❙✐ ❡❧ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡❧ ♥♦❞♦ r❛í③ ❡s ♠❡♥♦r q✉❡ ❡❧ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ q✉❡ ❜✉s❝❛♠♦s✱ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛♠♦s ❧❛ ❜úsq✉❡❞❛
❡♥ ❡❧ ár❜♦❧ ❞❡r❡❝❤♦✳

❈❛❧❝✉❧❛r ❧❛ ❛❧t✉r❛ ❞❡ ✉♥ ár❜♦❧✳

▲❛ ❛❧t✉r❛ ❞❡❧ ár❜♦❧ ❡s ❧❛ ❛❧t✉r❛ ❞❡❧ ♥♦❞♦ ❞❡ ♠❛②♦r✳ P❛r❛ ❜✉s❝❛r ❡st❡ ✈❛❧♦r t❡♥❡♠♦s q✉❡ r❡❝♦rr❡r
t♦❞♦ ❡❧ ár❜♦❧✱ ❞❡ ♥✉❡✈♦ ❡s ♥♦ ✐♠♣♦rt❛ ❡❧ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ r❡❝♦rr✐❞♦ q✉❡ ❤❛❣❛♠♦s✱ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ❝❛♠❜✐❡♠♦s
❞❡ ♥✐✈❡❧ ✐♥❝r❡♠❡♥t❛♠♦s ❧❛ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ q✉❡ ❝♦♥t✐❡♥❡ ❧❛ ❛❧t✉r❛ ❞❡❧ ♥♦❞♦ ❛❝t✉❛❧✱ ❝✉❛♥❞♦ ❧❧❡❣✉❡♠♦s ❛
✉♥ ♥♦❞♦ ❤♦❥❛ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛♠♦s s✉ ❛❧t✉r❛ ❝♦♥ ❧❛ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ q✉❡ ❝♦♥t✐❡♥❡ ❧❛ ❛❧t✉r❛ ❞❡❧ ár❜♦❧ s✐ ❡s ♠❛②♦r✱
❛❝t✉❛❧✐③❛♠♦s ❧❛ ❛❧t✉r❛ ❞❡❧ ár❜♦❧✳

✷✹✶
 ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✷✳✹✾✿

■♥✐❝✐❛♠♦s ✉♥ r❡❝♦rr✐❞♦ ❞❡❧ ár❜♦❧ ❡♥ ♣♦st♦r❞❡♥✱ ❝♦♥ ❧❛ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ ❞❡ ❛❧t✉r❛ ✐❣✉❛❧ ❛ ❝❡r♦✳
❈❛❞❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ❡♠♣❡❝❡♠♦s ❛ r❡❝♦rr❡r ✉♥❛ ♥✉❡✈❛ r❛♠❛✱ ✐♥❝r❡♠❡♥t❛♠♦s ❧❛ ❛❧t✉r❛ ♣❛r❛ ❡s❡
♥♦❞♦✳
❉❡s♣✉és ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡s❛r ❧❛s ❞♦s r❛♠❛s✱ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛♠♦s s✐ ❧❛ ❛❧t✉r❛ ❞❡❧ ♥♦❞♦ ❡s ♠❛②♦r q✉❡ ❧❛ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡
q✉❡ ❛❧♠❛❝❡♥❛ ❧❛ ❛❧t✉r❛ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❞❡❧ ár❜♦❧✱ s✐ ❡s ❛sí✱ ❛❝t✉❛❧✐③❛♠♦s ❡s❛ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡✳

✶✷✳✾✳✽✳ ➪r❜♦❧❡s ❞❡❣❡♥❡r❛❞♦s

▲♦s ár❜♦❧❡s ❜✐♥❛r✐♦s ❞❡ ❜úsq✉❡❞❛ t✐❡♥❡♥ ✉♥ ❣r❛♥ ✐♥❝♦♥✈❡♥✐❡♥t❡✳ ❙✉♣♦♥❣❛ q✉❡ ❝r❡❛♠♦s ✉♥ ❆❇❇
❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ✉♥❛ ❧✐st❛ ❞❡ ✈❛❧♦r❡s ♦r❞❡♥❛❞❛✿ ✷✱ ✹✱ ✺✱ ✽✱ ✾✱ ✶✷
❉✐❢í❝✐❧♠❡♥t❡ ❧❧❛♠❛♠♦s ❛ ❧❛ ❡str✉❝t✉r❛ r❡s✉❧t❛♥t❡ ✉♥ ár❜♦❧✿ ❊st♦ ❡s ❧♦ q✉❡ ❧❧❛♠❛♠♦s ✉♥ ár❜♦❧
❜✐♥❛r✐♦ ❞❡ ❜úsq✉❡❞❛ ❞❡❣❡♥❡r❛❞♦✱ ② ❡♥ ❡❧ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❛♣❛rt❛❞♦ ✈❡♠♦s ✉♥❛ ♥✉❡✈❛ ❡str✉❝t✉r❛✱ ❡❧ ár❜♦❧
❆❱▲✱ q✉❡ r❡s✉❡❧✈❡ ❡st❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✱ ❣❡♥❡r❛♥❞♦ ár❜♦❧❡s ❞❡ ❜úsq✉❡❞❛ ❡q✉✐❧✐❜r❛❞♦s✳

✶✷✳✶✵✳ ❊❥❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❆❇❇ ❡♥ ❈

❱❡❛♠♦s ❝ó♠♦ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r ❡♥ ❈ ❛❧❣✉♥❛s ❞❡ ❧❛s ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❡s q✉❡ ❤❡♠♦s ❡①♣❧✐❝❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ár❜♦❧❡s
❆❇❇✱ ❛❧ ✜♥❛❧ s❡ ✐♥❝❧✉②❡ ✉♥ ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t♦ ♣❛r❛ ár❜♦❧❡s ❞❡ ❡♥t❡r♦s✳

✶✷✳✶✵✳✶✳ ❉❡❝❧❛r❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ t✐♣♦s

❆❧ tr❛❜❛❥❛r ❝♦♥ ✉♥ ár❜♦❧ ❜✐♥❛r✐♦✱ só❧♦ ♥❡❝❡s✐t❛♠♦s ✉♥❛ ❡str✉❝t✉r❛ ♣❛r❛ r❡❢❡r✐r♥♦s t❛♥t♦ ❛ ❝✉❛❧✲
q✉✐❡r❛ ❞❡ ❧♦s ♥♦❞♦s ❝♦♠♦ ❛❧ ár❜♦❧ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t♦✳ ❘❡❝✉❡r❞❛ q✉❡ ❝✉❛❧q✉✐❡r ♥♦❞♦ ♣✉❡❞❡ s❡r ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦
❝♦♠♦ ❧❛ r❛í③ ❞❡ ✉♥ ár❜♦❧✳
✶ t②♣❡❞❡❢ str✉❝t ❴♥♦❞♦ ④
✷ ✐♥t ❞❛t♦ ❀
✸ str✉❝t ❴♥♦❞♦ ✯ ❞❡r❡❝❤♦ ❀
✹ str✉❝t ❴♥♦❞♦ ✯ ✐③q✉✐❡r❞♦ ❀
✺ ⑥ t✐♣♦◆♦❞♦ ❀
✻
✼ t②♣❡❞❡❢ t✐♣♦◆♦❞♦ ✯ ♣◆♦❞♦ ❀

✷✹✷
 ✽ t②♣❡❞❡❢ t✐♣♦◆♦❞♦ ✯ ❆r❜♦❧ ❀

✶✷✳✶✵✳✷✳ ■♥s❡rt❛r ✉♥ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❡♥ ✉♥ ár❜♦❧ ❆❇❇

❉✐s❡ñ❛♠♦s ✉♥❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ q✉❡ s❡ ❛❥✉st❡ ❛❧ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ q✉❡ ❞❡s❝r✐t♦ ❡♥ ❡❧ ♣✉♥t♦ ✼✳✹✿

P❛❞r❡ ❂ ◆❯▲▲

♥♦❞♦ ❂ ❘❛✐③

❇✉❝❧❡✿ ♠✐❡♥tr❛s ❛❝t✉❛❧ ♥♦ s❡❛ ✉♥ ár❜♦❧ ✈❛❝í♦ ♦ ❤❛st❛ q✉❡ s❡ ❡♥❝✉❡♥tr❡ ❡❧ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦✳

❼ ❙✐ ❡❧ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡❧ ♥♦❞♦ r❛í③ ❡s ♠❛②♦r q✉❡ ❡❧ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ q✉❡ ❜✉s❝❛♠♦s✱ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛♠♦s ❧❛

❜úsq✉❡❞❛ ❡♥ ❡❧ ár❜♦❧ ✐③q✉✐❡r❞♦✿ P❛❞r❡❂♥♦❞♦✱ ♥♦❞♦❂♥♦❞♦✲❃✐③q✉✐❡r❞♦✳

❼ ❙✐ ❡❧ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡❧ ♥♦❞♦ r❛í③ ❡s ♠❡♥♦r q✉❡ ❡❧ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ q✉❡ ❜✉s❝❛♠♦s✱ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛♠♦s ❧❛

❜úsq✉❡❞❛ ❡♥ ❡❧ ár❜♦❧ ❞❡r❡❝❤♦✿ P❛❞r❡❂♥♦❞♦✱ ♥♦❞♦❂♥♦❞♦✲❃❞❡r❡❝❤♦✳

❙✐ ♥♦❞♦ ♥♦ ❡s ◆❯▲▲✱ ❡❧ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❡stá ❡♥ ❡❧ ár❜♦❧✱ ♣♦r ❧♦ t❛♥t♦ s❛❧✐♠♦s✳

❙✐ P❛❞r❡ ❡s ◆❯▲▲✱ ❡❧ ár❜♦❧ ❡st❛❜❛ ✈❛❝í♦✱ ♣♦r ❧♦ t❛♥t♦✱ ❡❧ ♥✉❡✈♦ ár❜♦❧ só❧♦ ❝♦♥t✐❡♥❡ ❡❧ ♥✉❡✈♦

❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦✱ q✉❡ ❡s ❧❛ r❛í③ ❞❡❧ ár❜♦❧✳

❙✐ ❡❧ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❡s ♠❡♥♦r q✉❡ ❡❧ P❛❞r❡✱ ❡♥t♦♥❝❡s ✐♥s❡rt❛♠♦s ❡❧ ♥✉❡✈♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♥ ♥✉❡✈♦

ár❜♦❧ ✐③q✉✐❡r❞♦ ❞❡ P❛❞r❡✳

❙✐ ❡❧ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❡s ♠❛②♦r q✉❡ ❡❧ P❛❞r❡✱ ❡♥t♦♥❝❡s ✐♥s❡rt❛♠♦s ❡❧ ♥✉❡✈♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♥ ♥✉❡✈♦

ár❜♦❧ ❞❡r❡❝❤♦ ❞❡ P❛❞r❡✳

✶ ✈♦✐❞ ■♥s❡rt❛r ✭ ❆r❜♦❧ ✯❛ ✱ ✐♥t ❞❛t ✮ ④

✷ ♣◆♦❞♦ ♣❛❞r❡ ❂ ◆❯▲▲ ❀ ✴✯ ✭✶✮ ✯✴
✸ ♣◆♦❞♦ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❂ ✯❛❀ ✴✯ ✭✷✮ ✯✴
✹

✺ ✇❤✐❧❡ ✭✦ ❱❛❝✐♦ ✭ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✮ ✫✫ ❞❛t ✦❂ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✲❃ ❞❛t♦ ✮ ④ ✴✯ ✭✸✮ ✯✴

✻ ♣❛❞r❡ ❂ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❀
✼ ✐❢ ✭ ❞❛t ❁ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✲❃ ❞❛t♦ ✮
✽ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❂ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✲ ❃ ✐③q✉✐❡r❞♦ ❀ ✴✯ ✭✸ ✲ ❛ ✮ ✯✴
✾ ❡❧s❡
✶✵ ✐❢ ✭ ❞❛t ❃ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✲ ❃ ❞❛t♦ ✮
✶✶ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❂ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✲ ❃ ❞❡r❡❝❤♦ ❀ ✴✯ ✭✸ ✲ ❜ ✮ ✯✴
✶✷ ⑥
✶✸

✶✹ ✐❢ ✭✦ ❱❛❝✐♦ ✭ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✮✮
✶✺ r❡t✉r♥ ❀ ✴✯ ✭✹✮ ✯✴
✶✻ ✐❢ ✭ ❱❛❝✐♦ ✭ ♣❛❞r❡ ✮ ✮ ④ ✴✯ ✭✺✮ ✯✴
✶✼ ✯❛ ❂ ✭ ❆r❜♦❧ ✮ ♠❛❧❧♦❝ ✭ s✐③❡♦❢ ✭ t✐♣♦◆♦❞♦ ✮ ✮❀
✶✽ ✭✯ ❛ ✮ ✲❃ ❞❛t♦ ❂ ❞❛t ❀
✶✾ ✭✯ ❛ ✮ ✲❃ ✐③q✉✐❡r❞♦ ❂ ✭✯ ❛✮ ✲❃ ❞❡r❡❝❤♦ ❂ ◆❯▲▲ ❀
✷✵ ⑥ ❡❧s❡ ④
✷✶ ✐❢ ✭ ❞❛t ❁ ♣❛❞r❡ ✲❃ ❞❛t♦ ✮ ④ ✴✯ ✭✻✮ ✯✴

✷✹✸
✷✷ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❂ ✭ ❆r❜♦❧ ✮ ♠❛❧❧♦❝ ✭ s✐③❡♦❢ ✭ t✐♣♦◆♦❞♦ ✮✮❀
✷✸ ♣❛❞r❡ ✲❃ ✐③q✉✐❡r❞♦ ❂ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❀
✷✹ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✲❃ ❞❛t♦ ❂ ❞❛t ❀
✷✺ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✲❃ ✐③q✉✐❡r❞♦ ❂ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✲❃ ❞❡r❡❝❤♦ ❂ ◆❯▲▲ ❀
✷✻ ⑥ ❡❧s❡ ✐❢ ✭ ❞❛t ❃ ♣❛❞r❡ ✲❃ ❞❛t♦ ✮ ④ ✴✯ ✭✼✮ ✯✴
✷✼ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❂ ✭ ❆r❜♦❧ ✮ ♠❛❧❧♦❝ ✭ s✐③❡♦❢ ✭ t✐♣♦◆♦❞♦ ✮✮❀
✷✽ ♣❛❞r❡ ✲❃ ❞❡r❡❝❤♦ ❂ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❀
✷✾ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✲❃ ❞❛t♦ ❂ ❞❛t ❀
✸✵ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✲❃ ✐③q✉✐❡r❞♦ ❂ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✲❃ ❞❡r❡❝❤♦ ❂ ◆❯▲▲ ❀
✸✶ ⑥
✸✷ ⑥
✸✸ ⑥

✶✷✳✶✵✳✸✳ ❊❧✐♠✐♥❛r ✉♥ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♥ ár❜♦❧ ❆❇❇

❉✐s❡ñ❛♠♦s ✉♥❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ q✉❡ s❡ ❛❥✉st❡ ❛❧ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ q✉❡ ❞❡s❝r✐❜✐♠♦s ❡♥ ❡❧ ♣✉♥t♦ ✼✳✺✿
P❛❞r❡ ❂ ◆❯▲▲
❙✐ ❡❧ ár❜♦❧ ❡stá ✈❛❝í♦✿ ❡❧ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ♥♦ ❡stá ❡♥ ❡❧ ár❜♦❧✱ ♣♦r ❧♦ t❛♥t♦ s❛❧✐♠♦s s✐♥ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛r
♥✐♥❣ú♥ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦✳
❙✐ ❡❧ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡❧ ♥♦❞♦ r❛í③ ❡s ✐❣✉❛❧ q✉❡ ❡❧ ❞❡❧ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ q✉❡ ❜✉s❝❛♠♦s✱ ❡st❛♠♦s ❛♥t❡ ✉♥♦ ❞❡ ❧♦s
s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡s ❝❛s♦s✿
❊❧ ♥♦❞♦ r❛í③ ❡s ✉♥ ♥♦❞♦ ❤♦❥❛✿
❼ ❙✐ ✬P❛❞r❡és ◆❯▲▲✱ ❡❧ ♥♦❞♦ r❛í③ ❡s ❡❧ ú♥✐❝♦ ❞❡❧ ár❜♦❧✱ ♣♦r ❧♦ t❛♥t♦ ❡❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ ❛❧ ár❜♦❧
❞❡❜❡ s❡r ◆❯▲▲✳
❼ ❙✐ r❛í③ ❡s ❧❛ r❛♠❛ ❞❡r❡❝❤❛ ❞❡ ✬P❛❞r❡✬✱ ❤❛❝❡♠♦s q✉❡ ❡s❛ r❛♠❛ ❛♣✉♥t❡ ❛ ◆❯▲▲✳
❼ ❙✐ r❛í③ ❡s ❧❛ r❛♠❛ ✐③q✉✐❡r❞❛ ❞❡ ✬P❛❞r❡✬✱ ❤❛❝❡♠♦s q✉❡ ❡s❛ r❛♠❛ ❛♣✉♥t❡ ❛ ◆❯▲▲✳
❼ ❊❧✐♠✐♥❛♠♦s ❡❧ ♥♦❞♦✱ ② s❛❧✐♠♦s✳

❊❧ ♥♦❞♦ ♥♦ ❡s ✉♥ ♥♦❞♦ ❤♦❥❛✿

❼ ❇✉s❝❛♠♦s ❡❧ ñ♦❞♦✬♠ás ❛ ❧❛ ✐③q✉✐❡r❞❛ ❞❡❧ ár❜♦❧ ❞❡r❡❝❤♦ ❞❡ r❛í③ ♦ ❡❧ ♠ás ❛ ❧❛ ❞❡r❡❝❤❛
❞❡❧ ár❜♦❧ ✐③q✉✐❡r❞♦✳ ❍❛② q✉❡ t❡♥❡r ❡♥ ❝✉❡♥t❛ q✉❡ ♣✉❡❞❡ q✉❡ só❧♦ ❡①✐st❛ ✉♥♦ ❞❡ ❡s♦s
ár❜♦❧❡s✳ ❆❧ ♠✐s♠♦ t✐❡♠♣♦✱ ❛❝t✉❛❧✐③❛♠♦s ✬P❛❞r❡✬♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ❛♣✉♥t❡ ❛❧ ♣❛❞r❡ ❞❡ ñ♦❞♦✬✳
❼ ■♥t❡r❝❛♠❜✐❛♠♦s ❧♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❧♦s ♥♦❞♦s r❛í③ ② ñ♦❞♦✬✳
❼ ❇♦rr❛♠♦s ❡❧ ♥♦❞♦ ñ♦❞♦✬✳ ❊st♦ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛ ✈♦❧✈❡r ❛ ✭✸✮✱ ②❛ q✉❡ ♣✉❡❞❡ s✉❝❡❞❡r q✉❡ ñ♦❞♦ñ♦
s❡❛ ✉♥ ♥♦❞♦ ❤♦❥❛✳
❙✐ ❡❧ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡❧ ♥♦❞♦ r❛í③ ❡s ♠❛②♦r q✉❡ ❡❧ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ q✉❡ ❜✉s❝❛♠♦s✱ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛♠♦s ❧❛ ❜úsq✉❡❞❛
❡♥ ❡❧ ár❜♦❧ ✐③q✉✐❡r❞♦✳
❙✐ ❡❧ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡❧ ♥♦❞♦ r❛í③ ❡s ♠❡♥♦r q✉❡ ❡❧ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ q✉❡ ❜✉s❝❛♠♦s✱ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛♠♦s ❧❛ ❜úsq✉❡❞❛
❡♥ ❡❧ ár❜♦❧ ❞❡r❡❝❤♦✳

✷✹✹
 ✶ ✈♦✐❞ ❇♦rr❛r ✭ ❆r❜♦❧ ✯❛ ✱ ✐♥t ❞❛t ✮ ④
✷ ♣◆♦❞♦ ♣❛❞r❡ ❂ ◆❯▲▲ ❀ ✴✯ ✭✶✮ ✯✴
✸ ♣◆♦❞♦ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❀
✹ ♣◆♦❞♦ ♥♦❞♦ ❀
✺ ✐♥t ❛✉① ❀
✻
✼ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❂ ✯❛❀
✽ ✇❤✐❧❡ ✭✦ ❱❛❝✐♦ ✭ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✮✮ ④ ✴✯ ❇ú sq✉❡❞❛ ✭✷✮ ❡❧s❡ ✐♠♣❧ í ❝✐t♦ ✯✴
✾ ✐❢ ✭ ❞❛t ❂❂ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✲ ❃ ❞❛t♦ ✮ ④ ✴✯ ✭✸✮ ✯✴
✶✵ ✐❢ ✭ ❊s❍♦❥❛ ✭ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✮✮ ④ ✴✯ ✭✸ ✲ ❛✮ ✯✴
✶✶ ✐❢ ✭ ♣❛❞r❡ ✮ ✴✯ ✭✸ ✲❛ ✲✐ ❝❛s♦ ❡❧s❡ ✐♠♣❧ í ❝✐t♦ ✮ ✯✴
✶✷ ✐❢ ✭ ♣❛❞r❡ ✲ ❃ ❞❡r❡❝❤♦ ❂❂ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✮ ♣❛❞r❡ ✲❃ ❞❡r❡❝❤♦ ❂ ◆❯▲▲ ❀
✴✯ ✭✸ ✲❛ ✲ ✐✐ ✮ ✯✴
✶✸ ❡❧s❡ ✐❢ ✭ ♣❛❞r❡ ✲❃ ✐③q✉✐❡r❞♦ ❂❂ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✮ ♣❛❞r❡ ✲ ❃ ✐③q✉✐❡r❞♦ ❂
◆❯▲▲ ❀ ✴✯ ✭✸ ✲❛ ✲ ✐✐✐ ✮ ✯✴
✶✹ ❢r❡❡ ✭ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✮❀ ✴✯ ✭✸ ✲❛ ✲ ✐✈ ✮ ✯✴
✶✺ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❂ ◆❯▲▲ ❀
✶✻ r❡t✉r♥ ❀
✶✼ ⑥ ❡❧s❡ ④ ✴✯ ✭✸ ✲ ❜✮ ✯✴
✶✽ ✴✯ ❇✉s❝❛r ♥♦❞♦ ✯✴
✶✾ ♣❛❞r❡ ❂ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❀ ✴✯ ✭✸ ✲❜ ✲✐ ✮ ✯✴
✷✵ ✐❢ ✭ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✲❃ ❞❡r❡❝❤♦ ✮ ④
✷✶ ♥♦❞♦ ❂ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✲❃ ❞❡r❡❝❤♦ ❀
✷✷ ✇❤✐❧❡ ✭ ♥♦❞♦ ✲❃ ✐③q✉✐❡r❞♦ ✮ ④
✷✸ ♣❛❞r❡ ❂ ♥♦❞♦ ❀
✷✹ ♥♦❞♦ ❂ ♥♦❞♦ ✲❃ ✐③q✉✐❡r❞♦ ❀
✷✺ ⑥
✷✻ ⑥ ❡❧s❡ ④
✷✼ ♥♦❞♦ ❂ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✲❃ ✐③q✉✐❡r❞♦ ❀
✷✽ ✇❤✐❧❡ ✭ ♥♦❞♦ ✲❃ ❞❡r❡❝❤♦ ✮ ④
✷✾ ♣❛❞r❡ ❂ ♥♦❞♦ ❀
✸✵ ♥♦❞♦ ❂ ♥♦❞♦ ✲❃ ❞❡r❡❝❤♦ ❀
✸✶ ⑥
✸✷ ⑥
✸✸ ✴✯ ■♥t❡r❝❛♠❜✐♦ ✯✴
✸✹ ❛✉① ❂ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✲❃ ❞❛t♦ ❀ ✴✯ ✭✸ ✲❜ ✲ ✐✐ ✮ ✯✴
✸✺ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✲❃ ❞❛t♦ ❂ ♥♦❞♦ ✲❃ ❞❛t♦ ❀
✸✻ ♥♦❞♦ ✲❃ ❞❛t♦ ❂ ❛✉① ❀
✸✼ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❂ ♥♦❞♦ ❀
✸✽ ⑥
✸✾ ⑥ ❡❧s❡ ④
✹✵ ♣❛❞r❡ ❂ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❀
✹✶ ✐❢ ✭ ❞❛t ❃ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✲ ❃ ❞❛t♦ ✮
✹✷ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❂ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✲ ❃ ❞❡r❡❝❤♦ ❀ ✴✯ ✭✹✮ ✯✴
✹✸ ❡❧s❡
✹✹ ✐❢ ✭ ❞❛t ❁ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✲❃ ❞❛t♦ ✮
✹✺ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❂ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✲ ❃ ✐③q✉✐❡r❞♦ ❀ ✴✯ ✭✺✮ ✯✴

✷✹✺
✹✻ ⑥
✹✼ ⑥
✹✽ ⑥

✶✷✳✶✵✳✹✳ ❇✉s❝❛r ✉♥ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❡♥ ✉♥ ár❜♦❧ ❆❇❇

❉✐s❡ñ❛♠♦s ✉♥❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ q✉❡ s❡ ❛❥✉st❡ ❛❧ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ q✉❡ ❞❡s❝r✐❜✐♠♦s ❡♥ ❡❧ ♣✉♥t♦ ✼✳✸✿

❙✐ ❡❧ ár❜♦❧ ❡stá ✈❛❝í♦✱ t❡r♠✐♥❛♠♦s ❧❛ ❜úsq✉❡❞❛✿ ❡❧ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ♥♦ ❡stá ❡♥ ❡❧ ár❜♦❧✳

❙✐ ❡❧ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡❧ ♥♦❞♦ r❛í③ ❡s ✐❣✉❛❧ q✉❡ ❡❧ ❞❡❧ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ q✉❡ ❜✉s❝❛♠♦s✱ t❡r♠✐♥❛♠♦s ❧❛ ❜úsq✉❡❞❛

❝♦♥ é①✐t♦✳

❙✐ ❡❧ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡❧ ♥♦❞♦ r❛í③ ❡s ♠❛②♦r q✉❡ ❡❧ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ q✉❡ ❜✉s❝❛♠♦s✱ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛♠♦s ❧❛ ❜úsq✉❡❞❛

❡♥ ❡❧ ár❜♦❧ ✐③q✉✐❡r❞♦✳

❙✐ ❡❧ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡❧ ♥♦❞♦ r❛í③ ❡s ♠❡♥♦r q✉❡ ❡❧ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ q✉❡ ❜✉s❝❛♠♦s✱ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛♠♦s ❧❛ ❜úsq✉❡❞❛

❡♥ ❡❧ ár❜♦❧ ❞❡r❡❝❤♦✳

✶ ✐♥t ❇✉s❝❛r ✭ ❆r❜♦❧ ❛ ✱ ✐♥t ❞❛t ✮ ④

✷ ♣◆♦❞♦ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❂ ❛❀
✸

✹ ✇❤✐❧❡ ✭✦ ❱❛❝✐♦ ✭ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✮✮ ④

✺ ✐❢ ✭ ❞❛t ❂❂ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✲ ❃ ❞❛t♦ ✮
✻ r❡t✉r♥ ❚❘❯❊ ❀ ✴✯ ❞❛t♦ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦ ✭✷✮ ✯✴
✼ ❡❧s❡
✽ ✐❢ ✭ ❞❛t ❁ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✲❃ ❞❛t♦ ✮
✾ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❂ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✲ ❃ ✐③q✉✐❡r❞♦ ❀ ✴✯ ✭✸✮ ✯✴
✶✵ ❡❧s❡
✶✶ ✐❢ ✭ ❞❛t ❃ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✲❃ ❞❛t♦ ✮
✶✷ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❂ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✲ ❃ ❞❡r❡❝❤♦ ❀ ✴✯ ✭✹✮ ✯✴
✶✸ ⑥
✶✹ r❡t✉r♥ ❋❆▲❙❊ ❀ ✴✯ ◆♦ ❡st á ❡♥ á r❜♦❧ ✭✶✮ ✯✴
✶✺ ⑥

✶✷✳✶✵✳✺✳ ❈♦♠♣r♦❜❛r s✐ ❡❧ ár❜♦❧ ❡stá ✈❛❝í♦

❊st❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ❡s ❢á❝✐❧ ❞❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r✿

✶ ✐♥t ❱❛❝✐♦ ✭ ❆r❜♦❧ r✮ ④

✷ r❡t✉r♥ r ❂❂ ◆❯▲▲ ❀
✸ ⑥

✶✷✳✶✵✳✻✳ ❈♦♠♣r♦❜❛r s✐ ✉♥ ♥♦❞♦ ❡s ❤♦ ❥❛

❊st❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ t❛♠❜✐é♥ ❡s s❡♥❝✐❧❧❛ ❞❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r✿

✶ ✐♥t ❊s❍♦❥❛ ✭ ♣◆♦❞♦ r ✮ ④

✷ r❡t✉r♥ ✦r ✲❃ ❞❡r❡❝❤♦ ✫✫ ✦r ✲❃ ✐③q✉✐❡r❞♦ ❀
✸ ⑥

✷✹✻
✶✷✳✶✵✳✼✳ ❈♦♥t❛r ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ♥♦❞♦s

❊♥ ❡❧ ♣✉♥t♦ ✼✳✼ ❝♦♠❡♥t❛♠♦s q✉❡ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥t❛r ❧♦s ♥♦❞♦s r❡❝✉rr✐♠♦s ❛ ❝✉❛❧q✉✐❡r❛ ❞❡ ❧♦s tr❡s ♠♦✲
❞♦s ❞❡ r❡❝♦rr❡r ❡❧ ár❜♦❧✿ ✐♥♦r❞❡♥✱ ♣r❡♦r❞❡♥ ♦ ♣♦st♦r❞❡♥ ② ❝♦♠♦ ❛❝❝✐ó♥ ✐♥❝r❡♠❡♥t❛♠♦s ❡❧ ❝♦♥t❛❞♦r
❞❡ ♥♦❞♦s✳ P❛r❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r ❡st❡ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ r❡❝✉rr✐♠♦s ❛ ❞♦s ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❡s✿
✶ ✐♥t ◆✉♠❡r♦◆♦❞♦s ✭ ❆r❜♦❧ ❛ ✱ ✐♥t ✯ ❝♦♥t❛❞♦r ✮ ④
✷ ✯ ❝♦♥t❛❞♦r ❂ ✵❀
✸
✹ ❛✉①❈♦♥t❛❞♦r ✭❛ ✱ ❝♦♥t❛❞♦r ✮❀
✺ r❡t✉r♥ ✯ ❝♦♥t❛❞♦r ❀
✻ ⑥
✼
✽ ✈♦✐❞ ❛✉①❈♦♥t❛❞♦r ✭ ❆r❜♦❧ ♥♦❞♦ ✱ ✐♥t ✯❝✮ ④
✾ ✭✯ ❝ ✮ ✰✰❀ ✴✯ ❆❝❝✐ ó♥ ✿ ✐♥❝r❡♠❡♥t❛r ♥ú ♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ♥♦❞♦s ✳ ✭ Pr❡♦r❞❡♥ ✮ ✯✴
✶✵ ✐❢ ✭ ♥♦❞♦ ✲❃ ✐③q✉✐❡r❞♦ ✮
✶✶ ❛✉①❈♦♥t❛❞♦r ✭ ♥♦❞♦ ✲❃ ✐③q✉✐❡r❞♦ ✱ ❝✮ ❀ ✴✯ ❘❛♠❛ ✐③q✉✐❡r❞❛ ✯✴
✶✷ ✐❢ ✭ ♥♦❞♦ ✲❃ ❞❡r❡❝❤♦ ✮
✶✸ ❛✉①❈♦♥t❛❞♦r ✭ ♥♦❞♦ ✲❃ ❞❡r❡❝❤♦ ✱ ❝ ✮❀ ✴✯ ❘❛♠❛ ❞❡r❡❝❤❛ ✯✴
✶✹ ⑥

✶✷✳✶✵✳✽✳ ❈❛❧❝✉❧❛r ❧❛ ❛❧t✉r❛ ❞❡ ✉♥ ár❜♦❧

❊s ✉♥ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ♣❛r❡❝✐❞♦ ❛❧ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r✱ ♣❡r♦ ❛❤♦r❛ t❡♥❡♠♦s q✉❡ ❝♦♥t❛r ❧❛ ❛❧t✉r❛✱ ♥♦ ❡♥ ♥ú♠❡r♦
❞❡ ♥♦❞♦s✳ ❈❛❞❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ❧❧❡❣✉❡♠♦s ❛ ✉♥ ♥♦❞♦ ❤♦❥❛✱ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛♠♦s s✐ ❧❛ ❛❧t✉r❛ ❞❡❧ ♥♦❞♦ ❡s ❧❛ ♠á①✐♠❛✱
② s✐ ❧♦ ❡s✱ ❛❝t✉❛❧✐③❛♠♦s ❧❛ ❛❧t✉r❛ ❞❡❧ ár❜♦❧ ❛ ❡s❡ ✈❛❧♦r✿
■♥✐❝✐❛♠♦s ✉♥ r❡❝♦rr✐❞♦ ❞❡❧ ár❜♦❧ ❡♥ ♣♦st♦r❞❡♥✱ ❝♦♥ ❧❛ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ ❞❡ ❛❧t✉r❛ ✐❣✉❛❧ ❛ ❝❡r♦✳
❈❛❞❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ❡♠♣❡❝❡♠♦s ❛ r❡❝♦rr❡r ✉♥❛ ♥✉❡✈❛ r❛♠❛✱ ✐♥❝r❡♠❡♥t❛♠♦s ❧❛ ❛❧t✉r❛ ♣❛r❛ ❡s❡
♥♦❞♦✳
❉❡s♣✉és ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡s❛r ❧❛s ❞♦s r❛♠❛s✱ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛♠♦s s✐ ❧❛ ❛❧t✉r❛ ❞❡❧ ♥♦❞♦ ❡s ♠❛②♦r q✉❡ ❧❛ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡
q✉❡ ❛❧♠❛❝❡♥❛ ❧❛ ❛❧t✉r❛ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❞❡❧ ár❜♦❧✱ s✐ ❡s ❛sí✱ ❛❝t✉❛❧✐③❛♠♦s ❡s❛ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡✳

✶ ✐♥t ❆❧t✉r❛❆r❜♦❧ ✭ ❆r❜♦❧ ❛ ✱ ✐♥t ✯ ❛❧t✉r❛ ✮ ④

✷ ✯ ❛❧t✉r❛ ❂ ✵❀ ✴✯ ✭✶✮ ✯✴
✸
✹ ❛✉①❆❧t✉r❛ ✭❛ ✱ ✵✱ ❛❧t✉r❛ ✮ ❀
✺ r❡t✉r♥ ✯ ❛❧t✉r❛ ❀
✻ ⑥
✼
✽ ✈♦✐❞ ❛✉①❆❧t✉r❛ ✭ ♣◆♦❞♦ ♥♦❞♦ ✱ ✐♥t ❛ ✱ ✐♥t ✯ ❛❧t✉r❛ ✮ ④
✾ ✴✯ ✭✷✮ ❈❛❞❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ❧❧❛♠❛♠♦s ❛ ❛✉①❆❧t✉r❛ ♣❛s❛♠♦s ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛r á
♠❡tr♦ ❛ ✰✶ ✯✴
✶✵ ✐❢ ✭ ♥♦❞♦ ✲❃ ✐③q✉✐❡r❞♦ ✮
✶✶ ❛✉①❆❧t✉r❛ ✭ ♥♦❞♦ ✲❃ ✐③q✉✐❡r❞♦ ✱ ❛ ✰✶ ✱ ❛❧t✉r❛ ✮ ❀ ✴✯ ❘❛♠❛ ✐③q✉✐❡r❞❛
✯✴
✶✷ ✐❢ ✭ ♥♦❞♦ ✲❃ ❞❡r❡❝❤♦ ✮

✷✹✼
✶✸ ❛✉①❆❧t✉r❛ ✭ ♥♦❞♦ ✲ ❃ ❞❡r❡❝❤♦ ✱ ❛ ✰✶ ✱ ❛❧t✉r❛ ✮❀ ✴✯ ❘❛♠❛ ❞❡r❡❝❤❛ ✯✴
✶✹ ✐❢ ✭ ❊s❍♦❥❛ ✭ ♥♦❞♦ ✮ ✫✫ ❛ ❃ ✯ ❛❧t✉r❛ ✮
✶✺ ✯ ❛❧t✉r❛ ❂ ❛❀ ✴✯ Pr♦❝❡s♦ ✭ P♦st♦r❞❡♥ ✮ ✭✸✮ ✯✴
✶✻ ⑥

✶✷✳✶✵✳✾✳ ❈❛❧❝✉❧❛r ❧❛ ❛❧t✉r❛ ❞❡❧ ♥♦❞♦ q✉❡ ❝♦♥t✐❡♥❡♥ ✉♥ ❞❛t♦ ❝♦♥❝r❡t♦

▲♦ q✉❡ ❤❛❝❡♠♦s ❡s ❜✉s❝❛r ❡❧ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡❧ ♥♦❞♦ ❞❡❧ q✉❡ q✉❡r❡♠♦s ❛✈❡r✐❣✉❛r ❧❛ ❛❧t✉r❛✳ ❈❛❞❛

✈❡③ q✉❡ ❛✈❛♥❝❡♠♦s ✉♥ ♥♦❞♦ ✐♥❝r❡♠❡♥t❛♠♦s ❧❛ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ q✉❡ ❝♦♥t✐❡♥❡ ❧❛ ❛❧t✉r❛ ❞❡❧ ♥♦❞♦✳

❊♠♣❡③❛♠♦s ❝♦♥ ❡❧ ♥♦❞♦ r❛í③ ❛♣✉♥t❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❘❛í③✱ ② ❧❛ ➪❧t✉r❛í❣✉❛❧ ❛ ❝❡r♦✳

❙✐ ❡❧ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡❧ ♥♦❞♦ r❛í③ ❡s ✐❣✉❛❧ q✉❡ ❡❧ ❞❡❧ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ q✉❡ ❜✉s❝❛♠♦s✱ t❡r♠✐♥❛♠♦s ❧❛ ❜úsq✉❡❞❛

② ❡❧ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ ❧❛ ❛❧t✉r❛ ❡s ➪❧t✉r❛✬✳

■♥❝r❡♠❡♥t❛♠♦s ➪❧t✉r❛✬✳

❙✐ ❡❧ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡❧ ♥♦❞♦ r❛í③ ❡s ♠❛②♦r q✉❡ ❡❧ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ q✉❡ ❜✉s❝❛♠♦s✱ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛♠♦s ❧❛ ❜úsq✉❡❞❛

❡♥ ❡❧ ár❜♦❧ ✐③q✉✐❡r❞♦✳

❙✐ ❡❧ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡❧ ♥♦❞♦ r❛í③ ❡s ♠❡♥♦r q✉❡ ❡❧ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ q✉❡ ❜✉s❝❛♠♦s✱ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛♠♦s ❧❛ ❜úsq✉❡❞❛

❡♥ ❡❧ ár❜♦❧ ❞❡r❡❝❤♦✳

✶ ✐♥t ❆❧t✉r❛ ✭ ❆r❜♦❧ ❛ ✱ ✐♥t ❞❛t ✮ ④

✷ ✐♥t ❛❧t✉r❛ ❂ ✵❀
✸ ♣◆♦❞♦ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❂ ❛❀ ✴✯ ✭✶✮ ✯✴
✹

✺ ✇❤✐❧❡ ✭✦ ❱❛❝✐♦ ✭ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✮✮ ④

✻ ✐❢ ✭ ❞❛t ❂❂ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✲ ❃ ❞❛t♦ ✮ r❡t✉r♥
✼ ❛❧t✉r❛ ❀ ✴✯ ❞❛t♦ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦ ✳ ✭✷✮ ✯✴
✽ ❡❧s❡ ④
✾ ❛❧t✉r❛ ✰✰❀ ✴✯ ✭✸✮ ✯✴
✶✵ ✐❢ ✭ ❞❛t ❁ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✲❃ ❞❛t♦ ✮
✶✶ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❂ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✲ ❃ ✐③q✉✐❡r❞♦ ❀ ✴✯ ✭✹✮ ✯✴
✶✷ ❡❧s❡
✶✸ ✐❢ ✭ ❞❛t ❃ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✲❃ ❞❛t♦ ✮
✶✹ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❂ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✲❃ ❞❡r❡❝❤♦ ❀ ✴✯ ✭✺✮ ✯✴
✶✺ ⑥
✶✻ ⑥
✶✼

✶✽ r❡t✉r♥ ✲✶❀ ✴✯ ◆♦ ❡st á ❡♥ á r❜♦❧ ✯✴

✶✾ ⑥
❆♣❧✐❝❛r ✉♥❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ❛ ❝❛❞❛ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡❧ ár❜♦❧✱ s❡❣ú♥ ❧♦s tr❡s ♣♦s✐❜❧❡s r❡❝♦rr✐❞♦s✿

❚♦❞♦s ❧♦s r❡❝♦rr✐❞♦s s❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛♥ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ r❡❝✉rs✐✈❛✳ ❊♥ ❡st❡ ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦ ❝r❡❛♠♦s tr❡s ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❡s✱ ✉♥❛

♣♦r ❝❛❞❛ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ r❡❝♦rr✐❞♦✱ q✉❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛rá♥ ✉♥❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ❛❧ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ♥♦❞♦✳

▲❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛r ♣✉❡❞❡ s❡r ❝✉❛❧q✉✐❡r❛ q✉❡ ❛❞♠✐t❛ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛rá♠❡tr♦ ✉♥ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ ❛ ✉♥ ❡♥t❡r♦✱ ②

q✉❡ ♥♦ t❡♥❣❛ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ r❡t♦r♥♦✳

✷✹✽
✶✷✳✶✵✳✶✵✳ ■♥❖r❞❡♥

❊♥ ■♥♦r❞❡♥✱ ♣r✐♠❡r♦ ♣r♦❝❡s❛♠♦s ❡❧ s✉❜ár❜♦❧ ✐③q✉✐❡r❞♦✱ ❞❡s♣✉és ❡❧ ♥♦❞♦ ❛❝t✉❛❧✱ ② ✜♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡

❡❧ s✉❜ár❜♦❧ ❞❡r❡❝❤♦✿
✶ ✈♦✐❞ ■♥❖r❞❡♥ ✭ ❆r❜♦❧ ❛ ✱ ✈♦✐❞ ✭✯ ❢✉♥❝ ✮✭ ✐♥t ✯✮ ✮ ④
✷ ✐❢ ✭❛ ✲❃ ✐③q✉✐❡r❞♦ ✮
✸ ■♥❖r❞❡♥ ✭❛ ✲❃ ✐③q✉✐❡r❞♦ ✱ ❢✉♥❝ ✮ ❀ ✴✯ ❙✉❜ á r❜♦❧ ✐③q✉✐❡r❞♦ ✯✴
✹
✺ ❢✉♥❝ ✭✫✭ ❛ ✲❃ ❞❛t♦ ✮ ✮❀ ✴✯ ❆♣❧✐❝❛r ❧❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ ó♥ ❛❧ ❞❛t♦ ❞❡❧ ♥♦❞♦
❛❝t✉❛❧ ✯✴
✻
✼ ✐❢ ✭❛ ✲❃ ❞❡r❡❝❤♦ ✮
✽ ■♥❖r❞❡♥ ✭❛ ✲❃ ❞❡r❡❝❤♦ ✱ ❢✉♥❝ ✮❀ ✴✯ ❙✉❜ á r❜♦❧ ❞❡r❡❝❤♦ ✯✴
✾ ⑥

✶✷✳✶✵✳✶✶✳ Pr❡❖r❞❡♥

❊♥ Pr❡♦r❞❡♥✱ ♣r✐♠❡r♦ ♣r♦❝❡s❛♠♦s ❡❧ ♥♦❞♦ ❛❝t✉❛❧✱ ❞❡s♣✉és ❡❧ s✉❜ár❜♦❧ ✐③q✉✐❡r❞♦✱ ② ✜♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡

❡❧ s✉❜ár❜♦❧ ❞❡r❡❝❤♦✿
✶ ✈♦✐❞ Pr❡❖r❞❡♥ ✭ ❆r❜♦❧ ❛ ✱ ✈♦✐❞ ✭✯ ❢✉♥❝ ✮✭ ✐♥t ✯✮ ✮ ④
✷ ❢✉♥❝ ✭✫✭ ❛ ✲❃ ❞❛t♦ ✮ ✮❀ ✴✯ ❆♣❧✐❝❛r ❧❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ ó♥ ❛❧ ❞❛t♦ ❞❡❧ ♥♦❞♦
❛❝t✉❛❧ ✯✴
✸
✹ ✐❢ ✭❛ ✲❃ ✐③q✉✐❡r❞♦ ✮
✺ Pr❡❖r❞❡♥ ✭❛ ✲❃ ✐③q✉✐❡r❞♦ ✱ ❢✉♥❝ ✮ ❀ ✴✯ ❙✉❜ á r❜♦❧ ✐③q✉✐❡r❞♦ ✯✴
✻
✼ ✐❢ ✭❛ ✲❃ ❞❡r❡❝❤♦ ✮
✽ Pr❡❖r❞❡♥ ✭❛ ✲❃ ❞❡r❡❝❤♦ ✱ ❢✉♥❝ ✮❀ ✴✯ ❙✉❜ á r❜♦❧ ❞❡r❡❝❤♦ ✯✴
✾ ⑥

✶✷✳✶✵✳✶✷✳ P♦st❖r❞❡♥

❊♥ P♦st♦r❞❡♥✱ ♣r✐♠❡r♦ ♣r♦❝❡s❛♠♦s ❡❧ s✉❜ár❜♦❧ ✐③q✉✐❡r❞♦✱ ❞❡s♣✉és ❡❧ s✉❜ár❜♦❧ ❞❡r❡❝❤♦✱ ② ✜✲

♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡❧ ♥♦❞♦ ❛❝t✉❛❧✿
✶ ✈♦✐❞ P♦st❖r❞❡♥ ✭ ❆r❜♦❧ ❛ ✱ ✈♦✐❞ ✭✯ ❢✉♥❝ ✮ ✭ ✐♥t ✯✮ ✮ ④
✷ ✐❢ ✭❛ ✲❃ ✐③q✉✐❡r❞♦ ✮
✸ P♦st❖r❞❡♥ ✭❛ ✲ ❃ ✐③q✉✐❡r❞♦ ✱ ❢✉♥❝ ✮ ❀ ✴✯ ❙✉❜ á r❜♦❧ ✐③q✉✐❡r❞♦ ✯✴
✹
✺ ✐❢ ✭❛ ✲❃ ❞❡r❡❝❤♦ ✮
✻ P♦st❖r❞❡♥ ✭❛ ✲ ❃ ❞❡r❡❝❤♦ ✱ ❢✉♥❝ ✮❀ ✴✯ ❙✉❜ á r❜♦❧ ❞❡r❡❝❤♦ ✯✴
✼
✽ ❢✉♥❝ ✭✫✭ ❛ ✲❃ ❞❛t♦ ✮ ✮❀ ✴✯ ❆♣❧✐❝❛r ❧❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ ó♥ ❛❧ ❞❛t♦ ❞❡❧ ♥♦❞♦
❛❝t✉❛❧ ✯✴
✾ ⑥

✷✹✾
✶✷✳✶✶✳ ➪r❜♦❧❡s ❆❱▲

✶✷✳✶✶✳✶✳ ➪r❜♦❧❡s ❡q✉✐❧✐❜r❛❞♦s

❨❛ ✈✐♠♦s ❛❧ ✜♥❛❧ ❞❡❧ ❛♣❛rt❛❞♦ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r q✉❡ ❡❧ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠✐❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❧♦s ❆❇❇ ♥♦ ❡s s✐❡♠♣r❡ t❛♥
❜✉❡♥♦ ❝♦♠♦ ♥♦s ❣✉st❛rí❛✳ P✉❡s ❜✐❡♥✱ ♣❛r❛ ♠✐♥✐♠✐③❛r ❡❧ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❧♦s ❆❇❇ ❞❡s❡q✉✐❧✐❜r❛❞♦s✱ s❡❛
❝✉❛❧ s❡❛ ❡❧ ❣r❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡q✉✐❧✐❜r✐♦ q✉❡ t❡♥❣❛♥✱ s❡ r❡❝✉rr❡ ❛ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❞❡ ❡q✉✐❧✐❜r❛❞♦ ❞❡ ár❜♦❧❡s
❣❧♦❜❛❧❡s✳ ❊♥ ❝✉❛♥t♦ ❛ ❡st♦s ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s✱ ❡①✐st❡♥ ✈❛r✐♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❝r❡❛r ✉♥❛ ❧✐st❛ ♠❡❞✐❛♥t❡ ❧❛ ❧❡❝t✉r❛
❡♥ ✐♥♦r❞❡♥ ❞❡❧ ár❜♦❧✱ ② ✈♦❧✈❡r ❛ r❡❝♦♥str✉✐r❧♦ ❡q✉✐❧✐❜r❛❞♦✳ ❈♦♥♦❝✐❡♥❞♦ ❡❧ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ♥♦
❡s ❞❡♠❛s✐❛❞♦ ❝♦♠♣❧✐❝❛❞♦✳
❊❧ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❡st♦s ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❡s q✉❡ r❡q✉✐❡r❡♥ ❡①♣❧♦r❛r ② r❡❝♦♥str✉✐r t♦❞♦ ❡❧ ár❜♦❧ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③
q✉❡ s❡ ✐♥s❡rt❛ ♦ s❡ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛ ✉♥ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦✱ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ q✉❡ ❧♦ q✉❡ ❣❛♥❛♠♦s ❛❧ ❛❝♦rt❛r ❧❛s ❜úsq✉❡❞❛s✱
t❡♥✐❡♥❞♦ q✉❡ ❤❛❝❡r ♠❡♥♦s ❝♦♠♣❛r❛❝✐♦♥❡s✱ ❧♦ ♣❡r❞❡♠♦s ❡q✉✐❧✐❜r❛♥❞♦ ❡❧ ár❜♦❧✳
P❛r❛ r❡s♦❧✈❡r ❡st❡ ✐♥❝♦♥✈❡♥✐❡♥t❡ r❡❝✉rr✐♠♦s ❛ ❧♦s ár❜♦❧❡s ❆❱▲✳

✶✷✳✶✶✳✷✳ ❉❡✜♥✐❝✐ó♥
❯♥ ár❜♦❧ ❆❱▲ ✭❧❧❛♠❛❞♦ ❛sí ♣♦r ❧❛s ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧❡s ❞❡ s✉s ✐♥✈❡♥t♦r❡s✿ ❆❞❡❧s♦♥✲❱❡❧s❦✐✐ ② ▲❛♥❞✐s✮ ❡s
✉♥ ár❜♦❧ ❜✐♥❛r✐♦ ❞❡ ❜úsq✉❡❞❛ ❡♥ ❡❧ q✉❡ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ♥♦❞♦✱ ❧❛s ❛❧t✉r❛s ❞❡ s✉s s✉❜ár❜♦❧❡s ✐③q✉✐❡r❞♦ ②
❞❡r❡❝❤♦ ♥♦ ❞✐✜❡r❡♥ ❡♥ ♠ás ❞❡ ✶✳
◆♦ s❡ tr❛t❛ ❞❡ ár❜♦❧❡s ♣❡r❢❡❝t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡q✉✐❧✐❜r❛❞♦s✱ ♣❡r♦ sí s♦♥ ❧♦ s✉✜❝✐❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ❡q✉✐❧✐❜r❛❞♦s
❝♦♠♦ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ s✉ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠✐❡♥t♦ s❡❛ ❧♦ ❜❛st❛♥t❡ ❜✉❡♥♦ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛r❛ ✉s❛r❧♦s ❞♦♥❞❡ ❧♦s ❆❇❇ ♥♦
❣❛r❛♥t✐③❛♥ t✐❡♠♣♦s ❞❡ ❜úsq✉❡❞❛ ó♣t✐♠♦s✳
❊❧ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ♣❛r❛ ♠❛♥t❡♥❡r ✉♥ ár❜♦❧ ❆❱▲ ❡q✉✐❧✐❜r❛❞♦ s❡ ❜❛s❛ ❡♥ r❡❡q✉✐❧✐❜r❛❞♦s ❧♦❝❛❧❡s✱ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦
q✉❡ ♥♦ ❡s ♥❡❝❡s❛r✐♦ ❡①♣❧♦r❛r t♦❞♦ ❡❧ ár❜♦❧ ❞❡s♣✉és ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ✐♥s❡r❝✐ó♥ ♦ ❜♦rr❛❞♦✳

✶✷✳✶✶✳✸✳ ❖♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❡s ❡♥ ❆❱▲

▲♦s ❆❱▲ t❛♠❜✐é♥ s♦♥ ❆❇❇✱ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ q✉❡ ♠❛♥t✐❡♥❡♥ t♦❞❛s ❧❛s ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❡s q✉❡ ♣♦s❡❡♥ és✲
t♦s✳ ▲❛s ♥✉❡✈❛s ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❡s s♦♥ ❧❛s ❞❡ ❡q✉✐❧✐❜r❛r ❡❧ ár❜♦❧✱ ♣❡r♦ ❡s♦ s❡ ❤❛❝❡ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❡ ❧❛s
♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❡s ❞❡ ✐♥s❡rt❛❞♦ ② ❜♦rr❛❞♦✳

✶✷✳✶✶✳✹✳ ❋❛❝t♦r ❞❡ ❡q✉✐❧✐❜r✐♦

❈❛❞❛ ♥♦❞♦✱ ❛❞❡♠ás ❞❡ ❧❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥ q✉❡ s❡ ♣r❡t❡♥❞❡ ❛❧♠❛❝❡♥❛r✱ ❞❡❜❡ t❡♥❡r ❧♦s ❞♦s ♣✉♥t❡r♦s
❛ ❧♦s ár❜♦❧❡s ❞❡r❡❝❤♦ ❡ ✐③q✉✐❡r❞♦✱ ✐❣✉❛❧ q✉❡ ❧♦s ❆❇❇✱ ② ❛❞❡♠ás ✉♥ ♠✐❡♠❜r♦ ♥✉❡✈♦✿ ❡❧ ❢❛❝t♦r ❞❡
❡q✉✐❧✐❜r✐♦✳
❊❧ ❢❛❝t♦r ❞❡ ❡q✉✐❧✐❜r✐♦ ❡s ❧❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛ ❡♥tr❡ ❧❛s ❛❧t✉r❛s ❞❡❧ ár❜♦❧ ❞❡r❡❝❤♦ ② ❡❧ ✐③q✉✐❡r❞♦✿
✶ ❋❊ ❂ ❛❧t✉r❛ s✉❜ á r❜♦❧ ❞❡r❡❝❤♦ ✲ ❛❧t✉r❛ s✉❜ á r❜♦❧ ✐③q✉✐❡r❞♦ ❀
P♦r ❞❡✜♥✐❝✐ó♥✱ ♣❛r❛ ✉♥ ár❜♦❧ ❆❱▲✱ ❡st❡ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡❜❡ s❡r ✲✶✱ ✵ ♦ ✶✳

✶✷✳✶✶✳✺✳ ❘♦t❛❝✐♦♥❡s s✐♠♣❧❡s ❞❡ ♥♦❞♦s

▲♦s r❡❡q✉✐❧✐❜r❛❞♦s s❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛♥ ♠❡❞✐❛♥t❡ r♦t❛❝✐♦♥❡s✱ ❡♥ ❡❧ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ♣✉♥t♦ ✈❡r❡♠♦s ❝❛❞❛ ❝❛s♦✱
✈❡❛♠♦s ❧❛s ❝✉❛tr♦ ♣♦s✐❜❧❡s r♦t❛❝✐♦♥❡s q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ❛♣❧✐❝❛r✳

✷✺✵
✶✷✳✶✶✳✺✳✶✳ ❘♦t❛❝✐ó♥ s✐♠♣❧❡ ❛ ❧❛ ❞❡r❡❝❤❛ ✭❙❉✮

❊st❛ r♦t❛❝✐ó♥ s❡ ✉s❛ ❝✉❛♥❞♦ ❡❧ s✉❜ár❜♦❧ ✐③q✉✐❡r❞♦ ❞❡ ✉♥ ♥♦❞♦ s❡❛ ✷ ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ♠ás ❛❧t♦ q✉❡ ❡❧
❞❡r❡❝❤♦✱ ❡s ❞❡❝✐r✱ ❝✉❛♥❞♦ s✉ ❋❊ s❡❛ ❞❡ ✲✷✳ ❨ ❛❞❡♠ás✱ ❧❛ r❛í③ ❞❡❧ s✉❜ár❜♦❧ ✐③q✉✐❡r❞♦ t❡♥❣❛ ✉♥❛ ❋❊
❞❡ ✲✶✱ ❡s ❞❡❝✐r✱ q✉❡ ❡sté ❝❛r❣❛❞♦ ❛ ❧❛ ✐③q✉✐❡r❞❛✳

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✷✳✺✵✿

Pr♦❝❡❞❡♠♦s ❞❡❧ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ♠♦❞♦✿

▲❧❛♠❛♠♦s P ❛❧ ♥♦❞♦ q✉❡ ♠✉❡str❛ ❡❧ ❞❡s❡q✉✐❧✐❜r✐♦✱ ❡❧ q✉❡ t✐❡♥❡ ✉♥❛ ❋❊ ❞❡ ✲✷✳ ❨ ❧❧❛♠❛r❡♠♦s
◗ ❛❧ ♥♦❞♦ r❛í③ ❞❡❧ s✉❜ár❜♦❧ ✐③q✉✐❡r❞♦ ❞❡ P✳ ❆❞❡♠ás✱ ❧❧❛♠❛r❡♠♦s ❆ ❛❧ s✉❜ár❜♦❧ ✐③q✉✐❡r❞♦
❞❡ ◗✱ ❇ ❛❧ s✉❜ár❜♦❧ ❞❡r❡❝❤♦ ❞❡ ◗ ② ❈ ❛❧ s✉❜ár❜♦❧ ❞❡r❡❝❤♦ ❞❡ P✳

❊♥ ❡❧ ❣rá✜❝♦ s❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❛ q✉❡ t❛♥t♦ ❇ ❝♦♠♦ ❈ t✐❡♥❡♥ ❧❛ ♠✐s♠❛ ❛❧t✉r❛ ✭♥✮✱ ② ❆ ❡s ✉♥❛ ✉♥✐❞❛❞
♠❛②♦r ✭♥✰✶✮✳ ❊st♦ ❤❛❝❡ q✉❡ ❡❧ ❋❊ ❞❡ ◗ s❡❛ ✲✶✱ ❧❛ ❛❧t✉r❛ ❞❡❧ s✉❜ár❜♦❧ q✉❡ t✐❡♥❡ ◗ ❝♦♠♦
r❛í③ ❡s ✭♥✰✷✮ ② ♣♦r ❧♦ t❛♥t♦ ❡❧ ❋❊ ❞❡ P ❡s ✲✷✳

❼ P❛s❛♠♦s ❡❧ s✉❜ár❜♦❧ ❞❡r❡❝❤♦ ❞❡❧ ♥♦❞♦ ◗ ❝♦♠♦ s✉❜ár❜♦❧ ✐③q✉✐❡r❞♦ ❞❡ P✳ ❊st♦ ♠❛♥t✐❡♥❡
❡❧ ár❜♦❧ ❝♦♠♦ ❆❇❇✱ ②❛ q✉❡ t♦❞♦s ❧♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❛ ❧❛ ❞❡r❡❝❤❛ ❞❡ ◗ s✐❣✉❡♥ ❡st❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❧❛
✐③q✉✐❡r❞❛ ❞❡ P✳
❼ ❊❧ ár❜♦❧ P ♣❛s❛ ❛ s❡r ❡❧ s✉❜ár❜♦❧ ❞❡r❡❝❤♦ ❞❡❧ ♥♦❞♦ ◗✳
❼ ❆❤♦r❛✱ ❡❧ ♥♦❞♦ ◗ ♣❛s❛ ❛ t♦♠❛r ❧❛ ♣♦s✐❝✐ó♥ ❞❡❧ ♥♦❞♦ P✱ ❡s ❞❡❝✐r✱ ❤❛❝❡♠♦s q✉❡ ❧❛ ❡♥tr❛❞❛
❛❧ ár❜♦❧ s❡❛ ❡❧ ♥♦❞♦ ◗✱ ❡♥ ❧✉❣❛r ❞❡❧ ♥♦❞♦ P✳ Pr❡✈✐❛♠❡♥t❡✱ P ♣✉❡❞❡ q✉❡ ❢✉❡s❡ ✉♥ ár❜♦❧
❝♦♠♣❧❡t♦ ♦ ✉♥ s✉❜ár❜♦❧ ❞❡ ♦tr♦ ♥♦❞♦ ❞❡ ♠❡♥♦r ❛❧t✉r❛✳

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✷✳✺✶✿

❊♥ ❡❧ ár❜♦❧ r❡s✉❧t❛♥t❡ s❡ ♣✉❡❞❡ ✈❡r q✉❡ t❛♥t♦ P ❝♦♠♦ ◗ q✉❡❞❛♥ ❡q✉✐❧✐❜r❛❞♦s ❡♥ ❝✉❛♥t♦ ❛❧t✉r❛✳
❊♥ ❡❧ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ P ♣♦rq✉❡ s✉s ❞♦s s✉❜ár❜♦❧❡s t✐❡♥❡♥ ❧❛ ♠✐s♠❛ ❛❧t✉r❛ ✭♥✮✱ ❡♥ ❡❧ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ ◗✱ ♣♦rq✉❡ s✉
s✉❜ár❜♦❧ ✐③q✉✐❡r❞♦ ❆ t✐❡♥❡ ✉♥❛ ❛❧t✉r❛ ✭♥✰✶✮ ② s✉ s✉❜ár❜♦❧ ❞❡r❡❝❤♦ t❛♠❜✐é♥✱ ②❛ q✉❡ ❛ P s❡ ❛ñ❛❞❡
❧❛ ❛❧t✉r❛ ❞❡ ❝✉❛❧q✉✐❡r❛ ❞❡ s✉s s✉❜ár❜♦❧❡s✳

✷✺✶
 ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✷✳✺✷✿

✶✷✳✶✶✳✺✳✷✳ ❘♦t❛❝✐ó♥ s✐♠♣❧❡ ❛ ❧❛ ✐③q✉✐❡r❞❛ ✭❙■✮

❙❡ tr❛t❛ ❞❡❧ ❝❛s♦ s✐♠étr✐❝♦ ❞❡❧ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r✳ ❊st❛ r♦t❛❝✐ó♥ s❡ ✉s❛ ❝✉❛♥❞♦ ❡❧ s✉❜ár❜♦❧ ❞❡r❡❝❤♦ ❞❡
✉♥ ♥♦❞♦ s❡❛ ✷ ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ♠ás ❛❧t♦ q✉❡ ❡❧ ✐③q✉✐❡r❞♦✱ ❡s ❞❡❝✐r✱ ❝✉❛♥❞♦ s✉ ❋❊ s❡❛ ❞❡ ✷✳ ❨ ❛❞❡♠ás✱ ❧❛
r❛í③ ❞❡❧ s✉❜ár❜♦❧ ❞❡r❡❝❤♦ t❡♥❣❛ ✉♥❛ ❋❊ ❞❡ ✶✱ ❡s ❞❡❝✐r✱ q✉❡ ❡sté ❝❛r❣❛❞♦ ❛ ❧❛ ❞❡r❡❝❤❛✳

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✷✳✺✸✿

Pr♦❝❡❞❡r❡♠♦s ❞❡❧ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ♠♦❞♦✿

▲❧❛♠❛♠♦s P ❛❧ ♥♦❞♦ q✉❡ ♠✉❡str❛ ❡❧ ❞❡s❡q✉✐❧✐❜r✐♦✱ ❡❧ q✉❡ t✐❡♥❡ ✉♥❛ ❋❊ ❞❡ ✷✳ ❨ ❧❧❛♠❛♠♦s ◗

❛❧ ♥♦❞♦ r❛í③ ❞❡❧ s✉❜ár❜♦❧ ❞❡r❡❝❤♦ ❞❡ P✳ ❆❞❡♠ás✱ ❧❧❛♠❛♠♦s ❆ ❛❧ s✉❜ár❜♦❧ ✐③q✉✐❡r❞♦ ❞❡ P✱ ❇
❛❧ s✉❜ár❜♦❧ ✐③q✉✐❡r❞♦ ❞❡ ◗ ② ❈ ❛❧ s✉❜ár❜♦❧ ❞❡r❡❝❤♦ ❞❡ ◗✳

❊♥ ❡❧ ❣rá✜❝♦ s❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❛ q✉❡ t❛♥t♦ ❆ ❝♦♠♦ ❇ t✐❡♥❡♥ ❧❛ ♠✐s♠❛ ❛❧t✉r❛ ✭♥✮✱ ② ❈ ❡s ✉♥❛ ✉♥✐❞❛❞
♠❛②♦r ✭♥✰✶✮✳ ❊st♦ ❤❛❝❡ q✉❡ ❡❧ ❋❊ ❞❡ ◗ s❡❛ ✶✱ ❧❛ ❛❧t✉r❛ ❞❡❧ s✉❜ár❜♦❧ q✉❡ t✐❡♥❡ ◗ ❝♦♠♦ r❛í③
❡s ✭♥✰✷✮ ② ♣♦r ❧♦ t❛♥t♦ ❡❧ ❋❊ ❞❡ P ❡s ✷✳

❼ P❛s❛♠♦s ❡❧ s✉❜ár❜♦❧ ✐③q✉✐❡r❞♦ ❞❡❧ ♥♦❞♦ ◗ ❝♦♠♦ s✉❜ár❜♦❧ ❞❡r❡❝❤♦ ❞❡ P✳ ❊st♦ ♠❛♥t✐❡♥❡
❡❧ ár❜♦❧ ❝♦♠♦ ❆❇❇✱ ②❛ q✉❡ t♦❞♦s ❧♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❛ ❧❛ ✐③q✉✐❡r❞❛ ❞❡ ◗ s✐❣✉❡♥ ❡st❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❧❛
❞❡r❡❝❤❛ ❞❡ P✳
❼ ❊❧ ár❜♦❧ P ♣❛s❛ ❛ s❡r ❡❧ s✉❜ár❜♦❧ ✐③q✉✐❡r❞♦ ❞❡❧ ♥♦❞♦ ◗✳
❼ ❆❤♦r❛✱ ❡❧ ♥♦❞♦ ◗ ♣❛s❛ ❛ t♦♠❛r ❧❛ ♣♦s✐❝✐ó♥ ❞❡❧ ♥♦❞♦ P✱ ❡s ❞❡❝✐r✱ ❤❛❝❡♠♦s q✉❡ ❧❛ ❡♥tr❛❞❛
❛❧ ár❜♦❧ s❡❛ ❡❧ ♥♦❞♦ ◗✱ ❡♥ ❧✉❣❛r ❞❡❧ ♥♦❞♦ P✳ Pr❡✈✐❛♠❡♥t❡✱ P ♣✉❡❞❡ q✉❡ ❢✉❡s❡ ✉♥ ár❜♦❧
❝♦♠♣❧❡t♦ ♦ ✉♥ s✉❜ár❜♦❧ ❞❡ ♦tr♦ ♥♦❞♦ ❞❡ ♠❡♥♦r ❛❧t✉r❛✳

✷✺✷
 ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✷✳✺✹✿

❊♥ ❡❧ ár❜♦❧ r❡s✉❧t❛♥t❡ s❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❛ q✉❡ t❛♥t♦ P ❝♦♠♦ ◗ q✉❡❞❛♥ ❡q✉✐❧✐❜r❛❞♦s ❡♥ ❝✉❛♥t♦ ❛❧t✉r❛✳ ❊♥
❡❧ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ P ♣♦rq✉❡ s✉s ❞♦s s✉❜ár❜♦❧❡s t✐❡♥❡♥ ❧❛ ♠✐s♠❛ ❛❧t✉r❛ ✭♥✮✱ ❡♥ ❡❧ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ ◗✱ ♣♦rq✉❡ s✉
s✉❜ár❜♦❧ ✐③q✉✐❡r❞♦ ❆ t✐❡♥❡ ✉♥❛ ❛❧t✉r❛ ✭♥✰✶✮ ② s✉ s✉❜ár❜♦❧ ❞❡r❡❝❤♦ t❛♠❜✐é♥✱ ②❛ q✉❡ ❛ P s❡ ❛ñ❛❞❡
❧❛ ❛❧t✉r❛ ❞❡ ❝✉❛❧q✉✐❡r❛ ❞❡ s✉s s✉❜ár❜♦❧❡s✳

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✷✳✺✺✿

✶✷✳✶✶✳✻✳ ❘♦t❛❝✐♦♥❡s ❞♦❜❧❡s ❞❡ ♥♦❞♦s

✶✷✳✶✶✳✻✳✶✳ ❘♦t❛❝✐ó♥ ❞♦❜❧❡ ❛ ❧❛ ❞❡r❡❝❤❛ ✭❉❉✮

❊st❛ r♦t❛❝✐ó♥ s❡ ✉s❛ ❝✉❛♥❞♦ ❡❧ s✉❜ár❜♦❧ ✐③q✉✐❡r❞♦ ❞❡ ✉♥ ♥♦❞♦ s❡❛ ✷ ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ♠ás ❛❧t♦ q✉❡ ❡❧
❞❡r❡❝❤♦✱ ❡s ❞❡❝✐r✱ ❝✉❛♥❞♦ s✉ ❋❊ s❡❛ ❞❡ ✲✷✳ ❨ ❛❞❡♠ás✱ ❧❛ r❛í③ ❞❡❧ s✉❜ár❜♦❧ ✐③q✉✐❡r❞♦ t❡♥❣❛ ✉♥❛ ❋❊
❞❡ ✶✱ ❡s ❞❡❝✐r✱ q✉❡ ❡sté ❝❛r❣❛❞♦ ❛ ❧❛ ❞❡r❡❝❤❛✳

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✷✳✺✻✿

❊st❡ ❡s ✉♥♦ ❞❡ ❧♦s ♣♦s✐❜❧❡s ár❜♦❧❡s q✉❡ ♣✉❡❞❡♥ ♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ❡st❛ ❡str✉❝t✉r❛✱ ♣❡r♦ ❤❛② ♦tr❛s ❞♦s
♣♦s✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s✳ ❊❧ ♥♦❞♦ ❘ ♣✉❡❞❡ t❡♥❡r ✉♥❛ ❋❊ ❞❡ ✲✶✱ ✵ ♦ ✶✳ ❊♥ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♥♦ ❞❡ ❡s♦s ❝❛s♦s ❧♦s ár❜♦❧❡s
✐③q✉✐❡r❞♦ ② ❞❡r❡❝❤♦ ❞❡ ❘ ✭❇ ② ❈✮ ♣✉❡❞❡♥ t❡♥❡r ❛❧t✉r❛s ❞❡ ♥ ② ♥✲✶✱ ♥ ② ♥✱ ♦ ♥✲✶ ② ♥✱ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳
❊❧ ♠♦❞♦ ❞❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ❧❛ r♦t❛❝✐ó♥ ❡s ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❡str✉❝t✉r❛ ❞❡❧ ár❜♦❧ ❘✱ ❝✉❛❧q✉✐❡r❛ ❞❡ ❧❛s

✷✺✸
tr❡s ♣r♦❞✉❝❡ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥t❡s✳ ❍❛❝❡♠♦s ❡❧ ❛♥á❧✐s✐s ♣❛r❛ ❡❧ ❝❛s♦ ❡♥ q✉❡ ❋❊ s❡❛ ✲✶✳

❊♥ ❡st❡ ❝❛s♦ t❡♥❡♠♦s q✉❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ❞♦s r♦t❛❝✐♦♥❡s✳

▲❧❛♠❛♠♦s P ❛❧ ♥♦❞♦ q✉❡ ♠✉❡str❛ ❡❧ ❞❡s❡q✉✐❧✐❜r✐♦✱ ❡❧ q✉❡ t✐❡♥❡ ✉♥❛ ❋❊ ❞❡ ✲✷✳ ▲❧❛♠❛r❡♠♦s ◗ ❛❧

♥♦❞♦ r❛í③ ❞❡❧ s✉❜ár❜♦❧ ✐③q✉✐❡r❞♦ ❞❡ P✱ ② ❘ ❛❧ ♥♦❞♦ r❛í③ ❞❡❧ s✉❜ár❜♦❧ ❞❡r❡❝❤♦ ❞❡ ◗✳

❍❛r❡♠♦s ✉♥❛ r♦t❛❝✐ó♥ s✐♠♣❧❡ ❞❡ ◗ ❛ ❧❛ ✐③q✉✐❡r❞❛✳

❉❡s♣✉és✱ ❤❛❝❡♠♦s ✉♥❛ r♦t❛❝✐ó♥ s✐♠♣❧❡ ❞❡ P ❛ ❧❛ ❞❡r❡❝❤❛✳

❈♦♥ ♠ás ❞❡t❛❧❧❡✱ ♣r♦❝❡❞❡♠♦s ❞❡❧ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ♠♦❞♦✿

P❛s❛♠♦s ❡❧ s✉❜ár❜♦❧ ✐③q✉✐❡r❞♦ ❞❡❧ ♥♦❞♦ ❘ ❝♦♠♦ s✉❜ár❜♦❧ ❞❡r❡❝❤♦ ❞❡ ◗✳ ❊st♦ ♠❛♥t✐❡♥❡ ❡❧

ár❜♦❧ ❝♦♠♦ ❆❇❇✱ ②❛ q✉❡ t♦❞♦s ❧♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❛ ❧❛ ✐③q✉✐❡r❞❛ ❞❡ ❘ s✐❣✉❡♥ ❡st❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❧❛ ❞❡r❡❝❤❛

❞❡ ◗✳

❆❤♦r❛✱ ❡❧ ♥♦❞♦ ❘ ♣❛s❛ ❛ t♦♠❛r ❧❛ ♣♦s✐❝✐ó♥ ❞❡❧ ♥♦❞♦ ◗✱ ❡s ❞❡❝✐r✱ ❤❛❝❡♠♦s q✉❡ ❧❛ r❛í③ ❞❡❧

s✉❜ár❜♦❧ ✐③q✉✐❡r❞♦ ❞❡ P s❡❛ ❡❧ ♥♦❞♦ ❘ ❡♥ ❧✉❣❛r ❞❡ ◗✳

❊❧ ár❜♦❧ ◗ ♣❛s❛ ❛ s❡r ❡❧ s✉❜ár❜♦❧ ✐③q✉✐❡r❞♦ ❞❡❧ ♥♦❞♦ ❘✳

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✷✳✺✼✿

P❛s❛♠♦s ❡❧ s✉❜ár❜♦❧ ❞❡r❡❝❤♦ ❞❡❧ ♥♦❞♦ ❘ ❝♦♠♦ s✉❜ár❜♦❧ ✐③q✉✐❡r❞♦ ❞❡ P✳ ❊st♦ ♠❛♥t✐❡♥❡ ❡❧

ár❜♦❧ ❝♦♠♦ ❆❇❇✱ ②❛ q✉❡ t♦❞♦s ❧♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❛ ❧❛ ❞❡r❡❝❤❛ ❞❡ ❘ s✐❣✉❡♥ ❡st❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❧❛ ✐③q✉✐❡r❞❛

❞❡ P✳

❆❤♦r❛✱ ❡❧ ♥♦❞♦ ❘ ♣❛s❛ ❛ t♦♠❛r ❧❛ ♣♦s✐❝✐ó♥ ❞❡❧ ♥♦❞♦ P✱ ❡s ❞❡❝✐r✱ ❤❛❝❡♠♦s q✉❡ ❧❛ ❡♥tr❛❞❛

❛❧ ár❜♦❧ s❡❛ ❡❧ ♥♦❞♦ ❘✱ ❡♥ ❧✉❣❛r ❞❡❧ ♥♦❞♦ P✳ ❈♦♠♦ ❡♥ ❧♦s ❝❛s♦s ❛♥t❡r✐♦r❡s✱ ♣r❡✈✐❛♠❡♥t❡✱ P

♣✉❡❞❡ q✉❡ ❢✉❡s❡ ✉♥ ár❜♦❧ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t♦ ♦ ✉♥ s✉❜ár❜♦❧ ❞❡ ♦tr♦ ♥♦❞♦ ❞❡ ♠❡♥♦r ❛❧t✉r❛✳

❊❧ ár❜♦❧ P ♣❛s❛ ❛ s❡r ❡❧ s✉❜ár❜♦❧ ❞❡r❡❝❤♦ ❞❡❧ ♥♦❞♦ ❘✳

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✷✳✺✽✿

✶✷✳✶✶✳✻✳✷✳ ❘♦t❛❝✐ó♥ ❞♦❜❧❡ ❛ ❧❛ ✐③q✉✐❡r❞❛ ✭❉■✮

❊st❛ r♦t❛❝✐ó♥ s❡ ✉s❛ ❝✉❛♥❞♦ ❡❧ s✉❜ár❜♦❧ ❞❡r❡❝❤♦ ❞❡ ✉♥ ♥♦❞♦ s❡❛ ✷ ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ♠ás ❛❧t♦ q✉❡ ❡❧

✐③q✉✐❡r❞♦✱ ❡s ❞❡❝✐r✱ ❝✉❛♥❞♦ s✉ ❋❊ s❡❛ ❞❡ ✷✳ ❨ ❛❞❡♠ás✱ ❧❛ r❛í③ ❞❡❧ s✉❜ár❜♦❧ ❞❡r❡❝❤♦ t❡♥❣❛ ✉♥❛ ❋❊

❞❡ ✲✶✱ ❡s ❞❡❝✐r✱ q✉❡ ❡sté ❝❛r❣❛❞♦ ❛ ❧❛ ✐③q✉✐❡r❞❛✳ ❙❡ tr❛t❛ ❞❡❧ ❝❛s♦ s✐♠étr✐❝♦ ❞❡❧ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r✳

✷✺✹
 ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✷✳✺✾✿

❊♥ ❡st❡ ❝❛s♦ t❛♠❜✐é♥ r❡❛❧✐③❛♠♦s ❞♦s r♦t❛❝✐♦♥❡s✳

▲❧❛♠❛♠♦s P ❛❧ ♥♦❞♦ q✉❡ ♠✉❡str❛ ❡❧ ❞❡s❡q✉✐❧✐❜r✐♦✱ ❡❧ q✉❡ t✐❡♥❡ ✉♥❛ ❋❊ ❞❡ ✷✳ ▲❧❛♠❛♠♦s ◗

❛❧ ♥♦❞♦ r❛í③ ❞❡❧ s✉❜ár❜♦❧ ❞❡r❡❝❤♦ ❞❡ P✱ ② ❘ ❛❧ ♥♦❞♦ r❛í③ ❞❡❧ s✉❜ár❜♦❧ ✐③q✉✐❡r❞♦ ❞❡ ◗✳

❍❛❝❡♠♦s ✉♥❛ r♦t❛❝✐ó♥ s✐♠♣❧❡ ❞❡ ◗ ❛ ❧❛ ❞❡r❡❝❤❛✳

❉❡s♣✉és✱ ❤❛❝❡♠♦s ✉♥❛ r♦t❛❝✐ó♥ s✐♠♣❧❡ ❞❡ P ❛ ❧❛ ✐③q✉✐❡r❞❛✳

❈♦♥ ♠ás ❞❡t❛❧❧❡✱ ♣r♦❝❡❞❡♠♦s ❞❡❧ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ♠♦❞♦✿

P❛s❛♠♦s ❡❧ s✉❜ár❜♦❧ ❞❡r❡❝❤♦ ❞❡❧ ♥♦❞♦ ❘ ❝♦♠♦ s✉❜ár❜♦❧ ✐③q✉✐❡r❞♦ ❞❡ ◗✳ ❊st♦ ♠❛♥t✐❡♥❡ ❡❧

ár❜♦❧ ❝♦♠♦ ❆❇❇✱ ②❛ q✉❡ t♦❞♦s ❧♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❛ ❧❛ ❞❡r❡❝❤❛ ❞❡ ❘ s✐❣✉❡♥ ❡st❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❧❛ ✐③q✉✐❡r❞❛

❞❡ ◗✳

❆❤♦r❛✱ ❡❧ ♥♦❞♦ ❘ ♣❛s❛ ❛ t♦♠❛r ❧❛ ♣♦s✐❝✐ó♥ ❞❡❧ ♥♦❞♦ ◗✱ ❡s ❞❡❝✐r✱ ❤❛❝❡♠♦s q✉❡ ❧❛ r❛í③ ❞❡❧

s✉❜ár❜♦❧ ❞❡r❡❝❤♦ ❞❡ P s❡❛ ❡❧ ♥♦❞♦ ❘ ❡♥ ❧✉❣❛r ❞❡ ◗✳

❊❧ ár❜♦❧ ◗ ♣❛s❛ ❛ s❡r ❡❧ s✉❜ár❜♦❧ ❞❡r❡❝❤♦ ❞❡❧ ♥♦❞♦ ❘✳

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✷✳✻✵✿

P❛s❛♠♦s ❡❧ s✉❜ár❜♦❧ ✐③q✉✐❡r❞♦ ❞❡❧ ♥♦❞♦ ❘ ❝♦♠♦ s✉❜ár❜♦❧ ❞❡r❡❝❤♦ ❞❡ P✳ ❊st♦ ♠❛♥t✐❡♥❡ ❡❧

ár❜♦❧ ❝♦♠♦ ❆❇❇✱ ②❛ q✉❡ t♦❞♦s ❧♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❛ ❧❛ ✐③q✉✐❡r❞❛ ❞❡ ❘ s✐❣✉❡♥ ❡st❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❧❛ ❞❡r❡❝❤❛

❞❡ P✳

❆❤♦r❛✱ ❡❧ ♥♦❞♦ ❘ ♣❛s❛ ❛ t♦♠❛r ❧❛ ♣♦s✐❝✐ó♥ ❞❡❧ ♥♦❞♦ P✱ ❡s ❞❡❝✐r✱ ❤❛❝❡♠♦s q✉❡ ❧❛ ❡♥tr❛❞❛

❛❧ ár❜♦❧ s❡❛ ❡❧ ♥♦❞♦ ❘✱ ❡♥ ❧✉❣❛r ❞❡❧ ♥♦❞♦ P✳ ❈♦♠♦ ❡♥ ❧♦s ❝❛s♦s ❛♥t❡r✐♦r❡s✱ ♣r❡✈✐❛♠❡♥t❡✱ P

♣✉❡❞❡ q✉❡ ❢✉❡s❡ ✉♥ ár❜♦❧ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t♦ ♦ ✉♥ s✉❜ár❜♦❧ ❞❡ ♦tr♦ ♥♦❞♦ ❞❡ ♠❡♥♦r ❛❧t✉r❛✳

❊❧ ár❜♦❧ P ♣❛s❛ ❛ s❡r ❡❧ s✉❜ár❜♦❧ ✐③q✉✐❡r❞♦ ❞❡❧ ♥♦❞♦ ❘✳

✷✺✺
 ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✷✳✻✶✿

✶✷✳✶✶✳✼✳ ❘❡❡q✉✐❧✐❜r❛❞♦s ❡♥ ár❜♦❧❡s ❆❱▲

❈❛❞❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ✐♥s❡rt❡♠♦s ♦ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❡♠♦s ✉♥ ♥♦❞♦ ❡♥ ✉♥ ár❜♦❧ ❆❱▲ ♣✉❡❞❡♥ s✉❝❡❞❡r ❞♦s ❝♦s❛s✿
q✉❡ ❡❧ ár❜♦❧ s❡ ♠❛♥t❡♥❣❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❆❱▲ ♦ q✉❡ ♣✐❡r❞❛ ❡st❛ ♣r♦♣✐❡❞❛❞✳ ❊♥ ❡❧ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❝❛s♦ s✐❡♠♣r❡
❡st❛r❡♠♦s ❡♥ ✉♥♦ ❞❡ ❧♦s ❡①♣❧✐❝❛❞♦s ❛♥t❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡✱ ② r❡❝✉♣❡r❛♠♦s ❡❧ ❡st❛❞♦ ❆❱▲ ❛♣❧✐❝❛♥❞♦ ❧❛
r♦t❛❝✐ó♥ ❛❞❡❝✉❛❞❛✳
❈♦♠❡♥t❛♠♦s q✉❡ ♥❡❝❡s✐t❛♠♦s ❛ñ❛❞✐r ✉♥ ♥✉❡✈♦ ♠✐❡♠❜r♦ ❛ ❝❛❞❛ ♥♦❞♦ ❞❡❧ ár❜♦❧ ♣❛r❛ ❛✈❡r✐❣✉❛r
s✐ ❡❧ ár❜♦❧ s✐❣✉❡ s✐❡♥❞♦ ❆❱▲✱ ❡❧ ❋❛❝t♦r ❞❡ ❊q✉✐❧✐❜r✐♦✳ ❈❛❞❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ✐♥s❡rt❡♠♦s ♦ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❡♠♦s ✉♥
♥♦❞♦ ❞❡❜❡r❡♠♦s r❡❝♦rr❡r ❡❧ ❝❛♠✐♥♦ ❞❡s❞❡ ❡s❡ ♥♦❞♦ ❤❛❝✐❛ ❡❧ ♥♦❞♦ r❛í③ ❛❝t✉❛❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❧♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡
❋❊ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ♥♦❞♦✳ ❈✉❛♥❞♦ ✉♥♦ ❞❡ ❡s♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s s❡❛ ✷ ♦ ✲✷ ❛♣❧✐❝❛♠♦s ❧❛ r♦t❛❝✐ó♥ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞✐❡♥t❡✳
❉❡❜✐❞♦ ❛ q✉❡ s♦♠♦s ❝❛♣❛❝❡s ❞❡ r❡❝♦rr❡r ❡❧ ár❜♦❧ ❡♥ ❞✐r❡❝❝✐ó♥ ❛ ❧❛ r❛í③✱ ❛ñ❛❞✐♠♦s ✉♥ ♥✉❡✈♦ ♣✉♥t❡r♦
❛ ❝❛❞❛ ♥♦❞♦ q✉❡ ❛♣✉♥t❡ ❛❧ ♥♦❞♦ ♣❛❞r❡✳ ❊st♦ ❝♦♠♣❧✐❝❛ ❛❧❣♦ ❧❛s ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❡s ❞❡ ✐♥s❡r❝✐ó♥✱ ❜♦rr❛❞♦
② r♦t❛❝✐ó♥✱ ♣❡r♦ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛ ② ❛❣✐❧✐③❛ ♠✉❝❤♦ ❡❧ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❡❧ ❋❊✱ ② ✈❡♠♦s q✉❡ ❧❛s ❝♦♠♣❧✐❝❛❝✐♦♥❡s s❡
❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛♥ ❡♥ ❣r❛♥ ♣❛rt❡ ♣♦r ❧❛s ❢❛❝✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ♦❜t❡♥✐❞❛s ❛❧ ❞✐s♣♦♥❡r ❞❡ ❡st❡ ♣✉♥t❡r♦✳

◆♦t❛✿ ❊♥ r✐❣♦r✱ ♥♦ ❡s ♥❡❝❡s❛r✐♦ ❡s❡ ♣✉♥t❡r♦✱ ❛❧♠❛❝❡♥❛♠♦s ❡❧ ❝❛♠✐♥♦ q✉❡ r❡❝♦rr❡♠♦s

♣❛r❛ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛r ✉♥ ♥♦❞♦ ❝♦♥❝r❡t♦ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ✉♥❛ ♣✐❧❛✱ ② ❞❡s♣✉és ✉s❛♠♦s ❧❛ ♣✐❧❛ ♣❛r❛ r❡❝✉✲
♣❡r❛r ❡❧ ❝❛♠✐♥♦ ❡♥ ♦r❞❡♥ ✐♥✈❡rs♦✳ ❊st♦ ♦❜❧✐❣❛ ❛ ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝✐r ♦tr❛ ❡str✉❝t✉r❛ ❞✐♥á♠✐❝❛✱
② s❡❣ú♥ ♠✐ ♦♣✐♥✐ó♥✱ ❝♦♠♣❧✐❝❛ ❡♥ ❡①❝❡s♦ ❡❧ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦✳

❈✉❛♥❞♦ ❛❝t✉❛❧✐③❛♠♦s ❧♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡ ❋❊ ♥♦ ♥❡❝❡s✐t❛♠♦s ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛r ❧❛s ❛❧t✉r❛s ❞❡ ❧❛s ❞♦s r❛♠❛s
❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ♥♦❞♦✱ s❛❜✐❡♥❞♦ ❡♥ ✈❛❧♦r ❛♥t❡r✐♦r ❞❡ ❋❊✱ ② ❝♦♥♦❝✐❡♥❞♦ ❡♥ q✉é r❛♠❛ ❤❡♠♦s ❛ñ❛❞✐❞♦ ♦
❡❧✐♠✐♥❛❞♦ ❡❧ ♥♦❞♦✱ ❡s ❢á❝✐❧ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛r ❡❧ ♥✉❡✈♦ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ ❋❊✳ ❙✐ ❡❧ ♥♦❞♦ ❤❛ s✐❞♦ ❛ñ❛❞✐❞♦ ❡♥ ❧❛ r❛♠❛
❞❡r❡❝❤❛ ♦ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛❞♦ ❡♥ ❧❛ ✐③q✉✐❡r❞❛✱ ② ❤❛ ❤❛❜✐❞♦ ✉♥ ❝❛♠❜✐♦ ❞❡ ❛❧t✉r❛ ❡♥ ❧❛ r❛♠❛✱ s❡ ✐♥❝r❡♠❡♥t❛
❡❧ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ ❋❊❀ s✐ ❡❧ ♥♦❞♦ ❤❛ s✐❞♦ ❛ñ❛❞✐❞♦ ❡♥ ❧❛ r❛♠❛ ✐③q✉✐❡r❞❛ ♦ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛❞♦ ❡♥ ❧❛ ❞❡r❡❝❤❛✱ ② ❤❛
❤❛❜✐❞♦ ✉♥ ❝❛♠❜✐♦ ❞❡ ❛❧t✉r❛ ❡♥ ❧❛ r❛♠❛✱ s❡ ❞❡❝r❡♠❡♥t❛ ❡❧ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ ❋❊✳
▲♦s ❝❛♠❜✐♦s ❞❡ ❛❧t✉r❛ ❡♥ ✉♥❛ r❛♠❛ s❡ ♣r♦❞✉❝❡♥ só❧♦ ❝✉❛♥❞♦ ❡❧ ❋❊ ❞❡❧ ♥♦❞♦ r❛í③ ❞❡ ❡s❛ r❛♠❛ ❤❛
❝❛♠❜✐❛❞♦ ❞❡ ✵ ❛ ✶ ♦ ❞❡ ✵ ❛ ✲✶✳ ❊♥ ❝❛s♦ ❝♦♥tr❛r✐♦✱ ❝✉❛♥❞♦ ❡❧ ❋❊ ❝❛♠❜✐❛ ❞❡ ✶ ❛ ✵ ó ❞❡ ✲✶ ❛ ✵✱ ♥♦
s❡ ♣r♦❞✉❝❡ ❝❛♠❜✐♦ ❞❡ ❛❧t✉r❛✳
❙✐ ♥♦ ❤❛② ❝❛♠❜✐♦ ❞❡ ❛❧t✉r❛✱ ❧♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡ ❋❊ ❞❡❧ r❡st♦ ❞❡ ❧♦s ♥♦❞♦s ❤❛st❛ ❡❧ r❛í③ ♥♦ ♣✉❡❞❡♥
❝❛♠❜✐❛r✱ r❡❝♦r❞❡♠♦s q✉❡ ❡❧ ❢❛❝t♦r ❞❡ ❡q✉✐❧✐❜r✐♦ s❡ ❞❡✜♥❡ ❝♦♠♦ ❧❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❛❧t✉r❛ ❡♥tr❡ ❧❛s
r❛♠❛s ❞❡r❡❝❤❛ ❡ ✐③q✉✐❡r❞❛ ❞❡ ✉♥ ♥♦❞♦✱ ❧❛ ❛❧t✉r❛ ❞❡ ❧❛ r❛♠❛ q✉❡ ♥♦ ♣❡rt❡♥❡❝❡ ❛❧ ❝❛♠✐♥♦ ♥♦ ❝❛♠❜✐❛✱
♣✉❡st♦ q✉❡ s✐❣✉❡ t❡♥✐❡♥❞♦ ❧♦s ♠✐s♠♦s ♥♦❞♦s q✉❡ ❛♥t❡s✱ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ q✉❡ s✐ ❧❛ ❛❧t✉r❛ ❞❡ ❧❛ r❛♠❛ q✉❡
♣❡rt❡♥❡❝❡ ❛❧ ❝❛♠✐♥♦ ♥♦ ❝❛♠❜✐❛✱ t❛♠♣♦❝♦ ❝❛♠❜✐❛ ❡❧ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ ❋❊✳
❙✉♣♦♥❣❛ q✉❡ ❡♥ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ár❜♦❧ ❆❱▲ ✐♥s❡rt❛♠♦s ❡❧ ♥♦❞♦ ❞❡ ✈❛❧♦r ✽✿

✷✺✻
 ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✷✳✻✷✿

P❛r❛ ❡♠♣❡③❛r✱ ❝✉❛❧q✉✐❡r ♥♦❞♦ ♥✉❡✈♦ ❡s ✉♥ ♥♦❞♦ ❤♦❥❛✱ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ q✉❡ s✉ ❋❊ ❡s s✐❡♠♣r❡ ✵✳
❆❤♦r❛ ❛❝t✉❛❧✐③❛♠♦s ❡❧ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ ❋❊ ❞❡❧ ♥♦❞♦ ♣❛❞r❡ ❞❡❧ q✉❡ ❛❝❛❜❛♠♦s ❞❡ ✐♥s❡rt❛r ✭P✮✳ ❊❧ ✈❛❧♦r
♣r❡✈✐♦ ❡s ✵✱ ② ❤❡♠♦s ❛ñ❛❞✐❞♦ ✉♥ ♥♦❞♦ ❡♥ s✉ r❛♠❛ ✐③q✉✐❡r❞❛✱ ♣♦r ❧♦ t❛♥t♦✱ ❡❧ ♥✉❡✈♦ ✈❛❧♦r ❡s ✲✶✳
❊st♦ ✐♠♣❧✐❝❛ ✉♥ ❝❛♠❜✐♦ ❞❡ ❛❧t✉r❛✱ ♣♦r ❧♦ t❛♥t♦✱ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛♠♦s ❝❛♠✐♥♦ ❤❛❝✐❛ ❧❛ r❛í③✳
❆ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛❝✐ó♥ t♦♠❛♠♦s ❡❧ ♥♦❞♦ ♣❛❞r❡ ❞❡ P ✭◗✮✱ ❝✉②♦ ✈❛❧♦r ♣r❡✈✐♦ ❞❡ ❋❊ ❡r❛ ✶✱ ② ❛❧ q✉❡ t❛♠❜✐é♥
❤❡♠♦s ❛ñ❛❞✐❞♦ ✉♥ ♥♦❞♦ ❡♥ s✉ r❛♠❛ ✐③q✉✐❡r❞❛✱ ♣♦r ❧♦ t❛♥t♦ ❞❡❝r❡♠❡♥t❛♠♦s ❡s❡ ✈❛❧♦r✱ ② ❡❧ ♥✉❡✈♦
❡s ✵✳ ❊♥ ❡st❡ ❝❛s♦ ♥♦ ❤❛ ✐♥❝r❡♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❛❧t✉r❛✱ s✐❣✉❡ s✐❡♥❞♦ ❧❛ ♠✐s♠❛ ❧❛ ❛❧t✉r❛ ❞❡❧ ár❜♦❧ ❝✉②❛ r❛í③
❡s ◗✱ ♣♦r ❧♦ t❛♥t♦✱ ♥✐♥❣✉♥♦ ❞❡ ❧♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡ ❋❊ ❞❡ ❧♦s ♥♦❞♦s ❤❛st❛ ❡❧ r❛í③ ❤❛ ❝❛♠❜✐❛❞♦✳ ❊s ❞❡❝✐r✱
♥♦ ♥❡❝❡s✐t❛♠♦s s❡❣✉✐r r❡❝♦rr✐❡♥❞♦ ❡❧ ❝❛♠✐♥♦✳
❙✐ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛♠♦s ❡❧ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ ❋❊ ❞❡❧ ♥♦❞♦ ❘ ✈❡♠♦s q✉❡ ❡❢❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ s❡ ♠❛♥t✐❡♥❡✱ ♣✉❡st♦ q✉❡ t❛♥t♦
❧❛ ❛❧t✉r❛ ❞❡❧ s✉❜ár❜♦❧ ❞❡r❡❝❤♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❞❡❧ ✐③q✉✐❡r❞♦✱ s✐❣✉❡♥ s✐❡♥❞♦ ❧❛s ♠✐s♠❛s✳

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✷✳✻✸✿

✶✷✳✶✶✳✼✳✶✳ ❘❡❡q✉✐❧✐❜r❛❞♦s ❡♥ ár❜♦❧❡s ❆❱▲ ♣♦r ✐♥s❡r❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ✉♥ ♥♦❞♦

❊♥ ❡s❡ ❝❛s♦✱ ❝✉❛♥❞♦ ❡❧ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ ❋❊ ❞❡ ✉♥ ♥♦❞♦ t♦♠❡ ❡❧ ✈❛❧♦r ✲✷ ó ✷✱ ♥♦ s❡❣✉✐♠♦s ❡❧ ❝❛♠✐♥♦✱

s✐♥♦ q✉❡✱ ❝♦♥ ❡❧ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ ❋❊ ❞❡❧ ♥♦❞♦ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ② ❡❧ ❞❡❧ ♥♦❞♦ ❞❡r❡❝❤♦ s✐ ❋❊ ❡s ✷ ♦ ❡❧ ❞❡❧ ♥♦❞♦
✐③q✉✐❡r❞♦ s✐ ❡s ✲✷✱ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛♠♦s q✉é t✐♣♦ ❞❡ r♦t❛❝✐ó♥ ❤❛❝❡r✳
❋❊ ♥♦❞♦ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❋❊ ❞❡❧ ♥♦❞♦ ❞❡r❡❝❤♦ ❋❊ ❞❡❧ ♥♦❞♦ ✐③q✉✐❡r❞♦ ❘♦t❛❝✐ó♥
✲✷ ◆♦ ✐♠♣♦rt❛ ✲✶ ❘❙❉
✲✷ ◆♦ ✐♠♣♦rt❛ ✶ ❘❉❉
✷ ✲✶ ◆♦ ✐♠♣♦rt❛ ❘❉■
✷ ✶ ◆♦ ✐♠♣♦rt❛ ❘❙■

❊❧ r❡st♦ ❞❡ ❧♦s ❝❛s♦s ♥♦ ✐♥t❡r❡s❛♥✳ ❊st♦ ❡s ♣♦rq✉❡ ❡♥ ♥♦❞♦s ❞❡s❡q✉✐❧✐❜r❛❞♦s ❤❛❝✐❛ ❧❛ ❞❡r❡❝❤❛✱

✷✺✼
❝♦♥ ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡ ❋❊ ♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s✱ s✐❡♠♣r❡ ❜✉s❝❛♠♦s ❡❧ ❡q✉✐❧✐❜r✐♦ ♠❡❞✐❛♥t❡ r♦t❛❝✐♦♥❡s ❛ ❧❛ ✐③q✉✐❡r❞❛✱ ②

✈✐❝❡✈❡rs❛✱ ❝♦♥ ♥♦❞♦s ❞❡s❡q✉✐❧✐❜r❛❞♦s ❤❛❝✐❛ ❧❛ ✐③q✉✐❡r❞❛✱ ❝♦♥ ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡ ❋❊ ♥❡❣❛t✐✈♦s✱ ❜✉s❝❛♠♦s

❡❧ ❡q✉✐❧✐❜r✐♦ ♠❡❞✐❛♥t❡ r♦t❛❝✐♦♥❡s ❛ ❧❛ ❞❡r❡❝❤❛✳

❙✉♣♦♥❣❛ q✉❡ ❡❧ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ ❋❊ ❞❡❧ ♥♦❞♦ ❤❛ ♣❛s❛❞♦ ❞❡ ✲✶ ❛ ✲✷✱ ❞❡❜✐❞♦ ❛ q✉❡ s❡ ❤❛ ❛ñ❛❞✐❞♦ ✉♥ ♥♦❞♦✳

❊st♦ ✐♠♣❧✐❝❛ q✉❡ ❡❧ ♥♦❞♦ ❛❣r❡❣❛❞♦ ❤❛ s✐❞♦ ❡♥ ❧❛ r❛♠❛ ✐③q✉✐❡r❞❛✱ s✐ ❧♦ ❤✉❜✐ér❛♠♦s ❛ñ❛❞✐❞♦ ❡♥ ❧❛

❞❡r❡❝❤❛ ❡❧ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ ❋❊ ♥✉♥❝❛ ❞❡❝r❡❝❡rí❛✳

✶✷✳✶✶✳✼✳✷✳ ❘❡❡q✉✐❧✐❜r❛❞♦s ❡♥ ár❜♦❧❡s ❆❱▲ ♣♦r ❜♦rr❛❞♦ ❞❡ ✉♥ ♥♦❞♦

❈✉❛♥❞♦ ❡❧ ❞❡s❡q✉✐❧✐❜r✐♦ s❡ ❞❡❜❡ ❛ ❧❛ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ✉♥ ♥♦❞♦ ❧❛ ❝♦s❛ ♣✉❡❞❡ s❡r ❛❧❣♦ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡✱

♣❡r♦ ✈❡♠♦s q✉❡ s✐❡♠♣r❡ s❡ ♣✉❡❞❡ ❧❧❡❣❛r ❛ ✉♥♦ ❞❡ ❧♦s ❝❛s♦s ❛♥t❡r✐♦r❡s✳

❙✉♣♦♥❣❛♠♦s ❡❧ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❝❛s♦✱ ❡♥ ❡❧ ár❜♦❧ ❆❱▲ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛♠♦s ❡❧ ♥♦❞♦ ❞❡ ✈❛❧♦r ✸✿

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✷✳✻✹✿

❊❧ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ ❋❊ ❞❡❧ ♥♦❞♦ P ♣❛s❛ ❞❡ ✶ ❛ ✷✱ s❛❜❡♠♦s q✉❡ ❝✉❛♥❞♦ ❡❧ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ ❋❊ ❞❡ ✉♥ ♥♦❞♦ ❡s

✷ s✐❡♠♣r❡ t❡♥❡♠♦s q✉❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛r ✉♥❛ r♦t❛❝✐ó♥ ❛ ✐③q✉✐❡r❞❛s✳ P❛r❛ s❛❜❡r ❝✉❛❧ ❞❡ ❧❛s ❞♦s r♦t❛❝✐♦♥❡s

❞❡❜❡♠♦s ❛♣❧✐❝❛r ♠✐r❛♠♦s ❡❧ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ ❋❊ ❞❡❧ ♥♦❞♦ ❞❡r❡❝❤♦✳ P❡r♦ ❡♥ ❡st❡ ❝❛s♦✱ ❡❧ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ ❋❊ ❞❡

❡s❡ ♥♦❞♦ ❡s ✵✳ ❊st♦ ♥♦ q✉✐❡r❡ ❞❡❝✐r q✉❡ ♥♦ ♣♦❞❛♠♦s ❛♣❧✐❝❛r ♥✐♥❣✉♥❛ ❞❡ ❧❛s r♦t❛❝✐♦♥❡s✱ ♣♦r ❡❧

❝♦♥tr❛r✐♦✱ ♣♦❞r❡♠♦s ❛♣❧✐❝❛r ❝✉❛❧q✉✐❡r❛ ❞❡ ❡❧❧❛s✳ ❆✉♥q✉❡ ♣♦r ❡❝♦♥♦♠í❛✱ ❧♦ r❛③♦♥❛❜❧❡ ❡s ❛♣❧✐❝❛r ❧❛

r♦t❛❝✐ó♥ s✐♠♣❧❡✳

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✷✳✻✺✿

❙✐ ❛♣❧✐❝❛♠♦s ❧❛ r♦t❛❝✐ó♥ s✐♠♣❧❡✱ ❡❧ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❡s✿

✷✺✽
 ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✷✳✻✻✿

❨ ❛♣❧✐❝❛♥❞♦ ❧❛ r♦t❛❝✐ó♥ ❞♦❜❧❡✿

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✷✳✻✼✿

❉❡❧ ♠✐s♠♦ ♠♦❞♦✱ ❡❧ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ ❋❊ ❞❡❧ ♥♦❞♦ ❞❡r❡❝❤♦ ♣♦❞rí❛ ❤❛❜❡r s✐❞♦ ✶ ♦ ✲✶✱ ❡♥ ❡s❡ ❝❛s♦ sí ❡stá

❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ ❡❧ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ r♦t❛❝✐ó♥ ❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛r✳

❊❧ r❛③♦♥❛♠✐❡♥t♦ ❡s s✐♠✐❧❛r ❝✉❛♥❞♦ s❡ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛♥ ♥♦❞♦s ② ❡❧ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❡s q✉❡ s❡ ♦❜t✐❡♥❡ ✉♥ ♥♦❞♦ ❝♦♥

❋❊ ❞❡ ✲✷✱ ❡♥ ❡st❡ ❝❛s♦ s❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛rá ✉♥❛ r♦t❛❝✐ó♥ ❛ ❞❡r❡❝❤❛s✱ ② ❧❛ r♦t❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡rá ❞❡❧ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡

❋❊ ❞❡❧ ♥♦❞♦ ✐③q✉✐❡r❞♦ ❛❧ q✉❡ ♠✉❡str❛ ❡❧ ❞❡s❡q✉✐❧✐❜r✐♦✳ ❙✐ ❡s ✵ ♦ ✲✶ ❤❛❝❡♠♦s ✉♥❛ r♦t❛❝✐ó♥ s✐♠♣❧❡✱

s✐ ❡s ✶✱ ✉♥❛ r♦t❛❝✐ó♥ ❞♦❜❧❡✳

❚❡♥❡♠♦s ✉♥❛ t❛❜❧❛ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡❝✐❞✐r ❧❛ r♦t❛❝✐ó♥ ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛r✿

❋❊ ♥♦❞♦ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❋❊ ❞❡❧ ♥♦❞♦ ❞❡r❡❝❤♦ ❋❊ ❞❡❧ ♥♦❞♦ ✐③q✉✐❡r❞♦ ❘♦t❛❝✐ó♥

✲✷ ◆♦ ✐♠♣♦rt❛ ✲✶ ❘❙❉

✲✷ ◆♦ ✐♠♣♦rt❛ ✵ ❘❙❉

✲✷ ◆♦ ✐♠♣♦rt❛ ✶ ❘❉❉

✷ ✲✶ ◆♦ ✐♠♣♦rt❛ ❘❉■

✷ ✵ ◆♦ ✐♠♣♦rt❛ ❘❙■

✷ ✶ ◆♦ ✐♠♣♦rt❛ ❘❙■

✶✷✳✶✶✳✼✳✸✳ ▲♦s ár❜♦❧❡s ❆❱▲ s✐❡♠♣r❡ q✉❡❞❛♥ ❡q✉✐❧✐❜r❛❞♦s ❞❡s♣✉és ❞❡ ✉♥❛ r♦t❛❝✐ó♥

❊st♦ ♣✉❡❞❡ ❝♦♠♣r♦❜❛rs❡ ❛♥❛❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❧♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ r♦t❛❝✐ó♥ q✉❡ ❤❡♠♦s ❡st✉❞✐❛❞♦✱ ❞❡s♣✉és

❞❡ ❡❢❡❝t✉❛❞❛ ❧❛ r♦t❛❝✐ó♥✱ ❧❛ ❛❧t✉r❛ ❞❡❧ ár❜♦❧ ❝✉②❛ r❛í③ ❡s ❡❧ ♥♦❞♦ r♦t❛❞♦ s❡ ♠❛♥t✐❡♥❡✱ ♣♦r ❧♦ t❛♥t♦✱

♥♦ ♥❡❝❡s✐t❛♠♦s ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛r ❡❧ ❝❛♠✐♥♦ ❤❛❝✐❛ ❧❛ r❛í③✿ s❛❜❡♠♦s q✉❡ ❡❧ ár❜♦❧ ❡s ❆❱▲✳

✷✺✾
✶✷✳✶✷✳ ❈❛s♦s ❞❡ ❡st✉❞✐♦

✶✷✳✶✷✳✵✳✶✳ ❈❛s♦ ✶

❈♦♥❢❡❝❝✐♦♥❛r ✉♥❛ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ q✉❡ ❛❞♠✐♥✐str❡ ✉♥❛ ❧✐st❛ t✐♣♦ ♣✐❧❛ ✭❞❡❜❡ ✐♥s❡rt❛r✱ ❡①tr❛❡r ❡ ✐♠♣r✐✲
♠✐r ❧♦s ❞❛t♦s ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣✐❧❛✮

✶ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ st❞✐♦ ✳❤ ❃
✷ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ st❞❧✐❜ ✳❤ ❃
✸
✹ str✉❝t ♥♦❞♦ ④
✺ ✐♥t ✐♥❢♦ ❀
✻ str✉❝t ♥♦❞♦ ✯ s✐❣ ❀
✼ ⑥❀
✽
✾ ✴✴ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ ❣❧♦❜❛❧ q✉❡ ❛♣✉♥t❛ ❛❧ ♣r✐♠❡r ♥♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛
✶✵ str✉❝t ♥♦❞♦ ✯ r❛✐③ ❂ ◆❯▲▲ ❀
✶✶
✶✷ ✈♦✐❞ ✐♥s❡rt❛r ✭ ✐♥t ① ✮ ④
✶✸ str✉❝t ♥♦❞♦ ✯ ♥✉❡✈♦ ❀
✶✹ ♥✉❡✈♦ ❂ ♠❛❧❧♦❝ ✭ s✐③❡♦❢ ✭ str✉❝t ♥♦❞♦ ✮ ✮❀
✶✺ ♥✉❡✈♦ ✲ ❃ ✐♥❢♦ ❂ ①❀
✶✻
✶✼ ✐❢ ✭ r❛✐③ ❂❂ ◆❯▲▲ ✮ ④
✶✽ r❛✐③ ❂ ♥✉❡✈♦ ❀
✶✾ ♥✉❡✈♦ ✲ ❃ s✐❣ ❂ ◆❯▲▲ ❀
✷✵ ⑥ ❡❧s❡ ④
✷✶ ♥✉❡✈♦ ✲ ❃ s✐❣ ❂ r❛✐③ ❀
✷✷ r❛✐③ ❂ ♥✉❡✈♦ ❀
✷✸ ⑥
✷✹ ⑥
✷✺
✷✻ ✈♦✐❞ ✐♠♣r✐♠✐r ✭✮ ④
✷✼ str✉❝t ♥♦❞♦ ✯ r❡❝♦ ❂ r❛✐③ ❀
✷✽ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ▲✐st❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❛ ✳❭ ♥✧✮ ❀
✷✾ ✇❤✐❧❡ ✭ r❡❝♦ ✦❂ ◆❯▲▲ ✮ ④
✸✵ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ✪✐ ✧ ✱r❡❝♦ ✲ ❃ ✐♥❢♦ ✮ ❀
✸✶ r❡❝♦ ❂ r❡❝♦ ✲❃ s✐❣ ❀
✸✷ ⑥
✸✸ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❭♥✧✮❀
✸✹ ⑥
✸✺
✸✻ ✐♥t ❡①tr❛❡r ✭✮ ④
✸✼ ✐❢ ✭ r❛✐③ ✦❂ ◆❯▲▲ ✮ ④
✸✽ ✐♥t ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐♦♥ ❂ r❛✐③ ✲❃ ✐♥❢♦ ❀
✸✾ str✉❝t ♥♦❞♦ ✯ ❜♦r ❂ r❛✐③ ❀
✹✵ r❛✐③ ❂ r❛✐③ ✲❃ s✐❣ ❀
✹✶ ❢r❡❡ ✭ ❜♦r ✮❀

✷✻✵
✹✷ r❡t✉r♥ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐♦♥ ❀
✹✸ ⑥ ❡❧s❡ ④
✹✹ r❡t✉r♥ ✲✶❀
✹✺ ⑥
✹✻ ⑥
✹✼
✹✽ ✈♦✐❞ ❧✐❜❡r❛r ✭✮ ④
✹✾ str✉❝t ♥♦❞♦ ✯ r❡❝♦ ❂ r❛✐③ ❀
✺✵ str✉❝t ♥♦❞♦ ✯ ❜♦r ❀
✺✶ ✇❤✐❧❡ ✭ r❡❝♦ ✦❂ ◆❯▲▲ ✮ ④
✺✷ ❜♦r ❂ r❡❝♦ ❀
✺✸ r❡❝♦ ❂ r❡❝♦ ✲❃ s✐❣ ❀
✺✹ ❢r❡❡ ✭ ❜♦r ✮❀
✺✺ ⑥
✺✻ ⑥
✺✼
✺✽ ✐♥t ♠❛✐♥ ✭✮ ④
✺✾ ✐♥s❡rt❛r ✭✶✵✮ ❀
✻✵ ✐♥s❡rt❛r ✭✹✵✮ ❀
✻✶ ✐♥s❡rt❛r ✭✸✮ ❀
✻✷ ✐♠♣r✐♠✐r ✭✮ ❀
✻✸ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❊①tr❛❡♠♦s ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣✐❧❛✿ ✪✐❭ ♥✧ ✱ ❡①tr❛❡r ✭✮ ✮❀
✻✹ ✐♠♣r✐♠✐r ✭✮ ❀
✻✺ ❧✐❜❡r❛r ✭✮ ❀
✻✻ ❣❡t❝❤ ✭✮ ❀
✻✼ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✻✽ ⑥
❆♥❛❧✐❝❡♠♦s ❧❛s ❞✐st✐♥t❛s ♣❛rt❡s ❞❡ ❡st❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛✿
❉❡❝❧❛r❛♠♦s ✉♥ r❡❣✐str♦ ❝♦♥ ❞♦s ❝❛♠♣♦s✳ ❯♥ ❡♥t❡r♦ q✉❡ ❡s ❧❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥ q✉❡ ❣✉❛r❞❛ ❝❛❞❛ ♥♦❞♦
② ✉♥ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ ❛❧ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ♥♦❞♦✿
✶ str✉❝t ♥♦❞♦ ④
✷ ✐♥t ✐♥❢♦ ❀
✸ str✉❝t ♥♦❞♦ ✯ s✐❣ ❀
✹ ⑥❀
❆❧❣♦ q✉❡ ♥♦ ❤❛❜í❛♠♦s ❤❡❝❤♦ ❤❛st❛ ❡st❡ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ❡s ❧❛ ❞❡✜♥✐❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ✉♥❛ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ ❣❧♦❜❛❧ ❡♥
♥✉❡str♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛✳ ❙✐ ❜✐❡♥ ❞❡❝❧❛r❛r ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s ❣❧♦❜❛❧❡s ❡♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s ❣r❛♥❞❡s tr❛❡ ✐♥❝♦♥✈❡♥✐❡♥t❡s✱
❧❛s ♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠♦s ♣❛r❛ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛r ❧❛ ❝♦♠♣r❡♥s✐ó♥ ❞❡❧ ❝♦♥❝❡♣t♦ ❞❡ ❧✐st❛s✿
✶ ✴✴ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ ❣❧♦❜❛❧ q✉❡ ❛♣✉♥t❛ ❛❧ ♣r✐♠❡r ♥♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛
✷ str✉❝t ♥♦❞♦ ✯ r❛✐③ ❂ ◆❯▲▲ ❀
▲❛ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ r❛í③ ❡s ✉♥ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ q✉❡ ❛♣✉♥t❛ ❛ r❡❣✐str♦s ❞❡ t✐♣♦ ♥♦❞♦✳ ❯♥ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ ❡s ✉♥❛ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ q✉❡
❛❧♠❛❝❡♥❛ ✉♥❛ ❞✐r❡❝❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ♠❡♠♦r✐❛✱ s✐ ❣✉❛r❞❛♠♦s ◆❯▲▲ ✐♥❞✐❝❛♠♦s q✉❡ ❧❛ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ ♥♦ ❛❧♠❛❝❡♥❛
✉♥❛ ❞✐r❡❝❝✐ó♥✳
▲❛ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ r❛í③ ❛❧ s❡r ✉♥❛ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ ❣❧♦❜❛❧ ♥♦ ❡s ♥❡❝❡s❛r✐♦ ♣❛s❛r❧❛ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛rá♠❡tr♦ ❛ ❝❛❞❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥
q✉❡ ❧❛ ♥❡❝❡s✐t❡✳

✷✻✶
❚♦❞♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❈ ❝♦♠✐❡♥③❛ ❛ ❡❥❡❝✉t❛rs❡ ❞❡s❞❡ ❧❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ♠❛✐♥✳ Pr❡✈✐♦ ❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛r ♠❛✐♥✱ ❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛
r❡s❡r✈❛ ❡s♣❛❝✐♦ ♣❛r❛ ❧❛s ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s ❣❧♦❜❛❧❡s ✭❡♥ ♥✉❡str♦ ❝❛s♦ r❛í③✮ ② ❞❡s❞❡ ♠❛✐♥ ❧❧❛♠❛♠♦s ❛ ❧❛s
❞✐st✐♥t❛s ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❡s ♣❛r❛ ❛❞♠✐♥✐str❛r ❧❛ ❧✐st❛✿
✶ ✐♥t ♠❛✐♥ ✭✮ ④
✷ ✐♥s❡rt❛r ✭✶✵✮ ❀
✸ ✐♥s❡rt❛r ✭✹✵✮ ❀
✹ ✐♥s❡rt❛r ✭✸✮ ❀
✺ ✐♠♣r✐♠✐r ✭✮ ❀
✻ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❊①tr❛❡♠♦s ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣✐❧❛✿ ✪✐❭ ♥✧ ✱ ❡①tr❛❡r ✭✮ ✮❀
✼ ✐♠♣r✐♠✐r ✭✮ ❀
✽ ❧✐❜❡r❛r ✭✮ ❀
✾ ❣❡t❝❤ ✭✮ ❀
✶✵ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✶✶ ⑥
▲❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ✐♥s❡rt❛r ❛❣r❡❣❛ ✉♥ ♥♦❞♦ ❛❧ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛✿
✶ ✈♦✐❞ ✐♥s❡rt❛r ✭ ✐♥t ① ✮ ④
✷ str✉❝t ♥♦❞♦ ✯ ♥✉❡✈♦ ❀
✸ ♥✉❡✈♦ ❂ ♠❛❧❧♦❝ ✭ s✐③❡♦❢ ✭ str✉❝t ♥♦❞♦ ✮ ✮❀
✹ ♥✉❡✈♦ ✲ ❃ ✐♥❢♦ ❂ ①❀
✺ ✐❢ ✭ r❛✐③ ❂❂ ◆❯▲▲ ✮ ④
✻ r❛✐③ ❂ ♥✉❡✈♦ ❀
✼ ♥✉❡✈♦ ✲ ❃ s✐❣ ❂ ◆❯▲▲ ❀
✽ ⑥ ❡❧s❡ ④
✾ ♥✉❡✈♦ ✲ ❃ s✐❣ ❂ r❛✐③ ❀
✶✵ r❛✐③ ❂ ♥✉❡✈♦ ❀
✶✶ ⑥
✶✷ ⑥
❆❧ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❧❧❡❣❛ ❧❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥ ❛ ✐♥s❡rt❛r✱ ❡♥ ❡st❡ ❝❛s♦ ❡s ✉♥ ✈❛❧♦r ❡♥t❡r♦✳
▲❛ ❝r❡❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ✉♥ ♥♦❞♦ r❡q✉✐❡r❡ ❞♦s ♣❛s♦s✿
✶✳ ❉❡✜♥✐❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ✉♥ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ ♦ r❡❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛ ❛ ✉♥ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❞❛t♦ ♠♦❞♦ str✉❝t ♥♦❞♦ ✯♥✉❡✈♦❀
✷✳ ❈r❡❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡❧ ♥♦❞♦ ✭r❡s❡r✈❛ ❞❡ ❡s♣❛❝✐♦ ❡♥ ❧❛ ♠❡♠♦r✐❛ ❞✐♥á♠✐❝❛✮ ♥✉❡✈♦ ❂ ♠❛❧❧♦❝✭s✐③❡♦❢✭
str✉❝t ♥♦❞♦✮✮❀
❆❧ ❡❥❡❝✉t❛r ❧❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ♠❛❧❧♦❝ s❡ r❡s❡r✈❛ ❡s♣❛❝✐♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡❧ ♥♦❞♦✳

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✷✳✻✽✿

❊❧ ♣❛s♦ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❡s ❣✉❛r❞❛r ❧❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡❧ ♥♦❞♦ ✭❛❝❝❡❞❡♠♦s ❛❧ ❝❛♠♣♦ ✐♥❢♦ ♠❡❞✐❛♥t❡ ❡❧
♦♣❡r❛❞♦r ✲❃✮✿ ♥✉❡✈♦✲❃✐♥❢♦ ❂ ①❀

✷✻✷
❊♥ ❡❧ ❝❛♠♣♦ ✐♥❢♦ ❛❧♠❛❝❡♥❛♠♦s ❧♦ q✉❡ ❧❧❡❣❛ ❡♥ ❡❧ ♣❛rá♠❡tr♦ ①✳ ❙✐ ❧❧❡❣❛ ✉♥ ✺✱ ❡❧ ♥♦❞♦ q✉❡❞❛✿

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✷✳✻✾✿

P♦r ú❧t✐♠♦✱ ❡♥❧❛③❛♠♦s ❡❧ ♥♦❞♦ r❡❝✐é♥ ❝r❡❛❞♦ ❛❧ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣✐♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛✳

❙✐ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ ❡stá ✈❛❝í❛ ❣✉❛r❞❛♠♦s ❡♥ ❡❧ ❝❛♠♣♦ s✐❣ ❞❡❧ ♥♦❞♦ ❡❧ ✈❛❧♦r ◆❯▲▲ ♣❛r❛ ✐♥❞✐❝❛r q✉❡ ♥♦
❤❛② ♦tr♦ ♥♦❞♦ ❞❡s♣✉és ❞❡ ést❡✱ ② ❤❛❝❡r q✉❡ r❛í③ ❛♣✉♥t❡ ❛❧ ♥♦❞♦ ❝r❡❛❞♦ ✭s❛❜❡♠♦s q✉❡ ✉♥❛ ❧✐st❛
❡st❛ ✈❛❝í❛ s✐ r❛í③ ❛❧♠❛❝❡♥❛ ✉♥ ◆❯▲▲✱ ❡s ❞❡❝✐r ❡❧ ✈❛❧♦r q✉❡ ❧❡ ❛❧♠❛❝❡♥❛♠♦s ❝✉❛♥❞♦ ❞❡✜♥✐♠♦s ❧❛
✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡✮
P♦❞❡♠♦s ❛❝❝❡❞❡r ❛ r❛í③ s✐♥ ❤❛❜❡r❧❛ ♣❛s❛❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛rá♠❡tr♦ ②❛ q✉❡ ❡s ✉♥❛ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ ❣❧♦❜❛❧ ② ❡s
❛❝❝❡❞✐❞❛ ♣♦r ❝✉❛❧q✉✐❡r ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ❧✉❡❣♦ ❞❡ s✉ ❞❡✜♥✐❝✐ó♥✿
✶ ✐❢ ✭ r❛✐③ ❂❂ ◆❯▲▲ ✮ ④
✷ r❛✐③ ❂ ♥✉❡✈♦ ❀
✸ ♥✉❡✈♦ ✲ ❃ s✐❣ ❂ ◆❯▲▲ ❀
✹ ⑥

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✷✳✼✵✿

●rá✜❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❛♠♦s q✉❡ ❝✉❛♥❞♦ raiz = nuevo✱ ❡❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ r❛í③ ❣✉❛r❞❛ ❧❛ ❞✐r❡❝❝✐ó♥ ❞❡❧ ♥♦❞♦
❛♣✉♥t❛❞♦ ♣♦r ♥✉❡✈♦✳
❚❡♥❡r ❡♥ ❝✉❡♥t❛ q✉❡ ❝✉❛♥❞♦ ✜♥❛❧✐③❛ ❧❛ ❡❥❡❝✉❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥✱ ❡❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ ✧♥✉❡✈♦✧❞❡s❛♣❛r❡❝❡✱
♣❡r♦ ♥♦ ❡❧ ♥♦❞♦ ❝r❡❛❞♦ ♣♦r ❧❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ♠❛❧❧♦❝✳
❊♥ ❝❛s♦ q✉❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ ♥♦ ❡sté ✈❛❝í❛✱ ❡❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ s✐❣ ❞❡❧ ♥♦❞♦ ❝r❡❛❞♦ ❛♣✉♥t❛ ❛❧ q✉❡ ❡s✱ ❤❛st❛ ❡st❡
♠♦♠❡♥t♦✱ ❡❧ ♣r✐♠❡r ♥♦❞♦✱ ❡s ❞❡❝✐r ❛❧ ♥♦❞♦ q✉❡ ❛♣✉♥t❛ r❛í③ ❛❝t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡✳
✶ ❡❧s❡ ④
✷ ♥✉❡✈♦ ✲ ❃ s✐❣ ❂ r❛✐③ ❀
✸ r❛✐③ ❂ ♥✉❡✈♦ ❀
✹ ⑥
❈♦♠♦ ♣r✐♠❡r❛ ❛❝t✐✈✐❞❛❞ ❝❛r❣❛♠♦s ❡♥ ❡❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ s✐❣ ❞❡❧ ♥♦❞♦ ❛♣✉♥t❛❞♦ ♣♦r ♥✉❡✈♦ ❧❛ ❞✐r❡❝❝✐ó♥ ❞❡
r❛í③✱ ② ♣♦st❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡ r❛✐③ ❛♣✉♥t❛ ❛❧ ♥♦❞♦ q✉❡ ❛❝❛❜❛♠♦s ❞❡ ❝r❡❛r✱ q✉❡ ❡s ❛❤♦r❛ ❡❧ ♣r✐♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❧❛
❧✐st❛✳
❆♥t❡s ❞❡ ❧♦s ❡♥❧❛❝❡s t❡♥❡♠♦s✿

✷✻✸
 ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✷✳✼✶✿

▲✉❡❣♦ ❞❡ ❡❥❡❝✉t❛r ❧❛ ❧í♥❡❛✿ ♥✉❡✈♦✲❃s✐❣ ❂ r❛✐③❀

❆❤♦r❛ t❡♥❡♠♦s✿

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✷✳✼✷✿

P♦r ú❧t✐♠♦✱ ❛s✐❣♥❛♠♦s ❛ r❛í③ ❧❛ ❞✐r❡❝❝✐ó♥ q✉❡ ❛❧♠❛❝❡♥❛ ❡❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ ♥✉❡✈♦✳ r❛✐③ ❂ ♥✉❡✈♦❀
▲❛ ❧✐st❛ q✉❡❞❛✿

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✷✳✼✸✿

▲❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ❡①tr❛❡r✿

✶ ✐♥t ❡①tr❛❡r ✭✮ ④
✷ ✐❢ ✭ r❛✐③ ✦❂ ◆❯▲▲ ✮ ④
✸ ✐♥t ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐♦♥ ❂ r❛✐③ ✲❃ ✐♥❢♦ ❀
✹ str✉❝t ♥♦❞♦ ✯ ❜♦r ❂ r❛✐③ ❀
✺ r❛✐③ ❂ r❛✐③ ✲❃ s✐❣ ❀
✻ ❢r❡❡ ✭ ❜♦r ✮❀
✼ r❡t✉r♥ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐♦♥ ❀
✽ ⑥ ❡❧s❡ ④
✾ r❡t✉r♥ ✲✶❀
✶✵ ⑥
✶✶ ⑥
❊❧ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ❡①tr❛❡r ❡s ♦❜t❡♥❡r ❧❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡❧ ♣r✐♠❡r ♥♦❞♦ ② ❜♦rr❛r❧♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛✳
❙✐ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ ♥♦ ❡stá ✈❛❝í❛ ✭r❛í③ t✐❡♥❡ ✉♥ ✈❛❧♦r ❞✐st✐♥t♦ ❛ ◆❯▲▲✮ ❣✉❛r❞❛ ❧❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡❧ ♣r✐♠❡r
♥♦❞♦ ❡♥ ✉♥❛ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ ❧♦❝❛❧✿

✶ ✐❢ ✭ r❛✐③ ✦❂ ◆❯▲▲ ✮ ④
✷ ✐♥t ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐♦♥ ❂ r❛✐③ ✲❃ ✐♥❢♦ ❀
❈r❡❛♠♦s ✉♥ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛r ② ❛♣✉♥t❛♠♦s ❛❧ ♥♦❞♦ ❛ ❜♦rr❛r✿ str✉❝t ♥♦❞♦ ✯❜♦r ❂ r❛✐③❀
❆✈❛♥③❛♠♦s r❛í③ ❛❧ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ♥♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛✱ ②❛ q✉❡ ❜♦rr❛♠♦s ❡❧ ♣r✐♠❡r♦ ✭s✐ ♥♦ ❤❛② ♦tr♦ ♥♦❞♦✱ ❡♥
r❛í③ s❡ ❣✉❛r❞❛ ◆❯▲▲ ②❛ q✉❡ ❡❧ ú❧t✐♠♦ ♥♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ t✐❡♥❡ ❡♥ ❡❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ s✐❣✮✿ r❛✐③ ❂ r❛✐③✲❃
s✐❣❀

✷✻✹
❊❧✐♠✐♥❛♠♦s ❡❧ ♣r✐♠❡r ♥♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ ❧❧❛♠❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❧❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ❢r❡❡ ✭s✐ ♥♦ ❤❛❝❡♠♦s ❡st♦✱ ♥♦ s❡ ❣❡♥❡r❛
❡rr♦r ❡♥ ❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ♣❡r♦ ❡❧ ❡s♣❛❝✐♦ ❞❡ ♠❡♠♦r✐❛ ♥♦ s❡ ❛s✐❣♥❛rá ❝✉❛♥❞♦ ❧❧❛♠❡♠♦s ❛ ❧❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥
♠❛❧❧♦❝✮✿ ❢r❡❡✭❜♦r✮❀
❘❡❣r❡s❛♠♦s ❧❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥✿ r❡t✉r♥ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐♦♥❀
❊♥ ❝❛s♦ q✉❡ ❧❛ ♣✐❧❛ ❡sté ✈❛❝í❛✱ r❡❣r❡s❛♠♦s ❡❧ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ✲✶ ② ❧♦ t♦♠❛♠♦s ❝♦♠♦ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❞❡ ❡rr♦r ✭♥✉♥❝❛
❣✉❛r❞❛♠♦s ❡❧ ❡♥t❡r♦ ✲✶ ❡♥ ❧❛ ♣✐❧❛✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠♦s ❝✉❛❧q✉✐❡r ♦tr♦ ❡♥t❡r♦ q✉❡ ✐♥❞✐q✉❡ ❧✐st❛ ✈❛❝í❛✮
✶ ❡❧s❡ ④
✷ r❡t✉r♥ ✲✶❀
✸ ⑥
❊s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ❡♥t❡♥❞❡r ❣rá✜❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡❧ ♠❛♥❡❥♦ ❞❡ ❧❛s ❧✐st❛s✳ ▲❛ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛❝✐ó♥ ❣rá✜❝❛ ♣❧❛♥t❡❛r
✐♥✐❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❧❛s s♦❧✉❝✐♦♥❡s ♣❛r❛ ❡❧ ♠❛♥❡❥♦ ❞❡ ❧✐st❛s✳

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✷✳✼✹✿

❊①♣❧✐q✉❡♠♦s ❡❧ ♠ét♦❞♦ ♣❛r❛ r❡❝♦rr❡r ✉♥❛ ❧✐st❛ ❡♥ ❢♦r♠❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❛ ❡ ✐♠♣r✐♠✐r ❧❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥
❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ♥♦❞♦✿
✶ ✈♦✐❞ ✐♠♣r✐♠✐r ✭✮ ④
✷ str✉❝t ♥♦❞♦ ✯ r❡❝♦ ❂ r❛✐③ ❀
✸ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ▲✐st❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❛ ✳❭ ♥✧✮ ❀
✹ ✇❤✐❧❡ ✭ r❡❝♦ ✦❂ ◆❯▲▲ ✮ ④
✺ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ✪✐ ✧ ✱r❡❝♦ ✲ ❃ ✐♥❢♦ ✮ ❀
✻ r❡❝♦ ❂ r❡❝♦ ✲❃ s✐❣ ❀
✼ ⑥
✽ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❭♥✧✮❀
✾ ⑥
❉❡✜♥✐♠♦s ✉♥ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛r r❡❝♦ ② ❤❛❝❡♠♦s q✉❡ ❛♣✉♥t❡ ❛❧ ♣r✐♠❡r ♥♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛✿ str✉❝t
♥♦❞♦ ✯r❡❝♦❂r❛✐③❀
❉✐s♣♦♥❡♠♦s ✉♥❛ ❡str✉❝t✉r❛ r❡♣❡t✐t✐✈❛ q✉❡ s❡ ❡❥❡❝✉t❛ ♠✐❡♥tr❛s r❡❝♦ s❡❛ ❞✐st✐♥t♦ ❛ ◆❯▲▲✳ ❉❡♥tr♦
❞❡ ❧❛ ❡str✉❝t✉r❛ r❡♣❡t✐t✐✈❛ ❤❛❝❡♠♦s q✉❡ r❡❝♦ ❛✈❛♥❝❡ ❛❧ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ♥♦❞♦✿

✷✻✺
 ✶ ✇❤✐❧❡ ✭ r❡❝♦ ✦❂ ◆❯▲▲ ✮ ④
✷ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ✪✐ ✧ ✱r❡❝♦ ✲ ❃ ✐♥❢♦ ✮ ❀
✸ r❡❝♦ ❂ r❡❝♦ ✲❃ s✐❣ ❀
✹ ⑥
❊s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ❡♥t❡♥❞❡r ❧❛ ❧í♥❡❛✿ r❡❝♦❂r❡❝♦✲❃s✐❣❀
❊st❛♠♦s ❞✐❝✐❡♥❞♦ q✉❡ r❡❝♦ ❛❧♠❛❝❡♥❛ ❧❛ ❞✐r❡❝❝✐ó♥ ❞❡❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ s✐❣ ❞❡❧ ♥♦❞♦ ❛♣✉♥t❛❞♦ ♣♦r r❡❝♦✳
●rá✜❝❛♠❡♥t❡✿

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✷✳✼✺✿

❆❧ ❛♥❛❧✐③❛r ❧❛ ❝♦♥❞✐❝✐ó♥✿ ✇❤✐❧❡ ✭r❡❝♦✦❂◆❯▲▲✮

❊s ✈❡r❞❛❞❡r❛ ②❛ q✉❡ r❡❝♦ ❛♣✉♥t❛ ❛ ✉♥ ♥♦❞♦ ② ✈✉❡❧✈❡ ❛ ❡❥❡❝✉t❛r ❧❛ ❧í♥❡❛✿ r❡❝♦❂r❡❝♦✲❃s✐❣❀
❆❤♦r❛ r❡❝♦ ❛♣✉♥t❛ ❛❧ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ♥♦❞♦✿

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✷✳✼✻✿

▲❛ ❝♦♥❞✐❝✐ó♥ ❞❡❧ ✇❤✐❧❡ ♥✉❡✈❛♠❡♥t❡ s❡ ✈❛❧ú❛ ❡♥ ✈❡r❞❛❞❡r❛ ② ❛✈❛♥③❛ ❡❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ r❡❝♦ ❛❧ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡
♥♦❞♦✿ r❡❝♦❂r❡❝♦✲❃s✐❣❀

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✷✳✼✼✿

❆❤♦r❛✱ r❡❝♦ ❛♣✉♥t❛ ❛ ◆❯▲▲ ✭❛❧♠❛❝❡♥❛ ✉♥ ◆❯▲▲✮ ② ❡stá ❡♥ ❡❧ ✜♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ ✭❡❧ ú❧t✐♠♦ ♥♦❞♦
❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ t✐❡♥❡ ❛❧♠❛❝❡♥❛❞♦ ❡♥ ❡❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ s✐❣ ❡❧ ✈❛❧♦r ◆❯▲▲✱ ❝♦♥ ❡❧ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡ s❛❜❡r q✉❡ ❡s ❡❧
ú❧t✐♠♦ ♥♦❞♦✮
▲❛ ú❧t✐♠❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ❛ ❛♥❛❧✐③❛r ❡s ❧✐❜❡r❛r ❡❧ ❡s♣❛❝✐♦ ♦❝✉♣❛❞♦ ♣♦r ❧♦s ♥♦❞♦s ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛✱ ❛❝t✐✈✐❞❛❞ q✉❡
❡s ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧✿

✷✻✻
 ✶ ✈♦✐❞ ❧✐❜❡r❛r ✭✮ ④
✷ str✉❝t ♥♦❞♦ ✯ r❡❝♦ ❂ r❛✐③ ❀
✸ str✉❝t ♥♦❞♦ ✯ ❜♦r ❀
✹ ✇❤✐❧❡ ✭ r❡❝♦ ✦❂ ◆❯▲▲ ✮ ④
✺ ❜♦r ❂ r❡❝♦ ❀
✻ r❡❝♦ ❂ r❡❝♦ ✲❃ s✐❣ ❀
✼ ❢r❡❡ ✭ ❜♦r ✮❀
✽ ⑥
✾ ⑥
❉❡✜♥✐♠♦s ❞♦s ♣✉♥t❡r♦s ❛✉①✐❧✐❛r❡s✿ r❡❝♦ ② ❜♦r✳ ■♥✐❝✐❛♠♦s r❡❝♦ ❝♦♥ ❡❧ ♣r✐♠❡r ♥♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛✿
✶ str✉❝t ♥♦❞♦ ✯ r❡❝♦ ❂ r❛✐③ ❀
✷ str✉❝t ♥♦❞♦ ✯ ❜♦r ❀
▼❡❞✐❛♥t❡ ✉♥ ✇❤✐❧❡ r❡❝♦rr❡♠♦s ❧❛ ❧✐st❛✿ ✇❤✐❧❡ ✭r❡❝♦ ✦❂ ◆❯▲▲✮
❉❡♥tr♦ ❞❡❧ ✇❤✐❧❡ ✐♥✐❝✐❛♠♦s ❡❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ ❜♦r ❝♦♥ ❧❛ ❞✐r❡❝❝✐ó♥ ❞❡❧ ♥♦❞♦ q✉❡ ❛♣✉♥t❛ r❡❝♦✿ ❜♦r ❂ r❡❝♦❀
■♥♠❡❞✐❛t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛✈❛♥③❛♠♦s r❡❝♦ ❛❧ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ♥♦❞♦✿ r❡❝♦ ❂ r❡❝♦✲❃s✐❣❀
❨ ❜♦rr❛♠♦s ❡❧ ♥♦❞♦ ❛♣✉♥t❛❞♦ ♣♦r ❜♦r✿ ❢r❡❡✭❜♦r✮❀
❊st❡ ✇❤✐❧❡ s❡ r❡♣✐t❡ ♠✐❡♥tr❛s ❡①✐st❛♥ ♥♦❞♦s ❡♥ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛✳

✶✷✳✶✷✳✵✳✷✳ ❈❛s♦ ✷

❆❣r❡❣❛♠♦s ❛❧ ❝❛s♦ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r ❞♦s ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❡s✿ ✉♥❛ q✉❡ r❡❣r❡s❡ ❧❛ ❝❛♥t✐❞❛❞ ❞❡ ♥♦❞♦s ② ♦tr❛ q✉❡
✐♥❞✐q✉❡ s✐ ❡stá ✈❛❝í❛ ✭✶❂✈❛❝í❛ ② ✵❂♥♦ ✈❛❝í❛✮✳
✶ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ st❞✐♦ ✳❤ ❃
✷ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ st❞❧✐❜ ✳❤ ❃
✸
✹ str✉❝t ♥♦❞♦ ④
✺ ✐♥t ✐♥❢♦ ❀
✻ str✉❝t ♥♦❞♦ ✯ s✐❣ ❀
✼ ⑥❀
✽
✾ ✴✴ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ ❣❧♦❜❛❧ q✉❡ ❛♣✉♥t❛ ❛❧ ♣r✐♠❡r ♥♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛
✶✵ str✉❝t ♥♦❞♦ ✯ r❛✐③ ❂ ◆❯▲▲ ❀
✶✶
✶✷ ✈♦✐❞ ✐♥s❡rt❛r ✭ ✐♥t ① ✮ ④
✶✸ str✉❝t ♥♦❞♦ ✯ ♥✉❡✈♦ ❀
✶✹ ♥✉❡✈♦ ❂ ♠❛❧❧♦❝ ✭ s✐③❡♦❢ ✭ str✉❝t ♥♦❞♦ ✮ ✮❀
✶✺ ♥✉❡✈♦ ✲ ❃ ✐♥❢♦ ❂ ①❀
✶✻ ✐❢ ✭ r❛✐③ ❂❂ ◆❯▲▲ ✮ ④
✶✼ r❛✐③ ❂ ♥✉❡✈♦ ❀
✶✽ ♥✉❡✈♦ ✲ ❃ s✐❣ ❂ ◆❯▲▲ ❀
✶✾ ⑥ ❡❧s❡ ④
✷✵ ♥✉❡✈♦ ✲ ❃ s✐❣ ❂ r❛✐③ ❀
✷✶ r❛✐③ ❂ ♥✉❡✈♦ ❀
✷✷ ⑥
✷✸ ⑥

✷✻✼
✷✹
✷✺ ✈♦✐❞ ✐♠♣r✐♠✐r ✭✮ ④
✷✻ str✉❝t ♥♦❞♦ ✯ r❡❝♦ ❂ r❛✐③ ❀
✷✼ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ▲✐st❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❛ ✳❭ ♥✧✮ ❀
✷✽ ✇❤✐❧❡ ✭ r❡❝♦ ✦❂ ◆❯▲▲ ✮ ④
✷✾ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ✪✐ ✧ ✱r❡❝♦ ✲ ❃ ✐♥❢♦ ✮ ❀
✸✵ r❡❝♦ ❂ r❡❝♦ ✲❃ s✐❣ ❀
✸✶ ⑥
✸✷ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❭♥✧✮❀
✸✸ ⑥
✸✹
✸✺ ✐♥t ❡①tr❛❡r ✭✮ ④
✸✻ ✐❢ ✭ r❛✐③ ✦❂ ◆❯▲▲ ✮ ④
✸✼ ✐♥t ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐♦♥ ❂ r❛✐③ ✲❃ ✐♥❢♦ ❀
✸✽ str✉❝t ♥♦❞♦ ✯ ❜♦r ❂ r❛✐③ ❀
✸✾ r❛✐③ ❂ r❛✐③ ✲❃ s✐❣ ❀
✹✵ ❢r❡❡ ✭ ❜♦r ✮❀
✹✶ r❡t✉r♥ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐♦♥ ❀
✹✷ ⑥ ❡❧s❡ ④
✹✸ r❡t✉r♥ ✲✶❀
✹✹ ⑥
✹✺ ⑥
✹✻
✹✼ ✈♦✐❞ ❧✐❜❡r❛r ✭✮ ④
✹✽ str✉❝t ♥♦❞♦ ✯ r❡❝♦ ❂ r❛✐③ ❀
✹✾ str✉❝t ♥♦❞♦ ✯ ❜♦r ❀
✺✵ ✇❤✐❧❡ ✭ r❡❝♦ ✦❂ ◆❯▲▲ ✮ ④
✺✶ ❜♦r ❂ r❡❝♦ ❀
✺✷ r❡❝♦ ❂ r❡❝♦ ✲❃ s✐❣ ❀
✺✸ ❢r❡❡ ✭ ❜♦r ✮❀
✺✹ ⑥
✺✺ ⑥
✺✻
✺✼ ✐♥t ❝❛♥t✐❞❛❞ ✭✮ ④
✺✽ str✉❝t ♥♦❞♦ ✯ r❡❝♦ ❂ r❛✐③ ❀
✺✾ ✐♥t ❝❛♥t ❂ ✵❀
✻✵ ✇❤✐❧❡ ✭ r❡❝♦ ✦❂ ◆❯▲▲ ✮ ④
✻✶ ❝❛♥t ✰✰❀
✻✷ r❡❝♦ ❂ r❡❝♦ ✲❃ s✐❣ ❀
✻✸ ⑥
✻✹ r❡t✉r♥ ❝❛♥t ❀
✻✺ ⑥
✻✻
✻✼ ✐♥t ✈❛❝✐❛ ✭✮ ④
✻✽ ✐❢ ✭ r❛✐③ ❂❂ ◆❯▲▲ ✮
✻✾ r❡t✉r♥ ✶❀
✼✵ ❡❧s❡

✷✻✽
✼✶ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✼✷ ⑥
✼✸
✼✹ ✐♥t ♠❛✐♥ ✭✮ ④
✼✺ ✐♥s❡rt❛r ✭✶✵✮ ❀
✼✻ ✐♥s❡rt❛r ✭✹✵✮ ❀
✼✼ ✐♥s❡rt❛r ✭✸✮ ❀
✼✽ ✐♠♣r✐♠✐r ✭✮ ❀
✼✾ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❊①tr❛❡♠♦s ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣✐❧❛✿ ✪✐❭ ♥✧ ✱ ❡①tr❛❡r ✭✮ ✮❀
✽✵ ✐♠♣r✐♠✐r ✭✮ ❀
✽✶ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ▲❛ ❝❛♥t✐❞❛❞ ❞❡ ♥♦❞♦s ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣✐❧❛ ❡s✿ ✪✐❭♥ ✧ ✱ ❝❛♥t✐❞❛❞ ✭✮ ✮ ❀
✽✷ ✇❤✐❧❡ ✭ ✈❛❝✐❛ ✭✮ ❂❂ ✵✮ ④
✽✸ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❊①tr❛❡♠♦s ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣✐❧❛✿ ✪✐❭ ♥✧ ✱ ❡①tr❛❡r ✭✮ ✮❀
✽✹ ⑥
✽✺ ❧✐❜❡r❛r ✭✮ ❀
✽✻ ❣❡t❝❤ ✭✮ ❀
✽✼ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✽✽ ⑥
P❛r❛ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛r s✐ ❧❛ ♣✐❧❛ ❡stá ✈❛❝í❛ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛♠♦s ❡❧ ❝♦♥t❡♥✐❞♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ r❛í③✱ s✐ t✐❡♥❡ ◆❯▲▲ ❧❛
❧✐st❛ ❡stá ✈❛❝í❛ ② r❡❣r❡s❛♠♦s ✉♥ ✶✿
✶ ✐♥t ✈❛❝✐❛ ✭✮ ④
✷ ✐❢ ✭ r❛✐③ ❂❂ ◆❯▲▲ ✮
✸ r❡t✉r♥ ✶❀
✹ ❡❧s❡
✺ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✻ ⑥
❊❧ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ q✉❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛ ❧❛ ❝❛♥t✐❞❛❞ ❞❡ ♥♦❞♦s ❡s s✐♠✐❧❛r ❛❧ ✐♠♣r✐♠✐r✱ ♣❡r♦ ❡♥ ❧✉❣❛r ❞❡ ♠♦str❛r
❧❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡❧ ♥♦❞♦ ✐♥❝r❡♠❡♥t❛♠♦s ✉♥ ❝♦♥t❛❞♦r✿
✶ ✐♥t ❝❛♥t✐❞❛❞ ✭✮ ④
✷ str✉❝t ♥♦❞♦ ✯ r❡❝♦ ❂ r❛✐③ ❀
✸ ✐♥t ❝❛♥t ❂ ✵❀
✹ ✇❤✐❧❡ ✭ r❡❝♦ ✦❂ ◆❯▲▲ ✮ ④
✺ ❝❛♥t ✰✰❀
✻ r❡❝♦ ❂ r❡❝♦ ✲❃ s✐❣ ❀
✼ ⑥
✽ r❡t✉r♥ ❝❛♥t ❀
✾ ⑥
P❛r❛ ♣r♦❜❛r ❡st❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❡♥ ❧❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ♠❛✐♥ ✐♥s❡rt❛♠♦s tr❡s ❡♥t❡r♦s✿
✶ ✐♥t ♠❛✐♥ ✭✮ ④
✷ ✐♥s❡rt❛r ✭✶✵✮ ❀
✸ ✐♥s❡rt❛r ✭✹✵✮ ❀
✹ ✐♥s❡rt❛r ✭✸✮ ❀
■♠♣r✐♠✐♠♦s ❧❛ ♣✐❧❛ ✭♠✉❡str❛ ❧♦s tr❡s ❞❛t♦s✮✿ ✐♠♣r✐♠✐r✭✮❀
▲❧❛♠❛♠♦s ❛ ❧❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ❝❛♥t✐❞❛❞ ✭r❡❣r❡s❛ ✉♥ ✸✮✿

✷✻✾
 ✶ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ▲❛ ❝❛♥t✐❞❛❞ ❞❡ ♥♦❞♦s ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣✐❧❛ ❡s✿ ✪✐❭♥ ✧ ✱ ❝❛♥t✐❞❛❞ ✭✮ ✮ ❀

▲✉❡❣♦ ♠✐❡♥tr❛s ❧❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ✈❛❝í❛ r❡❣r❡s❛ ✉♥ ❝❡r♦ ✭❧✐st❛ ♥♦ ✈❛❝í❛✮ ❧❧❛♠❛♠♦s ❛ ❧❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ❡①tr❛❡r✿

✶ ✇❤✐❧❡ ✭ ✈❛❝✐❛ ✭✮ ❂❂ ✵✮ ④
✷ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❊①tr❛❡♠♦s ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣✐❧❛✿ ✪✐❭ ♥✧ ✱ ❡①tr❛❡r ✭✮ ✮❀
✸ ⑥

✶✷✳✶✷✳✶✳ ❈❛s♦ ❞❡ ❡st✉❞✐♦✿ ❆❣❡♥❞❛

❈r❡❛♠♦s ✉♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ♣❛r❛ ✉♥❛ ❛❣❡♥❞❛ q✉❡ ❝♦♥t✐❡♥❡ ❡❧ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ② ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ t❡❧é❢♦♥♦✱ q✉❡
❡s ✉♥❛ ❧✐st❛ ❡♥❧❛③❛❞❛ s✐♠♣❧❡ ❝✉②❛ ❡str✉❝t✉r❛ t✐❡♥❡ ✉♥♦ ♦ ✈❛r✐♦s ❝❛♠♣♦s✳ ▲❛ ❛❣❡♥❞❛ ❝♦♥t✐❡♥❡♥ ❧♦s
❞❛t♦s ♥❡❝❡s❛r✐♦s ✭♥♦♠❜r❡ ② t❡❧é❢♦♥♦✮ ② ♦tr♦ ❝❛♠♣♦✱ ✉♥ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ ❛ ❧❛ ♣r♦♣✐❛ ❡str✉❝t✉r❛✳ ❈♦♥ ❡st❡
♣✉♥t❡r♦ ❝♦♥♦❝❡♠♦s ❧❛ ♣♦s✐❝✐ó♥ ❡♥ ♠❡♠♦r✐❛ ❞❡❧ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦✳

✶ str✉❝t ❴❛❣❡♥❞❛ ④
✷ ❝❤❛r ♥♦♠❜r❡ ❬✷✵❪❀
✸ ❝❤❛r t❡❧❡❢♦♥♦ ❬✶✷❪❀
✹ str✉❝t ❴❛❣❡♥❞❛ ✯ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❀
✺ ⑥❀

❆sí r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠♦s ❧❛ ❡str✉❝t✉r❛✿

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✷✳✼✽✿ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ✉♥ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❣❡♥ér✐❝♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛

❙✉♣♦♥❣❛♠♦s q✉❡ ❛❣r❡❣❛♠♦s ✉♥ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❛ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❡st♦s ❞❛t♦s✿ ♥♦♠❜r❡❂❘♦❜❡rt♦ ❈❤á✲
✈❡③✧✱ t❡❧é❢♦♥♦❂✧✺✽✺✺✼✼✽✵✽✷✧✳ Pr✐♠❡r♦ r❡s❡r✈❛♠♦s✱ ❝♦♥ ❧❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ♠❛❧❧♦❝✱ ✉♥ ❡s♣❛❝✐♦ ❡♥ ♠❡♠♦r✐❛
♣❛r❛ ❛❧♠❛❝❡♥❛r ❡❧ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦✳ ❙✉♣♦♥❣❛ q✉❡ s❡ ❛❧♠❛❝❡♥❛ ❡♥ ❧❛ ♣♦s✐❝✐ó♥ ✸✵✵✵ ✭✉♥ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❝✉❛❧q✉✐❡✲
r❛✮✳ ❊❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❛♣✉♥t❛ ❛ ◆❯▲▲✱ ②❛ q✉❡ ♥♦ ❤❛② ♠ás ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❡♥ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛✳ ❊❧ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦
q✉❡❞❛ ❛sí✿

✷✼✵
 ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✷✳✼✾✿ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ✉♥ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛

❆❣r❡❣❛♠♦s ✉♥ ♥✉❡✈♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦✿ ♥♦♠❜r❡❂✑❏❛✈✐❡r ❍❡r♥á♥❞❡③✑ ❝♦♥ t❡❧❡❢♦♥♦❂✧✾✾ ✾✾✾ ✾✾ ✾✾✧✳

❘❡s❡r✈❛♠♦s✱ ❝♦♥ ♠❛❧❧♦❝✱ ♠❡♠♦r✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❡st❡ ♥✉❡✈♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦✳ ➱st❡✱ s❡ ❣✉❛r❞❛ ❡♥ ❧❛ ♣♦s✐❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❧❛
♠❡♠♦r✐❛ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ✸✹✷✵✳

✶✷✳✶✸✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦s ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦s

✶✳ ▲❛s ❧✐st❛s s✐♠♣❧❡s ♥♦ t✐❡♥❡♥ ❧✐♠✐t❛❝✐♦♥❡s ❡♥ ❝✉❛♥t♦ ❛ t❛♠❛ñ♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❧❛s ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s ❡stát✐❝❛s✱
♥✐ ❝♦♥♦❝❡r ❡❧ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s✳ ❙✐❡♠♣r❡ ❤❛② q✉❡ r❡❝♦rr❡r❧❛s ❞❡s❞❡ ❉❊▲❆◆❚❊ ❤❛❝✐❛
❆❚❘➪❙✱ ❧♦ q✉❡ r❡s✉❧t❛ ❧❡♥t♦✳ ❯♥❛ ♠❡❥♦r❛ ❡✈✐❞❡♥t❡ ❡s ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ ❞♦❜❧❡ ♦ ❞♦❜❧❡♠❡♥t❡ ❡♥❧❛③❛❞❛✿
s✐ ❣✉❛r❞❛♠♦s ♣✉♥t❡r♦s ❛❧ ❞❛t♦ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r ② ❛❧ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡✱ ❛✈❛♥③❛♠♦s ② r❡tr♦❝❡❞❡♠♦s ❝♦♥ ❝♦✲
♠♦❞✐❞❛❞✳

❙❡ ❧❡ s♦❧✐❝✐t❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r ✉♥❛ ❧✐st❛ ❞♦❜❧❡ ❡♥❧❛③❛❞❛ q✉❡ ❛❧♠❛❝❡♥❡ ♥ú♠❡r♦s ❡♥t❡r♦s✳

✷✳ ❆❣r❡❣❛r ♦tr❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ❛❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r ♣❛r❛ ❛❞♠✐♥✐str❛r ❧❛ ♣✐❧❛ q✉❡ r❡❣r❡s❡ ❧❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛✲
❝✐ó♥ ❞❡❧ ♣r✐♠❡r ♥♦❞♦ s✐♥ ❜♦rr❛r❧♦✳

✷✼✶
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶✸

❇✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛s ❞❡ ✉s♦ ❢r❡❝✉❡♥t❡

✶✸✳✶✳ ▲❧❛♠❛❞❛s ❛❧ s✐st❡♠❛✿ s②st❡♠

❙✐ ❤❛② ❛❧❣♦ q✉❡ ♥♦ s❡♣❛♠♦s ♦ ♣♦❞❛♠♦s ❤❛❝❡r✱ ♣❡r♦ q✉❡ ❛❧❣✉♥❛ ✉t✐❧✐❞❛❞ ❞❡❧ s✐st❡♠❛ ♦♣❡r❛t✐✈♦
sí ❡s ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ ❤❛❝❡r ♣♦r ♥♦s♦tr♦s✱ ❤❛❝❡♠♦s q✉❡ tr❛❜❛❥❡ ♣❛r❛ ♥♦s♦tr♦s✳ ▲❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ❧❧❛♠❛r ❛ ♦tr❛s
ór❞❡♥❡s ❞❡❧ s✐st❡♠❛ ♦♣❡r❛t✐✈♦ ✭✐♥❝❧✉s♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s ❡①t❡r♥♦s ❞❡ ❝❛s✐ ❝✉❛❧q✉✐❡r t✐♣♦✮ ❡s ✉t✐❧✐③❛r ❧❛
♦r❞❡♥ ✧s②st❡♠✧✳ P♦r ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦✱ ♠♦str❛♠♦s ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ ❞❡ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦s ❞❡ ❧❛ ❝❛r♣❡t❛ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❝♦♥ ❧❛ ♦r❞❡♥
✧❧s✧✱ ❛sí✿
✶ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ st❞✐♦ ✳❤ ❃
✷ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ st❞❧✐❜ ✳❤ ❃
✸
✹ ✐♥t ♠❛✐♥ ✭✮ ④
✺
✻ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❊❧ ❝♦♥t❡♥✐❞♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❝❛r♣❡t❛ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❡s ✿❭ ♥✧✮ ❀
✼ s②st❡♠ ✭✧ ❧s ✧✮❀
✽
✾ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✶✵ ⑥

✶✸✳✷✳ ❚❡♠♣♦r✐③❛❝✐ó♥

❙✐ ❧♦ q✉❡ q✉❡r❡♠♦s ❡s ❤❛❝❡r ✉♥❛ ♣❛✉s❛ ❡♥ ✉♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛✱ ❡♥ ♦❝❛s✐♦♥❡s t❡♥❡♠♦s ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❡s ♣❛r❛
❤❛❝❡r ✉♥❛ ♣❛✉s❛ ❞❡ ❝✐❡rt❛s ♠✐❧és✐♠❛s ❞❡ s❡❣✉♥❞♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❧❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ✧❞❡❧❛②✧❞❡ ❧❡♥❣✉❛❥❡ ❈✳
✶ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ st❞✐♦ ✳❤ ❃
✷ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ ❞♦s ✳❤ ❃
✸
✹ ✐♥t ♠❛✐♥ ✭✮ ④
✺
✻ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❱❛♠♦s ❛ ❡s♣❡r❛r ✷ s❡❣✉♥❞♦s ✳✳✳ ✧✮❀
✼ ❞❡❧❛② ✭✷✵✵✵✮ ❀
✽ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❊❧ t✐❡♠♣♦ ❤❛ ♣❛s❛❞♦ ✳❭ ♥✧✮ ❀
✾
✶✵ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀

✷✼✷
✶✶ ⑥
❙✐ q✉❡r❡♠♦s ❝♦♠♣r♦❜❛r ❧❛ ❢❡❝❤❛ ② ❤♦r❛ ❞❡❧ s✐st❡♠❛✱ ❧♦ ❤❛❝❡♠♦s ❝♦♥ ❧❛s ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❡s ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜❧❡s ❡♥
✧t✐♠❡✳❤✧✱ q✉❡ s♦♥ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❡❧ ❡st❛♥❞❛r ❆◆❙■ ❈✱ ♣♦r ❧♦ q✉❡ ❡stá♥ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜❧❡s ♣❛r❛ ❝❛s✐ ❝✉❛❧q✉✐❡r
❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦r✿
✶ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ st❞✐♦ ✳❤ ❃
✷ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ t✐♠❡ ✳❤ ❃
✸
✹ ✐♥t ♠❛✐♥ ✭✮ ④
✺ t✐♠❡❴t s❡❣✉♥❞♦s ❀
✻ str✉❝t t♠ ✯ ❢❡❝❤❛ ❀
✼
✽ s❡❣✉♥❞♦s ❂ t✐♠❡ ✭ ◆❯▲▲ ✮❀
✾
✶✵ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ■♥st❛♥t❡ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✿ ✪✉ s ❭♥✧ ✱ s❡❣✉♥❞♦s ✮❀
✶✶
✶✷ ❢❡❝❤❛ ❂ ❣♠t✐♠❡ ✭✫ s❡❣✉♥❞♦s ✮❀
✶✸ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❈♦♠♦ t❡①t♦ ❡s ✿ ✪s❭ ♥✧ ✱ ❛s❝t✐♠❡ ✭ ❢❡❝❤❛ ✮✮ ❀
✶✹
✶✺ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❊♥ ❝♦♥❝r❡t♦ ✱ ❧❛ ❤♦r❛ ●r❡❡♥✇✐❝❤ ❡s ✿ ✪✷❞ ✿ ✪✵✷ ❞ ✿ ✪✵✷ ❞ ❭♥✧ ✱
✶✻ ❢❡❝❤❛ ✲ ❃ t♠❴❤♦✉r ✱ ❢❡❝❤❛ ✲ ❃ t♠❴♠✐♥ ✱ ❢❡❝❤❛ ✲❃ t♠❴s❡❝ ✮❀
✶✼
✶✽ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✶✾ ⑥
❉❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ t✐♠❡✳❤✱ ❞❡✜♥✐♠♦s ✉♥ t✐♣♦ ✧t✐♠❡❴t✧q✉❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♥❛ ❢❡❝❤❛ ✭✐♥❝❧✉②❡♥❞♦ ❤♦r❛✮✳ ▲❛
♠❛②♦rí❛ ❞❡ ❧♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❧♦ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♥ ✐♥t❡r♥❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♥ ❡♥t❡r♦ ❧❛r❣♦ ✭❡❧ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ s❡❣✉♥❞♦s
❞❡s❞❡ ❝✐❡rt❛ ❢❡❝❤❛✮✳
❚❛♠❜✐é♥ t❡♥❡♠♦s ✉♥ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ r❡❣✐str♦ ✭str✉❝t✮ ♣r❡❞❡✜♥✐❞♦✱ ❧❧❛♠❛❞♦ ✧str✉❝t t♠✧✱ q✉❡ ❣✉❛r❞❛ ❧❛
✐♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡s❣❧♦s❛❞❛ ❞❡❧ ❞í❛✱ ❡❧ ♠❡s✱ ❡❧ ❛ñ♦✱ ❧❛ ❤♦r❛✱ ❡t❝✳ ▲♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧❡s ❝❛♠♣♦s q✉❡ ❝♦♥t✐❡♥❡
s♦♥ ést♦s✿
✶ ✐♥t t♠❴❤♦✉r ❀ ✴✯ ❤♦r❛ ✭✵ ✲ ✷✸✮ ✯✴
✷ ✐♥t t♠❴♠❞❛② ❀ ✴✯ ❉✐❛ ❞❡❧ ♠❡s ✭✶ ✲ ✸✶✮ ✯✴
✸ ✐♥t t♠❴♠✐♥ ❀ ✴✯ ▼✐♥✉t♦s ✭✵ ✲ ✺✾✮ ✯✴
✹ ✐♥t t♠❴♠♦♥ ❀ ✴✯ ▼❡s ✭✵ ✲ ✶✶ ✿ ✵ ❂ ❊♥❡r♦ ✮ ✯✴
✺ ✐♥t t♠❴s❡❝ ❀ ✴✯ ❙❡❣✉♥❞♦s ✭✵ ✲ ✺✾✮ ✯✴
✻ ✐♥t t♠❴✇❞❛② ❀ ✴✯ ❉✐❛ ❞❡ ❧❛ s❡♠❛♥❛ ✭✵ ✲ ✻ ✿ ✵ ❂ ❉♦♠✐♥❣♦ ✮ ✯✴
✼ ✐♥t t♠❴②❞❛② ❀ ✴✯ ❉✐❛ ❞❡❧ ❛ñ♦ ✭✵ ✲ ✸✻✺✮ ✯✴
✽ ✐♥t t♠❴②❡❛r ❀ ✴✯ ❆ñ♦ ♠❡♥♦s ✶✾✵✵ ✯✴
✾ ❭ ❜❡❣✐♥ ④ ❧st❧✐st✐♥❣ ⑥
✶✵ ② ❡❧ ♠♦❞♦ ❞❡ ✉s❛r❧❛s s❡ ✈❡ ❡♥ ❡❧ ❢✉❡♥t❡ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r ✿
✶✶ ❭ ❜❡❣✐♥ ④ ❧st❧✐st✐♥❣ ⑥
✶✷ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❊♥ ❝♦♥❝r❡t♦ ✱ ❧❛ ❤♦r❛ ❡s ✿ ✪✷❞ ✿ ✪✵✷ ❞ ✿ ✪✵✷ ❞ ❭♥✧ ✱
✶✸ ❢❡❝❤❛ ✲ ❃ t♠❴❤♦✉r ✱ ❢❡❝❤❛ ✲ ❃ t♠❴♠✐♥ ✱ ❢❡❝❤❛ ✲❃ t♠❴s❡❝ ✮❀
❈♦♠♦ ❤❡♠♦s ✈✐st♦✱ t❡♥❡♠♦s ✈❛r✐❛s ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❡s ♣❛r❛ ♠❛♥✐♣✉❧❛r ❧❛ ❢❡❝❤❛ ② ❧❛ ❤♦r❛✿ P❡r♦ ❛ú♥ ❤❛② ♠ás✿
❙✐ ✐♠✐t❛♠♦ ❡❧ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♠✐❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ♦r❞❡♥ ✧❞❡❧❛②✧❞❡ ❚✉r❜♦ ❈✱ ❧♦ ❤❛❝❡♠♦s ❧❡②❡♥❞♦ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛♠❡♥t❡

✷✼✸
 t✐♠❡ ❞❡✈✉❡❧✈❡ ❡❧ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ s❡❣✉♥❞♦s q✉❡ ❤❛♥ ♣❛s❛❞♦ ❞❡s❞❡ ❡❧ ✶
❞❡ ❡♥❡r♦ ❞❡ ✶✾✼✵✳ ❙✉ ✉s♦ ❤❛❜✐t✉❛❧ ❡s hora = time(N U LL);
❣♠t✐♠❡ ❝♦♥✈✐❡rt❡ ❡s❡ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ s❡❣✉♥❞♦s q✉❡ ♥♦s ✐♥❞✐❝❛ ✧t✐♠❡✳❛ ✉♥❛
✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ ❞❡ t✐♣♦ ✧str✉❝t t♠ ✯✧♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥♦❝❡r ❞❡t❛❧❧❡s ❝♦♠♦ ❧❛
❤♦r❛✱ ❡❧ ♠✐♥✉t♦ ♦ ❡❧ ♠❡s✳ ❊♥ ❧❛ ❝♦♥✈❡rs✐ó♥✱ ❞❡✈✉❡❧✈❡ ❧❛ ❤♦r❛
✉♥✐✈❡rs❛❧ ✭❯❚❈ ♦ ●▼❚✱ ❤♦r❛ ❡♥ ●r❡❡♥✇✐❝❤✮✱ q✉❡ ♣✉❡❞❡ ♥♦
❝♦✐♥❝✐❞✐r ❝♦♥ ❧❛ ❤♦r❛ ❧♦❝❛❧✳
❧♦❝❛❧t✐♠❡ ❡s s✐♠✐❧❛r✱ ♣❡r♦ ❞❡✈✉❡❧✈❡ ❧❛ ❤♦r❛ ❧♦❝❛❧✱ ❡♥ ✈❡③ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❤♦r❛
✉♥✐✈❡rs❛❧ ✭❡❧ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡❜❡ s❛❜❡r ❝♦rr❡❝t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡♥ q✉é ③♦♥❛
❤♦r❛r✐❛ ❡st❛♠♦s✮✳
❛s❝t✐♠❡ ❝♦♥✈✐❡rt❡ ✉♥ ❞❛t♦ ❤♦r❛r✐♦ ❞❡ t✐♣♦ ✧str✉❝t t♠ ✯✳❛ ✉♥❛ ❝❛❞❡✲
♥❛ ❞❡ t❡①t♦ q✉❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❢❡❝❤❛✱ ❤♦r❛ ② ❞í❛ ❞❡ ❧❛ s❡♠❛♥❛✱
s✐❣✉✐❡♥❞♦ ❡❧ ❢♦r♠❛t♦ ❙❛t ▼❛② ✷✵ ✶✺✿✷✶✿✺✶ ✷✵✵✵ ✭❞í❛ ❞❡ ❧❛
s❡♠❛♥❛ ❡♥ ✐♥❣❧és ❛❜r❡✈✐❛❞♦ ❛ ✸ ❧❡tr❛s✱ ♠❡s ❡♥ ✐♥❣❧és ❛❜r❡✲
✈✐❛❞♦ ❛ ✸ ❧❡tr❛s✱ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❞í❛✱ ❤♦r❛s✱ ♠✐♥✉t♦s✱ s❡❣✉♥❞♦s✱
❛ñ♦✮✳
❚❛❜❧❛ ✶✸✳✶✿ t❡①t
❞✐✛t✐♠❡ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛ ❧❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛ ❡♥tr❡ ❞♦s ❢❡❝❤❛s✳
♠❦t✐♠❡ ❝r❡❛ ✉♥ ❞❛t♦ ❞❡ t✐♣♦ ✧str✉❝t t♠ ✯✳❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ♦tr♦ ✐♥❝♦♠✲
♣❧❡t♦✳ ❊s út✐❧ ♣❛r❛ s❛❜❡r ❡❧ ❞í❛ ❞❡ ❧❛ s❡♠❛♥❛ s✐ ❝♦♥♦❝❡♠♦s ❡❧
❞í❛✱ ♠❡s ② ❛ñ♦✳
❚❛❜❧❛ ✶✸✳✷✿ t❡①t

❧❛ ❢❡❝❤❛ ② ❧❛ ❤♦r❛✱ ♦ ❜✐❡♥ ✉s❛r ❧❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ç❧♦❝❦✭✮✧✱ q✉❡ ❞❛ ✉♥❛ ❡st✐♠❛❝✐ó♥ ✭❧♦ ♠ás ❛♣r♦①✐♠❛❞❛ q✉❡
❡❧ s✐st❡♠❛ ♣❡r♠✐t❛✮ ❞❡❧ t✐❡♠♣♦ q✉❡ ❤❛❝❡ q✉❡ ♥✉❡str♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❝♦♠❡♥③ó ❛ ♣♦♥❡rs❡ ❡♥ ♠❛r❝❤❛✿
✶ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ st❞✐♦ ✳❤ ❃
✷ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ t✐♠❡ ✳❤ ❃
✸
✹ ✈♦✐❞ ❡s♣❡r❛ ✭ ✐♥t s❡❣✉♥❞♦s ✮ ④
✺ ❝❧♦❝❦❴t ✐♥st❛♥t❡❋✐♥❛❧ ❀
✻ ✐♥st❛♥t❡❋✐♥❛❧ ❂ ❝❧♦❝❦ ✭✮ ✰ s❡❣✉♥❞♦s ✯ ❈▲❖❈❑❙❴P❊❘❴❙❊❈ ❀
✼ ✇❤✐❧❡ ✭ ❝❧♦❝❦ ✭✮ ❁ ✐♥st❛♥t❡❋✐♥❛❧ ✮ ④⑥
✽ ⑥
✾
✶✵ ✐♥t ♠❛✐♥ ✭✮ ④
✶✶ ✐♥t ♥ ❀
✶✷ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❈♦♠✐❡♥③❛ ❧❛ ❝✉❡♥t❛ ❛tr❛s ✳✳✳❭ ♥✧✮❀
✶✸ ❢♦r ✭ ♥ ❂✶✵❀ ♥ ❃✵❀ ♥ ✲ ✲✮ ④
✶✹ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✫ q✉♦q✉♦t ❀ ✪❞❭♥✧ ✱♥ ✮❀
✶✺ ❡s♣❡r❛ ✭✶✮ ❀
✶✻ ⑥
✶✼ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❚❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ ✦❭ ♥✧✮❀
✶✽ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✶✾ ⑥

✷✼✹
 ❝❧rs❝r ❇♦rr❛ ❧❛ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛✳
❣♦t♦①② ❉❡s♣❧❛③❛ ❡❧ ❝✉rs♦r ❛ ❝✐❡rt❛s ❝♦♦r❞❡♥❛❞❛s ✭❳✱ ❧❛ ♣r✐♠❡r❛✱ ✐♥✲
❞✐❝❛r ❧❛ ❝♦❧✉♠♥❛❀ ❨✱ ❧❛ s❡❣✉♥❞❛✱ ❧❛ ✜❧❛✮✳
t❡①t❝♦❧♦r ❈❛♠❜✐❛ ❡❧ ❝♦❧♦r ❞❡❧ t❡①t♦ ✭❡❧ ❞❡ ♣r✐♠❡r ♣❧❛♥♦✮✳
t❡①t❜❛❝❦❣r♦✉♥❞ ❈❛♠❜✐❛ ❡❧ ❝♦❧♦r ❞❡❧ t❡①t♦ ✭❡❧ ❞❡ ❢♦♥❞♦✮✳
t❡①t❛ttr ❈❛♠❜✐❛ ❡❧ ❝♦❧♦r ✭❢♦♥❞♦ ② ♣r✐♠❡r ♣❧❛♥♦✮ ❞❡❧ t❡①t♦✳
❝♣r✐♥t❢ ❊s❝r✐❜❡ ✉♥ ♠❡♥s❛❥❡ ❡♥ ❝♦❧♦r✳
❝♣✉ts ❊s❝r✐❜❡ ✉♥❛ ❝❛❞❡♥❛ ❞❡ t❡①t♦ ❡♥ ❝♦❧♦r✳

❚❛❜❧❛ ✶✸✳✸✿ t❡①t

❣❡t❝❤ ❊s♣❡r❛ ❤❛st❛ q✉❡ s❡ ♣r❡s✐♦♥❡ ✉♥❛ t❡❝❧❛✱ ♣❡r♦ ♥♦ ❧❛ ♠✉❡str❛

❡♥ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛✳
❣❡t❝❤❡ ❊s♣❡r❛ ❤❛st❛ q✉❡ s❡ ♣r❡s✐♦♥❡ ✉♥❛ t❡❝❧❛✱ ② ❧❛ ♠✉❡str❛ ❡♥ ♣❛♥✲
t❛❧❧❛✳
❦❜❤✐t ❈♦♠♣r✉❡❜❛ s✐ s❡ ❤❛ ♣✉❧s❛❞♦ ❛❧❣✉♥❛ t❡❝❧❛ ✭♣❡r♦ ♥♦ ❡s♣❡r❛✮✳

❚❛❜❧❛ ✶✸✳✹✿ t❡①t

◆♦t❛✿ ❡♥ ❚✉r❜♦ ❈ ♥♦ ❡①✐st❡ ❧❛ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡ ❈▲❖❈❑❙❴P❊❘❴❙❊❈✱ s✐♥♦ ✉♥❛ ❧❧❛♠❛❞❛

❈▲❑❴❚❈❑ ❝♦♥ ❡❧ ♠✐s♠♦ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛❞♦ ✭✧t✐❝❦s✧❞❡❧ r❡❧♦❥ ❡♥ ❝❛❞❛ s❡❣✉♥❞♦✱ ♣❛r❛ ♣♦❞❡r
❝♦♥✈❡rt✐r ❛ s❡❣✉♥❞♦s ❡❧ ✈❛❧♦r q✉❡ ♥♦s ✐♥❞✐❝❛ ç❧♦❝❦✭✮✧✮✳

✶✸✳✸✳ P❛♥t❛❧❧❛ ② t❡❝❧❛❞♦ ❝♦♥ ❚✉r❜♦ ❈

▲❛ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛ ❚✉r❜♦ ❈ ✴ ❚✉r❜♦ ❈✰✰ ✴ ❇♦r❧❛♥❞ ❈✰✰ ✐♥❝❧✉②❡ ✉♥❛ s❡r✐❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦r❡s ❝r❡❛❞♦s
♣♦r ❇♦r❧❛♥❞ ♣❛r❛ ❉♦s ② ♣❛r❛ ❲✐♥❞♦✇s✳ ❈♦♥ ❡❧❧♦s s❡ ♣♦❞í❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r ❝✐❡rt❛s ór❞❡♥❡s ♣❛r❛ ❡s❝r✐❜✐r ❡♥
❝✉❛❧q✉✐❡r ♣♦s✐❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛✱ ♣❛r❛ ✉s❛r ❝♦❧♦r❡s✱ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♠♣r♦❜❛r q✉é t❡❝❧❛ s❡ ❤❛❜í❛ ♣✉❧s❛❞♦✱
❡t❝✳ ❊s♦ sí✱ ❡st❛s ór❞❡♥❡s ♥♦ s♦♥ ❈ ❡stá♥❞❛r✱ ❛sí q✉❡ ❧♦ ♠ás ❤❛❜✐t✉❛❧ ❡s q✉❡ ♥♦ s❡ ❡♥❝✉❡♥tr❡♥
❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜❧❡s ♣❛r❛ ♦tr♦s ♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦tr♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ♦♣❡r❛t✐✈♦s✳

❆✉♥ ❛sí✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣r✐♠❡r ❛❝❡r❝❛♠✐❡♥t♦ ❛❧ ❝♦♥tr♦❧ ❞❡ ❡st♦s ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ❞❡s❞❡ ▲✐♥✉①✱ ♣✉❡❞❡ s❡r ✐♥t❡r❡✲
s❛♥t❡ ❝♦♥♦❝❡r ❧♦ q✉❡ ♦❢r❡❝í❛ ❧❛ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛ ❞❡ ❚✉r❜♦ ❈ ② ♣♦st❡r✐♦r❡s✱ ♣♦rq✉❡ s✐❡♥t❛♥ ♠✉❝❤❛s ❞❡ ❧❛s
❜❛s❡s q✉❡ ❞❡s♣✉és ✉t✐❧✐③❛r❡♠♦s✱ ♣❡r♦ ❛ ❧❛ ✈❡③ s❡ tr❛t❛ ❞❡ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❡s ♠✉② s❡♥❝✐❧❧❛s✳

❈♦♠❡♥❝❡♠♦s ♣♦r ❧❛s ♠ás ❤❛❜✐t✉❛❧❡s ❡♥ ❝✉❛♥t♦ ❛ ♠❛♥❡❥♦ ❞❡ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛✿ P♦r ❧♦ q✉❡ r❡s♣❡❝t❛ ❛❧ t❡❝❧❛✲
❞♦✱ t❡♥❡♠♦s ❚♦❞❛s ❡❧❧❛s s❡ ❡♥❝✉❡♥tr❛♥ ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛s ❡♥ ❡❧ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❜❡❝❡r❛ ✑❝♦♥✐♦✳❤✑✱ q✉❡ ❞❡❜❡♠♦s
✐♥❝❧✉✐r ❡♥ ♥✉❡str♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛✳

▲♦s ❝♦❧♦r❡s ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛ s❡ ✐♥❞✐❝❛♥ ♣♦r ♥ú♠❡r♦s✳ P♦r ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦✿ ✵ ❡s ❡❧ ♥❡❣r♦✱ ✶ ❡s ❡❧ ❛③✉❧ ♦s❝✉r♦✱
✷ ❡❧ ✈❡r❞❡✱ ✸ ❡❧ ❛③✉❧ ❝❧❛r♦✱ ✹ ❡❧ r♦❥♦✱ ❡t❝✳ ❆✉♥ ❛sí✱ ♣❛r❛ ♥♦ t❡♥❡r q✉❡ r❡❝♦r❞❛r❧♦s✱ t❡♥❡♠♦s ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛s
❝♦♥st❛♥t❡s ❝♦♥ s✉ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ❡♥ ✐♥❣❧és✿

❇▲❆❈❑✱ ❇▲❯❊✱ ●❘❊❊◆✱ ❈❨❆◆✱ ❘❊❉✱ ▼❆●❊◆❚❆✱ ❇❘❖❲◆✱ ▲■●❍❚●❘❆❨✱ ❉❆❘❑●❘❆❨✱

▲■●❍❚❇▲❯❊✱ ▲■●❍❚●❘❊❊◆✱ ▲■●❍❚❈❨❆◆✱ ▲■●❍❚❘❊❉✱ ▲■●❍❚▼❆●❊◆❚❆✱ ❨❊▲▲❖❲✱ ❲❍■✲
❚❊✳

P❡r♦ ❤❛② q✉❡ t❡♥❡r ✉♥❛ ♣r❡❝❛✉❝✐ó♥✿ ❡♥ ▼s❉♦s só❧♦ s❡ ♣✉❡❞❡♥ ✉s❛r ❝♦♠♦ ❝♦❧♦r❡s ❞❡ ❢♦♥❞♦ ❧♦s ✼
♣r✐♠❡r♦s✿ ❞❡s❞❡ ❇▲❆❈❑ ❤❛st❛ ▲■●❍❚●❘❆❨✳ ❙❡ ♣♦❞í❛ ❡✈✐t❛r ❡♥ ❧♦s ♦r❞❡♥❛❞♦r❡s ♠ás ♠♦❞❡r♥♦s✱
❛ ❝❛♠❜✐♦ ❞❡ ♣❡r❞❡r ❧❛ ♣♦s✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞ ❞❡ q✉❡ ❡❧ t❡①t♦ ♣❛r♣❛❞❡❡✱ ♣❡r♦ ❡s ✉♥ ❞❡t❛❧❧❡ ❡♥ ❡❧ q✉❡ ♥♦ ❡♥✲
tr❛r❡♠♦s✳ ❊❧ ❝❛s♦ ❡s q✉❡ ✧♥♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡✧s✐ ❤❛❝❡♠♦s ❛❧❣♦ ❝♦♠♦✿ t❡①t❜❛❝❦❣r♦✉♥❞✭▲■●❍❚❇▲❯❊✮❀

✷✼✺
♥♦ ♦❜t❡♥❞r❡♠♦s ❧♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❡s♣❡r❛❞♦s✱ s✐♥♦ q✉❡ ❡s ❝♦♠♦ s✐ ❤✉❜✐és❡♠♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ❡❧ ❝♦❧♦r ❡q✉✐✲
✈❛❧❡♥t❡ ❡♥ ❡❧ r❛♥❣♦ ❞❡ ✵ ❛ ✼✿ t❡①t❜❛❝❦❣r♦✉♥❞✭❇▲❯❊✮❀
P❛r❛ ✉s❛r❧❛s✱ t❡♥❡♠♦s q✉❡ ✐♥❝❧✉✐r ✑❝♦♥✐♦✳❤✑✳ ❱❡❛♠♦s ✉♥ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ q✉❡ ❡♠♣❧❡❡ ❧❛ ♠❛②♦rí❛ ❞❡ ❡❧❧❛s✿

✶ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ✴✯ P❛r❛ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❡s ❞❡ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛ ✯✴

✷
✸ ✐♥t ♠❛✐♥ ✭✮ ④
✹ ✐♥t ✐ ✱❥❀ ✴✯ P❛r❛ ❧♦s ❜✉❝❧❡s ✧ ❢♦r ✧ ✯✴
✺ t❡①t❜❛❝❦❣r♦✉♥❞ ✭ ❇▲❯❊ ✮ ❀ ✴✯ ❋♦♥❞♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛ ❡♥
❛③✉❧ ✯✴
✻ ❝❧rs❝r ✭✮ ❀ ✴✯ ❇♦rr♦ ❧❛ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛ ✯✴
✼ ❢♦r ✭✐ ❂✵❀ ✐ ❁❂✶❀ ✐ ✰✰✮ ✴✯ ❉♦s ❝♦❧✉♠♥❛s ✯✴
✽ ❢♦r ✭❥ ❂✵❀ ❥ ❁❂✶✺❀ ❥ ✰✰✮ ④ ✴✯ ▲♦s ✶✻ ❝♦❧♦r❡s ✯✴
✾ ❣♦t♦①② ✭✶✵✰ ✹✵✯ ✐ ✱ ✸✰ ❥✮❀ ✴✯ ❈♦❧♦❝♦ ❡❧ ❝✉rs♦r ✯✴
✶✵ t❡①t❝♦❧♦r ✭❥✮ ❀ ✴✯ ❊❧✐❥♦ ❡❧ ❝♦❧♦r ✯✴
✶✶ ✐❢ ✭❥ ❂❂ ✵✮ ✴✯ ❙✐ ❡❧ ❝♦❧♦r ❡s ✵ ✭
♥❡❣r♦ ✮ ✯✴
✶✷ t❡①t❜❛❝❦❣r♦✉♥❞ ✭ ▲■●❍❚●❘❆❨ ✮❀ ✴✯ ❞❡❥♦ ❢♦♥❞♦ ❣r✐s
✯✴
✶✸ ❡❧s❡ ✴✯ ❙✐ ❡s ♦tr♦ ❝♦❧♦r ✯✴
✶✹ t❡①t❜❛❝❦❣r♦✉♥❞ ✭ ❇▲❆❈❑ ✮❀ ✴✯ ❞❡❥♦ ❢♦♥❞♦ ♥❡❣r♦
✯✴
✶✺ ❝♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❊st❡ ❡s ❡❧ ❝♦❧♦r ✪❞ ✧ ✱❥✮ ❀ ✴✯ ❊s❝r✐❜♦ ❡♥ ❝♦❧♦r ✯✴
✶✻ ⑥
✶✼ ❣❡t❝❤ ✭✮ ❀ ✴✯ ❋✐♥❛❧ ✿ ❡s♣❡r♦ q✉❡ s❡ ♣r❡s✐♦♥❡ ✉♥❛ t❡❝❧❛ ✱ s✐♥
♠♦str❛r❧❛ ✯✴
✶✽
✶✾ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✷✵ ⑥

✶✸✳✹✳ ❊❥❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥✐♦✳❤

❚❡♥❡♠♦s ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❡s ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛s ❡♥ ç♦♥✐♦✳❤✧✱ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥♦❝❡r ❡♥ q✉é ♣♦s✐❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛ ❡st❛♠♦s✱
❞❡✜♥✐♠♦s ✧✈❡♥t❛♥❛s✧♣❛r❛ tr❛❜❛❥❛r só❧♦ ❝♦♥ ✉♥❛ ③♦♥❛ ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛✱ ❡t❝✳

✶✸✳✺✳ ❆❝❝❡s♦ ❛ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛ ❡♥ ▲✐♥✉①✿ ❝✉rs❡s✳❤

▲❛s ❧✐❜r❡rí❛s ♥❝✉rs❡s ❛②✉❞❛♥ ❛ ❧❛ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❝✐ó♥ ❡♥ ♠♦❞♦ t❡①t♦ ♣❛r❛ ▲✐♥✉①✳ ❊s ❞❡❝✐r✱ ♠♦✈✐✲
♠✐❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❝✉rs♦r❡s✱ ❝♦❧♦r❡s✱ r❡❝♦❣❡r t❡❝❧❛s ✭s✐♥ t❡♥❡r q✉❡ ❡s♣❡r❛r ❡❧ Ï♥tr♦✧✮ ② ✉♥ ❧❛r❣♦ ❡t❝ét❡r❛✳
▲♦ q✉❡ ❤❛❝✐❛ ❝♦♥✐♦✳❤ ❡♥ ♦tr♦s s✐st❡♠❛s✳

❚❛♠❜✐é♥ ❤❛② ❣❡♥t❡ q✉❡ ❛ ✈❡❝❡s t✐❡♥❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❝♦♥ ♣r✐♥t❢ ② s❝❛♥❢✴❢❣❡ts✱ ❞❡❜✐❞♦ ❛ ❜✉✛❡rs ✐♥t❡r✲
♠❡❞✐♦s ❞❡ ▲✐♥✉①✳ ❈♦♥ ♥❝✉rs❡s ②❛ ♥♦ ❤❛❜rá ❡st❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✳ ❊♥ ▲✐♥✉①✱ ❤❛② ✉♥❛ ❜✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛ ❧❧❛♠❛❞❛
ç✉rs❡s✧✱ ❧❛ q✉❡ ❞❡❜❡♠♦s ✐♥❝❧✉✐r s✐ q✉❡r❡♠♦s ✉s❛r ❛❧❣♦ ♠ás q✉❡ ❡❧ s✐♠♣❧❡ ✧♣r✐♥t❢✧✿ ♣❛r❛ ❜♦rr❛r ❧❛
♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛✱ ❡s❝r✐❜✐r ❡♥ ✉♥❛s ❝✐❡rt❛s ❝♦♦r❞❡♥❛❞❛s✱ ❝❛♠❜✐❛r ❝♦❧♦r❡s ♦ ❛♣❛r✐❡♥❝✐❛s ❞❡❧ t❡①t♦✱ ❞✐❜✉❥❛r
r❡❝✉❛❞r♦s✱ ❡t❝✳

✷✼✻
 ❈♦♠❛♥❞♦ ❉❡s❝r✐♣❝✐ó♥
❝❧❡❛r ♣❛r❛ ❜♦rr❛r ❧❛ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛✳
♠♦✈❡ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡s♣❧❛③❛r♥♦s ❛ ❝✐❡rt❛s ❝♦♦r❞❡♥❛❞❛s✳
♣r✐♥t✇ ♣❛r❛ ❡s❝r✐❜✐r ❡♥ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛✳
❚❛❜❧❛ ✶✸✳✺✿

✶✸✳✻✳ Pr❡♣❛r❛t✐✈♦s

❯♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ s♦♣♦rt❛❞♦ ♣♦r ♥❝✉rs❡s t✐❡♥❡ ❞♦s ❝♦s❛s s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈❛s✿

✶✳ ❊❧ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡✿ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁♥❝✉rs❡s✳❤❃
✷✳ ❨ s❡ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛✿ ❣❝❝ ✲❧♥❝✉rs❡s ❝♦❞✐❣♦✳❝
❱❡♠♦s q✉❡ ❛ ❧❛ ❤♦r❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛r ❛ñ❛❞✐♠♦s ❧❛ ♦♣❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ q✉❡ ❡♥❧❛❝❡ ❧❛ ❧✐❜r❡rí❛ ✧♥❝✉rs❡s✧✱ ❜✐❡♥
❞❡s❞❡ ❧❛s ♦♣❝✐♦♥❡s ❞❡ ♥✉❡str♦ ■❉❊ ❞❡ ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧♦ ✭s✐ ✉s❛♠♦s ❈♦❞❡✲❇❧♦❝❦s✱ ❆❥✉t❛✱ ❑❉❡✈❡❧♦♣ ♦ ❛❧❣ú♥
♦tr♦✮✱ ♦ ❜✐❡♥ ❞❡s❞❡ ❧❛ ❧í♥❡❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♠❛♥❞♦s✿
✶ ✭ ▲✐♥✉① ❞✐st✐♥❣✉❡ ❡♥tr❡ ♠❛② ú s❝✉❧❛s ② ♠✐♥ ú s❝✉❧❛s ✮ ✳❭ s❛❧t♦
✷ ❊❧ ✧ ❍♦❧❛ ♠✉♥❞♦ ✧ ❝♦♥ ♥❝✉rs❡s ❭ s❛❧t♦
✸ Pr♦❜❛♠♦s ✉♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❛s í✿
✹ ❭ ❜❡❣✐♥ ④ ❧st❧✐st✐♥❣ ⑥
✺ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ ♥❝✉rs❡s ✳❤ ❃
✻ ✐♥t ♠❛✐♥ ✭✮ ④
✼ ✐♥✐ts❝r ✭✮ ❀
✽ ♣r✐♥t✇ ✭✧ ❍♦❧❛ ✱ ♠✉♥❞♦ ✧✮ ❀
✾ r❡❢r❡s❤ ✭✮ ❀
✶✵ ❣❡t❝❤ ✭✮ ❀
✶✶ ❡♥❞✇✐♥ ✭✮ ❀
✶✷ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✶✸ ⑥
❘❡❝♦r❞❛r ✉♥❛ ✈❡③ ♠ás ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛r ❝♦♥ ❣❝❝ ✲❧♥❝✉rs❡s ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛✳❝

✶✸✳✼✳ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♥ ♥❝✉rs❡s

❊❧ ♠❛♥❡❥♦ ❡s ♠ás ❝♦♠♣❧✐❝❛❞♦ q✉❡ ❡♥ ❡❧ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ ❚✉r❜♦ ❈✿ ❤❛② q✉❡ t❡♥❡r ❡♥ ❝✉❡♥t❛ q✉❡ ❡♥
▲✐♥✉① ✭② ❡♥ ❧♦s ▲✐♥✉① ❡♥ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✮ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠♦s ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s q✉❡ ✉s❛♥ ✉♥ t❡r♠✐♥❛❧ ❛♥t✐❣✉♦✱ q✉❡ ♥♦
♣❡r♠✐t❡ ❝♦❧♦r❡s✱ s✐♥♦ só❧♦ ♥❡❣r✐t❛ ② s✉❜r❛②❛❞♦✱ ♦ q✉❡ ♥♦ ❛❝t✉❛❧✐❝❡ ❧❛ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛♠❡♥t❡✱ s✐♥♦
só❧♦ ❡♥ ❝✐❡rt♦s ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s❀ s✐ ❜✐❡♥ ❡st♦ ❡s ❛❧❣♦ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❡♥♦s ❢r❡❝✉❡♥t❡✳
❊❧ ♣r✐♠❡r ♣❛s♦ ❡s ❛❝t✐✈❛r ❡❧ ❛❝❝❡s♦ ❛ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛ ❝♦♥ ï♥✐ts❝r t❡r♠✐♥❛r ❝♦♥ ✳❡♥❞✇✐♥✧✳ ❆❞❡♠ás✱ ❝✉❛♥✲
✷

❞♦ q✉❡r❛♠♦s ❛s❡❣✉r❛r♥♦s ❞❡ q✉❡ ❧❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥ ❛♣❛r❡③❝❛ ❡♥ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛✱ ✉s❛♠♦s r❡❢r❡s❤✧✳ ❈♦♠♦

♣r✐♠❡r❛s ór❞❡♥❡s✱ t❡♥❡♠♦s✿ ❈♦♥ t♦❞♦ ❡st♦✱ ✉♥ ♣r✐♠❡r ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦ ❡s✿
✶ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ ❝✉rs❡s ✳❤ ❃
✷
✸ ✐♥t ♠❛✐♥ ✭✮ ④
✹ ✐♥✐ts❝r ✭✮ ❀

✷✼✼
 ✺ ❝❧❡❛r ✭✮ ❀
✻ ♠♦✈❡ ✭✶✵ ✱✶✵✮ ❀
✼ ♣r✐♥t✇ ✭✧ ❤♦❧❛ ✧✮ ❀
✽ r❡❢r❡s❤ ✭✮ ❀
✾ ❣❡t❝❤ ✭✮ ❀
✶✵ ❡♥❞✇✐♥ ✭✮ ❀
✶✶ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✶✷ ⑥
P♦❞❡♠♦s ♠❡❥♦r❛r❧♦ ♥✉❡str♦ ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦ ✉♥ ♣♦❝♦✿
❊♥ ❧❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧✐③❛❝✐ó♥✱ ❡s ❢r❡❝✉❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠♣r♦❜❛r ❡❧ t❡❝❧❛❞♦ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ s❡ ♣r❡s✐♦♥❡ ✉♥❛ t❡❝❧❛✱
s✐♥ ❡s♣❡r❛r ❛ q✉❡ s❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❡ ❝♦♥ ■♥tr♦✱ ② ❞❡ ❛s❡❣✉r❛rs❡ ❞❡ ❡s♦ s❡ ❡♥❝❛r❣❛ ❧❛ ♦r❞❡♥ ç❜r❡❛❦✧✳
❚❛♠❜✐é♥ ❡s ❢r❡❝✉❡♥t❡ q✉❡ ❝✉❛♥❞♦ s❡ ♣r❡s✐♦♥❡ ✉♥❛ t❡❝❧❛✱ ést❛ ♥♦ s❡ ♠✉❡str❡ ❡♥ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛✳ ❊s♦
❧♦ ❤❛❝❡♠♦s ❝♦♥ ✧♥♦❡❝❤♦✧✳
❨❛ ❡♥ ❡❧ ❝✉❡r♣♦ ❞❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛✱ t❛♠❜✐é♥ ❤❛❝❡♠♦s ♠❡❥♦r❛s✿
◆♦s ❞❡s♣❧❛③❛♠♦s ❛ ✉♥❛ ♣♦s✐❝✐ó♥ ② ❡s❝r✐❜✐♠♦s ✉♥ t❡①t♦✱ ❝♦♥ ❧❛ ♦r❞❡♥ ✧♠✈❛❞❞str✧✳
❈❛♠❜✐❛♠♦s ❧❛ ❛♣❛r✐❡♥❝✐❛ ❞❡❧ t❡①t♦ s✐ ❛♣❧✐❝❛♠♦s ❝✐❡rt♦s ❛tr✐❜✉t♦s ❝♦♥ ❧❛ ♦r❞❡♥ ✳❛ttr♦♥✧✳ ▲♦s
❛tr✐❜✉t♦s ♠ás ❤❛❜✐t✉❛❧❡s ❡♥ ✉♥ t❡r♠✐♥❛❧ ❯♥✐① s♦♥ ❧❛ ♥❡❣r✐t❛ ✭❆❴❇❖▲❉✮ ② ❡❧ s✉❜r❛②❛❞♦
✭❆❴❯◆❉❊❘▲■◆❊✮✳ ❊st♦s ❛tr✐❜✉t♦s s❡ ❞❡s❛❝t✐✈❛♥ ❝♦♥ ✳❛ttr♦✛✧✳
❈♦♥ ❡st♦✱ t❡♥❡♠♦s✿
✶ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ ❝✉rs❡s ✳❤ ❃
✷
✸ ✐♥t ♠❛✐♥ ✭✮ ④
✹ ✐♥✐ts❝r ✭✮ ❀ ✴✯ ■♥✐❝✐❛❧✐③❛❝✐ ó ♥ ✯✴
✺ ❝❜r❡❛❦ ✭✮ ❀ ✴✯ ❙✐♥ ❡s♣❡r❛r ■♥tr♦ ❡♥ ❡❧ t❡❝❧❛❞♦ ✯✴
✻ ♥♦❡❝❤♦ ✭✮ ❀ ✴✯ ❣❡t❝❤ ♥♦ ❡s❝r✐❜❛ ❡♥ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛ ✯✴
✼ ❝❧❡❛r ✭✮ ❀ ✴✯ ❇♦rr❛♠♦s ❧❛ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛ ✯✴
✽ ❛ttr♦♥ ✭ ❆❴❇❖▲❉ ✮ ❀ ✴✯ ❆❝t✐✈❛♠♦s ❧❛ ♥❡❣r✐t❛ ✭ ❜♦❧❞ ✮ ✯✴
✾ ♠✈❛❞❞str ✭✷ ✱✶✵ ✱ ✧ ❤♦❧❛ ✧✮ ❀ ✴✯ ❊s❝r✐❜✐♠♦s ❡♥ ❝✐❡rt♦ s✐t✐♦ ✯✴
✶✵ ❛ttr♦❢❢ ✭ ❆❴❇❖▲❉ ✮❀ ✴✯ ❉❡s❛❝t✐✈❛♠♦s ❧❡tr❛ ♥❡❣r✐t❛ ✯✴
✶✶ r❡❢r❡s❤ ✭★✹✵❀✮ ❀ ✴✯ ❆❝t✉❛❧✐③❛♠♦s ❧❛ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛ ✯✴
✶✷ ❣❡t❝❤ ✭✮ ❀ ✴✯ ❊s♣❡r❛♠♦s q✉❡ ♣r❡s✐♦♥❡ ✉♥❛ t❡❝❧❛ ✯✴
✶✸ ❡♥❞✇✐♥ ✭✮ ❀ ✴✯ ❙❡ ❛❝❛❜ ó ✯✴
✶✹ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✶✺ ⑥
❋✐♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ s✐ q✉❡r❡♠♦s ♠♦str❛r ❡♥ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛ ❝♦❧♦r❡s✱ ❝♦♠❡♥③❛♠♦s ❡❧ ♠♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❝♦❧♦r ❝♦♥ st❛rt❴❝♦❧♦r✭✮✳
❆♥t❡s ❝♦♠♣r♦❜❛♠♦s ❝♦♥ ❤❛s❴❝♦❧♦rs✭✮ s✐ ♥✉❡str♦ t❡r♠✐♥❛❧ ♠❛♥❡❥❛ ❝♦❧♦r❡s ✭t❡♥❡♠♦s ✉♥❛ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡
❋❆▲❙❊ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♠♣r♦❜❛r❧♦✮✳
❉❡✜♥✐♠♦s ✉♥ ♣❛r ❞❡ ❝♦❧♦r ❞❡ ❢♦♥❞♦ ② ❞❡ ♣r✐♠❡r ♣❧❛♥♦✱ ❝♦♥ ✐♥✐t❴♣❛✐r✭✶✱ ❈❖▲❖❘❴❈❨❆◆✱ ❈❖✲
▲❖❘❴❇▲❆❈❑✮❀ ✭♣❛r ❞❡ ❝♦❧♦r❡s ✶ ❡s t❡①t♦ ❛③✉❧ ❝❧❛r♦ s♦❜r❡ ❢♦♥❞♦ ♥❡❣r♦✮✳
P❛r❛ ✉s❛r ❡st♦s ❝♦❧♦r❡s✱ ❡s ♠✉② ♣❛r❡❝✐❞♦ ❛ ❧♦ q✉❡ ②❛ ❝♦♥♦❝❡♠♦s✿ ❛ttr♦♥✭❈❖▲❖❘❴P❆■❘✭✶✮✮❀ ②
♣❛r❛ ❝♦♠♣r♦❜❛r ❧❛s t❡❝❧❛s ❡①t❡♥❞✐❞❛s✱ ❤❛❝❡♠♦s ❦❡②♣❛❞✭st❞s❝r✱ ❚❘❯❊✮❀ ❡♥ ❧❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧✐③❛❝✐ó♥ ② ❡♥
❝✉❡r♣♦ ❞❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ✉s❛♠♦s ór❞❡♥❡s ❝♦♠♦✿

✷✼✽
 ✶ t❡❝❧❛ ❂ ❣❡t❝❤ ✭✮ ❀
✷ ✐❢ ✭ t❡❝❧❛ ❂❂ ❑❊❨❴▲❊❋❚ ✮ ✳✳✳
❱❡❛♠♦s ❛ ✈❡r ✉♥ ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦✿

✶ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ ❝✉rs❡s ✳❤ ❃
✷
✸ ✐♥t ♠❛✐♥ ✭✮ ④
✹ st❛rt❴❝♦❧♦r ✭✮ ❀
✺ ✐♥t t❡❝❧❛ ❀
✻
✼ ✐♥✐ts❝r ✭✮ ❀
✽ ✐❢ ✭ ❤❛s❴❝♦❧♦rs ✭✮ ❂❂ ❋❆▲❙❊ ✮ ④
✾ ❡♥❞✇✐♥ ✭✮ ❀
✶✵ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❙✉ t❡r♠✐♥❛❧ ♥♦ ✉s❛ ❝♦❧♦r❡s ✦❭ ♥✧✮ ❀
✶✶ ❡①✐t ✭✶✮ ❀
✶✷ ⑥
✶✸ ❝❜r❡❛❦ ✭✮ ❀
✶✹ ♥♦❡❝❤♦ ✭✮ ❀
✶✺ ❦❡②♣❛❞ ✭ st❞s❝r ✱ ❚❘❯❊ ✮❀
✶✻
✶✼ ❝❧❡❛r ✭✮ ❀
✶✽ ✐♥✐t❴♣❛✐r ✭✶ ✱ ❈❖▲❖❘❴❈❨❆◆ ✱ ❈❖▲❖❘❴❇▲❆❈❑ ✮❀
✶✾ ❛ttr♦♥ ✭ ❈❖▲❖❘❴P❆■❘ ✭✶✮ ✮❀
✷✵ ♠✈❛❞❞str ✭✷ ✱✶✵ ✱ ✧ ❤♦❧❛ ✧✮ ❀
✷✶ ❛ttr♦❢❢ ✭ ❈❖▲❖❘❴P❆■❘ ✭✶✮ ✮❀
✷✷ r❡❢r❡s❤ ✭✮ ❀
✷✸ t❡❝❧❛ ❂ ❣❡t❝❤ ✭✮ ❀
✷✹ ✐❢ ✭ t❡❝❧❛ ❂❂ ❑❊❨❴▲❊❋❚ ✮
✷✺ ♣r✐♥t✇ ✭✧ ❍❛s ♣r❡s✐♦♥❛❞♦ ✐③q✉✐❡r❞❛ ✧✮ ❀
✷✻ ❣❡t❝❤ ✭✮ ❀
✷✼ ❡♥❞✇✐♥ ✭✮ ❀
✷✽ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✷✾ ⑥
❆❧ ✐❣✉❛❧ q✉❡ ❡♦♥ ❚✉r❜♦ ❈✱ ♥♦ ❡s t♦❞♦ ❧♦ q✉❡ ❤❛②✳ ❚❛♠❜✐é♥ ❝r❡❛♠♦s ✈❡♥t❛♥❛s✱ ❞❡✜♥✐♠♦s ❝♦❧♦r❡s ✑❛
♠❡❞✐❞❛✑ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ r♦❥♦✱ ✈❡r❞❡ ② ❛③✉❧✱ ❧❡❡r ❧♦ q✉❡ ❤❛② ❡♥ ❧❛ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛✱ ♠❛♥❡❥❛r ❡❧ r❛tó♥✱ ❡ ✐♥❝❧✉s♦
t❡♥❡♠♦s r✉t✐♥❛s ♣❛r❛ ♠❛♥❡❥♦ ❞❡ ♣❛♥❡❧❡s ② ❢♦r♠✉❧❛r✐♦s✳

✶✸✳✼✳✶✳ ❊♥tr❛❞❛ ❞❡ t❡❝❧❛❞♦

P❛r❛ s♦❧✐❝✐t❛r ❞❛t♦s ❛ ✉♥ ✉s✉❛r✐♦ ❝♦♥ ♥❝✉rs❡s ❤❛❝❡♠♦s✿

✶ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ ❝✉rs❡s ✳❤ ❃
✷
✸ ✐♥t ♠❛✐♥ ✭✮ ④
✹ ❝❤❛r ❝❛❞❡♥❛ ❬✶✷✽❪❀
✺ ✐♥✐ts❝r ✭✮ ❀
✻ ♣r✐♥t✇ ✭✧ ❉✐♠❡ t✉ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ❭♥✧✮❀
✼ s❝❛♥✇ ✭✧ ✪s✧ ✱ ❝❛❞❡♥❛ ✮❀

✷✼✾
 ✽ ♣r✐♥t✇ ✭✧ ❚❡ ❧❧❛♠❛s ✿ ✪s❭ ♥✧ ✱ ❝❛❞❡♥❛ ✮❀
✾ r❡❢r❡s❤ ✭✮ ❀
✶✵ ❣❡t❝❤ ✭✮ ❀
✶✶ ❡♥❞✇✐♥ ✭✮ ❀
✶✷ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✶✸ ⑥
▲❛ s✐♥t❛①✐s ❞❡❧ s❝❛♥✇ ❡s ❧❛ ♠✐s♠❛ q✉❡ ❡♥ s❝❛♥❢ tr❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧✳
❙✐ ♥♦ ✈✐s✉❛❧✐③❛r ❧♦ q✉❡ ✐♥❣r❡s❛ ❡❧ ✉s✉❛r✐♦ ♣♦r ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛✱ ❤❛❝❡♠♦s✿
✶ ♣r✐♥t✇ ✭✧ ❊s❝r✐❜❡ ❧❛ ❝♦♥tr❛s❡ ñ ❛✿ ✧✮❀
✷ ♥♦❡❝❤♦ ✭✮ ❀
✸ s❝❛♥✇ ✭✧ ✪s✧ ✱ ❝❛❞❡♥❛ ✮❀
✹ ❡❝❤♦ ✭✮ ❀
✺ ♣r✐♥t✇ ✭✧ ▲❛ ❝♦♥tr❛s❡ ñ❛ ❡s ✿ ✪s❭ ♥✧ ✱ ❝❛❞❡♥❛ ✮❀

✶✸✳✼✳✷✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦s ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦s

✶✳ ❈r❡❛ ✉♥ ♠❡♥ú ♣❛r❛ ▼s❉♦s q✉❡ ♠✉❡str❡ ✈❛r✐❛s ♦♣❝✐♦♥❡s ❡♥ ❡❧ ❝❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛✱ ② ✉♥
r❡❧♦❥ ❡♥ ❧❛ ♣❛rt❡ s✉♣❡r✐♦r ❞❡r❡❝❤❛ ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛✳ ▼✐❡♥tr❛s ❡❧ ✉s✉❛r✐♦ ♥♦ ♣r❡s✐♦♥❛ ✉♥❛ t❡❝❧❛✱
❡❧ r❡❧♦❥ s❡ ❛❝t✉❛❧✐③❛ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛♠❡♥t❡✳

✷✳ ❈r❡❛✱ ♣❛r❛ ▼s❉♦s ② ♣❛r❛ ▲✐♥✉①✱ ✉♥ ✧♣r♦t❡❝t♦r ❞❡ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛✧q✉❡ ♠✉❡str❡ t✉ ♥♦♠❜r❡ r❡❜♦✲
t❛♥❞♦ ❡♥ ❧♦s ❧❛t❡r❛❧❡s ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛✳ ❆✈❛♥③❛ ❞❡ ♣♦s✐❝✐ó♥ ❝❛❞❛ s❡❣✉♥❞♦✳

✶✸✳✼✳✸✳ ✉♥ ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦

❆♥❛❧✐③❛♠♦s ✉♥ s❡♥❝✐❧❧♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛✳ ❊♥ é❧✱ ❧♦s ♠❡♥ús s♦♥ ❝r❡❛❞♦s ✉s❛♥❞♦ ♥❝✉rs❡s ❡ ✐♥❞✐❝❛ ❝✉❛♥❞♦
s❡❧❡❝❝✐♦♥❡s ✉♥❛ ♦♣❝✐ó♥ ❞❡❧ ♠❡♥ú✳ ❯♥ ❛s♣❡❝t♦ ✐♥t❡r❡s❛♥t❡ ❞❡ ❡st❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❡s ❡❧ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ✈❡♥t❛♥❛s
♥❝✉rs❡s ♣❛r❛ s✐♠✉❧❛r ❧♦s ♠❡♥ús ❝✉❛♥❞♦ s❡ ❛❜r❡♥✳
✶ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ ❝✉rs❡s ✳❤ ❃
✷ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ st❞❧✐❜ ✳❤ ❃
✸ ★ ❞❡❢✐♥❡ ❊◆❚❊❘ ✶✵
✹ ★ ❞❡❢✐♥❡ ❊❙❈❆P❊ ✷✼
✺ ✈♦✐❞ ✐♥✐t❴❝✉rs❡s ✭✮ ④
✻ ✐♥✐ts❝r ✭✮ ❀
✼ st❛rt❴❝♦❧♦r ✭✮ ❀
✽ ✐♥✐t❴♣❛✐r ✭✶ ✱ ❈❖▲❖❘❴❲❍■❚❊ ✱ ❈❖▲❖❘❴❇▲❯❊ ✮❀
✾ ✐♥✐t❴♣❛✐r ✭✷ ✱ ❈❖▲❖❘❴❇▲❯❊ ✱ ❈❖▲❖❘❴❲❍■❚❊ ✮❀
✶✵ ✐♥✐t❴♣❛✐r ✭✸ ✱ ❈❖▲❖❘❴❘❊❉ ✱ ❈❖▲❖❘❴❲❍■❚❊ ✮ ❀
✶✶ ❝✉rs❴s❡t ✭✵✮ ❀
✶✷ ♥♦❡❝❤♦ ✭✮ ❀
✶✸ ❦❡②♣❛❞ ✭ st❞s❝r ✱ ❚❘❯❊ ✮❀
✶✹ ⑥
✶✺
✶✻ ✈♦✐❞ ❞r❛✇❴♠❡♥✉❜❛r ✭ ❲■◆❉❖❲ ✯ ♠❡♥✉❜❛r ✮④
✶✼ ✇❜❦❣❞ ✭ ♠❡♥✉❜❛r ✱ ❈❖▲❖❘❴P❆■❘ ✭✷✮ ✮ ❀
✶✽ ✇❛❞❞str ✭ ♠❡♥✉❜❛r ✱✧ ▼❡♥✉✶ ✧✮❀

✷✽✵
✶✾ ✇❛ttr♦♥ ✭ ♠❡♥✉❜❛r ✱ ❈❖▲❖❘❴P❆■❘ ✭✸✮ ✮❀
✷✵ ✇❛❞❞str ✭ ♠❡♥✉❜❛r ✱✧ ✭ ❋✶ ✮✧✮ ❀
✷✶ ✇❛ttr♦❢❢ ✭ ♠❡♥✉❜❛r ✱ ❈❖▲❖❘❴P❆■❘ ✭✸✮ ✮ ❀
✷✷ ✇♠♦✈❡ ✭ ♠❡♥✉❜❛r ✱✵ ✱✷✵✮ ❀
✷✸ ✇❛❞❞str ✭ ♠❡♥✉❜❛r ✱✧ ▼❡♥✉✷ ✧✮❀
✷✹ ✇❛ttr♦♥ ✭ ♠❡♥✉❜❛r ✱ ❈❖▲❖❘❴P❆■❘ ✭✸✮ ✮❀
✷✺ ✇❛❞❞str ✭ ♠❡♥✉❜❛r ✱✧ ✭ ❋✷ ✮✧✮ ❀
✷✻ ✇❛ttr♦❢❢ ✭ ♠❡♥✉❜❛r ✱ ❈❖▲❖❘❴P❆■❘ ✭✸✮ ✮ ❀
✷✼ ⑥
✷✽
✷✾ ❲■◆❉❖❲ ✯✯ ❞r❛✇❴♠❡♥✉ ✭ ✐♥t st❛rt❴❝♦❧ ✮ ④
✸✵ ✐♥t ✐ ❀
✸✶ ❲■◆❉❖❲ ✯✯ ✐t❡♠s ❀
✸✷ ✐t❡♠s ❂✭ ❲■◆❉❖❲ ✯✯✮ ♠❛❧❧♦❝ ✭✾✯ s✐③❡♦❢ ✭ ❲■◆❉❖❲ ✯✮ ✮❀
✸✸ ✐t❡♠s ❬✵❪❂ ♥❡✇✇✐♥ ✭✶✵ ✱✶✾ ✱✶ ✱ st❛rt❴❝♦❧ ✮❀
✸✹ ✇❜❦❣❞ ✭ ✐t❡♠s ❬✵❪ ✱ ❈❖▲❖❘❴P❆■❘ ✭✷✮ ✮❀
✸✺ ❜♦① ✭ ✐t❡♠s ❬✵❪ ✱ ❆❈❙❴❱▲■◆❊ ✱ ❆❈❙❴❍▲■◆❊ ✮ ❀
✸✻ ✐t❡♠s ❬✶❪❂ s✉❜✇✐♥ ✭ ✐t❡♠s ❬✵❪ ✱✶ ✱✶✼ ✱✷ ✱ st❛rt❴❝♦❧ ✰✶✮ ❀
✸✼ ✐t❡♠s ❬✷❪❂ s✉❜✇✐♥ ✭ ✐t❡♠s ❬✵❪ ✱✶ ✱✶✼ ✱✸ ✱ st❛rt❴❝♦❧ ✰✶✮ ❀
✸✽ ✐t❡♠s ❬✸❪❂ s✉❜✇✐♥ ✭ ✐t❡♠s ❬✵❪ ✱✶ ✱✶✼ ✱✹ ✱ st❛rt❴❝♦❧ ✰✶✮ ❀
✸✾ ✐t❡♠s ❬✹❪❂ s✉❜✇✐♥ ✭ ✐t❡♠s ❬✵❪ ✱✶ ✱✶✼ ✱✺ ✱ st❛rt❴❝♦❧ ✰✶✮ ❀
✹✵ ✐t❡♠s ❬✺❪❂ s✉❜✇✐♥ ✭ ✐t❡♠s ❬✵❪ ✱✶ ✱✶✼ ✱✻ ✱ st❛rt❴❝♦❧ ✰✶✮ ❀
✹✶ ✐t❡♠s ❬✻❪❂ s✉❜✇✐♥ ✭ ✐t❡♠s ❬✵❪ ✱✶ ✱✶✼ ✱✼ ✱ st❛rt❴❝♦❧ ✰✶✮ ❀
✹✷ ✐t❡♠s ❬✼❪❂ s✉❜✇✐♥ ✭ ✐t❡♠s ❬✵❪ ✱✶ ✱✶✼ ✱✽ ✱ st❛rt❴❝♦❧ ✰✶✮ ❀
✹✸ ✐t❡♠s ❬✽❪❂ s✉❜✇✐♥ ✭ ✐t❡♠s ❬✵❪ ✱✶ ✱✶✼ ✱✾ ✱ st❛rt❴❝♦❧ ✰✶✮ ❀
✹✹ ❢♦r ✭ ✐ ❂✶❀ ✐ ❁✾❀ ✐ ✰✰✮
✹✺ ✇♣r✐♥t✇ ✭ ✐t❡♠s ❬ ✐❪✱✧ ■t❡♠ ✪❞✧ ✱✐✮❀
✹✻ ✇❜❦❣❞ ✭ ✐t❡♠s ❬✶❪ ✱ ❈❖▲❖❘❴P❆■❘ ✭✶✮ ✮❀
✹✼ ✇r❡❢r❡s❤ ✭ ✐t❡♠s ❬✵❪✮ ❀
✹✽ r❡t✉r♥ ✐t❡♠s ❀
✹✾ ⑥
✺✵
✺✶ ✈♦✐❞ ❞❡❧❡t❡❴♠❡♥✉ ✭ ❲■◆❉❖❲ ✯✯ ✐t❡♠s ✱ ✐♥t ❝♦✉♥t ✮ ④
✺✷ ✐♥t ✐ ❀
✺✸ ❢♦r ✭ ✐ ❂✵❀ ✐ ❁ ❝♦✉♥t ❀✐ ✰✰✮
✺✹ ❞❡❧✇✐♥ ✭ ✐t❡♠s ❬✐ ❪✮ ❀
✺✺ ❢r❡❡ ✭ ✐t❡♠s ✮ ❀
✺✻ ⑥
✺✼
✺✽ ✐♥t s❝r♦❧❧❴♠❡♥✉ ✭ ❲■◆❉❖❲ ✯✯ ✐t❡♠s ✱ ✐♥t ❝♦✉♥t ✱ ✐♥t ♠❡♥✉❴st❛rt❴❝♦❧ ✮ ④
✺✾ ✐♥t ❦❡② ❀
✻✵ ✐♥t s❡❧❡❝t❡❞ ❂✵❀
✻✶ ✇❤✐❧❡ ✭✶✮ ④
✻✷ ❦❡② ❂ ❣❡t❝❤ ✭✮ ❀
✻✸ ✐❢ ✭ ❦❡② ❂❂ ❑❊❨❴❉❖❲◆ ⑤⑤ ❦❡② ❂❂ ❑❊❨❴❯P ✮ ④
✻✹ ✇❜❦❣❞ ✭ ✐t❡♠s ❬ s❡❧❡❝t❡❞ ✰✶❪ ✱ ❈❖▲❖❘❴P❆■❘ ✭✷✮ ✮ ❀
✻✺ ✇♥♦✉tr❡❢r❡s❤ ✭ ✐t❡♠s ❬ s❡❧❡❝t❡❞ ✰✶❪✮ ❀

✷✽✶
 ✻✻ ✐❢ ✭ ❦❡② ❂❂ ❑❊❨❴❉❖❲◆ ✮ ④
✻✼ s❡❧❡❝t❡❞ ❂✭ s❡❧❡❝t❡❞ ✰✶✮ ✪ ❝♦✉♥t ❀
✻✽ ⑥ ❡❧s❡ ④
✻✾ s❡❧❡❝t❡❞ ❂✭ s❡❧❡❝t❡❞ ✰ ❝♦✉♥t ✲✶✮ ✪ ❝♦✉♥t ❀
✼✵ ⑥
✼✶ ✇❜❦❣❞ ✭ ✐t❡♠s ❬ s❡❧❡❝t❡❞ ✰✶❪ ✱ ❈❖▲❖❘❴P❆■❘ ✭✶✮ ✮ ❀
✼✷ ✇♥♦✉tr❡❢r❡s❤ ✭ ✐t❡♠s ❬ s❡❧❡❝t❡❞ ✰✶❪✮ ❀
✼✸ ❞♦✉♣❞❛t❡ ✭✮ ❀
✼✹ ⑥ ❡❧s❡ ✐❢ ✭ ❦❡② ❂❂ ❑❊❨❴▲❊❋❚ ⑤⑤ ❦❡② ❂❂ ❑❊❨❴❘■●❍❚ ✮ ④
✼✺ ❞❡❧❡t❡❴♠❡♥✉ ✭ ✐t❡♠s ✱ ❝♦✉♥t ✰✶✮ ❀
✼✻ t♦✉❝❤✇✐♥ ✭ st❞s❝r ✮❀
✼✼ r❡❢r❡s❤ ✭✮ ❀
✼✽ ✐t❡♠s ❂ ❞r❛✇❴♠❡♥✉ ✭✷✵ ✲ ♠❡♥✉❴st❛rt❴❝♦❧ ✮❀
✼✾ r❡t✉r♥ s❝r♦❧❧❴♠❡♥✉ ✭ ✐t❡♠s ✱✽ ✱✷✵ ✲ ♠❡♥✉❴st❛rt❴❝♦❧ ✮❀
✽✵ ⑥ ❡❧s❡ ✐❢ ✭ ❦❡② ❂❂ ❊❙❈❆P❊ ✮ ④
✽✶ r❡t✉r♥ ✲✶❀
✽✷ ⑥ ❡❧s❡ ✐❢ ✭ ❦❡② ❂❂ ❊◆❚❊❘ ✮ ④
✽✸ r❡t✉r♥ s❡❧❡❝t❡❞ ❀
✽✹ ⑥
✽✺ ⑥
✽✻ ⑥
✽✼
✽✽ ✐♥t ♠❛✐♥ ✭✮ ④
✽✾ ✐♥t ❦❡② ❀
✾✵ ❲■◆❉❖❲ ✯ ♠❡♥✉❜❛r ✱✯ ♠❡ss❛❣❡❜❛r ❀
✾✶ ✐♥✐t❴❝✉rs❡s ✭✮ ❀
✾✷ ❜❦❣❞ ✭ ❈❖▲❖❘❴P❆■❘ ✭✶✮ ✮❀
✾✸ ♠❡♥✉❜❛r ❂ s✉❜✇✐♥ ✭ st❞s❝r ✱✶ ✱✽✵ ✱✵ ✱✵✮ ❀
✾✹ ♠❡ss❛❣❡❜❛r ❂ s✉❜✇✐♥ ✭ st❞s❝r ✱✶ ✱✼✾ ✱✷✸ ✱✶✮ ❀
✾✺ ❞r❛✇❴♠❡♥✉❜❛r ✭ ♠❡♥✉❜❛r ✮❀
✾✻ ♠♦✈❡ ✭✷ ✱✶✮ ❀
✾✼ ♣r✐♥t✇ ✭✧ Pr❡ss ❋✶ ♦r ❋✷ t♦ ♦♣❡♥ t❤❡ ♠❡♥✉s ✳ ✧✮❀
✾✽ ♣r✐♥t✇ ✭✧ ❊❙❈ q✉✐ts ✳ ✧✮❀
✾✾ r❡❢r❡s❤ ✭✮ ❀
✶✵✵ ❞♦ ④
✶✵✶ ✐♥t s❡❧❡❝t❡❞❴✐t❡♠ ❀
✶✵✷ ❲■◆❉❖❲ ✯✯ ♠❡♥✉❴✐t❡♠s ❀
✶✵✸ ❦❡② ❂ ❣❡t❝❤ ✭✮ ❀
✶✵✹ ✇❡r❛s❡ ✭ ♠❡ss❛❣❡❜❛r ✮❀
✶✵✺ ✇r❡❢r❡s❤ ✭ ♠❡ss❛❣❡❜❛r ✮❀
✶✵✻ ✐❢ ✭ ❦❡② ❂❂ ❑❊❨❴❋ ✭✶✮ ✮ ④
✶✵✼ ♠❡♥✉❴✐t❡♠s ❂ ❞r❛✇❴♠❡♥✉ ✭✵✮ ❀
✶✵✽ s❡❧❡❝t❡❞❴✐t❡♠ ❂ s❝r♦❧❧❴♠❡♥✉ ✭ ♠❡♥✉❴✐t❡♠s ✱✽ ✱✵✮ ❀
✶✵✾ ❞❡❧❡t❡❴♠❡♥✉ ✭ ♠❡♥✉❴✐t❡♠s ✱✾✮ ❀
✶✶✵ ✐❢ ✭ s❡❧❡❝t❡❞❴✐t❡♠ ❁✵✮
✶✶✶ ✇♣r✐♥t✇ ✭ ♠❡ss❛❣❡❜❛r ✱✧ ❨♦✉ ❤❛✈❡♥ ✬t s❡❧❡❝t❡❞ ❛♥② ✐t❡♠ ✳ ✧✮❀
✶✶✷ ❡❧s❡

✷✽✷
✶✶✸ ✇♣r✐♥t✇ ✭ ♠❡ss❛❣❡❜❛r ✱✧ ❨♦✉ ❤❛✈❡ s❡❧❡❝t❡❞ ♠❡♥✉ ✐t❡♠ ✪❞✳✧ ✱
s❡❧❡❝t❡❞❴✐t❡♠ ✰✶✮ ❀
✶✶✹ t♦✉❝❤✇✐♥ ✭ st❞s❝r ✮❀
✶✶✺ r❡❢r❡s❤ ✭✮ ❀
✶✶✻ ⑥ ❡❧s❡ ✐❢ ✭ ❦❡② ❂❂ ❑❊❨❴❋ ✭✷✮ ✮ ④
✶✶✼ ♠❡♥✉❴✐t❡♠s ❂ ❞r❛✇❴♠❡♥✉ ✭✷✵✮ ❀
✶✶✽ s❡❧❡❝t❡❞❴✐t❡♠ ❂ s❝r♦❧❧❴♠❡♥✉ ✭ ♠❡♥✉❴✐t❡♠s ✱✽ ✱✷✵✮ ❀
✶✶✾ ❞❡❧❡t❡❴♠❡♥✉ ✭ ♠❡♥✉❴✐t❡♠s ✱✾✮ ❀
✶✷✵ ✐❢ ✭ s❡❧❡❝t❡❞❴✐t❡♠ ❁✵✮
✶✷✶ ✇♣r✐♥t✇ ✭ ♠❡ss❛❣❡❜❛r ✱✧ ❨♦✉ ❤❛✈❡♥ ✬t s❡❧❡❝t❡❞ ❛♥② ✐t❡♠ ✳ ✧✮❀
✶✷✷ ❡❧s❡
✶✷✸ ✇♣r✐♥t✇ ✭ ♠❡ss❛❣❡❜❛r ✱✧ ❨♦✉ ❤❛✈❡ s❡❧❡❝t❡❞ ♠❡♥✉ ✐t❡♠ ✪❞✳✧ ✱
s❡❧❡❝t❡❞❴✐t❡♠ ✰✶✮ ❀
✶✷✹ t♦✉❝❤✇✐♥ ✭ st❞s❝r ✮❀
✶✷✺ r❡❢r❡s❤ ✭✮ ❀
✶✷✻ ⑥
✶✷✼ ⑥ ✇❤✐❧❡ ✭ ❦❡② ✦❂ ❊❙❈❆P❊ ✮❀
✶✷✽ ❞❡❧✇✐♥ ✭ ♠❡♥✉❜❛r ✮❀
✶✷✾ ❞❡❧✇✐♥ ✭ ♠❡ss❛❣❡❜❛r ✮❀
✶✸✵ ❡♥❞✇✐♥ ✭✮ ❀
✶✸✶ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✶✸✷ ⑥

❙✐ ❝♦♣✐❛s ❡❧ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❡♥ ✉♥ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ❧❧❛♠❛❞❛ ♠❡♥✉✵✶✳❝ ② ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛s ❧❛s ❡①♣❧✐❝❛❝✐♦♥❡s ♣✉❡❞❡s ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛r❧♦
❝♦♥✿

❣❝❝ ✲❲❛❧❧ ❡①❛♠♣❧❡✳❝ ✲♦ ❡①❛♠♣❧❡ ✲❧❝✉rs❡s

② ♣r♦❜❛r ❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛✳

✶✸✳✼✳✹✳ ❏✉❡❣♦s ♠✉❧t✐♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛✿ ❙❉▲

✶✸✳✼✳✹✳✶✳ ❉✐❜✉❥❛♥❞♦ ✉♥❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♥ ❞❡ ❢♦♥❞♦ ② ✉♥ ♣❡rs♦♥❛ ❥❡

❊①✐st❡♥ ❞✐st✐♥t❛s ❜✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛s ♣❛r❛ ❝r❡❛r ❣rá✜❝♦s ❞❡s❞❡ ❡❧ ❧❡♥❣✉❛❥❡ ❈✳ ❯♥❛s s♦♥ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛s ♣❛r❛
✉♥ s✐st❡♠❛✱ ② ♦tr❛s ❡stá♥ ❞✐s❡ñ❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ s❡r ♣♦rt❛❜❧❡s ❞❡ ✉♥ s✐st❡♠❛ ❛ ♦tr♦✳ P♦r ♦tr❛ ♣❛rt❡✱ ✉♥❛s
s❡ ❝❡♥tr❛♥ ❡♥ ❧❛s ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❡s ❜ás✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❞✐❜✉❥♦ ✭❧í♥❡❛s✱ ❝ír❝✉❧♦s✱ r❡❝tá♥❣✉❧♦s✱ ❡t❝✮✱ ② ♦tr❛s s❡ ♦r✐❡♥t❛♥
♠ás ❛ ❧❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ✐♠á❣❡♥❡s q✉❡ ②❛ ❡①✐st❛♥ ❝♦♠♦ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦✳

❱❡r❡♠♦s ❧❛s ♥♦❝✐♦♥❡s ❜ás✐❝❛s ❞❡❧ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❙❉▲✱ q✉❡ ❡s ✉♥❛ ❞❡ ❧❛s ❜✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛s ❛❞❡❝✉❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❝r❡❛r
❥✉❡❣♦s✱ ♣♦rq✉❡ ❡s ♠✉❧t✐♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ ✭❡①✐st❡ ♣❛r❛ ❲✐♥❞♦✇s✱ ▲✐♥✉① ② ♦tr♦s s✐st❡♠❛s✮ ② ❡s ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛
❧❛ ♠❛♥✐♣✉❧❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ✐♠á❣❡♥❡s✱ q✉❡ ❡s ❛❧❣♦ ♠ás ❢r❡❝✉❡♥t❡ ❡♥ ❥✉❡❣♦s q✉❡ ❡❧ ❞✐❜✉❥❛r ❧í♥❡❛s ♦ ♣♦❧í❣♦♥♦s✳

◆♦ ✈❡r❡♠♦s ❞❡t❛❧❧❡s ❞❡ s✉ ✐♥st❛❧❛❝✐ó♥✱ ♣♦rq✉❡ ❡♥ ❧♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ▲✐♥✉① ❜❛st❛ ✐♥st❛❧❛r ❡❧ ♣❛q✉❡t❡ ❙❉▲✲
❉❡✈ ✭q✉❡ ♥♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡ t✐❡♥❡ ✉♥ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ❝♦♠♦ ❧✐❜s❞❧✶✳✷✲❞❡✈✮✱ ② ❡♥ ❲✐♥❞♦✇s ❤❛② ❡♥t♦r♥♦s ♣❛r❛
❝r❡❛r ✉♥ ✑♣r♦②❡❝t♦ ❞❡ ❙❉▲✑ t❛♥ só❧♦ ❝♦♥ ❞♦s ❝❧✐❝s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❈♦❞❡❇❧♦❝❦s✳

❱❡❛♠♦s ❛❧❣✉♥❛s ❞❡ ❧❛s ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❡s ❜ás✐❝❛s✱ ② ✉♥ ♣r✐♠❡r ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦✿

P❛r❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r ❙❉▲✱ ✐♥❝❧✉✐♠♦s ❙❉▲✳❤✱ ❛sí✿ ★✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁❙❉▲✴❙❉▲✳❤❃

❉❡♥tr♦ ❞❡❧ ❝✉❡r♣♦ ❞❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛✱ ❡❧ ♣r✐♠❡r ♣❛s♦ ❡s ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧✐③❛r ❧❛ ❜✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛ ❙❉▲✱ ② ❛❜❛♥❞♦♥❛r ❡❧
♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❡♥ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ ♥♦ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉✐r❧♦✿

✷✽✸
 ✶ ✐❢ ✭ ❙❉▲❴■♥✐t ✭ ❙❉▲❴■◆■❚❴❱■❉❊❖ ✮ ❁ ✵ ✮ ④
✷ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭ ✧ ◆♦ s❡ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧✐③❛ ❙❉▲ ✿ ✪s ❭♥✧ ✱ ❙❉▲❴●❡t❊rr♦r ✭✮ ✮❀
✸ ❡①✐t ✭ ✶ ✮ ❀
✹ ⑥
P❛r❛ t❡r♠✐♥❛r ♥✉❡str♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛✱ ❧❧❛♠❛♠♦s✿

✶ ❙❉▲❴◗✉✐t ✭✮ ❀
P❛r❛ s❡❧❡❝❝✐♦♥❛r ❡❧ ♠♦❞♦ ❞❡ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛ ❞❡ ✻✹✵①✹✽✵ ♣✉♥t♦s ❝♦♥ ✶✻ ❜✐ts ❞❡ ❝♦❧♦r✱ ❤❛❝❡♠♦s✿

✶ ✐❢ ✭ s❝r❡❡♥ ❂❂ ◆❯▲▲ ✮ ④
✷ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭ ✧ ❊rr♦r ❡♥ ♠♦❞♦ ❣r❛❢✐❝♦ ✿ ✪s❭♥ ✧ ✱ ❙❉▲❴●❡t❊rr♦r ✭✮ ✮❀
✸ ❙❉▲❴◗✉✐t ✭✮ ❀
✹ r❡t✉r♥ ✲ ✶ ❀
✺ ⑥
❈❛♠❜✐❛♠♦s ❡❧ t❡①t♦ ✭❝❛♣t✐♦♥✮ ❞❡ ❧❛ ✈❡♥t❛♥❛✿

✶ ❙❉▲❴❲▼❴❙❡t❈❛♣t✐♦♥ ✭ ✧ Pr✉❡❜❛ ✶ ❞❡ ❙❉▲ ✧ ✱ ✧ Pr✉❡❜❛ ✶ ❞❡ ❙❉▲ ✧ ✮ ❀

P❛r❛ ♠♦str❛r ✉♥❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♥ ❡♥ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛✿ ❧❛ ❞❡❝❧❛r❛♠♦s ❙❉▲❴❙✉r❢❛❝❡✱ ❝❛r❣❛r❧❛ ❝♦♥ ❙❉▲❴▲♦❛❞❇▼P✱
② ✈♦❧❝❛r❧❛ ❝♦♥ ❙❉▲❴❇❧✐t❙✉r❢❛❝❡ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❞❛t♦ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛r ❧❛ ♣♦s✐❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❞❡st✐♥♦✱ ❞❡ t✐♣♦
❙❉▲❴❘❡❝t✿

✶ ❙❉▲❴❙✉r❢❛❝❡ ✯ ♣r♦t❛❣♦♥✐st❛ ❀
✷
✸ ♣r♦t❛❣♦♥✐st❛ ❂ ❙❉▲❴▲♦❛❞❇▼P ✭ ✧ ♣r♦t❛❣ ✳ ❜♠♣ ✧ ✮❀
✹
✺ ❙❉▲❴❘❡❝t ❞❡st✐♥♦ ❀
✻
✼ ❞❡st✐♥♦ ✳ ① ❂ ✸✷✵ ❀
✽
✾ ❞❡st✐♥♦ ✳ ② ❂ ✹✵✵ ❀
✶✵
✶✶ ❙❉▲❴❇❧✐t❙✉r❢❛❝❡ ✭ ♣r♦t❛❣♦♥✐st❛ ✱ ◆❯▲▲ ✱ s❝r❡❡♥ ✱ ✫ ❞❡st✐♥♦ ✮ ❀
❈♦♥ ❙❉▲❴❋❧✐♣ ❤❛❝❡♠♦s ❧❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♥ ✈✐s✐❜❧❡ ❝♦♥✿

✶ ❙❉▲❴❋❧✐♣ ✭ s❝r❡❡♥ ✮❀
❨ ❡s♣❡r❛♠♦s ✺ s❡❣✉♥❞♦s ② ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♠♣r♦❜❛r q✉❡ t♦❞♦ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠♦s✿

✶ ❙❉▲❴❉❡❧❛② ✭ ✺✵✵✵ ✮ ❀
❚♦❞♦ ❡st♦✱ ❡♥ ✉♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛✱ q✉❡❞❛✿

✶ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ st❞✐♦ ✳❤ ❃
✷ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ st❞❧✐❜ ✳❤ ❃
✸ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ ❙❉▲ ✴ ❙❉▲ ✳❤ ❃
✹
✺ ✐♥t ♠❛✐♥ ✭✮ ④
✻ ❙❉▲❴❙✉r❢❛❝❡ ✯ s❝r❡❡♥ ❀
✼ ❙❉▲❴❙✉r❢❛❝❡ ✯ ❢♦♥❞♦ ❀
✽ ❙❉▲❴❙✉r❢❛❝❡ ✯ ♣r♦t❛❣♦♥✐st❛ ❀

✷✽✹
 ✾ ❙❉▲❴❘❡❝t ❞❡st✐♥♦ ❀
✶✵ ✐♥t ✐ ✱ ❥❀
✶✶
✶✷ ✴✯ ❚r❛t❛♠♦s ❞❡ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧✐③❛r ❧❛ ❜✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛ ❙❉▲ ✯✴
✶✸ ✐❢ ✭ ❙❉▲❴■♥✐t ✭ ❙❉▲❴■◆■❚❴❱■❉❊❖ ✮ ❁ ✵✮ ④
✶✹ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ◆♦ s❡ ♣✉❞♦ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧✐③❛r ❙❉▲ ✿ ✪s❭♥ ✧ ✱ ❙❉▲❴●❡t❊rr♦r ✭✮ ✮❀
✶✺ ❡①✐t ✭✶✮ ❀
✶✻ ⑥
✶✼
✶✽ ✴✯ Pr❡♣❛r❛♠♦s ❧❛s ✐♠❛❣❡♥❡s ❛ ♠♦str❛r ✯✴
✶✾ ❢♦♥❞♦ ❂ ❙❉▲❴▲♦❛❞❇▼P ✭✧ ❢♦♥❞♦ ✳ ❜♠♣ ✧✮❀
✷✵ ♣r♦t❛❣♦♥✐st❛ ❂ ❙❉▲❴▲♦❛❞❇▼P ✭✧ ♣r♦t❛❣ ✳ ❜♠♣ ✧✮ ❀
✷✶
✷✷ ✴✯ ❙✐ t♦❞♦ ❤❛ ✐❞♦ ❜✐❡♥ ✱ ❤❛❝❡♠♦s ❛❧❣♦ ✿
✷✸ ❡♥tr❛r ❛ ♠♦❞♦ ❣r❛❢✐❝♦ ② ❝❛♠❜✐❛r ❡❧ tí t✉❧♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ✈❡♥t❛♥❛ ✯✴
✷✹ s❝r❡❡♥ ❂ ❙❉▲❴❙❡t❱✐❞❡♦▼♦❞❡ ✭ ✻✹✵ ✱ ✹✽✵ ✱ ✶✻ ✱ ❙❉▲❴❍❲❙❯❘❋❆❈❊ ✮ ❀
✷✺ ✐❢ ✭ s❝r❡❡♥ ❂❂ ◆❯▲▲ ✮ ④
✷✻ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭ ✧ ❊rr♦r ❛❧ ❡♥tr❛r ❛ ♠♦❞♦ ❣r❛❢✐❝♦ ✿ ✪s❭ ♥✧ ✱ ❙❉▲❴●❡t❊rr♦r
✭✮ ✮❀
✷✼ ❙❉▲❴◗✉✐t ✭✮ ❀
✷✽ r❡t✉r♥ ✲✶❀
✷✾ ⑥
✸✵
✸✶ ✴✯ ❚✐t✉❧♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ✈❡♥t❛♥❛ ✯✴
✸✷ ❙❉▲❴❲▼❴❙❡t❈❛♣t✐♦♥ ✭ ✧ Pr✉❡❜❛ ✶ ❞❡ ❙❉▲ ✧ ✱ ✧ Pr✉❡❜❛ ✶ ❞❡ ❙❉▲ ✧ ✮❀
✸✸
✸✹ ✴✯ ❉✐❜✉❥❛♠♦s ❧❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♥ ❞❡ ❢♦♥❞♦ ✯✴
✸✺ ❞❡st✐♥♦ ✳① ❂✵❀
✸✻ ❞❡st✐♥♦ ✳② ❂✵❀
✸✼ ❙❉▲❴❇❧✐t❙✉r❢❛❝❡ ✭ ❢♦♥❞♦ ✱ ◆❯▲▲ ✱ s❝r❡❡♥ ✱ ✫ ❞❡st✐♥♦ ✮❀
✸✽
✸✾ ✴✯ ❉✐❜✉❥❛♠♦s ❡❧ ♣r♦t❛❣♦♥✐st❛ ✯✴
✹✵ ❞❡st✐♥♦ ✳① ❂✸✷✵❀
✹✶ ❞❡st✐♥♦ ✳② ❂✹✵✵❀
✹✷ ❙❉▲❴❇❧✐t❙✉r❢❛❝❡ ✭ ♣r♦t❛❣♦♥✐st❛ ✱ ◆❯▲▲ ✱ s❝r❡❡♥ ✱ ✫ ❞❡st✐♥♦ ✮❀
✹✸
✹✹ ✴✯ ❆❝t✉❛❧✐③❛♠♦s ❧❛ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛ ✯✴
✹✺ ❙❉▲❴❋❧✐♣ ✭ s❝r❡❡♥ ✮❀
✹✻
✹✼ ✴✯ ❨ ❡s♣❡r❛♠♦s ❛♥t❡s ❞❡ s❛❧✐r ✯✴
✹✽ ❙❉▲❴❉❡❧❛② ✭ ✺✵✵✵ ✮ ❀
✹✾
✺✵ ✴✯ ❋✐♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ✱ ♣r❡♣❛r❛♠♦s ♣❛r❛ s❛❧✐r ✯✴
✺✶ ❙❉▲❴◗✉✐t ✭✮ ❀
✺✷ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✺✸ ⑥

✷✽✺
✶✸✳✼✳✹✳✷✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦s ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦s

✶✳ ❈r❡❛ ✭♦ ❜✉s❝❛ ❡♥ ■♥t❡r♥❡t✮ ✉♥❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♥ ❞❡ ❢♦♥❞♦ ❞❡ t❛♠❛ñ♦ ✽✵✵①✻✵✵ q✉❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❡ ✉♥ ❝✐❡❧♦
♦s❝✉r♦ ❝♦♥ ❡str❡❧❧❛s✱ ② tr❡s ✐♠á❣❡♥❡s ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥❡t❛s ❝♦♥ ✉♥ t❛♠❛ñ♦ ♠❡♥♦r ✭❝❡r❝❛♥♦ ❛ ✶✵✵①✶✵✵✱
♣♦r ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦✮✳ ❊♥tr❛ ❛ ♠♦❞♦ ❣rá✜❝♦ ✽✵✵①✻✵✵ ❝♦♥ ✷✹ ❜✐ts ❞❡ ❝♦❧♦r ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❙❉▲✱ ❞✐❜✉❥❛ ❧❛
✐♠❛❣❡♥ ❞❡ ❢♦♥❞♦✱ ② s♦❜r❡ ❡❧❧❛✱ ❧❛s ❞❡ ❧♦s tr❡s ♣❧❛♥❡t❛s✳ ❊❧ tít✉❧♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ✈❡♥t❛♥❛ ❡s ✧P❧❛♥❡t❛s✧✳
▲❛s ✐♠á❣❡♥❡s s❡ ♠✉❡str❛♥ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ✼ s❡❣✉♥❞♦s✳

✶✸✳✼✳✺✳ ❯♥ ♣❡rs♦♥❛❥❡ ♠ó✈✐❧

P❛r❛ ♠♦✈❡r ❛❧ ♣r♦t❛❣♦♥✐st❛ ♣♦r ❡♥❝✐♠❛ ❞❡❧ ❢♦♥❞♦ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ✑♥♦ ♣❧❛♥✐✜❝❛❞❛✑ ♥❡❝❡s✐t❛♠♦s ❝♦♠✲
♣r♦❜❛r q✉é t❡❝❧❛s s❡ ❡stá♥ ♣r❡s✐♦♥❛♥❞♦✳ ▲♦ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉✐♠♦s ❤❛❝✐❡♥❞♦✿

✶ t❡❝❧❛s ❂ ❙❉▲❴●❡t❑❡②❙t❛t❡ ✭ ◆❯▲▲ ✮ ❀

✷
✸ ✐❢ ✭ t❡❝❧❛s ❬ ❙❉▲❑❴❯P ❪✮ ④
✹ ♣♦s✐❝✐♦♥❨ ✲❂ ✷ ❀
✺ ⑥
❧❛ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ ✧t❡❝❧❛s✧✱ ❡s ✉♥ ❛rr❛② ❞❡ ✑✉♥s✐❣♥❡❞ ✐♥t✑✳ ▲❛ ❞❡❝❧❛r❛♠♦s✿ ❯✐♥t✽ ✯ t❡❝❧❛s ❀
❆♥t❡s ❞❡ ❛❝❝❡❞❡r ❛❧ ❡st❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ t❡❝❧❛✱ ✐♥✐❝✐❛♠♦s ❡❧ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣r♦❜❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ s✉❝❡s♦s
✭✳❡✈❡♥ts✧✮✳ ❉❡❜❡♠♦s ❝♦♠♣r♦❜❛r s✐ ❤❛② ❛❧❣✉♥❛ ♣❡t✐❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❛❜❛♥❞♦♥❛r ❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ✭♣r❡s✐♦♥❛♥✲
❞♦ ❧❛ ❳ ❞❡ ❧❛ ✈❡♥t❛♥❛✮✱ q✉❡ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡ ❡❧ s✉❝❡s♦ ❞❡ t✐♣♦ ❙❉▲❴◗❯■❚✳ ❉❡ ♣❛s♦✱ ❝♦♠♣r♦❜❛♠♦s
❡♥ ❡st❡ ♠✐s♠♦ ♣❛s♦ s✐ ❤❛ ♣r❡s✐♦♥❛❞♦ ❧❛ t❡❝❧❛ ❊❙❈✱ q✉❡ ❡s ♦tr❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ✐♥❞✐❝❛r q✉❡ q✉❡r❡♠♦s
t❡r♠✐♥❛r ❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛✿

✶ ✇❤✐❧❡ ✭ ❙❉▲❴P♦❧❧❊✈❡♥t ✭✫ s✉❝❡s♦ ✮✮ ④

✷ ✐❢ ✭ s✉❝❡s♦ ✳ t②♣❡ ❂❂ ❙❉▲❴◗❯■❚ ✮ t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ ❂ ✶ ❀
✸ ✐❢ ✭ s✉❝❡s♦ ✳ t②♣❡ ❂❂ ❙❉▲❴❑❊❨❉❖❲◆ ✮
✹ ✐❢ ✭ s✉❝❡s♦ ✳ ❦❡② ✳ ❦❡②s②♠ ✳ s②♠ ❂❂ ❙❉▲❑❴❊❙❈❆P❊ ✮
✺ t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ ❂ ✶ ❀
✻ ⑥
❧❛ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ s✉❝❡s♦ s❡ ❞❡❝❧❛r❛ ❝♦♥✿ ❙❉▲❴❊✈❡♥t s✉❝❡s♦ ❀

✶✸✳✼✳✺✳✶✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦ ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦

✶✳ ❆♠♣❧í❛ ❡❧ ❡❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦ ♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦✱ ❛ñ❛❞✐❡♥❞♦ ❧❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♥ ❞❡ ✉♥❛ ♥❛✈❡ ❡s♣❛❝✐❛❧✱ q✉❡ ❞❡❜❡ ♠♦✈❡rs❡
❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ❡❧ ✉s✉❛r✐♦ ♣r❡s✐♦♥❡ ✉♥❛ ❞❡ ❧❛s ✢❡❝❤❛s ❞❡❧ ❝✉rs♦r✳ ❊❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ t❡r♠✐♥❛ ❝✉❛♥❞♦
❡❧ ✉s✉❛r✐♦ ♣r❡s✐♦♥❡ ❧❛ t❡❝❧❛ ❊❙❈✳

✶✸✳✼✳✻✳ ■♠á❣❡♥❡s tr❛♥s♣❛r❡♥t❡s✱ ❡s❝r✐❜✐r t❡①t♦ ② ♦tr❛s ♠❡❥♦r❛s

❍❡♠♦s ✈✐st♦ ❝ó♠♦ ❞✐❜✉❥❛r ✐♠á❣❡♥❡s ❡♥ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛✱ ② ❝ó♠♦ ❝♦♠♣r♦❜❛r q✉é t❡❝❧❛s s❡ ❤❛♥ ♣r❡s✐♦✲
♥❛❞♦✱ ♣❛r❛ ❤❛❝❡r q✉❡ ✉♥❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♥ s❡ ♠✉❡✈❛ s♦❜r❡ ❧❛ ♦tr❛✳

P❡r♦ t✐❡♥❡ ✉♥ ❞❡❢❡❝t♦✱ ♥♦ ❡s ✈✐st♦s♦✿ s✐ ❧❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♥ ❞❡❧ ✧♣r♦t❛❣♦♥✐st❛✧t✐❡♥❡ ✉♥ r❡❝✉❛❞r♦ ♥❡❣r♦ ❛❧✲
r❡❞❡❞♦r✱ ❛❧ ♠♦✈❡rs❡ t❛♣❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❡❧ ❢♦♥❞♦✳ ❊✈✐t❛ ❡st♦ ❝♦♥ ✉♥❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♥ q✉❡ s❡ ♠✉❡✈❡ ❡♥ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛
✭✧s♣r✐t❡✧✮ q✉❡ t✐❡♥❡ tr❛♥s♣❛r❡♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ s❡ ✈❡❛ ❡❧ ❢♦♥❞♦✳

❊s ❛❧❣♦ ❢á❝✐❧ ❞❡ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉✐r ❝♦♥ ❙❉▲✿ ❤❛❝❡♠♦s q✉❡ ✉♥ ❝♦❧♦r s❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❡ tr❛♥s♣❛r❡♥t❡✱ ✉s❛♥❞♦✿

✷✽✻
 ✶ ❙❉▲❴❙❡t❈♦❧♦r❑❡② ✭ s✉r❢❛❝❡ ✱ ❙❉▲❴❙❘❈❈❖▲❖❘❑❊❨ ✱ ❙❉▲❴▼❛♣❘●❇ ✭
s✉r❢❛❝❡ ✲❃ ❢♦r♠❛t ✱ r ✱ ❣ ✱ ❜ ✮✮ ❀
❞♦♥❞❡ ✑s✉r❢❛❝❡✑ ❡s ❧❛ s✉♣❡r✜❝✐❡ ❝♦♥ ✉♥ ❝♦❧♦r tr❛♥s♣❛r❡♥t❡ ✭❡❧ ♣r♦t❛❣♦♥✐st❛✮✱ ② ✑r✱ ❣✱ ❜✑ s♦♥ ❧❛s
❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s r♦❥♦✱ ✈❡r❞❡ ② ❛③✉❧ ❞❡❧ ❝♦❧♦r ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦ tr❛♥s♣❛r❡♥t❡ ✭s✐ ❡s ❡❧ ❝♦❧♦r ♥❡❣r♦ q✉❡r❡♠♦s
q✉❡ ♥♦ s❡ ✈❡❛✱ ❡s ✵✱✵✱✵✮✳

❆sí✱ ❝♦♥ ♥✉❡str♦ ♣r♦t❛❣♦♥✐st❛ ❤❛❝❡♠♦s✿

✶ ✴✯ Pr❡♣❛r❛♠♦s ❧❛s ✐♠❛❣❡♥❡s ❛ ♠♦str❛r ✯✴

✷
✸ ❢♦♥❞♦ ❂ ❙❉▲❴▲♦❛❞❇▼P ✭ ✧ ❢♦♥❞♦ ✳ ❜♠♣ ✧ ✮ ❀
✹
✺ ♣r♦t❛❣♦♥✐st❛ ❂ ❙❉▲❴▲♦❛❞❇▼P ✭ ✧ ♣r♦t❛❣ ✳ ❜♠♣ ✧ ✮❀
✻
✼ ✴✯ ❊❧ ♣r♦t❛❣♦♥✐st❛ ❞❡❜❡ t❡♥❡r ❝♦♥t♦r♥♦ tr❛♥s♣❛r❡♥t❡ ✯✴
✽
✾ ❙❉▲❴❙❡t❈♦❧♦r❑❡② ✭ ♣r♦t❛❣♦♥✐st❛ ✱ ❙❉▲❴❙❘❈❈❖▲❖❘❑❊❨ ✱
✶✵
✶✶ ❙❉▲❴▼❛♣❘●❇ ✭ ♣r♦t❛❣♦♥✐st❛ ✲❃ ❢♦r♠❛t ✱ ✵ ✱ ✵ ✱ ✵ ✮✮❀
❙✐ ✉s❛♠♦s ❧❛ ❜✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛ ❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❙❉▲❴■♠❛❣❡✱ t❡♥❡♠♦s ✐♠á❣❡♥❡s P◆● ❝♦♥ tr❛♥s♣❛r❡♥❝✐❛✳

❊s❝r✐❜✐r t❡①t♦ ❝♦♥ ❙❉▲ ♥♦ ❡s ❛❧❣♦ ✧tr✐✈✐❛❧✑✿ ❊♠♣❧❡❡♠♦s ❧❛ ❜✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛ ❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❙❉▲❴❚❚❋✱ ♣❛r❛
❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❡s ♣r❡❞❡✜♥✐❞❛s q✉❡ ♠✉❡str❡♥ ✉♥❛ ❢r❛s❡ ❡♥ ❝✐❡rt❛s ❝♦♦r❞❡♥❛❞❛s ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛✳

▲♦ ♣♦❞rí❛♠♦s ❤❛❝❡r ✳❛ ♠❛♥♦✧✿ ♣r❡♣❛r❛r ✉♥❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♥ q✉❡ t❡♥❣❛ ❧❛s ❧❡tr❛s ❛ ♠♦str❛r ✭♦ ✉♥❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♥
♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ❧❡tr❛✮✱ ② tr❛t❛r❧❛s ❝♦♠♦ s✐ ❢✉❡r❛♥ ✐♠á❣❡♥❡s✳ P♦❞❡♠♦s ❝r❡❛r ♥✉❡str❛s ♣r♦♣✐❛s ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❡s
♣❛r❛ ❡s❝r✐❜✐r ❝✉❛❧q✉✐❡r t❡①t♦✳ ❈♦♠❡♥③❛♠♦s ♣♦r ✉♥❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ❡s❝r✐❜✐r▲❡tr❛✭✐♥t ①✱ ✐♥t ②✱
❝❤❛r ❧❡tr❛✮✱ ② ❛♣♦②á♥❞♦♥♦s ❡♥ ❡❧❧❛✱ ❝r❡❛ ♦tr❛ ❡s❝r✐❜✐r❋r❛s❡✭✐♥t ①✱ ✐♥t ②✱ ❝❤❛r ✯❢r❛s❡✮✳
❙✐ q✉❡r❡♠♦s q✉❡ ♥✉❡str♦ ❥✉❡❣♦ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❡ ❡♥ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❛✱ ❧♦s ❝❛♠❜✐♦s s♦♥ ♠í♥✐♠♦s✿ ❛ñ❛❞❡
❙❉▲❴❋❯▲▲❙❈❘❊❊◆ ❛ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ ❞❡ ♣❛rá♠❡tr♦s q✉❡ ✐♥❞✐❝❛♠♦s ❛❧ s❡❧❡❝❝✐♦♥❛r ❡❧ ♠♦❞♦ ❞❡ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛✳
❊st♦s ♣❛rá♠❡tr♦s s❡ ✐♥❞✐❝❛♥ s❡♣❛r❛❞♦s ♣♦r ✉♥❛ ❜❛rr❛ ✈❡rt✐❝❛❧ ✭⑤✮✱ ♣♦rq✉❡ ❡♥tr❡ ❡❧❧♦s s❡ ✈❛ ❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛r
✉♥❛ ♦♣❡r❛❝✐ó♥ ❖❘ ✭s✉♠❛ ❧ó❣✐❝❛✮ ❛ ♥✐✈❡❧ ❞❡ ❜✐t✿

✶ s❝r❡❡♥ ❂ ❙❉▲❴❙❡t❱✐❞❡♦▼♦❞❡ ✭ ✻✹✵ ✱ ✹✽✵ ✱ ✶✻ ✱ ❙❉▲❴❋❯▲▲❙❈❘❊❊◆ ⑤

❙❉▲❴❍❲❙❯❘❋❆❈❊ ✮❀

✶✸✳✼✳✻✳✶✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦s ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦s

✶✳ ❆♠♣❧í❛ ❡❧ ❡❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r✱ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ❧❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♥ ❞❡ ❧❛ ♥❛✈❡ ❡s♣❛❝✐❛❧ t❡♥❣❛ ❡❧ ❝♦♥t♦r♥♦
tr❛♥s♣❛r❡♥t❡ ✭② ❛❧❣✉♥❛ ③♦♥❛ ✐♥t❡r✐♦r✮✳

✷✳ ❈r❡❛ ✉♥❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♥ q✉❡ ❝♦♥t❡♥❣❛ ✈❛r✐❛s ❧❡tr❛s ✭❛❧ ♠❡♥♦s ❍✱ ❖✱ ▲✱ ❆✮✱ ② ús❛❧❛ ♣❛r❛ ❡s❝r✐❜✐r ❧❛s
❢r❛s❡s ❍❖▲❆ ② ❖❍ ❡♥ ♠♦❞♦ ❣rá✜❝♦ ❝♦♥ ❙❉▲✳

✶✸✳✼✳✼✳ ❉♦❜❧❡ ❜✉✛❡r

❙✐ ✐♥t❡♥t❛s ♠♦✈❡r ✈❛r✐❛s ✐♠á❣❡♥❡s ❛ ❧❛ ✈❡③ ❡♥ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛✱ ❡s ♣r♦❜❛❜❧❡ q✉❡ ❡❧ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ♣❛r♣❛❞❡❡✳

❊❧ ♠♦t✐✈♦ ❡s q✉❡ ♠❛♥❞❛♠♦s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥ ❛ ❧❛ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛ ❡♥ ❞✐st✐♥t♦s ✐♥st❛♥t❡s✱ ♣♦r ❧♦ q✉❡ ❡♥ ❛❧❣✉♥♦
❞❡ ❧♦s ❜❧♦q✉❡s ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥ ❧❧❡❣✉❡ ❡♥ ✉♥ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ q✉❡ ♥♦ ❝♦✐♥❝✐❞❛ ❝♦♥ ❡❧ ❜❛rr✐❞♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛
✭❡❧ ♠♦✈✐♠✐❡♥t♦ ❞❡❧ ❤❛③ ❞❡ ❡❧❡❝tr♦♥❡s q✉❡ r❡❞✐❜✉❥❛ ❧❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥ q✉❡ ✈❡♠♦s✮✳

✷✽✼
❯♥❛ s♦❧✉❝✐ó♥ ❤❛❜✐t✉❛❧ ❡s ♣r❡♣❛r❛r ❧❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥✱ tr♦③♦ ❛ tr♦③♦✱ ❡♥ ✉♥❛ ✑✐♠❛❣❡♥ ♦❝✉❧t❛✑✱ ② só❧♦
✈♦❧❝❛r ❛ ❧❛ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛ ✈✐s✐❜❧❡ ❝✉❛♥❞♦ ❧❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♥ ❡stá t♦t❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♣r❡♣❛r❛❞❛✳ ❊st❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ❡s ❧❛ q✉❡
s❡ ❝♦♥♦❝❡ ❝♦♠♦ ✑✉s❛r ✉♥ ❞♦❜❧❡ ❜✉✛❡r✑✳

❊❧ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ♣❛s♦ ❡s s✐♥❝r♦♥✐③❛r ❝♦♥ ❡❧ ❜❛rr✐❞♦✱ ❛❧❣♦ q✉❡ ❡♥ ❧❛ ♠❛②♦rí❛ ❞❡ ❜✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛s ❤❛❝❡ ✉♥❛
❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ❧❧❛♠❛❞❛ ✑r❡tr❛❝❡✑ ♦ ✑s②♥❝✑✱ ② q✉❡ ❡♥ ❙❉▲ s❡ ❤❛❝❡ ❛✉t♦♠át✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝✉❛♥❞♦ ✈♦❧❝❛♠♦s ❧❛
✐♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥ ❝♦♥ ✑❙❉▲❴❋❧✐♣✑✳

❨❛ ❡♥ ❧❛ ♣rá❝t✐❝❛✱ ❡♥ ❙❉▲✱ ❝♦♠❡♥③❛♠♦s ♣♦r ❛ñ❛❞✐r ❡❧ ♣❛rá♠❡tr♦ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞✐❡♥t❡ ✭❙❉▲❴❉❖❯❇▲❊❇❯❋✮

❝✉❛♥❞♦ ❡♥tr❛♠♦s ❛ ♠♦❞♦ ❣rá✜❝♦✿

✶ s❝r❡❡♥ ❂ ❙❉▲❴❙❡t❱✐❞❡♦▼♦❞❡ ✭ ✻✹✵ ✱ ✹✽✵ ✱ ✶✻ ✱ ❙❉▲❴❍❲❙❯❘❋❆❈❊ ⑤

❙❉▲❴❉❖❯❇▲❊❇❯❋ ✮❀
❆ ❧❛ ❤♦r❛ ❞❡ ❞✐❜✉❥❛r✱ ♥♦ ❧♦ ❤❛❝❡♠♦s ❞✐r❡❝t❛♠❡♥t❡ s♦❜r❡ ✑s❝r❡❡♥✑✱ s✐♥♦ s♦❜r❡ ✉♥❛ s✉♣❡r✜❝✐❡ ✭✑s✉r✲
❢❛❝❡✑✮ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛r✳ ❈✉❛♥❞♦ ❡st❛ s✉♣❡r✜❝✐❡ ❡stá ❧✐st❛✱ ✈♦❧❝❛♠♦s ❧❛ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛✱ ❛sí✿

✶ ❙❉▲❴❇❧✐t❙✉r❢❛❝❡ ✭ ❢♦♥❞♦ ✱ ◆❯▲▲ ✱ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛❖❝✉❧t❛ ✱ ✫ ❞❡st✐♥♦ ✮❀

✷
✸ ❙❉▲❴❇❧✐t❙✉r❢❛❝❡ ✭ ♣r♦t❛❣♦♥✐st❛ ✱ ◆❯▲▲ ✱ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛❖❝✉❧t❛ ✱ ✫
❞❡st✐♥♦ ✮❀
✹
✺ ✳✳✳
✻
✼ ❙❉▲❴❇❧✐t❙✉r❢❛❝❡ ✭ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛❖❝✉❧t❛ ✱ ◆❯▲▲ ✱ s❝r❡❡♥ ✱ ✫ ❞❡st✐♥♦ ✮❀
✽
✾ ❙❉▲❴❋❧✐♣ ✭ s❝r❡❡♥ ✮❀
❙ó❧♦ q✉❡❞❛ ✉♥ ❞❡t❛❧❧❡✿ ➽❝ó♠♦ r❡s❡r✈❛♠♦s ❡s♣❛❝✐♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡s❛ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛ ♦❝✉❧t❛✑

❙✐ ❧❛ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛ ♦❝✉❧t❛ ❡s ❞❡❧ ♠✐s♠♦ t❛♠❛ñ♦ q✉❡ ♥✉❡str♦ ❢♦♥❞♦ ♦ q✉❡ ❛❧❣✉♥❛ ♦tr❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♥✱ ❜❛st❛ ❝♦♥
❝❛r❣❛r ❧❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♥ ✿

✶ ❢♦♥❞♦ ❂ ❙❉▲❴▲♦❛❞❇▼P ✭ ✧ ❢♦♥❞♦ ✳ ❜♠♣ ✧ ✮ ❀

❙✐ ♥♦ ❡s ❡❧ ❝❛s♦ ✭♣♦rq✉❡ ❡❧ ❢♦♥❞♦ s❡ ❢♦r♠❡ r❡♣✐t✐❡♥❞♦ ✈❛r✐❛s ✐♠á❣❡♥❡s ❞❡ ♣❡q✉❡ñ♦ t❛♠❛ñ♦✮✱ ✉s❛♠♦s
✧❙❉▲❴❈r❡❛t❡❘●❇❙✉r❢❛❝❡✧✱ q✉❡ r❡s❡r✈❛ ❡❧ ❡s♣❛❝✐♦ ♣❛r❛ ✉♥❛ s✉♣❡r✜❝✐❡ ❞❡ ✉♥ ❝✐❡rt♦ t❛♠❛ñ♦ ② ❝♦♥
✉♥❛ ❝✐❡rt❛ ❝❛♥t✐❞❛❞ ❞❡ ❝♦❧♦r❡s✱ ❛sí✿

✶ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛❖❝✉❧t❛ ❂ ❙❉▲❴❈r❡❛t❡❘●❇❙✉r❢❛❝❡ ✭ ❙❉▲❴❙❲❙❯❘❋❆❈❊ ✱ ✻✹✵ ✱

✹✽✵ ✱ ✶✻ ✱ ✵ ✱ ✵ ✱ ✵ ✱ ✵ ✮❀
✭❡❧ ♣❛rá♠❡tr♦ ❙❉▲❴❙❲❙❯❘❋❆❈❊ ✐♥❞✐❝❛ q✉❡ ♥♦ s❡ tr❛❜❛❥❡ ❡♥ ♠❡♠♦r✐❛ ❢ís✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❧❛ t❛r❥❡t❛✱
s✐♥♦ ❡♥ ♠❡♠♦r✐❛ ❞❡❧ s✐st❡♠❛❀ ✻✹✵①✹✽✵ ❡s ❡❧ t❛♠❛ñ♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ s✉♣❡r✜❝✐❡❀ ✶✻ ❡s ❧❛ ❝❛♥t✐❞❛❞ ❞❡ ❝♦❧♦r
−16bpp = 655356colores−; ❧♦s ♦tr♦s 0, 0, 0, 0 s❡ r❡✜❡r❡♥ ❛ ❧❛ ❝❛♥t✐❞❛❞ ❞❡ r♦❥♦✱ ✈❡r❞❡✱ ❛③✉❧ ②
tr❛♥s♣❛r❡♥❝✐❛ ✲❛❧♣❤❛✲ ❞❡ ❧❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♥✮✳

✶✸✳✼✳✼✳✶✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦ ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦

✶✳ ❆♠♣❧í❛ ❡❧ ❡❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ♥❛✈❡✱ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ❡♠♣❧❡❡ ✉♥ ❞♦❜❧❡ ❜✉✛❡r q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❛ ❡✈✐t❛r ♣❛r♣❛❞❡♦s✳

✶✸✳✼✳✽✳ ❇✉❝❧❡ ❞❡ ❥✉❡❣♦ ✭❣❛♠❡ ❧♦♦♣✮

P❛r❛ ✉♥ ❥✉❡❣♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t♦✱ ❡s ❢r❡❝✉❡♥t❡ ♥♦ t❡♥❡r ❝❧❛r♦ ❝ó♠♦ ❞❡❜❡ s❡r ❧❛ ❡str✉❝t✉r❛ ❞❡❧ ❥✉❡❣♦✿
q✉é r❡♣❡t✐r ② ❝✉❛♥❞♦✳

✷✽✽
P✉❡s ❜✐❡♥✱ ❡♥ ✉♥ ❥✉❡❣♦ tí♣✐❝♦ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠♦s✿

❈♦s❛s q✉❡ ♥♦ s❡ r❡♣✐t❡♥✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❧❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧✐③❛❝✐ó♥ ♣❛r❛ ❡♥tr❛r ❛ ♠♦❞♦ ❣rá✜❝♦✱ ♦ ❧❛ ❧✐❜❡r❛❝✐ó♥
❞❡ r❡❝✉rs♦s ❛❧ ✜♥❛❧ ❞❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛✳

❈♦s❛s q✉❡ ♥♦ ❞❡❜❡♥ r❡♣❡t✐rs❡✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❧❛ ❧❡❝t✉r❛ ❞❡ ❧❛s ✐♠á❣❡♥❡s ❛ ✉s❛r ✭s✐ ♥♦ s♦♥ ♠✉② ❣r❛♥❞❡s✱
❜❛st❛ ❝♦♥ ❧❡❡r❧❛s ❛❧ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣✐♦ ② ♠❡♠♦r✐③❛r❧❛s✮✳

❈♦s❛s q✉❡ sí ❞❡❜❡♥ r❡♣❡t✐rs❡✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❞✐❜✉❥❛r ❡❧ ❢♦♥❞♦✱ ❝♦♠♣r♦❜❛r s✐ ❡❧ ✉s✉❛r✐♦ ❤❛ ♣r❡s✐♦♥❛❞♦
❛❧❣✉♥❛ t❡❝❧❛✱ ♠♦✈❡r ❧♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛ s✐ ♣r♦❝❡❞❡✱ ❡t❝✳

❊st❛ ♣❛rt❡ q✉❡ s❡ r❡♣✐t❡ ❡s ❧♦ q✉❡ s❡ s✉❡❧❡ ❧❧❛♠❛r ❡❧ ✑❜✉❝❧❡ ❞❡ ❥✉❡❣♦✑ ✭✑❣❛♠❡ ❧♦♦♣✑✮✳ ❙✉ ❛♣❛r✐❡♥❝✐❛
❡①❛❝t❛ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❥✉❡❣♦✱ ♣❡r♦ ❡♥ ❧❛ ♠❛②♦rí❛ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠♦s✿

✶ ■♥✐❝✐❛❧✐③❛r
✷ ▼✐❡♥tr❛s ✭ ♣❛rt✐❞❛ ❡♥ ♠❛r❝❤❛ ✮
✸ ❈♦♠♣r♦❜❛r s✉❝❡s♦s ✭ t❡❝❧❛s ✴ r❛t ó♥ ✴ ❥♦②st✐❝❦ ✮
✹ ❉✐❜✉❥❛r ❢♦♥❞♦ ✭ ❡♥ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛ ♦❝✉❧t❛ ✮
✺ ❆❝t✉❛❧✐③❛r ♣♦s✐❝✐ ó♥ ❞❡ ♣❡rs♦♥❛❥❡s ✭ ❡♥ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛ ♦❝✉❧t❛ ✮
✻ ❈♦♠♣r♦❜❛r ❝♦❧✐s✐♦♥❡s ② ♦tr❛s s✐t✉❛❝✐♦♥❡s ❞❡❧ ❥✉❡❣♦
✼ ❈♦rr❡❣✐r ♣❡rs♦♥❛❥❡s s❡❣ ú♥ ❧❛ s✐t✉❛❝✐ ó ♥
✽ ▼♦str❛r ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛ ♦❝✉❧t❛
✾ ❆t❡♥❞❡r ❛ s✐t✉❛❝✐♦♥❡s ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧❡s ✭ ✉♥❛ ✈✐❞❛ ♠❡♥♦s ✱ ❡t❝ ✮
✶✵ ❋✐♥ ▼✐❡♥tr❛s
✶✶ ▲✐❜❡r❛r r❡❝✉rs♦s
❊❧ ♦r❞❡♥ ♥♦ t✐❡♥❡ ♣♦r q✉é s❡r ❡①❛❝t❛♠❡♥t❡ ést❡✱ ♣❡r♦ ❤❛❜✐t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡s ♣❛r❡❝✐❞♦✳ ❱❛♠♦s ❛ ❞❡t❛✲
❧❧❛r❧♦ ✉♥ ♣♦❝♦ ♠ás✿ ❆❧ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣✐♦ ❞❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛✱ ❧❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧✐③❛❝✐ó♥✱ q✉❡ ♥♦ s❡ r❡♣✐t❡✳

▼✐❡♥tr❛s ❧❛ ♣❛rt✐❞❛ ❡sté ❡♥ ♠❛r❝❤❛✱ ✉♥❛ ❞❡ ❧❛s ❝♦s❛s q✉❡ ❤❛r❡♠♦s ❡s ❝♦♠♣r♦❜❛r s✐ ❤❛② q✉❡ ❛t❡♥❞❡r
❛❧❣✉♥❛ ♦r❞❡♥ ❞❡❧ ✉s✉❛r✐♦✱ q✉❡ ❤❛②❛ ♣✉❧s❛❞♦ ✉♥❛ t❡❝❧❛ ♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ s✉ r❛tó♥ ♦ ❥♦②st✐❝❦✴❣❛♠❡♣❛❞
♣❛r❛ ✐♥❞✐❝❛r ❛❧❣✉♥❛ ❛❝❝✐ó♥ ❞❡❧ ❥✉❡❣♦✳

❖tr❛ ❞❡ ❧❛s ❝♦s❛s ❡s ✑❝♦♠♣♦♥❡r✑ ❧❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♥ ❞❡❧ ❥✉❡❣♦ ✭❢♦♥❞♦ ✰ ♣❡rs♦♥❛❥❡s✮✱ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡♥ ♣❛♥✲
t❛❧❧❛ ♦❝✉❧t❛✱ ♣❛r❛ ❡✈✐t❛r ♣❛r♣❛❞❡♦s✳

◆♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛♥t❡s ❞❡ ❞✐❜✉❥❛r ✭✐♥❝❧✉s♦ ❛♥t❡s ❞❡❧ ♣❛s♦ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r✮ ❡s ❝♦♠♣r♦❜❛r s✐ ❤❛ ❤❛❜✐❞♦ ❛❧❣✉♥❛
❝♦❧✐s✐ó♥ ✉ ♦tr❛ s✐t✉❛❝✐ó♥ q✉❡ ❛t❡♥❞❡r✳ P♦r ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦✱ s✐ ✉♥ ❞✐s♣❛r♦ ❡♥❡♠✐❣♦ ❤❛ ❝❤♦❝❛❞♦ ❝♦♥ ♥✉❡str❛
♥❛✈❡✱ ♥♦ ❞❡❜❡♠♦s ❞✐❜✉❥❛r ❧❛ ♥❛✈❡✱ s✐♥♦ ✉♥❛ ❡①♣❧♦s✐ó♥✳ ❖ q✉✐③á ♥✉❡str♦ ♣r♦t❛❣♦♥✐st❛ r❡❝♦❥❛ ✉♥
♦❜❥❡t♦ ② ❝❛♠❜✐❡ s✉ ❛♣❛r✐❡♥❝✐❛✳

❈✉❛♥❞♦ ②❛ q✉❡❞❛ ❝❧❛r♦ ❝ó♠♦ ❞❡❜❡ s❡r ❧❛ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛✱ ❧❛ ❞✐❜✉❥❛♠♦s✳

❚❛♠❜✐é♥ ❤❛② s✐t✉❛❝✐♦♥❡s ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧❡s q✉❡ s❡ ♣✉❡❞❡♥ ❞❛r ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❧❛ ♣❛rt✐❞❛✱ ② q✉❡ s✉♣♦♥❡♥ ✐♥t❡✲
rr✉♣❝✐♦♥❡s ❞❡❧ ❜✉❝❧❡ ♥♦r♠❛❧ ❞❡ ❥✉❡❣♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❝✉❛♥❞♦ ❡❧ ✉s✉❛r✐♦ ♣r❡s✐♦♥❛ ❧❛ t❡❝❧❛ ❞❡ ♣❛✉s❛✱ ♦ ♣✐❞❡
❛②✉❞❛✱ ♦ ♣✐❡r❞❡ ✉♥❛ ✈✐❞❛✳

❋✐♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ r❡❝♦r❞❛r q✉❡ ❝✉❛♥❞♦ ❛❝❛❜❛ ❧❛ ♣❛rt✐❞❛✱ ❡♥ ❝❛s✐ ❝✉❛❧q✉✐❡r ❜✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛ ❞❡ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❡s q✉❡
✉s❡♠♦s ❞❡❜❡♠♦s ❧✐❜❡r❛r ❧♦s r❡❝✉rs♦s ✉s❛❞♦s ✭❡♥ ❙❉▲✱ ❝♦♥ ❙❉▲❴◗✉✐t✮✳

✶✸✳✼✳✽✳✶✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦s ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦s

✶✳ ❆♠♣❧í❛ ❡❧ ❡❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ♥❛✈❡✱ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ❡♠♣❧❡❡ t❡♥❣❛ ✉♥❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ✑❜✉❝❧❡Pr✐♥❝✐♣❛❧✑✱ q✉❡ s✐❣❛
❧❛ ❛♣❛r✐❡♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✉♥ ❜✉❝❧❡ ❞❡ ❥✉❡❣♦ ❝❧ás✐❝♦✱ ❧❧❛♠❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❡s ❝♦♥ ❧♦s ♥♦♠❜r❡s ✑❝♦♠♣r♦✲
❜❛r❚❡❝❧❛s✑✱ ✑❞✐❜✉❥❛r❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦s✑✱ ✑♠♦✈❡r❊str❡❧❧❛s✑✱ ✑♠♦str❛rP❛♥t❛❧❧❛❖❝✉❧t❛✑✳ ❊①✐st✐rá♥ ❛❧❣✉✲
♥❛s ❡str❡❧❧❛s✱ ❝✉②❛ ♣♦s✐❝✐ó♥ ❝❛♠❜✐❛ ❝✉❛♥❞♦ s❡ ❧❧❛♠❡ ❛ ✑♠♦✈❡r❊str❡❧❧❛s✑ ② q✉❡ s❡ ❞✐❜✉❥❛♥✱

✷✽✾
 ❥✉♥t♦ ❝♦♥ ❧♦s ❞❡♠ás ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s✱ ❛❧ ❧❧❛♠❛r ❛ ❡♥ ✧❞✐❜✉❥❛r❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦s✧✳ ❆❧ ✜♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ✑♣❛✲
s❛❞❛✑ ♣♦r ❡❧ ❜✉❝❧❡ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❤❛❜rá ✉♥❛ ♣❛✉s❛ ❞❡ ✷✵ ♠✐❧✐s❡❣✉♥❞♦s✱ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ❧❛ ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞ ❞❡❧
✧❥✉❡❣♦✧♥♦ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❛ ❞❡❧ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r ❞♦♥❞❡ s❡ ❡❥❡❝✉t❡✳

✷✳ ❆♠♣❧✐❛r ❡❧ ❡❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r✱ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ❡①✐st❛ ✉♥ ✑❡♥❡♠✐❣♦✑ q✉❡ s❡ ♠✉❡✈❛ ❞❡ ❧❛❞♦ ❛ ♦tr♦ ❞❡
❧❛ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛✳

✸✳ ❆♠♣❧✐❛r ❡❧ ❡❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r✱ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ❤❛②❛ ✷✵ ✑❡♥❡♠✐❣♦s✑ ✭✉♥ ❛rr❡❣❧♦✮ q✉❡ s❡ ♠✉❡✈❛♥ ❞❡
❧❛❞♦ ❛ ♦tr♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛✳

✹✳ ❆♠♣❧✐❛r ❡❧ ❡❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r✱ ♣❛r❛ ❛ñ❛❞✐r ❧❛ ♣♦s✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞ ❞❡ q✉❡ ♥✉❡str♦ ♣❡rs♦♥❛❥❡ ✑❞✐s♣❛r❡✑✳

✺✳ ❆♠♣❧✐❛r ❡❧ ❡❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r✱ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ s✐ ✉♥ ✑❞✐s♣❛r♦✑ t♦❝❛ ❛ ✉♥ ✑❡♥❡♠✐❣♦✑✱ ést❡ ❞❡❥❡ ❞❡
❞✐❜✉❥❛rs❡✳

✻✳ ❆♠♣❧✐❛r ❡❧ ❡❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r✱ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ❧❛ ♣❛rt✐❞❛ t❡r♠✐♥❡ s✐ ✉♥ ✑❡♥❡♠✐❣♦✑ t♦❝❛ ❛ ♥✉❡str♦
♣❡rs♦♥❛❥❡✳

✷✾✵
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶✹

❈❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❛✈❛♥③❛❞❛s ❞❡ ❈
✶✹✳✶✳ ❖♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❡s ❝♦♥ ❜✐ts

❈♦♥ ❡❧ ❧❡♥❣✉❛❥❡ ❈ r❡❛❧✐③❛♠♦s ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❡s ❡♥tr❡ ❜✐ts ❞❡ ❞♦s ♥ú♠❡r♦s ✭❆◆❉✱ ❖❘✱ ❳❖❘✱ ❡t❝✮✳
❱❡❛♠♦s q✉é s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♥❛ ❞❡ ❡s❛s ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❡s✳

❖♣❡r❛❝✐ó♥ ◗✉é ❤❛❝❡ ❊♥ ❈

❈♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✭♥♦t✮ ❈❛♠❜✐❛r ✵ ♣♦r ✶ ② ✈✐❝❡✲ ✶✶✵✵ ❂ ✵✵✶✶
✈❡rs❛
Pr♦❞✉❝t♦ ❧ó❣✐❝♦ ✭❛♥❞✮ ✶ só❧♦ s✐ ❧♦s ✷ ❜✐ts s♦♥ ✶ ✶✶✵✶ ✫ ✶✵✶✶ ❂ ✶✵✵✶
❙✉♠❛ ❧ó❣✐❝❛ ✭♦r✮ ✶ s✐ ✉♥♦ ❞❡ ❧♦s ❜✐ts ❡s ✶ ✶✶✵✶ ⑤ ✶✵✶✶ ❂ ✶✶✶✶
❙✉♠❛ ❡①❝❧✉s✐✈❛ ✭①♦r✮ ✶ só❧♦ s✐ ❧♦s ✷ ❜✐ts s♦♥ ✂
✶✶✵✶ ✶✵✶✶ ❂ ✵✶✶✵
❞✐st✐♥t♦s
❉❡s♣❧❛③❛♠✐❡♥t♦ ❛ ❧❛ ✐③✲ ❉❡s♣❧❛③❛ ② r❡❧❧❡♥❛ ❝♦♥ ✶✶✵✶ ✓✷ ❂ ✶✶✵✶✵✵
q✉✐❡r❞❛ ❝❡r♦s
❉❡s♣❧❛③❛♠✐❡♥t♦ ❛ ❧❛ ❞❡✲ ❉❡s♣❧❛③❛ ② r❡❧❧❡♥❛ ❝♦♥ ✶✶✵✶ ✔✷ ❂ ✵✵✶✶✵✶
r❡❝❤❛ ❝❡r♦s

❆❤♦r❛ ✈❛♠♦s ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛r❧♦ ❛ ✉♥ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t♦ ❡♥ ❈✿

✶ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ st❞✐♦ ✳❤ ❃
✷
✸ ✐♥t ♠❛✐♥ ✭✮ ④
✹ ✐♥t ❛ ❂ ✻✼❀
✺ ✐♥t ❜ ❂ ✸✸❀
✻
✼ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ▲❛ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ ❛ ✈❛❧❡ ✪❞❭ ♥✧ ✱ ❛✮ ❀
✽ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ② ❜ ✈❛❧❡ ✪❞ ❭♥✧ ✱ ❜✮ ❀
✾ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❊❧ ❝♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❛ ❡s ✿ ✪❞❭♥ ✧ ✱ ⑦ ❛✮❀
✶✵ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❊❧ ♣r♦❞✉❝t♦ ❧ ó ❣✐❝♦ ❞❡ ❛ ② ❜ ❡s ✿ ✪❞❭♥ ✧ ✱ ❛ ✫❜✮ ❀
✶✶ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❙✉ s✉♠❛ ❧ó ❣✐❝❛ ❡s ✿ ✪❞ ❭♥✧ ✱ ❛⑤ ❜✮❀
✶✷ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❙✉ s✉♠❛ ❧ó ❣✐❝❛ ❡①❝❧✉s✐✈❛ ❡s ✿ ✪❞ ❭♥✧ ✱ ❛❫ ❜✮❀
✶✸ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❉❡s♣❧❛❝❡♠♦s ❛ ❛ ❧❛ ✐③q✉✐❡r❞❛ ✿ ✪❞❭♥ ✧ ✱ ❛ ❁❁ ✶✮ ❀
✶✹ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❉❡s♣❧❛❝❡♠♦s ❛ ❛ ❧❛ ❞❡r❡❝❤❛ ✿ ✪❞❭ ♥✧ ✱ ❛ ❃❃ ✶✮ ❀
✶✺ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀

✷✾✶
✶✻ ⑥
▲❛ r❡s♣✉❡st❛ ❡s ❧❛ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡✿

▲❛ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ ❛ ✈❛❧❡ ✻✼

② ❜ ✈❛❧❡ ✸✸

❊❧ ❝♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❛ ❡s✿ ✲✻✽

❊❧ ♣r♦❞✉❝t♦ ❧ó❣✐❝♦ ❞❡ ❛ ② ❜ ❡s✿ ✶

❙✉ s✉♠❛ ❧ó❣✐❝❛ ❡s✿ ✾✾

❙✉ s✉♠❛ ❧ó❣✐❝❛ ❡①❝❧✉s✐✈❛ ❡s✿ ✾✽

❉❡s♣❧❛❝❡♠♦s ❛ ❛ ❧❛ ✐③q✉✐❡r❞❛✿ ✶✸✹

❉❡s♣❧❛❝❡♠♦s ❛ ❛ ❧❛ ❞❡r❡❝❤❛✿ ✸✸

P❛r❛ ❝♦♠♣r♦❜❛r q✉❡ ❡s ❝♦rr❡❝t♦✱ ❝♦♥✈❡rt✐♠♦s ❛❧ s✐st❡♠❛ ❜✐♥❛r✐♦ ❡s♦s ❞♦s ♥ú♠❡r♦s ② s❡❣✉✐♠♦s ❧❛s
♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❡s ♣❛s♦ ❛ ♣❛s♦✿

✶ ✻✼ ❂ ✵✶✵✵ ✵✵✶✶
✷ ✸✸ ❂ ✵✵✶✵ ✵✵✵✶
❊♥ ♣r✐♠❡r ❧✉❣❛r ❝♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛♠♦s ✑❛✑✱ ❝❛♠❜✐❛♥❞♦ ❧♦s ❝❡r♦s ♣♦r ✉♥♦s✿

✶ ✶✵✶✶ ✶✶✵✵ ❂ ✲✻✽

❉❡s♣✉és✱ ❤❛❝❡♠♦s ❡❧ ♣r♦❞✉❝t♦ ❧ó❣✐❝♦ ❞❡ ❆ ② ❇✱ ♠✉❧t✐♣❧✐❝❛♥❞♦ ❝❛❞❛ ❜✐t✱ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ q✉❡ ✶✯✶ ❂ ✶✱
✶✯✵ ❂ ✵✱ ✵✯✵ ❂ ✵

✶ ✵✵✵✵ ✵✵✵✶ ❂ ✶
❍❛❝❡♠♦s s✉ s✉♠❛ ❧ó❣✐❝❛✱ s✉♠❛♥❞♦ ❝❛❞❛ ❜✐t✱ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ q✉❡✿

✶ ✶✰✶ ❂ ✶✱ ✶✰✵ ❂ ✶✱ ✵✰✵ ❂ ✵

✷ ✵✶✶✵ ✵✵✶✶ ❂ ✾✾
▲❛ s✉♠❛ ❧ó❣✐❝❛ ❡①❝❧✉s✐✈❛ ❞❡✈✉❡❧✈❡ ✉♥ ✶ ❝✉❛♥❞♦ ❧♦s ❞♦s ❜✐ts s♦♥ ❞✐st✐♥t♦s✿ ✶❫✶ ❂ ✵✱ ✶❫✵ ❂ ✶✱ ✵❫✵
❂ ✵

✶ ✵✶✶✵ ✵✵✶✵ ❂ ✾✽
❉❡s♣❧❛③❛r ❧♦s ❜✐ts ✉♥❛ ♣♦s✐❝✐ó♥ ❛ ❧❛ ✐③q✉✐❡r❞❛ ❡s ❝♦♠♦ ♠✉❧t✐♣❧✐❝❛r ♣♦r ❞♦s✿

✶ ✶✵✵✵ ✵✶✶✵ ❂ ✶✸✹

❉❡s♣❧❛③❛r ❧♦s ❜✐ts ✉♥❛ ♣♦s✐❝✐ó♥ ❛ ❧❛ ❞❡r❡❝❤❛ ❡s ❝♦♠♦ ❞✐✈✐❞✐r ❡♥tr❡ ❞♦s✿

✶ ✵✵✶✵ ✵✵✵✶ ❂ ✸✸
➽◗✉é ✉t✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s t✐❡♥❡ ❡st♦❄ P♦s✐❜❧❡♠❡♥t❡✱ ♠ás ❞❡ ❧❛s q✉❡ ♣❛r❡❝❡ ❛ ♣r✐♠❡r❛ ✈✐st❛✳ ❉❡s♣❧❛③❛r ❛
❧❛ ✐③q✉✐❡r❞❛ ❡s ✉♥❛ ❢♦r♠❛ rá♣✐❞❛ ❞❡ ♠✉❧t✐♣❧✐❝❛r ♣♦r ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ ❞♦s❀ ❞❡s♣❧❛③❛r ❛ ❧❛ ❞❡r❡❝❤❛ ❡s
❞✐✈✐❞✐r ♣♦r ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ ❞♦s❀ ❧❛ s✉♠❛ ❧ó❣✐❝❛ ❡①❝❧✉s✐✈❛ ✭①♦r r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ♣♦r ❫✮ ❡s ✉♥ ♠ét♦❞♦
rá♣✐❞♦ ② s❡♥❝✐❧❧♦ ❞❡ ❝✐❢r❛r ♠❡♥s❛❥❡s❀ ❡❧ ♣r♦❞✉❝t♦ ❧ó❣✐❝♦ ♥♦s ♦❜❧✐❣❛ ❛ q✉❡ ❝✐❡rt♦s ❜✐ts s❡❛♥ ✵ ✭❛❧❣♦
♣❛r❛ ❝♦♠♣r♦❜❛r ♠ás❝❛r❛s ❞❡ r❡❞✮❀ ❧❛ s✉♠❛ ❧ó❣✐❝❛✱ ♣♦r ❡❧ ❝♦♥tr❛r✐♦✱ ♦❜❧✐❣❛ ❛ q✉❡ ❝✐❡rt♦s ❜✐ts s❡❛♥
✶✳

P♦r ú❧t✐♠♦✿ ✐❣✉❛❧ q✉❡ ❝♦♥ ❧❛s ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❡s ❛❜r❡✈✐❛❞❛s ❝♦♠♦✿

✶ ① ✰❂ ✷❀
t❛♠❜✐é♥ ❤❛❝❡♠♦s ❝♦s❛s ❝♦♠♦✿

✷✾✷
 ✶ ① ❁❁❂ ✷❀
✷ ① ✫❂ ✷❀
✸ ① ⑤❂ ✷❀
✹ ✳✳✳

✶✹✳✶✳✶✳ ❉✐r❡❝t✐✈❛s ❞❡❧ ♣r❡♣r♦❝❡s❛❞♦r

❉❡s❞❡ ❡❧ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣✐♦ ♠❛♥❡❥❛♠♦s ❝♦s❛s ❝♦♠♦✿

✶ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ st❞✐♦ ✳❤ ❃
❨ ❛q✉í ❤❛② q✉❡ ❝♦♠❡♥t❛r ❜❛st❛♥t❡ ♠ás ❞❡ ❧♦ q✉❡ ♣❛r❡❝❡✳ ❊s❡ ✑✐♥❝❧✉❞❡✑ ♥♦ ❡s ✉♥❛ ♦r❞❡♥ ❞❡❧
❧❡♥❣✉❛❥❡ ❈✱ s✐♥♦ ✉♥❛ ♦r❞❡♥ ❞✐r❡❝t❛ ❛❧ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦r ✭✉♥❛ ✑❞✐r❡❝t✐✈❛✑✮✳ ❘❡❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡s ✉♥❛ ♦r❞❡♥ ❛
✉♥❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❡❧ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦r ❧❧❛♠❛❞❛ ✑♣r❡♣r♦❝❡s❛❞♦r✑✳ ❊st❛s ❞✐r❡❝t✐✈❛s ✐♥❞✐❝❛♥ ✉♥❛ s❡r✐❡ ❞❡ ♣❛s♦s ❛
❡❥❡❝✉t❛r ❛♥t❡s ❞❡ ❡♠♣❡③❛r ❛ tr❛❞✉❝✐r ♥✉❡str♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❢✉❡♥t❡✳

❆✉♥q✉❡ ✑✐♥❝❧✉❞❡✑ ❞✐r❡❝t✐✈❛ q✉❡ ❝♦♥♦❝❡♠♦s✱ ✈❛♠♦s ❛ ❝♦♠❡♥③❛r ♣♦r ♦tr❛ ♠ás s❡♥❝✐❧❧❛✱ ② q✉❡ r❡s✉❧t❛
út✐❧ ❝✉❛♥❞♦ ❧❧❡❣✉❡♠♦s ❛ ést❛✳

✶✹✳✶✳✶✳✶✳ ❈♦♥st❛♥t❡s s✐♠❜ó❧✐❝❛s

▲❛ ❞✐r❡❝t✐✈❛✿

✶ ★ ❞❡❢✐♥❡
❝r❡❛ ✑❝♦♥st❛♥t❡s s✐♠❜ó❧✐❝❛s✑✳ P❛r❛ ✉♥❛ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡ ❤❛❝❡♠♦s✿

✶ ★ ❞❡❢✐♥❡ ▼❆❳■◆❚❊◆❚❖❙ ✶✵
② ❡♥ ♥✉❡str♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❧♦ ✉s❛♠♦s ❝♦♠♦ ❝✉❛❧q✉✐❡r ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ ♦ ✈❛❧♦r✿

✶ ✐❢ ✭ ✐♥t❡♥t♦❆❝t✉❛❧ ❃❂ ▼❆❳■◆❚❊◆❚❖❙ ✮ ✳✳✳

❊❧ ♣r✐♠❡r ♣❛s♦ q✉❡ ❤❛❝❡ ♥✉❡str♦ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦r ❡s r❡❡♠♣❧❛③❛r ❡s❛ ✑❢❛❧s❛ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡✑ ♣♦r s✉ ✈❛❧♦r✱ ❞❡
♠♦❞♦ q✉❡ ❧❛ ♦r❞❡♥ ❛ ❛♥❛❧✐③❛r ❡s✿

✶ ✐❢ ✭ ✐♥t❡♥t♦❆❝t✉❛❧ ❃❂ ✶✵✮ ✳✳✳

t❡♥❡♠♦s ❡❧ ✈❛❧♦r ♥✉♠ér✐❝♦ só❧♦ ❛❧ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣✐♦ ❞❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛✱ ♣♦r ❧♦ q✉❡ ❡s ❢á❝✐❧ ❞❡ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛r✱ ♠✉❝❤♦
♠ás q✉❡ s✐ t✉✈✐ér❛♠♦s q✉❡ r❡✈✐s❛r ❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❡♥t❡r♦ ❜✉s❝❛♥❞♦ ❞ó♥❞❡ ❛♣❛r❡❝❡ ❡s❡ ✶✵✳

❈♦♠♣❛r❛❞♦ ❝♦♥ ❧❛s ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡s ✑❞❡ ✈❡r❞❛❞✑✱ q✉❡ ②❛ ♠❛♥❡❥❛♠♦s ✭constintM AXIN T EN T OS =
10;✮✱ ❧❛s ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡s s✐♠❜ó❧✐❝❛s t✐❡♥❡♥ ❧❛ ✈❡♥t❛❥❛ ❞❡ q✉❡ ♥♦ s♦♥ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s✱ ♣♦r ❧♦ q✉❡ ♥♦ s❡ ❧❡s
r❡s❡r✈❛ ♠❡♠♦r✐❛ ❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧ ② ❧❛s ❝♦♠♣❛r❛❝✐♦♥❡s ② ❞❡♠ás ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❡s s♦♥ rá♣✐❞❛s q✉❡ ❡♥ ❡❧ ❝❛s♦
❞❡ ✉♥ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡✳

❱❡❛♠♦s ✉♥ ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t♦✱ q✉❡ ♣✐❞❛ ✈❛r✐♦s ♥ú♠❡r♦s ② ♠✉❡str❡ s✉ s✉♠❛ ② ♠❡❞✐❛ ❛r✐t♠ét✐❝❛✿

✶ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ st❞✐♦ ✳❤ ❃
✷
✸ ★ ❞❡❢✐♥❡ ❈❆◆❚■❉❆❉◆❯▼❊❘❖❙ ✺
✹
✺ ✐♥t ♠❛✐♥ ✭✮ ④
✻ ✐♥t ♥✉♠❡r♦ ❬ ❈❆◆❚■❉❆❉◆❯▼❊❘❖❙ ❪❀
✼ ✐♥t s✉♠❛ ❂✵❀
✽ ✐♥t ✐ ❀

✷✾✸
 ✾
✶✵ ❢♦r ✭ ✐ ❂✵❀ ✐ ❁ ❈❆◆❚■❉❆❉◆❯▼❊❘❖❙ ❀ ✐ ✰✰✮ ④
✶✶ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ■♥tr♦❞✉③❝❛ ❡❧ ❞❛t♦ ♥ú ♠❡r♦ ✪❞ ✿ ✧ ✱ ✐ ✰✶✮ ❀
✶✷ s❝❛♥❢ ✭✧ ✪❞✧ ✱ ✫ ♥✉♠❡r♦ ❬ ✐ ❪✮ ❀
✶✸ ⑥
✶✹
✶✺ ❢♦r ✭ ✐ ❂✵❀ ✐ ❁ ❈❆◆❚■❉❆❉◆❯▼❊❘❖❙ ❀ ✐ ✰✰✮
✶✻ s✉♠❛ ✰❂ ♥✉♠❡r♦ ❬✐ ❪❀
✶✼
✶✽ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❙✉ s✉♠❛ ❡s ✪❞❭ ♥✧ ✱ s✉♠❛ ✮❀
✶✾ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❙✉ ♠❡❞✐❛ ❡s ✪✹✳✷ ❢❭ ♥✧ ✱ ✭ ❢❧♦❛t ✮ s✉♠❛ ✴ ❈❆◆❚■❉❆❉◆❯▼❊❘❖❙ ✮❀
✷✵
✷✶ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✷✷ ⑥
▲❛s ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡s s✐♠❜ó❧✐❝❛s s❡ ❡s❝r✐❜❡♥ ❡♥ ♠❛②ús❝✉❧❛ ♣♦r ❝♦♥✈❡♥✐♦✱ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ s❡❛♥ ❢á❝✐❧❡s ❞❡ ❧♦❝❛✲
❧✐③❛r✳ ❉❡ ❤❡❝❤♦✱ ❤❡♠♦s ♠❛♥❡❥❛❞♦ ❤❛st❛ ❛❤♦r❛ ♠✉❝❤❛s ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡s s✐♠❜ó❧✐❝❛s s✐♥ s❛❜❡r❧♦✳ ▲❛ ♠ás
❡♠♣❧❡❛❞❛ ❤❛ s✐❞♦ ◆❯▲▲✱ q✉❡ ❡s ❧♦ ♠✐s♠♦ q✉❡ ✉♥ ✵✱ ❡stá ❞❡❝❧❛r❛❞❛ ❛sí✿

✶ ★ ❞❡❢✐♥❡ ◆❯▲▲ ✵
P❡r♦ t❛♠❜✐é♥ ❡♥ ❝❛s♦s ❝♦♠♦ ❧❛ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛ ❡♥ ♠♦❞♦ t❡①t♦ ❝♦♥ ❚✉r❜♦ ❈ ❛♣❛r❡❝❡♥ ♦tr❛s ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡s
s✐♠❜ó❧✐❝❛s✱ ❝♦♠♦✿

✶ ★ ❞❡❢✐♥❡ ❇▲❯❊ ✶
✷ ★ ❞❡❢✐♥❡ ❨❊▲▲❖❲ ✶✹
❨ ❛❧ ❛❝❝❡❞❡r ❛ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦s t❡♥❡♠♦s ♦tr❛s ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡s s✐♠❜ó❧✐❝❛s ❝♦♠♦ ❙❊❊❑❴❙❊❚ ✭✵✮✱ ❙❊❊❑❴❈❯❘
✭✶✮✱ ❙❊❊❑❴❊◆❉ ✭✷✮✳

❆ ✑❞❡✜♥❡✑ t❛♠❜✐é♥ s❡ ❧❡ ❞❛ ✉♥ ✉s♦ ♠ás ❛✈❛♥③❛❞♦✿ s❡ ❝r❡❛♥ ✑♠❛❝r♦s✑✱ q✉❡ ❡♥ ✈❡③ ❞❡ ❧✐♠✐t❛r ✉♥ ✈❛❧♦r
❛ ✉♥❛ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ s❡ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❡q✉❡ñ❛s ór❞❡♥❡s✱ ♠ás rá♣✐❞❛s q✉❡ ✉♥❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥✳ ❯♥ ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦ ❡s✿

✶ ★ ❞❡❢✐♥❡ ❙❯▼❆ ✭① ✱ ②✮ ① ✰②
❱❛♠♦s ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛r❧♦ ❡♥✿

✶ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ st❞✐♦ ✳❤ ❃
✷
✸ ★ ❞❡❢✐♥❡ ❙❯▼❆ ✭① ✱ ②✮ ① ✰②
✹
✺ ✐♥t ♠❛✐♥ ✭✮ ④
✻ ✐♥t ♥✶ ✱ ♥✷ ❀
✼
✽ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ■♥tr♦❞✉③❝❛ ❡❧ ♣r✐♠❡r ❞❛t♦ ✿ ✧✮❀
✾ s❝❛♥❢ ✭✧ ✪❞✧ ✱ ✫ ♥✶ ✮❀
✶✵
✶✶ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ■♥tr♦❞✉③❝❛ ❡❧ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❞❛t♦ ✿ ✧✮❀
✶✷ s❝❛♥❢ ✭✧ ✪❞✧ ✱ ✫ ♥✷ ✮❀
✶✸
✶✹ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❙✉ s✉♠❛ ❡s ✪❞❭♥ ✧ ✱ ❙❯▼❆ ✭♥✶ ✱ ♥✷ ✮✮❀
✶✺ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✶✻ ⑥

✷✾✹
✶✹✳✶✳✶✳✷✳ ■♥❝❧✉s✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦s

✶ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡
✿ ❨❛ ❝♦♥♦❝❡♠♦s ❡st❛ ❞✐r❡❝t✐✈❛✳ ❍❛❝❡ q✉❡ ♥✉❡str♦ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦r ❝♦♠♣r✉❡❜❡ ❧❛ s✐♥t❛①✐s ❞❡ ✉♥ ❝ó❞✐❣♦
❢✉❡♥t❡ ❡♥ ❈✱ ②❛ ♥♦ ❡①✐st❡ ❡s❡ ✑✐♥❝❧✉❞❡✑✱ s✐♥♦ q✉❡ ❡♥ s✉ ❧✉❣❛r ❡❧ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦r ❤❛ ✐♥s❡rt❛❞♦ ❧♦s ❛r❝❤✐✈♦s
✐♥❞✐❝❛❞♦s✳

➽❨ ❡s♦ ❞❡ ♣♦r q✉é s❡ ❡s❝r✐❜❡ ❁st❞✐♦✳❤❃✱ ❡♥tr❡ ❁② ❃❄ ◆♦ ❡s ❧❛ ú♥✐❝❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ✉s❛r✿

✶ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡
❊♥❝♦♥tr❛♠♦s ❧í♥❡❛s ❝♦♠♦✿

✶ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ st❞❧✐❜ ✳❤ ❃
② ❝♦♠♦

✶ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ✧ ♠✐s❞❛t♦s ✳❤✧

❊❧ ♣r✐♠❡r ❝❛s♦ ❡s ✉♥ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❜❡❝❡r❛ ❡stá♥❞❛r ❞❡❧ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦r✳ ▲♦ ✐♥❞✐❝❛♠♦s ❡♥tr❡ ❁② ❃②
❡❧ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦r s❛❜❡ q✉❡ t✐❡♥❡ q✉❡ ❜✉s❝❛r❧♦ ❡♥ s✉ ❞✐r❡❝t♦r✐♦ ❞❡ ✑✐♥❝❧✉❞❡s✑✳ ❊❧ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❝❛s♦ ❡s ✉♥
❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❜❡❝❡r❛ q✉❡ ❤❡♠♦s ❝r❡❛❞♦✱ ❧♦ ✐♥❞✐❝❛♠♦s ❡♥tr❡ ❝♦♠✐❧❧❛s✱ ② ❛sí ❡❧ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦r s❛❜❡ q✉❡
♥♦ ❞❡❜❡ ❜✉s❝❛r❧♦ ❡♥ s✉s ❞✐r❡❝t♦r✐♦s✱ s✐♥♦ ❡♥ ❡❧ ♠✐s♠♦ ❞✐r❡❝t♦r✐♦ ❞♦♥❞❡ ❡stá ♥✉❡str♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛✳

❱❡❛♠♦s✿ ❞❡❝❧❛r❛r❡♠♦s ✉♥❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ✑s✉♠❛✑ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ✉♥ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ✑✳❤✑ ② ❧♦ ✐♥❝❧✉✐♠♦s ❡♥ ♥✉❡str♦
❢✉❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r❧❛ s✐♥ ✈♦❧✈❡r ❛ ❞❡✜♥✐r❧❛✳ ❊❧ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❜❡❝❡r❛ ❡s✿

✶ ✐♥t s✉♠❛ ✭ ✐♥t ① ✱ ✐♥t ②✮ ④

✷ r❡t✉r♥ ①✰ ②❀
✸ ⑥
✭◆♦t❛✿ s✐ s♦♠♦s ♣✉r✐st❛s✱ ❡st♦ ♥♦ ❡s ❝♦rr❡❝t♦ ❞❡❧ t♦❞♦✳ ❯♥ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❜❡❝❡r❛ ♥♦
❞❡❜❡ ❝♦♥t❡♥❡r ❧♦s ❞❡t❛❧❧❡s ❞❡ ❧❛s ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❡s✱ só❧♦ s✉ ✑❝❛❜❡❝❡r❛✑✱ ❧♦ q✉❡ ❧❧❛♠❛♠♦s ❡❧
✑♣r♦t♦t✐♣♦✑✱ ② ❧❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ❞❡❜❡ ❡st❛r ❡♥ ♦tr♦ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦✱ ♣❡r♦ ❡s♦ ❧♦
❤❛❝❡♠♦s ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ♣♦❝♦✮✳

❯♥ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❢✉❡♥t❡ q✉❡ ✉s❡ ❡st❡ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❜❡❝❡r❛ ❡s✿

✶ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ st❞✐♦ ✳❤ ❃
✷ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ✧ ❝✵✾✻ ✳ ❤✧
✸
✹ ✐♥t ♠❛✐♥ ✭✮ ④
✺ ✐♥t ♥✶ ✱ ♥✷ ❀
✻
✼ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ■♥tr♦❞✉③❝❛ ❡❧ ♣r✐♠❡r ❞❛t♦ ✿ ✧✮❀
✽ s❝❛♥❢ ✭✧ ✪❞✧ ✱ ✫ ♥✶ ✮❀
✾
✶✵ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ■♥tr♦❞✉③❝❛ ❡❧ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❞❛t♦ ✿ ✧✮❀
✶✶ s❝❛♥❢ ✭✧ ✪❞✧ ✱ ✫ ♥✷ ✮ ❀
✶✷
✶✸ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❙✉ s✉♠❛ ❡s ✪❞❭ ♥✧ ✱ s✉♠❛ ✭♥✶ ✱ ♥✷ ✮✮❀
✶✹ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✶✺ ⑥

✷✾✺
✶✹✳✶✳✷✳ ❈♦♠♣✐❧❛❝✐ó♥ ❝♦♥❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧

✶ ★ ✐❢❞❡❢ ✱ ★ ❡♥❞✐❢
❍❡♠♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ★❞❡✜♥❡ ♣❛r❛ ❝r❡❛r ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡s s✐♠❜ó❧✐❝❛s✳ ❉❡s❞❡ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ♥✉❡str♦ ❢✉❡♥t❡✱ ❝♦♠✲
♣r♦❜❛♠♦s s✐ ❡stá ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛ ✉♥❛ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡✱ t❛♥t♦ s✐ ❤❛ s✐❞♦ ❝r❡❛❞❛ ♣♦r ♥♦s♦tr♦s ❝♦♠♦ s✐ ❧❛ ❤❛ ❝r❡❛❞♦
❡❧ s✐st❡♠❛✳
❈✉❛♥❞♦ q✉❡r❛♠♦s q✉❡ ♥✉❡str♦ ❢✉❡♥t❡ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❡ ❡♥ ✈❛r✐♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❞✐st✐♥t♦s✱ ❤❛❝❡♠♦s q✉❡ s❡ ❡❥❡✲
❝✉t❡♥ ✉♥❛s ór❞❡♥❡s ✉ ♦tr❛s s❡❣ú♥ ❞❡ q✉é ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦r s❡ tr❛t❡✱ ❡♠♣❧❡❛♥❞♦✿
✶ ❭★ ✐❢❞❡❢ ✭♦ ❭★ ✐❢ ✮
❛❧ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣✐♦ ❞❡❧ ❜❧♦q✉❡ ②
✶ ★ ❡♥❞✐❢
❛❧ ✜♥❛❧✳ P♦r ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦✱
✶ ★ ✐❢❞❡❢ ❴●❈❈❴
✷ ✐♥st❛♥t❡❋✐♥❛❧ ❂ ❝❧♦❝❦ ✭✮ ✰ s❡❣✉♥❞♦s ✯ ❈▲❖❈❑❙❴P❊❘❴❙❊❈ ❀
✸ ★ ❡♥❞✐❢
✹ ★ ✐❢❞❡❢ ❴❚❯❘❇❖❈❴
✺ ✐♥st❛♥t❡❋✐♥❛❧ ❂ ❝❧♦❝❦ ✭✮ ✰ s❡❣✉♥❞♦s ✯ ❈▲❑❴❚❈❑ ❀
✻ ★ ❡♥❞✐❢
▲♦s ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s q✉❡ ✉t✐❧✐❝❡♥ ❡st❛ ✐❞❡❛ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛♥ s✐♥ ❝❛♠❜✐♦s ❡♥ ❞✐st✐♥t♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ♦♣❡r❛t✐✈♦s ②✴♦
❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦r❡s✱ ② ❛sí ❡✈✐t❛♠♦s ❧❛s ✐♥❝♦♠♣❛t✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s q✉❡ ❡①✐st❛♥ ❡♥tr❡ ❡❧❧♦s ✭❛ ❝❛♠❜✐♦✱ ♥❡❝❡s✐t❛♠♦s
s❛❜❡r q✉é ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡s s✐♠❜ó❧✐❝❛s ❞❡✜♥❡ ❝❛❞❛ s✐st❡♠❛✮✳
❊st❛ ♠✐s♠❛ ✐❞❡❛ s❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛ ❛ ♥✉❡str♦s ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s✳ ❯♥♦ ❞❡ ❧♦s ✉s♦s ❢r❡❝✉❡♥t❡s ❡s ❤❛❝❡r q✉❡ ❝✐❡rt❛s
♣❛rt❡s ❞❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❡♥ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❧❛ ❢❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❡♣✉r❛❝✐ó♥✱ ♣❡r♦ ♥♦ ❝✉❛♥❞♦ t❡r♠✐♥❡✳
❙♦❧✐❝✐t❡♠♦s q✉❡ ✉♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ♥♦s ♠✉❡str❡ ❡❧ ✈❛❧♦r t❡♠♣♦r❛❧ ❞❡ ❧❛ s✉♠❛ ② ♥♦s ❛②✉❞❡ ❛ ❞❡s❝✉❜r✐r
❡rr♦r❡s✿
✭✕ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ♥♦ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦ ✕✮
❊st❡ ❢✉❡♥t❡ t✐❡♥❡ ✐♥t❡♥❝✐♦♥❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ✉♥ ❡rr♦r✿ ♥♦ ❤❡♠♦s ❞❛❞♦ ✉♥ ✈❛❧♦r ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ❛ ❧❛ s✉♠❛✱ ❝♦♥
❧♦ q✉❡ ❝♦♥t✐❡♥❡ ❜❛s✉r❛✱ ② ♦❜t❡♥❡♠♦s ✉♥ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ✐♥❝♦rr❡❝t♦✳

❊❧ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ♥✉❡str♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❡s✿

■♥tr♦❞✉③❝❛ ❡❧ ❞❛t♦ ♥✉♠❡r♦ ✶✿ ✷
■♥tr♦❞✉③❝❛ ❡❧ ❞❛t♦ ♥✉♠❡r♦ ✷✿ ✸
■♥tr♦❞✉③❝❛ ❡❧ ❞❛t♦ ♥✉♠❡r♦ ✸✿ ✹
■♥tr♦❞✉③❝❛ ❡❧ ❞❛t♦ ♥✉♠❡r♦ ✹✿ ✺
■♥tr♦❞✉③❝❛ ❡❧ ❞❛t♦ ♥✉♠❡r♦ ✺✿ ✼
❱❛❧♦r ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❞❡ ❧❛ s✉♠❛✿ ✷✵✵✾✵✺✺✾✼✶
❱❛❧♦r ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❞❡ ❧❛ s✉♠❛✿ ✷✵✵✾✵✺✺✾✼✸
❱❛❧♦r ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❞❡ ❧❛ s✉♠❛✿ ✷✵✵✾✵✺✺✾✼✻
❱❛❧♦r ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❞❡ ❧❛ s✉♠❛✿ ✷✵✵✾✵✺✺✾✽✵
❱❛❧♦r ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❞❡ ❧❛ s✉♠❛✿ ✷✵✵✾✵✺✺✾✽✺
❙✉ s✉♠❛ ❡s ✷✵✵✾✵✺✺✾✾✷

✷✾✻
❙✉ ♠❡❞✐❛ ❡s ✹✵✶✽✶✶✶✾✽✳✹✵

❱❡♠♦s q✉❡ ②❛ ❡♥ ❧❛ ♣r✐♠❡r❛ ♣❛s❛❞❛✱ ❡❧ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ ❧❛ s✉♠❛ ♥♦ ❡s ✷✱ s✐♥♦ ❛❧❣♦ q✉❡ ♣❛r❡❝❡ ❛❜s✉r❞♦✱
❢❛❧t❛ ❡❧ ✈❛❧♦r ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ❞❡ ❧❛ s✉♠❛✱ q✉❡ ❡s ✑ intsuma = 0;✑✳ ❈✉❛♥❞♦ ❛❝❛❜❛ ❧❛ ❢❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❡♣✉r❛❝✐ó♥✱
❜❛st❛ ❝♦♥ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛r ❧❛ ❢r❛s❡✿

✶ ★ ❞❡❢✐♥❡ ❉❊P❯❘❆◆❉❖ ✶
✭♥♦ ❡s ♥❡❝❡s❛r✐♦ ❜♦rr❛r❧❛✱ ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ❞❡❥❛r❧❛ ❝♦♠❡♥t❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ♥♦ ❤❛❣❛ ❡❢❡❝t♦✮✱ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ q✉❡ ❡❧
❢✉❡♥t❡ ❝♦rr❡❣✐❞♦ ❡s✿

✶ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ st❞✐♦ ✳❤ ❃
✷
✸ ★ ❞❡❢✐♥❡ ❈❆◆❚■❉❆❉◆❯▼❊❘❖❙ ✺
✹ ✴✯ ★ ❞❡❢✐♥❡ ❉❊P❯❘❆◆❉❖ ✶ ✯✴
✺
✻ ✐♥t ♠❛✐♥ ✭✮ ④
✼ ✐♥t ♥✉♠❡r♦ ❬ ❈❆◆❚■❉❆❉◆❯▼❊❘❖❙ ❪❀
✽ ✐♥t s✉♠❛ ❂✵❀ ✴✯ ❊rr♦r ❝♦rr❡❣✐❞♦ ✯✴
✾ ✐♥t ✐ ❀
✶✵
✶✶ ❢♦r ✭ ✐ ❂✵❀ ✐ ❁ ❈❆◆❚■❉❆❉◆❯▼❊❘❖❙ ❀ ✐ ✰✰✮ ④
✶✷ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ■♥tr♦❞✉③❝❛ ❡❧ ❞❛t♦ ♥ú ♠❡r♦ ✪❞ ✿ ✧ ✱ ✐ ✰✶✮ ❀
✶✸ s❝❛♥❢ ✭✧ ✪❞✧ ✱ ✫ ♥✉♠❡r♦ ❬ ✐ ❪✮ ❀
✶✹ ⑥
✶✺
✶✻ ❢♦r ✭ ✐ ❂✵❀ ✐ ❁ ❈❆◆❚■❉❆❉◆❯▼❊❘❖❙ ❀ ✐ ✰✰✮ ④
✶✼ ★ ✐❢❞❡❢ ❉❊P❯❘❆◆❉❖
✶✽ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❱❛❧♦r ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❞❡ ❧❛ s✉♠❛ ✿ ✪❞❭ ♥✧ ✱ s✉♠❛ ✮❀
✶✾ ★ ❡♥❞✐❢
✷✵ s✉♠❛ ✰❂ ♥✉♠❡r♦ ❬✐ ❪❀
✷✶ ⑥
✷✷ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❙✉ s✉♠❛ ❡s ✪❞❭ ♥✧ ✱ s✉♠❛ ✮❀
✷✸ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❙✉ ♠❡❞✐❛ ❡s ✪✹✳✷ ❢❭ ♥✧ ✱ ✭ ❢❧♦❛t ✮ s✉♠❛ ✴ ❈❆◆❚■❉❆❉◆❯▼❊❘❖❙ ✮❀
✷✹
✷✺ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✷✻ ⑥
❚❛♠❜✐é♥ t❡♥❡♠♦s ♦tr❛ ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❛✿ ❡♥ ✈❡③ ❞❡ ❝♦♠❡♥t❛r ❧❛ ❧í♥❡❛ ❞❡ ★❞❡✜♥❡✱ ❛♥✉❧❛♠♦s ❧❛ ❞❡✜♥✐❝✐ó♥
❝♦♥ ❧❛ ❞✐r❡❝t✐✈❛ ★✉♥❞❡❢✿

✶ ★ ✉♥❞❡❢ ❉❊P❯❘❆◆❉❖
P♦r ♦tr❛ ♣❛rt❡✱ t❡♥❡♠♦s ✉♥❛ ❞✐r❡❝t✐✈❛ ★✐❢♥❞❡❢ ♣❛r❛ ✐♥❞✐❝❛r q✉é ❤❛❝❡r s✐ ♥♦ ❡stá ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛ ✉♥❛
❝♦♥t❛♥t❡ s✐♠❜ó❧✐❝❛✱ ② ✉♥ ★❡❧s❡✱ ❛❧ ✐❣✉❛❧ q✉❡ ❡♥ ❧♦s ✑✐❢ ✑ ♥♦r♠❛❧❡s✱ ♣❛r❛ ✐♥❞✐❝❛r q✉é ❤❛❝❡r s✐ ♥♦ s❡
❝✉♠♣❧❡ ❧❛ ❝♦♥❞✐❝✐ó♥✱ ② ✉♥❛ ❞✐r❡❝t✐✈❛ ★❡❧✐❢ ✭❛❜r❡✈✐❛t✉r❛ ❞❡ ✑❡❧s❡ ✐❢ ✑✮✱ ♣♦r s✐ q✉❡r❡♠♦s ❡♥❝❛❞❡♥❛r
✈❛r✐❛s ❝♦♥❞✐❝✐♦♥❡s✳
✶✹✳✶✳✷✳✶✳ ❖tr❛s ❞✐r❡❝t✐✈❛s

❍❡♠♦s ❝♦♠❡♥t❛❞♦ ❧❛s ❞✐r❡❝t✐✈❛s ♠ás ❤❛❜✐t✉❛❧❡s✱ ♣❡r♦ ❡①✐st❡♥ ♦tr❛s✳ ❯♥❛ ❞❡ ❧❛s q✉❡ s♦♥ ❢r❡✲
❝✉❡♥t❡s ✭♣❡r♦ ♠❡♥♦s ❡stá♥❞❛r q✉❡ ❧❛s ❛♥t❡r✐♦r❡s✮ ❡s ★♣r❛❣♠❛✱ q✉❡ ✐♥❞✐❝❛ ♦♣❝✐♦♥❡s ❛✈❛♥③❛❞❛s
❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛s ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦r✳

✷✾✼
◆♦ ✈❡r❡♠♦s ❞❡t❛❧❧❡s ❞❡ s✉ ✉s♦ ❡♥ ❛❧❣ú♥ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦r ❝♦♥❝r❡t♦✱ ♣❡r♦ sí ✉♥ ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❧❛s ❝♦s❛s q✉❡
❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠♦s ❛❧ ♠❛♥❡❥❛r ❢✉❡♥t❡s ❝r❡❛❞♦s ♣♦r ♦tr♦s ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❞♦r❡s✿

✶ ★ ✐❢ ❴❴❙❈❴❴ ⑤⑤ ❴❴❘❈❈❴❴
✷ ★ ♣r❛❣♠❛ ♦♥❝❡
✸ ★ ❡♥❞✐❢
✹
✺ ★ ✐❢♥❞❡❢ ❘❈❴■◆❱❖❑❊❉
✻ ★ ♣r❛❣♠❛ ♣❛❝❦ ✭ ❴❴❉❊❋❆▲■●◆ ✮
✼ ★ ❡♥❞✐❢

✶✹✳✶✳✸✳ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛s ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ✈❛r✐♦s ❢✉❡♥t❡s

✶✹✳✶✳✸✳✶✳ ❈r❡❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡s❞❡ ❧❛ ❧í♥❡❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♠❛♥❞♦s

❊s ❢r❡❝✉❡♥t❡ q✉❡ ✉♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ♥♦ ❡sté ❢♦r♠❛❞♦ ♣♦r ✉♥ ú♥✐❝♦ ❢✉❡♥t❡✱ s✐♥♦ ♣♦r ✈❛r✐♦s✳ ❉❡❜✐❞♦
❛ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s ♠♦❞✉❧❛r❡s ♣♦r s✉ ❝♦♠♣❧❡❥✐❞❛❞✱ ♣♦r r❡♣❛rt♦ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❥♦ ❡♥tr❡ ✈❛r✐❛s ♣❡rs♦♥❛s✱ ❡t❝✳

❊♥ ❝✉❛❧q✉✐❡r ❝❛s♦✱ ❧❛ ❣r❛♥ ♠❛②♦rí❛ ❞❡ ❧♦s ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡ ❈ ✉♥❡♥ ✈❛r✐♦s ❢✉❡♥t❡s ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞✐❡♥t❡s
② ❝r❡❛♥ ✉♥ ú♥✐❝♦ ❡❥❡❝✉t❛❜❧❡ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ❡❧❧♦s✳ ❱❡❛♠♦s ❝♦♠♦ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉✐r❧♦✳

❊♠♣❡③❛r❡♠♦s ♣♦r ✉♥ ❝❛s♦ s❡♥❝✐❧❧♦✿ t❡♥❡♠♦s ✉♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ② ❞♦s ♠ó❞✉❧♦s ❛✉①✐❧✐❛r❡s ❝♦♥
❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❡s q✉❡ s❡ ✉s❛♥ ❞❡s❞❡ ❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧✳

P♦r ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❡❧ ♣r✐♠❡r ♠ó❞✉❧♦ ✭✉♥♦✳❝✮ ❡s✿

✶ ✈♦✐❞ ✉♥♦ ✭✮ ④
✷ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❋✉♥❝✐ ó ♥ ✉♥♦ ❭♥ ✧✮❀
✸ ⑥
② ❡❧ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ♠ó❞✉❧♦ ✭❞♦s✳❝✮✿

✶ ✈♦✐❞ ❞♦s ✭ ✐♥t ♥✉♠❡r♦ ✮ ④

✷ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❋✉♥❝✐ ó ♥ ❞♦s ✱ ❝♦♥ ❡❧ ♣❛r á ♠❡tr♦ ✪❞ ❭♥✧ ✱ ♥✉♠❡r♦ ✮❀
✸ ⑥
❯♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ s✐♠♣❧❡ ❡s ✭❚❘❊❙✳❈✮✿

✶ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ st❞✐♦ ✳❤ ❃
✷
✸ ✐♥t ♠❛✐♥ ✭✮ ④
✹ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❊st❛♠♦s ❡♥ ❡❧ ❝✉❡r♣♦ ❞❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ✳❭ ♥✧✮ ❀
✺ ✉♥♦ ✭✮ ❀
✻ ❞♦s ✭✸✮ ❀
✼ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✽ ⑥
❊♥ ❡❧ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ ●❈❈ ♣❛r❛ ▲✐♥✉① ✭♦ ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♥❛ ❞❡ s✉s ✈❡rs✐♦♥❡s ♣❛r❛ ❲✐♥❞♦✇s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ▼✐♥●❲✱ ♦
❉❡✈❈✰✰✱ q✉❡ s❡ ❜❛s❛ ❡♥ é❧✮✱ t❡♥❡♠♦s q✉❡ ✐♥❞✐❝❛r❧❡ ❡❧ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ❞❡ ❧♦s ❛r❝❤✐✈♦s ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ✭❝♦♥
❡①t❡♥s✐ó♥✮ ② ❡❧ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ❞❡❧ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ❞❡ s❛❧✐❞❛✱ ❝♦♥ ❧❛ ♦♣❝✐ó♥ ✑✲♦✑✿ ❣❝❝ ✉♥♦✳❝ ❞♦s✳❝ tr❡s✳❝ ✲♦
r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦
P❡r♦ ❤❛② ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦r❡s ❡♥ ❧♦s q✉❡ ❧❛ s✐t✉❛❝✐ó♥ ♥♦ ❡s s❡♥❝✐❧❧❛✳ P✉❡❞❡ ♦❝✉rr✐r q✉❡ ❛❧ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛r ❡❧
s✐❣✉❡♥t❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛✿

✷✾✽
 ✶ ✐♥t ♠❛✐♥ ✭✮ ④
✷ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❊st❛♠♦s ❡♥ ❡❧ ❝✉❡r♣♦ ❞❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ✳❭ ♥✧✮ ❀
✸ ✉♥♦ ✭✮ ❀
✹ ❞♦s ✭✸✮ ❀
✺ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✻ ⑥
❡❧ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦r ♠✉❡str❡ ✉♥ ♠❡♥s❛❥❡ ❞❡ ❡rr♦r✱ ❞✐❝✐❡♥❞♦ q✉❡ ♥♦ ❝♦♥♦❝❡ ❧❛s ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❡s ✑✉♥♦✭✮✑ ② ✑❞♦s✭✮✑✳
◆♦ ❞❡❜❡ s❡r ♥✉❡str♦ ❝❛s♦✱ s✐ ❛❧ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛r ❧❡ ❤❡♠♦s ✐♥❞✐❝❛❞♦ ❧♦s ❢✉❡♥t❡s ❡♥ ❡❧ ♦r❞❡♥ ❝♦rr❡❝t♦ ✭❣❝❝
✉♥♦✳❝ ❞♦s✳❝ tr❡s✳❝✮✱ ♣❡r♦ ♣✉❡❞❡ ♦❝✉rr✐r s✐ s❡ ❧♦s ✐♥❞✐❝❛♠♦s ❡♥ ♦tr♦ ♦r❞❡♥✱ ♦ ❜✐❡♥ s✐ t❡♥❡♠♦s
♠✉❝❤♦s ❢✉❡♥t❡s✱ q✉❡ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❛♥ ❧♦s ✉♥♦s ❞❡ ❧♦s ♦tr♦s✳

▲❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ❡✈✐t❛r❧♦ ❡s ✐♥❞✐❝á♥❞♦❧❡ q✉❡ ❡s❛s ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❡s ❡①✐st❡♥✱ ② q✉❡ ❧❡ ❧❧❡❣❛♥ ♠ás t❛r❞❡ ❧♦s
❞❡t❛❧❧❡s ❡♥ ❝♦♥❝r❡t♦ s♦❜r❡ ❝ó♠♦ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♥✳

✶ ❊st❛♠♦s ❡♥ ❡❧ ❝✉❡r♣♦ ❞❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ✳

✷ ❋✉♥❝✐ ó♥ ✉♥♦
✸ ❋✉♥❝✐ ó♥ ❞♦s ✱ ❝♦♥ ❡❧ ♣❛r á ♠❡tr♦ ✸
P❛r❛ ❞❡❝✐r❧❡ q✉❡ ❡①✐st❡♥✱ ❧♦ q✉❡ ❤❛❝❡♠♦s ❡s ✐♥❝❧✉✐r ❡♥ ❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❧♦s ♣r♦t♦t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❧❛s
❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❡s ✭❧❛s ❝❛❜❡❝❡r❛s✱ s✐♥ ❞❡t❛❧❧❡s✮ q✉❡ s❡ ❡♥❝✉❡♥tr❛♥ ❡♥ ♦tr♦s ♠ó❞✉❧♦s✱ ❛sí✿

✶ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ st❞✐♦ ✳❤ ❃
✷
✸ ✈♦✐❞ ✉♥♦ ✭✮ ❀ ✴✯ Pr♦t♦t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❧❛s ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❡s ❡①t❡r♥❛s
✯✴
✹ ✈♦✐❞ ❞♦s ✭ ✐♥t ♥✉♠❡r♦ ✮❀
✺
✻ ✐♥t ♠❛✐♥ ✭✮ ④ ✴✯ ❈✉❡r♣♦ ❞❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ✯✴
✼ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❊st❛♠♦s ❡♥ ❡❧ ❝✉❡r♣♦ ❞❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ✳❭ ♥✧✮ ❀
✽ ✉♥♦ ✭✮ ❀
✾ ❞♦s ✭✸✮ ❀
✶✵ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✶✶ ⑥
❊st❛ ♠✐s♠❛ s♦❧✉❝✐ó♥✱ ♣♦♥❡r ❧♦s ♣r♦t♦t✐♣♦s ❛❧ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣✐♦ ❞❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛✱ s✐r✈❡ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛s♦s ❡♥ ❧♦s q✉❡✱
t❡♥✐❡♥❞♦ ✉♥ ú♥✐❝♦ ❢✉❡♥t❡✱ ❞❡❝❧❛r❛♠♦s ❡❧ ❝✉❡r♣♦ ❞❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❛♥t❡s q✉❡ ❧❛s ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❡s ❛✉①✐❧✐❛r❡s✿

✶ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ st❞✐♦ ✳❤ ❃
✷
✸ ✈♦✐❞ ✉♥♦ ✭✮ ❀ ✴✯ Pr♦t♦t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❧❛s ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❡s ✯✴
✹ ✈♦✐❞ ❞♦s ✭ ✐♥t ♥✉♠❡r♦ ✮❀
✺
✻ ✐♥t ♠❛✐♥ ✭✮ ④ ✴✯ ❈✉❡r♣♦ ❞❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ✯✴
✼ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❊st❛♠♦s ❡♥ ❡❧ ❝✉❡r♣♦ ❞❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ✳❭ ♥✧✮ ❀
✽ ✉♥♦ ✭✮ ❀
✾ ❞♦s ✭✸✮ ❀
✶✵ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✶✶ ⑥
✶✷
✶✸ ✈♦✐❞ ✉♥♦ ✭✮ ④

✷✾✾
✶✹ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❋✉♥❝✐ ó ♥ ✉♥♦ ❭♥ ✧✮❀
✶✺ ⑥
✶✻
✶✼ ✈♦✐❞ ❞♦s ✭ ✐♥t ♥✉♠❡r♦ ✮ ④
✶✽ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❋✉♥❝✐ ó ♥ ❞♦s ✱ ❝♦♥ ❡❧ ♣❛r á ♠❡tr♦ ✪❞ ❭♥✧ ✱ ♥✉♠❡r♦ ✮❀
✶✾ ⑥
❊♥ ❝✐❡rt♦s ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦r❡s ♣✉❡❞❡ q✉❡ t❡♥❣❛♠♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❝♦♥ ❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ s✐ ♥♦ ✐♥❝❧✉✐♠♦s ❧♦s
♣r♦t♦t✐♣♦s ❛❧ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣✐♦✱ ♣♦rq✉❡ ❡♥ ✑♠❛✐♥✭✮✑ s❡ ❡♥❝✉❡♥tr❛ ❧❛ ❧❧❛♠❛❞❛ ❛ ✑✉♥♦✭✮✑✱ q✉❡ ♥♦ ❤❡♠♦s
❞❡❝❧❛r❛❞♦✳ ❆❧ ♣♦♥❡r ❧♦s ♣r♦t♦t✐♣♦s ❛♥t❡s✱ ❡❧ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦r s❛❜❡ ❡❧ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ❡s ✑✉♥♦✭✮✑ ✭s✐♥
♣❛rá♠❡tr♦s✱ ♥♦ ❞❡✈✉❡❧✈❡ ♥✐♥❣ú♥ ✈❛❧♦r✱ ❡t❝✳✮✱ ② q✉❡ ❧♦s ❞❛t♦s ❝♦♥❝r❡t♦s s❡ ❡♥❝✉❡♥tr❛♥ ❛❞❡❧❛♥t❡✳

❉❡ ❤❡❝❤♦✱ s✐ q✉✐t❛♠♦s ❡s❛s ❞♦s ❧í♥❡❛s✱ ❡st❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ♥♦ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛ ❡♥ ❚✉r❜♦ ❈✰✰ ✶✳✵✶ ♥✐ ❡♥
❙②♠❛♥t❡❝ ❈✰✰ ✻✳✵✱ ♣♦rq✉❡ ❝✉❛♥❞♦ s❡ ❡♥❝✉❡♥tr❛ ❡♥ ✑♠❛✐♥✭✮✑ ❧❛ ❧❧❛♠❛❞❛ ❛ ✑✉♥♦✭✮✑✱ ❞❛ ♣♦r s✉♣✉❡st♦
q✉❡ ✈❛ ❛ s❡r ✉♥❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ t✐♣♦ ✑✐♥t✑✳ ❈♦♠♦ ❞❡s♣✉és ❧❡ ❞❡❝✐♠♦s q✉❡ ❡s ✑✈♦✐❞✑✱ ♣r♦t❡st❛✳

❊♥ ❝❛♠❜✐♦✱ ●❈❈✱ q✉❡ s✉❡❧❡ s❡r ♠ás ❡①✐❣❡♥t❡✱ ❡♥ ❡st❡ ❝❛s♦ s❡ ❧✐♠✐t❛ ❛ ❛✈✐s❛r♥♦s✱ ♣❡r♦ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛ ❡❧
♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ s✐♥ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s✳

▲❛ s♦❧✉❝✐ó♥ ❤❛❜✐t✉❛❧ ❡♥ ❡st♦s ❝❛s♦s ❡s ❞❡❝❧❛r❛r ♣r♦t♦t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❡s ✭❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❝✉❛♥❞♦ s❡

tr❛t❛ ❞❡ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❡s ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❞❛s ♣♦r ✈❛r✐♦s ❢✉❡♥t❡s✮ s✉❡❧❡ s❡r ❛❣r✉♣❛r ❡st♦s ❢✉❡♥t❡s ❡♥ ✑❛r❝❤✐✈♦s ❞❡
❝❛❜❡❝❡r❛✑✳ P♦r ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❝r❡❛r ✉♥ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ❧❧❛♠❛❞♦ ❊❏❊▼P▲❖✳❍ q✉❡ t❡♥❣❛✿

✶ ✈♦✐❞ ✉♥♦ ✭✮ ❀ ✴✯ Pr♦t♦t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❧❛s ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❡s ✯✴

✷ ✈♦✐❞ ❞♦s ✭ ✐♥t ♥✉♠❡r♦ ✮❀
② ❡♥ ❡❧ ❢✉❡♥t❡ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❡s❝r✐❜✐♠♦s✿

✶ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ st❞✐♦ ✳❤ ❃
✷ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ✧ ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦ ✳ ❤✧
✸
✹ ✐♥t ♠❛✐♥ ✭✮ ④
✺ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❊st❛♠♦s ❡♥ ❡❧ ❝✉❡r♣♦ ❞❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ✳❭ ♥✧✮ ❀
✻ ✉♥♦ ✭✮ ❀
✼ ❞♦s ✭✸✮ ❀
✽
✾ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✶✵ ⑥
❆q✉í ❡s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ❞❡st❛❝❛r ❧❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛ ❡♥ ❧❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ✐♥❞✐❝❛r ❧♦s ❞♦s ❛r❝❤✐✈♦s ❞❡ ❝❛❜❡❝❡r❛✿❁
st❞✐♦✳❤❃ ❙❡ ✐♥❞✐❝❛ ❡♥tr❡ ❝♦r❝❤❡t❡s ❛♥❣✉❧❛r❡s ♣♦rq✉❡ ❡❧ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❜❡❝❡r❛ ❡s ♣r♦♣✐♦ ❞❡❧ ❝♦♠♣✐✲
❧❛❞♦r ✭❡❧ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r ❧♦ ❜✉s❝❛rá ❡♥ ❧♦s ❞✐r❡❝t♦r✐♦s ❞❡❧ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦r✮✳

✑❡❥❡♠♣❧♦✳❤✑✳

❙❡ ✐♥❞✐❝❛ ❡♥tr❡ ❝♦♠✐❧❧❛s ♣♦rq✉❡ ❡❧ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ❍ ❡s ♥✉❡str♦ ✭❡❧ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r ❧♦ ❜✉s❝❛ ❡♥ ❡❧ ♠✐s♠♦
❞✐r❡❝t♦r✐♦ ❞♦♥❞❡ ❡stá♥ ♥✉❡str♦s ❢✉❡♥t❡s✮✳

❋✐♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❝♦♥✈✐❡♥❡ ❤❛❝❡r ✉♥❛ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❝✐ó♥✿ s✐ ✈❛r✐♦s ❢✉❡♥t❡s ❞✐st✐♥t♦s ❛❝❝❡❞❡♥ ❛ ❊❏❊▼P▲❖✳❍✱
❞❡❜❡♠♦s ❡✈✐t❛r q✉❡ ❡st❡ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ s❡ ✐♥❝❧✉②❛ ✈❛r✐❛s ✈❡❝❡s✳ ❊st♦ s❡ ❝♦♥s✐❣✉❡ ❞❡✜♥✐❡♥❞♦ ✉♥❛ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡
s✐♠❜ó❧✐❝❛ ❧❛ ♣r✐♠❡r❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ s❡ ❡♥❧❛③❛✱ ❝♦♠♣r♦❜❛♠♦s s✐ ❞✐❝❤❛ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ ❡stá ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛✱ ❝♦♥ ★✐❢❞❡❢✱
❛sí✿

✶ ★ ✐❢♥❞❡❢ ❴❊❏❊▼P▲❖❴❍
✷ ★ ❞❡❢✐♥❡ ❴❊❏❊▼P▲❖❴❍

✸✵✵
 ✸
✹ ✈♦✐❞ ✉♥♦ ✭✮ ❀ ✴✯ Pr♦t♦t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❧❛s ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❡s ✯✴
✺ ✈♦✐❞ ❞♦s ✭ ✐♥t ♥✉♠❡r♦ ✮❀
✻
✼ ★ ❡♥❞✐❢

✶✹✳✶✳✸✳✷✳ ■♥tr♦❞✉❝❝✐ó♥ ❛❧ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❤❡rr❛♠✐❡♥t❛ ▼❛❦❡

▼❛❦❡ ❡s ✉♥❛ ❤❡rr❛♠✐❡♥t❛ q✉❡ ♠✉❝❤♦s ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦r❡s ✐♥❝♦r♣♦r❛♥ ② q✉❡ ❡s ❞❡ ✉t✐❧✐❞❛❞ ❝✉❛♥❞♦
s❡ tr❛t❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦②❡❝t♦s ❞❡ ✉♥ ❝✐❡rt♦ t❛♠❛ñ♦✱ ♦ ❛❧ ♠❡♥♦s ❝r❡❛❞♦s ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ❜❛st❛♥t❡s ❢✉❡♥t❡s✳

❙✉ ✉s♦ ♥♦r♠❛❧ ❝♦♥s✐st❡ ❡♥ ✉s❛r ▼❆❑❊✳ ❊st❛ ❤❡rr❛♠✐❡♥t❛ ❜✉s❝❛ s✉ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛❝✐ó♥✱ ✉♥
❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ❞❡ t❡①t♦ ❧❧❛♠❛❞♦ ✑♠❛❦❡✜❧❡✑ ✭♣♦❞❡♠♦s ❞❛r❧❡ ♦tr♦ ♥♦♠❜r❡✮✳ ❊st❡ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛❝✐ó♥
✐♥❞✐❝❛ ❧❛s ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❝✐❛s ❡♥tr❡ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦s✱ ❡s ❞❡❝✐r✱ q✉é ❛r❝❤✐✈♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛ ♣❛r❛ ❝r❡❛r ✉♥ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦
✑♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦✑✳ ❈♦♥ ❡st♦ ♥♦ s❡ r❡❝♦♠♣✐❧❛ t♦❞♦s ② ❝❛❞❛ ✉♥♦ ❞❡ ❧♦s ❢✉❡♥t❡s s✐ ♥♦ ❡s ❡str✐❝t❛♠❡♥t❡
♥❡❝❡s❛r✐♦✱ só❧♦ ❛q✉❡❧❧♦s q✉❡ s❡ ❤❛♥ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛❞♦ ❞❡s❞❡ ❧❛ ú❧t✐♠❛ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❝✐ó♥✳

❊♥ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✱ ❡❧ ❝♦♥t❡♥✐❞♦ ❞❡❧ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ✑♠❛❦❡✜❧❡✑ ❡s ♣❛r❡❝✐❞♦ ❛ ❡st♦✿

✶ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ✿ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❝✐❛s
✷ ó r❞❡♥❡s
✭❊♥ ❧❛ ♣r✐♠❡r❛ ❧í♥❡❛ s❡ ❡s❝r✐❜❡ ❡❧ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦✱ s❡❣✉✐❞♦ ♣♦r ❞♦s ♣✉♥t♦s ② ♣♦r ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ ❞❡ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❝✐❛s❀
❡♥ ❧❛ s❡❣✉♥❞❛ ❧í♥❡❛ s❡ ❡s❝r✐❜❡ ❡❧ ♦r❞❡♥ r❡❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❝✐ó♥✱ ♣r❡❝❡❞✐❞❛ ♣♦r ✉♥ t❛❜✉❧❛❞♦r✮✳ ❙✐ q✉❡r❡♠♦s
❛ñ❛❞✐r ❛❧❣ú♥ ❝♦♠❡♥t❛r✐♦✱ ❜❛st❛ ❝♦♥ ♣r❡❝❡❞❡r❧♦s ❝♦♥ ❡❧ sí♠❜♦❧♦ ★✳

❱❡❛♠♦s ❝ó♠♦ ❝r❡❛r ✉♥ ❡❥❡❝✉t❛❜❧❡ ❧❧❛♠❛❞♦ P❘❯❊❇❆✳❊❳❊ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ❝✉❛tr♦ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦s ❢✉❡♥t❡
❧❧❛♠❛❞♦s ❯◆❖✳❈✱ ❉❖❙✳❈✱ ❚❘❊❙✳❈✱ ❈❯❆❚❘❖✳❈✱ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❚✉r❜♦ ❈✰✰✳

❆sí✱ ♥✉❡str♦ ♣r✐♠❡r ✑♠❛❦❡✜❧❡✑ ❡s ✉♥ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ❝♦♥ ❡❧ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ t❡①t♦✿

✶ P❘❯❊❇❆ ✳ ❊❳❊ ✿ ❯◆❖ ✳❈ ❉❖❙ ✳ ❈ ❚❘❊❙ ✳ ❈ ❈❯❆❚❘❖ ✳❈

✷ ❚❈❈ ✲ ❡P❘❯❊❇❆ ✳ ❊❳❊ ❯◆❖ ✳❈ ❉❖❙ ✳❈ ❚❘❊❙ ✳❈ ❈❯❆❚❘❖ ✳❈
❊s ❞❡❝✐r✿ ♥✉❡str♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❡s ❝♦♥s❡❣✉✐r ✉♥ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ❧❧❛♠❛❞♦ P❘❯❊❇❆✳❊❳❊✱ q✉❡ q✉❡r❡♠♦s ❝r❡❛r
❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ✈❛r✐♦s ❛r❝❤✐✈♦s ❧❧❛♠❛❞♦s ❯◆❖✳❈✱ ❉❖❙✳❈✱ ❚❘❊❙✳❈ ② ❈❯❆❚❘❖✳❈✳ ▲❛ ♦r❞❡♥ q✉❡
q✉❡r❡♠♦s ❞❛r ❡s ❧❛ q✉❡ ❛♣❛r❡❝❡ ❡♥ ❧❛ s❡❣✉♥❞❛ ❧í♥❡❛✱ ② q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❡✱ ♠❡❞✐❛♥t❡ ❡❧ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦r ❚❈❈✱
❝r❡❛r ✉♥ ❡❥❡❝✉t❛❜❧❡ ❧❧❛♠❛❞♦ P❘❯❊❇❆✳❊❳❊ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ❝✉❛tr♦ ❢✉❡♥t❡s ❝♦♥ ❧♦s ♥♦♠❜r❡s ❛♥t❡r✐♦r❡s✳
✭▲❛ ♦♣❝✐ó♥ ❡✧❞❡ ❚✉r❜♦ ❈✰✰ ✐♥❞✐❝❛ ❡❧ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ❞❡❧ ❡❥❡❝✉t❛❜❧❡❀ s✐ ♥♦✱ s❡ ❧❧❛♠❛ ❯◆❖✳❊❳❊✱ ♣♦rq✉❡
t♦♠❛ s✉ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ❞❡❧ ♣r✐♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❧♦s ❢✉❡♥t❡s✮✳

➽P❛r❛ q✉é s✐r✈❡ ❡st♦❄ ❉❡ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦✱ ♣❛r❛ ❛❤♦rr❛r t✐❡♠♣♦✿ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ❡s❝r✐❜✐♠♦s ▼❆❑❊✱ s❡ ❧❡❡
❡❧ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ▼❆❑❊❋■▲❊ ② s❡ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛ ❧❛ ❢❡❝❤❛ ✭② ❤♦r❛✮ ❞❡❧ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❝♦♥ ❧❛ ❞❡ ❧❛s ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❝✐❛s❀ s✐
❡❧ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ♥♦ ❡①✐st❡ ♦ ❡s ♠ás ❛♥t✐❣✉♦ q✉❡ ❛❧❣✉♥❛ ❞❡ ❧❛s ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❝✐❛s✱ s❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛ ❡❧ ♦r❞❡♥
q✉❡ ❛♣❛r❡❝❡ ❡♥ ❧❛ s❡❣✉♥❞❛ ❧í♥❡❛ ✭❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ q✉❡ ❡✈✐t❛♠♦s ❡s❝r✐❜✐r❧❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❛ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③✮✳

❊♥ ♥✉❡str♦ ❝❛s♦✱ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ✉s❛♠♦s ▼❆❑❊✱ ♦❝✉rr❡ ✉♥❛ ❞❡ ❡st❛s tr❡s ♣♦s✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s

✶✳ ❙✐ ♥♦ ❡①✐st❡ ❡❧ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ P❘❯❊❇❆✳❊❳❊✱ s❡ ❝r❡❛ ✉♥♦ ♥✉❡✈♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❡❧ ♦r❞❡♥ ❞❡ ❧❛ s❡❣✉♥❞❛

❧í♥❡❛✳

✷✳ ❙✐ ②❛ ❡①✐st❡ ② ❡s ♠ás r❡❝✐❡♥t❡ q✉❡ ❧♦s ❝✉❛tr♦ ❢✉❡♥t❡s✱ ♥♦ s❡ r❡❝♦♠♣✐❧❛✱ t♦❞♦ q✉❡❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❡stá✳

✸✳ ❙✐ ②❛ ❡①✐st❡✱ ♣❡r♦ s❡ ❤❛ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛❞♦ ❛❧❣✉♥♦ ❞❡ ❧♦s ❢✉❡♥t❡s✱ s❡ r❡❝♦♠♣✐❧❛ ❞❡ ♥✉❡✈♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦❜t❡♥❡r
✉♥ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ P❘❯❊❇❆✳❊❳❊ ❛❝t✉❛❧✐③❛❞♦✳

✸✵✶
❊st❛♠♦s ❞❛♥❞♦ ♣♦r s✉♣✉❡st❛s ✈❛r✐❛s ❝♦s❛s ✑❝❛s✐ ❡✈✐❞❡♥t❡s✑✿

✶✳ ❚❡♥❡♠♦s ❧❛ ❤❡rr❛♠✐❡♥t❛ ▼❆❑❊ ② ❡stá ❛❝❝❡s✐❜❧❡ ✭❡♥ ❡❧ ❞✐r❡❝t♦r✐♦ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ♦ ❡♥ ❡❧ P❆❚❍✮✳

✷✳ ❍❡♠♦s ❝r❡❛❞♦ ❡❧ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ▼❆❑❊❋■▲❊✳

✸✳ ❊①✐st❡♥ ❧♦s ❝✉❛tr♦ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦s ❢✉❡♥t❡ ❯◆❖✳❈✱ ❉❖❙✳❈✱ ❚❘❊❙✳❈ ② ❈❯❆❚❘❖✳❈✳

✹✳ ❊①✐st❡ ❡❧ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦r ❚❈❈ ② ❡stá ❛❝❝❡s✐❜❧❡ ✭❡♥ ❡❧ ❞✐r❡❝t♦r✐♦ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ♦ ❡♥ ❡❧ P❆❚❍✮✳

▼❡❥♦r❡♠♦s ❡st❡ ▼❆❑❊❋■▲❊ r✉❞✐♠❡♥t❛r✐♦✳ ▲❛ ♣r✐♠❡r❛ ♠❡❥♦r❛ ❡s q✉❡ s✐ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ ❞❡ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❝✐❛s

♥♦ ❝❛❜❡ ❡♥ ✉♥❛ ú♥✐❝❛ ❧✐♥❡❛✱ ❧❛ ❞✐✈✐❞✐♠♦s ❡♥ ❞♦s✱ ❡♠♣❧❡❛♥❞♦ ❧❛ ❜❛rr❛ ✐♥✈❡rt✐❞❛

✶ P❘❯❊❇❆ ✳ ❊❳❊ ✿ ❯◆❖ ✳❈ ❉❖❙ ✳ ❈ ❭ ★ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ② ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❝✐❛s

✷ ❚❘❊❙ ✳ ❈ ❈❯❆❚❘❖ ✳❈ ★ ▼❛s ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❝✐❛s
✸ ❚❈❈ ✲ ❡P❘❯❊❇❆ ✳ ❊❳❊ ❯◆❖ ✳❈ ❉❖❙ ✳❈ ❚❘❊❙ ✳❈ ❈❯❆❚❘❖ ✳❈ ★ ❖r❞❡♥ ❛ ❞❛r
❆❧ ❝r❡❛r ❡❧ ▼❆❑❊❋■▲❊ ❣❛♥❛♠♦s ❡♥ ✑✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞ ❞❡ t❡❝❧❡♦✑ ② ❡♥ q✉❡ ♥♦ s❡ r❡❝♦♠♣✐❧❛s❡ t♦❞♦ ♥✉❡✲
✈❛♠❡♥t❡ s✐ ♥♦ s❡ ❤❛ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛❞♦ ♥❛❞❛✳ P❡r♦ ❡♥ ❝✉❛♥t♦ ✉♥ ❢✉❡♥t❡ s❡ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛✱ ♥✉❡str♦ ▼❆❑❊❋■▲❊
r❡❝♦♠♣✐❧❛ t♦❞♦s ♦tr❛ ✈❡③✱ ❛✉♥q✉❡ ❧♦s ❞❡♠ás ♥♦ ❤❛②❛♥ ❝❛♠❜✐❛❞♦✳ ❊st♦ ❧♦ ♠❡❥♦r❛♠♦s ❛ñ❛❞✐❡♥❞♦
✉♥ ♣❛s♦ ✐♥t❡r♠❡❞✐♦ ✭❧❛ ❝r❡❛❝✐ó♥ ❝❛❞❛ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ♦❜❥❡t♦ ❖❇❏✮ ② ♠ás ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ✭❝❛❞❛ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ❖❇❏✱ ❛
♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ❢✉❡♥t❡✮✱ ❛sí✿

✶ ★ ❈r❡❛❝✐♦♥ ❞❡❧ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ❡❥❡❝✉t❛❜❧❡

✷
✸ ♣r✉❡❜❛ ✳ ❡①❡ ✿ ✉♥♦ ✳ ♦❜❥ ❞♦s ✳ ♦❜❥ tr❡s ✳ ♦❜❥
✹ t❝❝ ✲ ❡♣r✉❡❜❛ ✳ ❡①❡ ✉♥♦ ✳ ♦❜❥ ❞♦s ✳ ♦❜❥ tr❡s ✳ ♦❜❥
✺
✻ ★ ❈r❡❛❝✐♦♥ ❞❡ ❧♦s ❛r❝❤✐✈♦s ♦❜❥❡t♦
✼
✽ ✉♥♦ ✳ ♦❜❥ ✿ ✉♥♦ ✳❝
✾ t❝❝ ✲❝ ✉♥♦ ✳❝
✶✵
✶✶ ❞♦s ✳ ♦❜❥ ✿ ❞♦s ✳❝
✶✷ t❝❝ ✲❝ ❞♦s ✳❝
✶✸
✶✹ tr❡s ✳ ♦❜❥ ✿ tr❡s ✳ ❝
✶✺ t❝❝ ✲❝ tr❡s ✳ ❝
❊st❛♠♦s ❞❡t❛❧❧❛♥❞♦ ❧♦s ♣❛s♦s q✉❡ ♥♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡ s❡ ❞❛♥ ❛❧ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛r✱ ② q✉❡ ♠✉❝❤♦s ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦r❡s
r❡❛❧✐③❛♥ ❡♥ ✉♥❛ ú♥✐❝❛ ❡t❛♣❛✱ s✐♥ q✉❡ ♥♦s ❞❡♠♦s ❝✉❡♥t❛✿ ♣r✐♠❡r♦ s❡ ❝♦♥✈✐❡rt❡♥ ❧♦s ❛r❝❤✐✈♦s ❢✉❡♥t❡
✭❛r❝❤✐✈♦s ❝♦♥ ❡①t❡♥s✐ó♥ ❈✮ ❛ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ♠áq✉✐♥❛ ✭❝ó❞✐❣♦ ♦❜❥❡t♦✱ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦s ❝♦♥ ❡①t❡♥s✐ó♥ ❖❇❏✮ ② ✜✲
♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❧♦s ❛r❝❤✐✈♦s ♦❜❥❡t♦ s❡ ❡♥❧❛③❛♥ ❡♥tr❡ sí ✭② ❝♦♥ ❧❛s ❜✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛s ♣r♦♣✐❛s ❞❡❧ ❧❡♥❣✉❛❥❡✮ ♣❛r❛
❞❛r ❧✉❣❛r ❛❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❡❥❡❝✉t❛❜❧❡ ✭❡♥ ▼s❉♦s ② ❲✐♥❞♦✇s ♥♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡ s♦♥ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦s ❝♦♥ ❡①t❡♥s✐ó♥
❊❳❊✮✳

❆sí ❝♦♥s❡❣✉✐♠♦s q✉❡ ❝✉❛♥❞♦ ♠♦❞✐✜q✉❡♠♦s ✉♥ ú♥✐❝♦ ❢✉❡♥t❡✱ s❡ r❡❝♦♠♣✐❧❡ só❧♦ ❡st❡ ✭② ♥♦ t♦❞♦s
❧♦s ❞❡♠ás✱ q✉❡ ♣✉❡❞❡♥ s❡r ♠✉❝❤♦s✮ ② ❞❡s♣✉és s❡ ♣❛s❡ ❞✐r❡❝t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛❧ ♣r♦❝❡s♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❧❛③❛❞♦✱ ❝♦♥
❧♦ q✉❡ s❡ ❣❛♥❛ ❡♥ ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞ s✐ ❧♦s ❝❛♠❜✐♦s ❡♥ ❡❧ ❢✉❡♥t❡ s♦♥ ♣❡q✉❡ñ♦s✳

✭◆♦t❛✿ ❧❛ ♦♣❝✐ó♥ ❝✧❞❡ ❚✉r❜♦ ❈✰✰ ✐♥❞✐❝❛ q✉❡ só❧♦ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❡ ❧♦s ❛r❝❤✐✈♦s ❞❡ ❈ ❛ ❖❇❏✱ ♣❡r♦ s✐♥
❡♥❧❛③❛r❧♦s ❞❡s♣✉és✮✳

❙✐ t❡♥❡♠♦s ✈❛r✐♦s ▼❆❑❊❋■▲❊ ❞✐st✐♥t♦s ✭✉♥♦ ♣♦r ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦r ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡ ♦ ♣❛r❛ ✈❡rs✐♦♥❡s ❞✐st✐♥t❛s

✸✵✷
❞❡ ♥✉❡str♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛✮✱ ♣✉❡❞❡ s❡r ✐♥t❡r❡s❛♥t❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r ♥♦♠❜r❡s ❞✐st✐♥t♦s✳

❊st♦ s❡ ❝♦♥s✐❣✉❡ ❝♦♥ ❧❛ ♦♣❝✐ó♥ ❢✧❞❡ ❧❛ ♦r❞❡♥ ▼❆❑❊✱ ♣♦r ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦ s✐ t❡❝❧❡❛♠♦s

▼❆❑❊ ✲❢P❘❯❊❇❆
❧❛ ❤❡rr❛♠✐❡♥t❛ ▼❆❑❊ ❜✉s❝❛ ✉♥ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛❝✐ó♥ ❧❧❛♠❛❞♦ P❘❯❊❇❆ ♦ ❜✐❡♥ P❘❯❊✲
❇❆✳▼❆❑✳

P♦❞❡♠♦s ♠❡❥♦r❛r ♠ás ❛ú♥ ❡st♦s ❛r❝❤✐✈♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛❝✐ó♥✳ P♦r ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦✱ s✐ ♣r❡❝❡❞❡♠♦s ❧❛ ♦r❞❡♥
♣♦r ❅✱ ❞✐❝❤❛ ♦r❞❡♥ ♥♦ ❛♣❛r❡❝❡ ❡s❝r✐t❛ ❡♥ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛✿

✶ P❘❯❊❇❆ ✳ ❊❳❊ ✿ ❯◆❖ ✳❈ ❉❖❙ ✳ ❈ ❚❘❊❙ ✳ ❈ ❈❯❆❚❘❖ ✳❈

✷ ❅❚❈❈ ✲ ❡P❘❯❊❇❆ ✳ ❊❳❊ ❯◆❖ ✳ ❈ ❉❖❙ ✳❈ ❚❘❊❙ ✳❈ ❈❯❆❚❘❖ ✳❈
❨ s✐ ♣r❡❝❡❞❡♠♦s ❧❛ ♦r❞❡♥ ♣♦r ✫ ✱ s❡ r❡♣❡t✐ ♣❛r❛ ❧♦s ❛r❝❤✐✈♦s ✐♥❞✐❝❛❞♦s ❝♦♠♦ ✧❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❝✐❛s✧✳ ❍❛②
q✉❡ ✉s❛r❧♦ ❡♥ ❝♦♥❥✉♥❝✐ó♥ ❝♦♥ ❧❛ ♠❛❝r♦ ✩✯✯✱ q✉❡ ❤❛❝❡ r❡❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛ ❛ ❧♦s ❛r❝❤✐✈♦s ❞❡♣❡♥❞✐❡♥t❡s✱ ♦ ✩❄✱
q✉❡ s❡ r❡✜❡r❡ ❛ ❧♦s ❛r❝❤✐✈♦s q✉❡ s❡ ❤❛②❛♥ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛❞♦ ❞❡s♣✉és q✉❡ ❡❧ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦✳

✶ ❝♦♣✐❛❙❡❣✉r✐❞❛❞ ✿ ✉♥♦ ✳❝ ❞♦s ✳❝ tr❡s ✳❝

✷ ✫ ❝♦♣② ✩ ✯✯ ❛ ✿❭ ❝♦❞✐❣♦s
❯♥❛ ú❧t✐♠❛ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❝✐ó♥✿ ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ❝r❡❛r ♥✉❡str❛s ♣r♦♣✐❛s ♠❛❝r♦s✱ ❝♦♥ ❧❛ ✐♥t❡♥❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ q✉❡ ♥✉❡str♦
▼❆❑❊❋■▲❊ r❡s✉❧t❡ ❢á❝✐❧ ❞❡ ❧❡❡r ② ❞❡ ♠❛♥t❡♥❡r✱ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ q✉❡ ✉♥❛ ✈❡rs✐ó♥ ❧❡❣✐❜❧❡ ❞❡ ♥✉❡str♦ ♣r✐♠❡r
❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ❡s✿

✶ ❋❯❊◆❚❊❙ ❂ ✉♥♦ ✳❝ ❞♦s ✳❝ tr❡s ✳❝

✷ ❈❖▼P■▲ ❂ t❝❝
✸
✹ ♣r✉❡❜❛ ✳ ❡①❡ ✿ ✩✭ ❋❯❊◆❚❊❙ ✮
✺ ✩✭ ❈❖▼P■▲ ✮ ✲ ❡♣r✉❡❜❛ ✳ ❡①❡ ✩✭ ❋❯❊◆❚❊❙ ✮
❊s ❞❡❝✐r✱ ❧❛s ♠❛❝r♦s s❡ ❞❡✜♥❡♥ ♣♦♥✐❡♥❞♦ s✉ ♥♦♠❜r❡✱ ❡❧ s✐❣♥♦ ✐❣✉❛❧ ② s✉ ❞❡✜♥✐❝✐ó♥✱ ② s❡ ❡♠♣❧❡❛♥
♣r❡❝❡❞✐é♥❞♦❧❛s ❞❡ ✩ ② ❡♥tr❡ ♣❛ré♥t❡s✐s✳

P❡r♦ t♦❞❛✈í❛ ❤❛② ♠ás q✉❡ ♥♦ ❤❡♠♦s ✈✐st♦✳ ▲❛s ❤❡rr❛♠✐❡♥t❛s ▼❆❑❊ ❝♦♠♣r✉❡❜❛♥ ❧❛s ❝♦♥❞✐❝✐♦♥❡s
✭❝♦♥ ❧❛s ❞✐r❡❝t✐✈❛s✧✦✐❢✧✱ ✧✦❡❧s❡✧ ② s✐♠✐❧❛r❡s✮ ♦ r❡❛❧✐③❛♥ ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❡s ✭❝♦♥ ❧♦s ♦♣❡r❛❞♦r❡s ❡stá♥✲
❞❛r ❞❡ ❈✿ ✰✱ ✯✱ ✪✱ ❃❃✱ ❡t❝✮✳
➽❆❧❣✉♥❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛ ❡♥ ▲✐♥✉①❄ P♦❝❛s✳ ❙ó❧♦ r❡❝♦r❞❛r q✉❡ ❡♥ ❧♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❯♥✐① s❡ ❞✐st✐♥❣✉❡ ❡♥tr❛
♠❛②ús❝✉❧❛s ② ♠✐♥ús❝✉❧❛s✱ ♣♦r ❧♦ q✉❡ ❧❛ ❤❡rr❛♠✐❡♥t❛ s❡ ❧❧❛♠❛ ✑♠❛❦❡✑✱ ② ❡❧ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s ✑▼❛✲
❦❡✜❧❡✑ ♦ ✑♠❛❦❡✜❧❡✑ ✭♣r❡❢❡r✐❜❧❡ ❧❛ ♣r✐♠❡r❛✱ ❝♦♥ ❧❛ ❧❡tr❛ ❡♥ ♠❛②ús❝✉❧❛✮✳ ❉❡ ✐❣✉❛❧ ♠♦❞♦✱ ❡❧ ♥♦♠❜r❡
❞❡❧ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦r ② ❧♦s ❞❡ ❧♦s ❢✉❡♥t❡s s❡ ❡s❝r✐❜❡♥ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡❧ ✑▼❛❦❡✜❧❡✑ ❡①❛❝t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠♦ s❡ ❤❛♥
❝r❡❛❞♦ ✭❤❛❜✐t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡♥ ♠✐♥ús❝✉❧❛s✮✳

✶✹✳✷✳ ❯♥✐♦♥❡s ② ❝❛♠♣♦s ❞❡ ❜✐ts

❈♦♥♦❝❡♠♦s ❧♦ q✉❡ ❡s ✉♥ str✉❝t✿ ✉♥ ❞❛t♦ ❢♦r♠❛❞♦ ♣♦r ✈❛r✐♦s ✑tr♦③♦s✑ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❞✐st✐♥t♦
t✐♣♦✳ P❡r♦ ❈ t❛♠❜✐é♥ t✐❡♥❡ ❞♦s t✐♣♦s ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧❡s ❞❡ ✑str✉❝t✑✱ ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡❥♦ ♠ás ❛✈❛♥③❛❞♦✳ ❙♦♥ ❧❛s
✉♥✐♦♥❡s ② ❧♦s ❝❛♠♣♦s ❞❡ ❜✐ts✳

❯♥❛ ✉♥✐ó♥ r❡❝✉❡r❞❛ ❛ ✉♥ ✑str✉❝t✑ ♥♦r♠❛❧✱ ❝♦♥ ❧❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ q✉❡ s✉s ✑❝❛♠♣♦s✑ ❝♦♠♣❛rt❡♥ ❡❧
♠✐s♠♦ ❡s♣❛❝✐♦ ❞❡ ♠❡♠♦r✐❛✿

✶ ✉♥✐♦♥ ④
✷ ❝❤❛r ❧❡tr❛ ❀ ✴✯ ✶ ❜②t❡ ✯✴

✸✵✸
 ✸ ✐♥t ♥✉♠❡r♦ ❀ ✴✯ ✹ ❜②t❡s ✯✴
✹ ⑥ ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦ ❀
❊♥ ❡st❡ ❝❛s♦✱ ❧❛ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ ✑❡❥❡♠♣❧♦✑ ♦❝✉♣❛ ✹ ❜②t❡s ❡♥ ♠❡♠♦r✐❛ ✭s✉♣♦♥✐❡♥❞♦ q✉❡ ❡st❛♠♦s tr❛❜❛❥❛♥❞♦
❡♥ ✉♥ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦r ❞❡ ✸✷ ❜✐ts✮✳ ❊❧ ♣r✐♠❡r ❜②t❡ ❡stá ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❞♦ ♣♦r ✑❧❡tr❛✑ ② ✑♥✉♠❡r♦✑✱ ② ❧♦s tr❡s
ú❧t✐♠♦s ❜②t❡s só❧♦ ♣❡rt❡♥❡❝❡♥ ❛ ✑♥✉♠❡r♦✑✳

❙✐ ❤❛❝❡♠♦s✿

✶ ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦ ✳ ♥✉♠❡r♦ ❂ ✷✺❀

✷ ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦ ✳ ❧❡tr❛ ❂ ✺✵❀
✸ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ✪❞✧ ✱ ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦ ✳ ♥✉♠❡r♦ ✮❀
❱❡♠♦s q✉❡ ✑❡❥❡♠♣❧♦✳♥✉♠❡r♦✑ ②❛ ♥♦ ✈❛❧❡ ✷✺✱ ♣✉❡st♦ q✉❡ ❛❧ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛r ✑❡❥❡♠♣❧♦✳❧❡tr❛✑ ❝❛♠❜✐❛♠♦s
s✉ ♣r✐♠❡r ❜②t❡✳ ❆❤♦r❛ ✑❡❥❡♠♣❧♦✳♥✉♠❡r♦✑ ✈❛❧❡ ✺✵ ♦ ✉♥ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ♠ás ❣r❛♥❞❡✱ s✐ ❡❧ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r q✉❡
❡st❛♠♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❛❧♠❛❝❡♥❛ ❡♥ ♣r✐♠❡r ❧✉❣❛r ❡❧ ❜②t❡ ♠ás s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈♦ ♦ ❡❧ ♠❡♥♦s s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈♦✳

❯♥ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❜✐ts ❡s ✉♥ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♥ r❡❣✐str♦ ✭str✉❝t✮✱ q✉❡ s❡ ❞❡✜♥❡ ❜❛sá♥❞♦s❡ ❡♥ s✉ t❛♠❛ñ♦

❡♥ ❜✐ts✳ ❉❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ♠✉② ♣❛r❡❝✐❞❛ ✭♣❡r♦ ♥♦ ✐❣✉❛❧✮ ❛ ✉♥ ✧str✉❝t✧♥♦r♠❛❧✱ ✐♥❞✐❝❛♥❞♦ ❡❧ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❜✐ts
❛ r❡s❡r✈❛r ♣♦r ❝❛❞❛ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦✿

✶ str✉❝t ❝❛♠♣♦❴❞❡❴❜✐ts ④
✷ ✐♥t ❜✐t❴✶ ✿ ✶❀
✸ ✐♥t ❜✐ts❴✷❴❛❴✺ ✿ ✹❀
✹ ✐♥t ❜✐t❴✻ ✿ ✶❀
✺ ✐♥t ❜✐ts❴✼❴❛❴✶✻ ✿ ✶✵❀
✻ ⑥ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡❉❡❇✐ts ❀
❊st❛ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ ♦❝✉♣❛ ✶✰✹✰✶✰✶✵ ❂ ✶✻ ❜✐ts ✭✷ ❜②t❡s✮✳ ▲♦s ❝❛♠♣♦s ❞❡ ❜✐ts s♦♥ ✐♥t❡r❡s❛♥t❡s ♣❛r❛
♦♣t✐♠✐③❛r ❡❧ ♠á①✐♠♦ ❡❧ ❡s♣❛❝✐♦ ♦❝✉♣❛❞♦ ♣♦r ♥✉❡str♦ ❞❛t♦s✳

✶✹✳✸✳ ❊❧ ♦♣❡r❛❞♦r ❝♦♠❛

❈✉❛♥❞♦ ✈✐♠♦s ❧❛ ♦r❞❡♥ ✑❢♦r✑✱ ✉s❛♠♦s ✉♥❛ ú♥✐❝❛ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ ❝♦♠♦ ❝♦♥t❛❞♦r✱ ♣❡r♦ ❡st♦ ♥♦ t✐❡♥❡
♣♦r q✉é s❡r ❛sí✳ ❱❡❛♠♦s ✉♥ ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦✿

✶ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ st❞✐♦ ✳❤ ❃
✷
✸ ✐♥t ♠❛✐♥ ✭✮ ④
✹ ✐♥t ✐ ✱ ❥❀
✺
✻ ❢♦r ✭ ✐ ❂✵ ✱ ❥ ❂✶❀ ✐ ❁❂✺ ✱ ❥ ❁❂✸✵❀ ✐ ✰✰ ✱ ❥ ✰❂✷✮
✼ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ✐ ✈❛❧❡ ✪❞ ② ❥ ✈❛❧❡ ✪❞ ✳❭ ♥✧ ✱ ✐ ✱ ❥ ✮❀
✽ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✾ ⑥
❱❡❛♠♦s q✉é ❤❛❝❡ ❡st❡ ✧❢♦r✧✿

▲♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧❡s s♦♥ ✐❂✵✱ ❥❂✶✳

❙❡ r❡♣✐t❡ ♠✐❡♥tr❛s q✉❡ ✐ ❁❂ ✺✱ ❥ ❁❂ ✸✵✳

❆❧ ✜♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ♣❛s♦✱ ✐ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛ ❡♥ ✉♥❛ ✉♥✐❞❛❞✱ ② ❥ ❡♥ ❞♦s ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s✳

✸✵✹
❊❧ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❡stá ❡♥ s❛❜❡r ❝✉❛♥❞♦ t❡r♠✐♥❛ ❡❧ ❜✉❝❧❡✿ s✐ s❡ ❞❡t✐❡♥❡ ❡♥ ❝✉❛♥t♦ s❡ ❝✉♠♣❧❛ ✉♥❛ ❞❡ ❧❛s
❞♦s ❝♦♥❞✐❝✐♦♥❡s ♦ s✐ t✐❡♥❡♥ q✉❡ ❝✉♠♣❧✐rs❡ ❧❛s ❞♦s✳

❊❧ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❡st❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ s✐r✈❡ ❝♦♠♦ r❡s♣✉❡st❛✿

✶ ✐ ✈❛❧❡ ✵ ② ❥ ✈❛❧❡ ✶✳
✷ ✐ ✈❛❧❡ ✶ ② ❥ ✈❛❧❡ ✸✳
✸ ✐ ✈❛❧❡ ✷ ② ❥ ✈❛❧❡ ✺✳
✹ ✐ ✈❛❧❡ ✸ ② ❥ ✈❛❧❡ ✼✳
✺ ✐ ✈❛❧❡ ✹ ② ❥ ✈❛❧❡ ✾✳
✻ ✐ ✈❛❧❡ ✺ ② ❥ ✈❛❧❡ ✶✶✳
✼ ✐ ✈❛❧❡ ✻ ② ❥ ✈❛❧❡ ✶✸✳
✽ ✐ ✈❛❧❡ ✼ ② ❥ ✈❛❧❡ ✶✺✳
✾ ✐ ✈❛❧❡ ✽ ② ❥ ✈❛❧❡ ✶✼✳
✶✵ ✐ ✈❛❧❡ ✾ ② ❥ ✈❛❧❡ ✶✾✳
✶✶ ✐ ✈❛❧❡ ✶✵ ② ❥ ✈❛❧❡ ✷✶✳
✶✷ ✐ ✈❛❧❡ ✶✶ ② ❥ ✈❛❧❡ ✷✸✳
✶✸ ✐ ✈❛❧❡ ✶✷ ② ❥ ✈❛❧❡ ✷✺✳
✶✹ ✐ ✈❛❧❡ ✶✸ ② ❥ ✈❛❧❡ ✷✼✳
✶✺ ✐ ✈❛❧❡ ✶✹ ② ❥ ✈❛❧❡ ✷✾✳
❈♦♠♦ ♦❜s❡r✈❛♠♦s✱ ❧❧❡❣❛ ✉♥ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ❡♥ q✉❡ ❞❡❥❛ ❞❡ ❝✉♠♣❧✐s❡ q✉❡ i <= 5✱ ♣❡r♦ ❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ s✐❣✉❡
❛✈❛♥③❛♥❞♦✿ ♥♦ s❡ s❛❧❡ ❞❡❧ ❜✉❝❧❡ ✑❢♦r✑ ❤❛st❛ q✉❡ s❡ ❝✉♠♣❧❡♥ ❧❛s ❞♦s ❝♦♥❞✐❝✐♦♥❡s ✭r❡❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❤❛st❛
q✉❡ s❡ ❝✉♠♣❧❡ ❧❛ s❡❣✉♥❞❛✮✳

▲❛ ✐❞❡❛ ❡s q✉❡✱ ❡♥ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✱ s✐ s❡ ✉s❛ ❡❧ ♦♣❡r❛❞♦r ❝♦♠❛ ♣❛r❛ s❡♣❛r❛r ❞♦s ❡①♣r❡s✐♦♥❡s✱ ♥✉❡str♦
❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦r ❡✈❛❧ú❛ ❧❛ ♣r✐♠❡r❛ ❡①♣r❡s✐ó♥✱ ❧✉❡❣♦ ❧❛ s❡❣✉♥❞❛✱ ② ❞❡✈✉❡❧✈❡ ❝♦♠♦ ✈❛❧♦r ❡❧ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞❡
❧❛ s❡❣✉♥❞❛✳ ❱❡❛♠♦s♥ ✉♥ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦ ❛❧❣♦ ♠ás r❡❜✉s❝❛❞♦✿

✶ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ st❞✐♦ ✳❤ ❃
✷
✸ ✐♥t ♠❛✐♥ ✭✮ ④
✹ ✐♥t ✐ ✱ ❥ ✱ ❦❀
✺ ❦ ❂ ✭✭ ✐ ❂✺✮ ✱ ✭❥ ❂✻✮ ✮❀
✻
✼ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ✐❂ ✪❞ ✱ ❥❂ ✪❞ ✱ ❦❂ ✪❞✧ ✱ ✐ ✱ ❥ ✱ ❦✮❀
✽
✾ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✶✵ ⑥
❆✉♥ ❛sí✱ ❡♥ ❧❛ ♣rá❝t✐❝❛✱ ❡❧ ú♥✐❝♦ ✉s♦ ❤❛❜✐t✉❛❧ ❞❡❧ ♦♣❡r❛❞♦r ❝♦♠❛ ❡s ❡❧ ♣r✐♠❡r♦ q✉❡ ❤❡♠♦s ✈✐st♦✿
✉t✐❧✐③❛r ❞♦s ❝♦♥❞✐❝✐♦♥❡s s✐♠✉❧tá♥❡❛s ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛r ✉♥ ❜✉❝❧❡ ✑❢♦r✑✳

✶✹✳✹✳ ❊♥✉♠❡r❛❝✐♦♥❡s

❈✉❛♥❞♦ t❡♥❡♠♦s ✈❛r✐❛s ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡s✱ ❝✉②♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s s♦♥ ♥ú♠❡r♦s ❡♥t❡r♦s✱ ② ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ s✐ s♦♥
❝♦♥s❡❝✉t✐✈♦s✱ t❡♥❡♠♦s ✉♥❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❛❜r❡✈✐❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❞❡✜♥✐r❧♦s✳ ❙❡ tr❛t❛ ❞❡ ❡♥✉♠❡r❛r❧♦s✿

✶ ❡♥✉♠ ❞✐❛s❙❡♠❛♥❛ ④ ▲❯◆❊❙ ✱ ▼❆❘❚❊❙ ✱ ▼■❊❘❈❖▲❊❙ ✱ ❏❯❊❱❊❙ ✱ ❱■❊❘◆❊❙ ✱

❙❆❇❆❉❖ ✱ ❉❖▼■◆●❖ ⑥❀

✸✵✺
✭❆❧ ✐❣✉❛❧ q✉❡ ❧❛s ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡s ❞❡ ❝✉❛❧q✉✐❡r ♦tr♦ t✐♣♦✱ s❡ ❡s❝r✐❜❡♥ ❡♥ ♠❛②ús❝✉❧❛s ♣❛r❛ r❡❝♦r❞❛r ❡♥
❝✉❛❧q✉✐❡r ♣❛rt❡ q✉❡ s❡ s❡♣❛ ✧❞❡ ✉♥ ✈✐st❛③♦✧q✉❡ s♦♥ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡s✱ ♥♦ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s✮

▲❛ ♣r✐♠❡r❛ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡ ✈❛❧❞rá ✵✱ ② ❧❛s ❞❡♠ás ✐rá♥ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛♥❞♦ ❞❡ ✉♥❛ ❡♥ ✉♥❛✱ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ q✉❡ ❡♥
♥✉❡str♦ ❝❛s♦ ✈❛❧❡♥✿

✶ ▲❯◆❊❙ ❂ ✵✱ ▼❆❘❚❊❙ ❂ ✶✱ ▼■❊❘❈❖▲❊❙ ❂ ✷✱ ❏❯❊❱❊❙ ❂ ✸ ✱ ❱■❊❘◆❊❙ ❂ ✹✱

✷ ❙❆❇❆❉❖ ❂ ✺✱ ❉❖▼■◆●❖ ❂ ✻
❙✐ q✉❡r❡♠♦s q✉❡ ❧♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ♥♦ s❡❛♥ ❡①❛❝t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡st♦s✱ ❞❛♠♦s ✈❛❧♦r ❛ ❝✉❛❧q✉✐❡r❛ ❞❡ ❧❛s ❝♦♥t❛♥t❡s✱
② ❧❛s s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡s ✈❛♥ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛♥❞♦ ❞❡ ✉♥♦ ❡♥ ✉♥♦✳ P♦r ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦✱ s✐ ❡s❝r✐❜✐♠♦s

✶ ❡♥✉♠ ❞✐❛s❙❡♠❛♥❛ ④ ▲❯◆❊❙ ❂✶ ✱ ▼❆❘❚❊❙ ✱ ▼■❊❘❈❖▲❊❙ ✱ ❏❯❊❱❊❙ ❂✻ ✱ ❱■❊❘◆❊❙ ✱

✷ ❙❆❇❆❉❖ ❂✶✵ ✱ ❉❖▼■◆●❖ ⑥❀
❆❤♦r❛ s✉s ✈❛❧♦r❡s s♦♥✿

✶ ▲❯◆❊❙ ❂ ✶✱ ▼❆❘❚❊❙ ❂ ✷✱ ▼■❊❘❈❖▲❊❙ ❂ ✸✱ ❏❯❊❱❊❙ ❂ ✻ ✱ ❱■❊❘◆❊❙ ❂ ✼✱

✷ ❙❆❇❆❉❖ ❂ ✶✵ ✱ ❉❖▼■◆●❖ ❂ ✶✶

✶✹✳✺✳ ❉❡✜♥✐❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ t✐♣♦s

❊❧ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ✉♥❛ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ ✐♥❞✐❝❛ ❡❧ r❛♥❣♦ ❞❡ ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❛ t♦♠❛r✳ ❚❡♥❡♠♦s ❝r❡❛❞♦s ❧♦s t✐♣♦s ❜ás✐❝♦s✱
♣❡r♦ ♣✉❡❞❡ q✉❡ ♥♦s ✐♥t❡r❡s❡ ❝r❡❛r ♥✉❡str♦s ♣r♦♣✐♦s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s✱ ♣❛r❛ ❧♦ q✉❡ ✉s❛♠♦s ✑t②♣❡❞❡❢ ✑✳
❊❧ ❢♦r♠❛t♦ ❡s✿ t②♣❡❞❡❢ t✐♣♦ ♥♦♠❜r❡❀
▲♦ q✉❡ ❤❛❝❡♠♦s ❡s ❞❛r❧❡ ✉♥ ♥✉❡✈♦ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ❛ ✉♥ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s✳ P✉❡❞❡ s❡r ❝ó♠♦❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❤❛❝❡r
❧❡❣✐❜❧❡ ♥✉❡str♦s ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s✳ P♦r ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❛ ❛❧❣✉✐❡♥ q✉❡ ❝♦♥♦③❝❛ P❛s❝❛❧ ♦ ❏❛✈❛✱ ❧❡ ❢❛❧t❛ ✉♥ t✐♣♦ ❞❡
❞❛t♦s ✑❜♦♦❧❡❛♥✑✱ q✉❡ ❤❛❣❛ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛❝✐♦♥❡s ♠ás ❧❡❣✐❜❧❡s✱ s✐❣✉✐❡♥❞♦ ❡st❛ ❡str✉❝t✉r❛✿

✶ ✐❢ ✭ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦ ❂❂ ❋❆▲❙❊ ✮ ✳✳✳

♦ ❜✐❡♥ ❝♦♠♦

✶ ✐❢ ✭ ❞❛t♦s❈♦rr❡❝t♦s ❂❂ ❚❘❯❊ ✮ ✳✳✳

❱❡❛♠♦s ✉♥ ❝ó❞✐❣♦✿

✶ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ st❞✐♦ ✳❤ ❃
✷
✸ ★ ❞❡❢✐♥❡ ❱❆▲■❉❆ ✼✶✶ ✴✯ ❈❧❛✈❡ ❝♦rr❡❝t❛ ✯✴
✹ ★ ❞❡❢✐♥❡ ❚❘❯❊ ✶ ✴✯ ◆♦st❛❧❣✐❛ ❞❡ ❧♦s ❜♦♦❧❡❛♥ ✯✴
✺ ★ ❞❡❢✐♥❡ ❋❆▲❙❊ ✵
✻
✼ t②♣❡❞❡❢ ✐♥t ❜♦♦❧❡❛♥ ❀ ✴✯ ❉❡❢✐♥✐♠♦s ✉♥ ♣❛r ❞❡ t✐♣♦s ✯✴
✽ t②♣❡❞❡❢ ✐♥t ✐♥t❡❣❡r ❀
✾
✶✵ ✐♥t❡❣❡r ❝❧❛✈❡ ❀ ✴✯ ❨ ❞♦s ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s ✯✴
✶✶ ❜♦♦❧❡❛♥ ❛❝❡rt❛❞♦ ❀
✶✷
✶✸ ✐♥t ♠❛✐♥ ✭✮ ④
✶✹ ❞♦ ④
✶✺ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ■♥tr♦❞✉③❝❛ s✉ ❝❧❛✈❡ ♥✉♠ é r✐❝❛ ✿ ✧✮❀

✸✵✻
✶✻ s❝❛♥❢ ✭✧ ✪❞✧ ✱ ✫ ❝❧❛✈❡ ✮❀
✶✼ ❛❝❡rt❛❞♦ ❂ ✭ ❝❧❛✈❡ ❂❂ ❱❆▲■❉❆ ✮❀
✶✽
✶✾ ✐❢ ✭ ❛❝❡rt❛❞♦ ❂❂ ❋❆▲❙❊ ✮
✷✵ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ◆♦ ✈ á ❧✐❞❛ ✦❭ ♥✧✮❀
✷✶ ⑥ ✇❤✐❧❡ ✭ ❛❝❡rt❛❞♦ ✦❂ ❚❘❯❊ ✮❀
✷✷
✷✸ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❆❝❡♣t❛❞❛ ✳❭ ♥✧✮❀
✷✹ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✷✺ ⑥
❚❛♠❜✐é♥ ✉s❛♠♦s ✧t②♣❡❞❡❢✧♣❛r❛ ❞❛r ✉♥ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ❝♦rt♦ ❛ t♦❞♦ ✉♥ str✉❝t✿
✶ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ st❞✐♦ ✳❤ ❃
✷
✸ t②♣❡❞❡❢ str✉❝t ④ ✴✯ ❉❡❢✐♥♦ ❡❧ t✐♣♦ ✧ ❞❛t♦s ✧ ✯✴
✹ ✐♥t ✈❛❧♦r ❀
✺ ❢❧♦❛t ❝♦st❡ ❀
✻ ❝❤❛r r❡❢ ❀
✼ ⑥ ❞❛t♦s ❀
✽
✾ ❞❛t♦s ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦ ❀ ✴✯ ❨ ❝r❡♦ ✉♥❛ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ ❞❡ ❡s❡ t✐♣♦ ✯✴
✶✵
✶✶ ✐♥t ♠❛✐♥ ✭✮ ④
✶✷ ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦ ✳ ✈❛❧♦r ❂ ✸✹❀
✶✸ ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦ ✳ ❝♦st♦ ❂ ✶✷✵✵✳✺❀
✶✹ ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦ ✳ r❡❢ ❂ ✬❆ ✬❀
✶✺ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❊❧ ✈❛❧♦r ❡s ✪❞ ✧ ✱ ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦ ✳ ✈❛❧♦r ✮ ❀
✶✻ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✶✼ ⑥

✸✵✼
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶✺

▲❡♥❣✉❛❥❡ ❈ ② ❙◗▲✐t❡✸

❊♥ ❡st❡ ❝❛♣✐t✉❧♦ r❡q✉❡r✐♠♦s ❝♦♥❡❝t❛r ❧❡♥❣✉❛❥❡ ❈ ❝♦♥ ❝✉❛❧q✉✐❡r ♠♦t♦r ❞❡ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s✳ P❛r❛
❡❧❧♦✱ ♥❡❝❡s✐t❛♠♦s ❝♦♥♦❝❡r s✐ ❧❛ r❡❧❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❡①✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❈ ❝♦♥ ❡❧ ♠♦t♦r ❞❡ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s ❡s ❞❡ t✐♣♦
❞✐r❡❝t❛ ♦ ✐♥❞✐r❡❝t❛✳
▲♦ ❤❛❜✐t✉❛❧ ❡s ❛♣r♦✈❡❝❤❛r ✉♥ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❡①✐st❡♥t❡ q✉❡ ♣r♦✈❡❛ ❞❡ ❧♦s ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ♣❛r❛ ❡st❛❜❧❡❝❡r ❧❛
❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛❝✐ó♥ ❡♥tr❡ ❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ② ❧❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s✱ ❤❛❜❧❛♠♦s ❞❡ ❧❛s ❧✐❜r❡rí❛s✳ ▲♦ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛❜❧❡
❡s ❡♥❧❛③❛r ❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❝♦♥ ✉♥❛ ❧✐❜r❡rí❛ q✉❡ tr❛❜❛❥❡ ❝♦♥ ❧❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s ✳
P✉❡❞❡s ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛r t✉ ♣r♦♣✐❛ ✐♥t❡r❢❛③ ❞❡ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s✱ ♣❡r♦ ❧♦s ❝♦♥♦❝✐♠✐❡♥t♦s té❝♥✐❝♦s ② ❡❧ t✐❡♠♣♦
♥❡❝❡s❛r✐♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡❧❧♦ ②❛ t❡ ❛✈✐s♦ q✉❡ s♦♥ ❛❧t♦s✳
Pr✐♠❡r♦ ❞❡❝✐❞✐♠♦s q✉é t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s ✈❛♠♦s ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r ✭❖r❛❝❧❡✱ ❙◗▲✐t❡✱ P♦st❣r❡❙◗▲✱
▼②❙q❧✱ ❡t❝✳✮✳
◆♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❡❧ ♣r♦✈❡❡❞♦r ❞❡ ❧❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛ ✉♥❛ ❧✐❜r❡rí❛ ♣❛r❛ ❧❛ ❝♦♥❡①✐ó♥✳
➽P♦r q✉é ✉♥❛ ❧✐❜r❡rí❛ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s❄ ❙✐ ❜✐❡♥ ❡❧ ❧❡♥❣✉❛❥❡ ❙◗▲ ❡s ✉♥ ❡stá♥❞❛r✱
❝❛❞❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s ♥♦ ❧♦ ❡s✿ ❡♥ ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛❝✐ó♥✱ s♦❝❦❡ts✱ ❡t❝✳ ■♥❝❧✉s♦✱ ❝❛❞❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s t✐❡♥❡ s✉
♣r♦♣✐❛ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡❧ ❡stá♥❞❛r ❙◗▲✱ ♣♦r ❧♦ q✉❡ ❤❛② s❡♥t❡♥❝✐❛s q✉❡ ú♥✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♥ ❡♥
✉♥❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❧♦s ❝❛♠♣♦ ❢❡❝❤❛✱ t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s✱ ❛❞♠✐♥✐str❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❣r✉♣♦s ② ✉s✉❛r✐♦s✱
♣❡r♠✐s♦s ❞❡ ❛❝❝❡s♦✱ ❡t❝✳
❯♥❛ ✈❡③✱ s❡❧❡❝❝✐♦♥❛❞❛ ❧❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r ② t❡♥❡r ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜❧❡ ❧❛ ❧✐❜r❡rí❛ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞✐❡♥t❡✱
♣r♦❝❡❞❡♠♦s ❛ ❛♥❛❧✐③❛r s✉ ✐♥t❡r❢❛③ ♣❛r❛ s❛❜❡r ❝ó♠♦ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛ ② ❝ó♠♦ ✉s❛r❧❛ ♣❛r❛ t✉s ♣r♦♣✐♦s r❡✲
q✉❡r✐♠✐❡♥t♦s❀ ♣♦r ú❧t✐♠♦✱ q✉❡❞❛ ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛r ❡❧ ♣r♦②❡❝t♦ ✐♥❝❧✉②❡♥❞♦ ❧❛ ❧✐❜r❡rí❛ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛r ❡❧
❡❥❡❝✉t❛❜❧❡✳
❚❛♠❜✐é♥ ♣✉❡❞❡s ♦♣t❛r ♣♦r ✉♥❛ s♦❧✉❝✐ó♥ ✉♥ ♣♦❝♦ ♠ás ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❛✳ ❍❛② ❧✐❜r❡rí❛s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❧❛s q✉❡ tr❛❡
❡❧ ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ ❞❡ ◗t q✉❡ ♦❢r❡❝❡ ✉♥❛ ✐♥t❡r❢❛③ ❝♦♠ú♥ ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❇❇❉❉ ❛ ❝♦♥❡❝t❛r✳ ❖tr♦s
❡❥❡♠♣❧♦s✿ ❙q❧❆P■✰✰

✶✺✳✶✳ ❙◗▲✐t❡✸

❙◗▲✐t❡✸ ❡s ✉♥❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❝♦♥t❡♥✐❞❛ ❡♥ ✉♥❛ ❜✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛ ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧❛❞❛ ❡♥ ❈✱ q✉❡ s❡
❡♠❜❡❜❡ ❡♥ ♥✉❡str❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❝✐ó♥ ❡♥ ✉♥ ♣r♦❝❡s♦ ✐♥t❡❣r❛❞♦✱ s✐♥ s❡r✈✐❞♦r✱ s✐♥ ✉♥❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❝✐ó♥ ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛✲
❝✐ó♥✱ ❝♦♥ ✉♥ ♠♦t♦r ❞❡ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s ❙◗▲ q✉❡ s♦♣♦rt❛ tr❛♥s❛❝❝✐♦♥❡s ❞❡ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s ❛tó♠✐❝❛s
✭❆❈■❉ ❞❡ ❆t♦♠✐❝✐❞❛❞✱ ❈♦♥s✐st❡♥❝✐❛✱ ❛■s❧❛♠✐❡♥t♦ ② ❉✉r❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞✮✱ ❝✉②♦ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❡s ❞❡ ❞♦♠✐♥✐♦ ♣ú✲
❜❧✐❝♦ ② ❧✐❜r❡ ♣❛r❛ ❡❧ ✉s♦ ❝♦♥ ❝✉❛❧q✉✐❡r ♣r♦♣ós✐t♦✱ ❝♦♠❡r❝✐❛❧ ♦ ♣r✐✈❛❞♦✳

✸✵✽
❙◗▲✐t❡ ❧❡❡ ② ❡s❝r✐❜❡ ❞✐r❡❝t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡♥ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦s ❞❡ ❞✐s❝♦✳
▲❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s ❙◗▲✐t❡✸ s❡ ❛❧♠❛❝❡♥❛ ❡♥ ✉♥ ú♥✐❝♦ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ❞❡ ❞✐s❝♦ ♠✉❧t✐♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛✱ ❧♦ q✉❡ ♣r♦✲
♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛ ✉♥❛ ❣r❛♥ ✈❡rs❛t✐❧✐❞❛❞✳ ❊♥ s✉ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♠✐❡♥t♦ ❤❛② ✉♥ ❡q✉✐❧✐❜r✐♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❡❧ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ♠❡♠♦r✐❛
② ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞✱ ❛ ♠ás ♠❡♠♦r✐❛ ♠ás r❛♣✐❞❡③ ❞❡ ❡❥❡❝✉❝✐ó♥✱ ② t✐❡♥❡ ✉♥ r❡♥❞✐♠✐❡♥t♦ ó♣t✐♠♦ ✐♥❝❧✉s♦ ❡♥
❡♥t♦r♥♦s ❛♥t✐❣✉♦s ❝♦♥ ♣♦❝❛ ♠❡♠♦r✐❛✳
❆❧❣✉♥♦s ❞❛t♦s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s✿
▲í♠✐t❡ ❞❡ ❝❛♠♣♦s ❡♥ ✉♥❛ t❛❜❧❛✿ ✷✵✵✵
▲í♠✐t❡ ♠á①✐♠♦ t❡ór✐❝♦ ❞❡ ✜❧❛s ❡♥ ✉♥❛ t❛❜❧❛✿ 264 ✭✶✽✹✹✻✼✹✹✵✼✸✼✵✾✺✺✶✻✶✻ ♦ ❝❡r❝❛ ❞❡ 1,8e+19✮
▲í♠✐t❡ ♠á①✐♠♦ ❛♣r♦①✐♠❛❞♦ ❞❡❧ t❛♠❛ñ♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s ✶✳✹❡✰✶✹ ❜②t❡s ✭✶✹✵ t❡r❛❜②t❡s
♦r ✶✹✵✱✵✵✵ ❣✐❣❛❜②t❡s✮
❉❡❜✐❞♦ ❛ q✉❡ ❙◗▲✐t❡ ❡s ✉♥ ❙●❇❉ ❡♠❜❡❜✐❞♦ ❡♥ ❧❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❝✐ó♥✱ ♥♦ ♥❡❝❡s✐t❛ ✐♥st❛❧❛r ♦ ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛r
♥❛❞❛ ❛♣❛rt❡ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❝✐ó♥ ❡♥ ❝✉❡st✐ó♥✳

✶✺✳✷✳ ❆P■ ❈♦r❡

▲❛ ✐♥t❡r❢❛③ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❜✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛ ❙◗▲✐t❡ ❝♦♥st❛ ❞❡ tr❡s ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❡s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧❡s✱ ✉♥❛ ❡str✉❝t✉r❛ ❞❡

❞❛t♦s ♦♣❛❝❛ ② ❛❧❣✉♥❛s ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ❝♦♠♦ ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡ r❡t♦r♥♦✳ ▲❛ ✐♥t❡r❢❛③ ❝❡♥tr❛❧ ❡s ❧❛
s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡✿
✶ t②♣❡❞❡❢ str✉❝t sq❧✐t❡ sq❧✐t❡ ❀
✷ ★ ❞❡❢✐♥❡ ❙◗▲■❚❊❴❖❑ ✵ ✴✯ ❙✉❝❝❡ss❢✉❧ r❡s✉❧t ✯✴
✸
✹ sq❧✐t❡ ✯ sq❧✐t❡❴♦♣❡♥ ✭ ❝♦♥st ❝❤❛r ✯ ❞❜♥❛♠❡ ✱ ✐♥t ♠♦❞❡ ✱ ❝❤❛r ✯✯ ❡rr♠s❣ ✮
❀
✺
✻ ✈♦✐❞ sq❧✐t❡❴❝❧♦s❡ ✭ sq❧✐t❡ ✯ ❞❜ ✮❀
✼
✽ ✐♥t sq❧✐t❡❴❡①❡❝ ✭
✾ sq❧✐t❡ ✯❞❜ ✱
✶✵ ❝❤❛r ✯ sq❧ ✱
✶✶ ✐♥t ✭✯ ①❈❛❧❧❜❛❝❦ ✮✭ ✈♦✐❞ ✯✱ ✐♥t ✱ ❝❤❛r ✯✯ ✱ ❝❤❛r ✯✯✮ ✱
✶✷ ✈♦✐❞ ✯ ♣❆r❣ ✱
✶✸ ❝❤❛r ✯✯ ❡rr♠s❣
✶✹ ✮❀
▲♦ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r ❡s ❧♦ q✉❡ ♥❡❝❡s✐t❛ ♣❛r❛ ✉s❛r ❙◗▲✐t❡ ❡♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s ❈ ♦ ❈ ✰✰✳ ❍❛② ♦tr❛s ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❡s ❞❡
✐♥t❡r❢❛③ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜❧❡s✱ ❝♦♠❡♥③❛♠♦s ♣♦r ❞❡s❝r✐❜✐r ❧❛s ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❡s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧❡s q✉❡ s❡ ♠✉❡str❛♥ ❛rr✐❜❛✳
❙◗▲✐t❡ ❡s ✉♥❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s ❧♦❝❛❧ ❣r❛t✉✐t❛ ❝♦♥ ✐♥t❡r❢❛③ ❙◗▲✳ ▲❛ ❜✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛ ❙◗▲✐t❡ ❡stá ❞✐s❡ñ❛❞❛
♣❛r❛ s❡r ❢á❝✐❧ ❞❡ ✉s❛r ❞❡s❞❡ ✉♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❈ ♦ ❈ ✰✰✳ ❊st❡ ❛♣❛rt❛❞♦ ♦❢r❡❝❡ ✉♥❛ ❞❡s❝r✐♣❝✐ó♥ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧
❞❡ ❧❛ ✐♥t❡r❢❛③ ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❝✐ó♥ ❈ ✴ ❈ ✰✰✳
P❛r❛ tr❛❜❛❥❛r ❝♦♥ ❈✱ ❙◗▲✐t❡ ♦❢r❡❝❡ ❞♦s ❛r❝❤✐✈♦s✿ ✉♥ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ❈ ✭♠ó❞✉❧♦✮ q✉❡ ❝♦♥t✐❡♥❡ t♦❞❛s ❧❛s
❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❡s ② ✉♥ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❜❡❝❡r❛✳ P✉❡❞❡♥ ✐♥❝❧✉✐rs❡ ❝♦♥ ❧♦s ♣r♦♣✐♦s ❛r❝❤✐✈♦s ② ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛rs❡ ♦ ✉t✐✲
❧✐③❛rs❡ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♥❛ ❜✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❞❛✳ ▲❛s ❞✐str✐❜✉❝✐♦♥❡s ❞❡❜❡♥ ❡♥✈✐❛r ✉♥ ♣❛q✉❡t❡ ✲❞❡✈❡❧ ♣❛r❛
❡st♦✳ ▲❛ ✈❡rs✐ó♥ ✷ ❞❡ ❙◗▲✐t❡ ❡s ♦❜s♦❧❡t❛ ② ❞❡❜❡ s❡r r❡❡♠♣❧❛③❛❞❛ ♣♦r ❧❛ ✸✳

✸✵✾
▲❛s ❡str✉❝t✉r❛s ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s ♠ás ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s s♦♥ sq❧✐t❡✸ ♣❛r❛ ❧❛ ❝♦♥❡①✐ó♥ ❛ ❧❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s ✭s✐✲
♠✐❧❛r ❛ ✉♥ ❣❡st♦r ❞❡ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦s✱ ❛♣❡rt✉r❛✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❝✐ó♥ ❡♥ ❧❡❝t✉r❛ ② ❡s❝r✐t✉r❛ ②✱ ✜♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❝✐❡rr❡✮
② sq❧✐t❡✸❴st♠t ♣❛r❛ ❧❛s ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛s✳ ▲❛s ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛s s❡ ♣r❡♣❛r❛♥✱ s❡ ❡❥❡❝✉t❛♥ ✭✑♣❛s♦ ❛ ♣❛s♦✑✮ ② s❡
✜♥❛❧✐③❛♥✳

✶✺✳✸✳ ▲❛ ❝♦♥❡①✐ó♥ ❛ ❧❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s

❯♥❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s ❙◗▲✐t❡ s❡ ❛❧♠❛❝❡♥❛ ❡♥ ✉♥ ú♥✐❝♦ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ❜✐♥❛r✐♦✳ ▲♦s ❞❛t♦s t❡♠♣♦r❛❧❡s
s❡ ❣✉❛r❞❛♥ ú♥✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡♥ ❧❛ ♠❡♠♦r✐❛ ❘❆▼ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❡❧ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ❞❡ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ✿♠❡♠♦r②✿✳
❊st♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛ ❙◗▲✐t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❧❛ ❣❡st✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s✱ ♣♦r ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦✱ ♣❛r❛ ❧❛ ❝❧❛s✐✜❝❛❝✐ó♥✳

✶✺✳✸✳✶✳ ❆❜r✐r ✉♥❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s

❯s❛♠♦s ❧❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ sq❧✐t❡❴♦♣❡♥ ♣❛r❛ ❛❜r✐r ✉♥❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s ❙◗▲✐t❡ ❡①✐st❡♥t❡ ♦ ♣❛r❛ ❝r❡❛r
✉♥❛ ♥✉❡✈❛✳ ❊❧ ♣r✐♠❡r ❛r❣✉♠❡♥t♦ ❡s ❡❧ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s✳ ❊❧ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❛r❣✉♠❡♥t♦ ✐♥❞✐❝❛
s✐ s❡ ✉s❛ ♣❛r❛ ❧❡❡r ② ❡s❝r✐❜✐r ♦ só❧♦ ♣❛r❛ ❧❡❡r✳ P❡r♦ ❡♥ ❧❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❝✐ó♥ ❛❝t✉❛❧✱ ❡st❡ s❡❣✉♥❞♦
❛r❣✉♠❡♥t♦ s❡ ✐❣♥♦r❛✳ ❊❧ t❡r❝❡r ❛r❣✉♠❡♥t♦ ❡s ✉♥ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❡♥❛✳ ❙✐ ♥♦ ❡s ◆❯▲❖ ② s❡ ♣r♦❞✉❝❡
✉♥ ❡rr♦r ❛❧ ✐♥t❡♥t❛r ❛❜r✐r ❧❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s✱ s❡ ❡s❝r✐❜❡ ✉♥ ♠❡♥s❛❥❡ ❞❡ ❡rr♦r ❡♥ ❧❛ ♠❡♠♦r✐❛ ♦❜t❡♥✐❞❛
❞❡ ♠❛❧❧♦❝✭✮ ② ✯❡rr♠s❣ ♣❛r❛ ♠♦str❛r ❡st❡ ♠❡♥s❛❥❡ ❞❡ ❡rr♦r✳ ▲❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ❡s r❡s♣♦♥s❛❜❧❡ ❞❡ ❧✐❜❡r❛r
❧❛ ♠❡♠♦r✐❛ ❝✉❛♥❞♦ ❤❛②❛ t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ ❝♦♥ ❡❧❧❛✳

❊❧ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ❞❡ ✉♥❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s ❙◗▲✐t❡ ❡s ❡❧ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ❞❡ ✉♥ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ❝♦♥ ❧❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s✳ ❙✐
❡❧ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ♥♦ ❡①✐st❡✱ ❙◗▲✐t❡ ✐♥t❡♥t❛ ❝r❡❛r❧♦ ❡ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧✐③❛r❧♦✳ ❙✐ ❡❧ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ❡s só❧♦ ❧❡❝t✉r❛ ✭❜✐ts ❞❡
♣❡r♠✐s♦ ♦ ♣♦rq✉❡ ❡stá ✉❜✐❝❛❞♦ ❡♥ ✉♥ ♠❡❞✐♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♥ ❈❉✲❘❖▼✮✱ ❙◗▲✐t❡ ❛❜r❡ ❧❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s só❧♦
♣❛r❛ ❧❡❝t✉r❛✳ ❚♦❞❛ ❧❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s ❙◗▲ s❡ ❛❧♠❛❝❡♥❛ ❡♥ ✉♥ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ❡♥ ❡❧ ❞✐s❝♦✳ P❡r♦ s❡ ♣✉❡❞❡♥
❝r❡❛r ❛r❝❤✐✈♦s t❡♠♣♦r❛❧❡s ❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧❡s ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❧❛ ❡❥❡❝✉❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ✉♥ ❝♦♠❛♥❞♦ ❙◗▲ ♣❛r❛ ❛❧♠❛❝❡♥❛r ❡❧
❞✐❛r✐♦ ❞❡ r❡✈❡rs✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s ♦ ❧♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s t❡♠♣♦r❛❧❡s ❡ ✐♥t❡r♠❡❞✐♦s ❞❡ ✉♥❛ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛✳

▲❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ sq❧✐t❡❴♦♣❡♥ r❡❣r❡s❛ ✉♥ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ ❛ ✉♥❛ ❡str✉❝t✉r❛ sq❧✐t❡✳ ❊st❡ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ ❡s ❡❧ ♣r✐♠❡r
❛r❣✉♠❡♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ❧❛s ❧❧❛♠❛❞❛s s✉❜s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡s ❛ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❡s ❙◗▲✐t❡ q✉❡ s❡ ♦❝✉♣❡♥ ❞❡ ❧❛ ♠✐s♠❛ ❜❛s❡
❞❡ ❞❛t♦s✳ ❙❡ ❞❡✈✉❡❧✈❡ ◆❯▲▲ s✐ ❢❛❧❧❛ ❧❛ ❛♣❡rt✉r❛ ♣♦r ❛❧❣ú♥ ♠♦t✐✈♦✳

❊❧ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❛❜r❡ ✉♥❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s ② ❧❛ ❝✐❡rr❛ ❞❡ ♥✉❡✈♦✳ ❙❡ ❝♦♠♣r✉❡❜❛ ❡❧ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡
r❡t♦r♥♦ ② ♠✉❡str❛ ✉♥ ♠❡♥s❛❥❡ ❞❡ ❡rr♦r s✐ ❛❧❣♦ s❛❧❡ ♠❛❧✳

✶ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ st❞✐♦ ✳❤ ❃ ✴✴ ♣r✐♥t❢

✷ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ sq❧✐t❡✸ ✳❤ ❃ ✴✴ ❙◗▲✐t❡ ❤❡❛❞❡r ✭ ❢r♦♠ ✴ ✉sr ✴ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ✮
✸
✹ ✐♥t ♠❛✐♥ ✭✮ ④
✺ sq❧✐t❡✸ ✯ ❞❜ ❀ ✴✴ ❞❛t❛❜❛s❡ ❝♦♥♥❡❝t✐♦♥
✻ ✐♥t r❝ ❀ ✴✴ r❡t✉r♥ ❝♦❞❡
✼ ❝❤❛r ✯ ❡rr♠s❣ ❀ ✴✴ ♣♦✐♥t❡r t♦ ❛♥ ❡rr♦r str✐♥❣
✽
✾ ✴✯
✶✵ ✯ ♦♣❡♥ ❙◗▲✐t❡ ❞❛t❛❜❛s❡ ❢✐❧❡ t❡st ✳ ❞❜
✶✶ ✯ ✉s❡ ✧✿ ♠❡♠♦r② ✿✧ t♦ ✉s❡ ❛♥ ✐♥ ✲ ♠❡♠♦r② ❞❛t❛❜❛s❡
✶✷ ✯✴
✶✸ r❝ ❂ sq❧✐t❡✸❴♦♣❡♥ ✭✧✿ ♠❡♠♦r② ✿✧ ✱ ✫ ❞❜ ✮❀
✶✹ ✐❢ ✭ r❝ ✦❂ ❙◗▲■❚❊❴❖❑ ✮ ④

✸✶✵
✶✺ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❊❘❘❖❘ ♦♣❡♥✐♥❣ ❙◗▲✐t❡ ❉❇ ✐♥ ♠❡♠♦r② ✿ ✪s❭♥ ✧ ✱
sq❧✐t❡✸❴❡rr♠s❣ ✭ ❞❜ ✮✮❀
✶✻ ❣♦t♦ ♦✉t ❀
✶✼ ⑥
✶✽ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ♦♣❡♥❡❞ ❙◗▲✐t❡ ❤❛♥❞❧❡ s✉❝❝❡ss❢✉❧❧② ✳❭ ♥ ✧✮❀
✶✾
✷✵ ✴✯ ✉s❡ t❤❡ ❞❛t❛❜❛s❡ ✳✳✳ ✯✴
✷✶
✷✷ ♦✉t ✿
✷✸ ✴✯
✷✹ ✯ ❝❧♦s❡ ❙◗▲✐t❡ ❞❛t❛❜❛s❡
✷✺ ✯✴
✷✻ sq❧✐t❡✸❴❝❧♦s❡ ✭ ❞❜ ✮❀
✷✼ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❞❛t❛❜❛s❡ ❝❧♦s❡❞ ✳❭ ♥✧✮❀
✷✽ ⑥
❊s ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ✭s✐ sq❧✐t❡✸✲❞❡✈❡❧ ❡stá ✐♥st❛❧❛❞♦✮✿
✶ ✩❣❝❝ ✲❖✵ ✲❣ ♦♣❡♥❝❧♦s❡ ✳❝ ✲ ❧sq❧✐t❡✸ ✲♦ ♦♣❡♥❝❧♦s❡
❱❡❛♠♦s ✉♥ ▼❛❦❡✜❧❡ ❞♦♥❞❡ ✭❡❧ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r s❡ ❣✉❛r❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ♦♣❡♥❝❧♦s❡✳❝✱ ♣❦❣✲❝♦♥✜❣ ② sq❧✐t❡✸✲
❞❡✈❡❧ ❡stá♥ ✐♥st❛❧❛❞♦s ② ✉s❛♥ ❧❛s r❡❣❧❛s ✐♥❝♦r♣♦r❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❝r❡❛r ❡❥❡❝✉t❛❜❧❡s ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦s
❈✮✿
✶ ❈❋▲❆●❙ ❂✩ ✭ s❤❡❧❧ ♣❦❣ ✲ ❝♦♥❢✐❣ ✲✲ ❝❢❧❛❣s sq❧✐t❡✸ ✮ ✲❖✵ ✲❣
✷ ▲❉▲■❇❙ ❂✩ ✭ s❤❡❧❧ ♣❦❣ ✲ ❝♦♥❢✐❣ ✲✲ ❧✐❜s sq❧✐t❡✸ ✮
✸
✹ ❞❡❢❛✉❧t ✿ ♦♣❡♥❝❧♦s❡
✺
✻ ❞❡❜✉❣ ✿
✼ ❅❡❝❤♦ ❈❋▲❆●❙ ❂ ✩✭ ❈❋▲❆●❙ ✮
✽ ❅❡❝❤♦ ▲❉▲■❇❙ ❂ ✩✭ ▲❉▲■❇❙ ✮
q✉❡ ❡s ❧❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❝❧ás✐❝❛✳
❊❧ tr❛❜❛❥♦ ❜ás✐❝♦ ❡s✿
Pr❡♣❛r❛r ✉♥❛ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛✳ ◆♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❡s ✉♥❛ ❝❛❞❡♥❛ ✭❝r❡❛❞❛ ❝♦♥ ❛s♣r✐♥t❢✭✮✮ q✉❡ ♣✉❡❞❡
❝♦♥t❡♥❡r ♦♣❝✐♦♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♠❛r❝❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡ ♣♦s✐❝✐ó♥ ♣❛r❛ ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡ ❡♥❧❛❝❡✳ ❊st♦ ❣❡♥❡r❛ ✉♥❛
❡①♣r❡s✐ó♥✳
❊❥❡❝✉t❛r ❧❛ ❡①♣r❡s✐ó♥✱ ②❛ s❡❛ ✉♥❛ ✈❡③ ✭♣❛r❛ ❝r❡❛r t❛❜❧❛s✱ ✐♥s❡rt❛r ♦ ❛❝t✉❛❧✐③❛r✮ ♦ ❤❛st❛ q✉❡
s❡ ❧❡❛♥ ❧❛s ❧í♥❡❛s r❡s✉❧t❛♥t❡s✳
▲✐❜❡r❛r ❧♦s r❡❝✉rs♦s ✜♥❛❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❧❛ ❞❡❝❧❛r❛❝✐ó♥✳
❊❥❡❝✉t❛r ✉♥❛ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛ ❡stát✐❝❛✳
❊❧ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦ ❝r❡❛ ✉♥❛ t❛❜❧❛✱ ❧❛ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛ ❡s ✉♥❛ ❝❛❞❡♥❛ ❡stát✐❝❛ ② ❡st❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ s❡ ❝♦❧♦❝❛
❡♥tr❡ sq❧✐t❡✸❴♦♣❡♥✭✮ ② sq❧✐t❡✸❴❝❧♦s❡✭✮✳
✶ sq❧✐t❡✸❴st♠t ✯ st♠t ❀

✴✯ ✶ ✯✴

✸✶✶
 ✷
✸ sq❧✐t❡✸❴♣r❡♣❛r❡❴✈✷ ✭❞❜ ✱ ✧ ❈❘❊❆❚❊ ❚❆❇▲❊ ❞❡♠♦ ✭ ♥❛♠❡ ❚❊❳❚ ✱ ❛❣❡
■◆❚❊●❊❘ ✮ ❀✧ ✱ ✲✶✱ ✫ st♠t ✱ ◆❯▲▲ ✮ ❀ ✴✯ ✷ ✯✴
✹
✺ r❝ ❂ sq❧✐t❡✸❴st❡♣ ✭ st♠t ✮ ❀

✴✯ ✸ ✯✴
✻ ✐❢ ✭ r❝ ✦❂ ❙◗▲■❚❊❴❉❖◆❊ ✮ ④
✼ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❊❘❘❖❘ ❛❣r❡❣❛♥❞♦ ❞❛t♦s ✿ ✪s❭♥ ✧ ✱ sq❧✐t❡✸❴❡rr♠s❣ ✭ ❞❜ ✮✮❀
✽ ❣♦t♦ ♦✉t ❀
✾ ⑥
✶✵
✶✶ sq❧✐t❡✸❴❢✐♥❛❧✐③❡ ✭ st♠t ✮❀ ✴✯ ✹ ✯✴ ✴
❙❡ ❛s✐❣♥❛ ✉♥❛ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ ♣❛r❛ ❧❛ ❡①♣r❡s✐ó♥✳
▲❛ ✈❡rs✐ó♥ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ♣r❡♣❛r❛r ❡s sq❧✐t❡✸❴♣r❡♣❛r❡❴✈✷✭✮✳
❊❧ ♣r✐♠❡r ♣❛rá♠❡tr♦ ❡s ❧❛ ❝♦♥❡①✐ó♥ ❛ ❧❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s ❞❜✳
❊❧ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ♣❛rá♠❡tr♦ ❡s ❧❛ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛ ✭❝❛❞❡♥❛ ❯❚❋✲✽✮✳
❊❧ t❡r❝❡r ♣❛rá♠❡tr♦ ❞❡❜❡ s❡r ❧❛ ❧♦♥❣✐t✉❞ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛✱ ♣✉❡❞❡ s❡r ✲✶ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❡♥❛s ❡♥ ❈ s✐♥
t❡r♠✐♥❛❧✳
P❛r❛ st♠t✱ ❧❛ ❞✐r❡❝❝✐ó♥ ❞❡❜❡ s❡r ❞❛❞❛ ♣♦rq✉❡ ✉♥ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ ❡s ❞❡✈✉❡❧t♦ ❡♥ ❡❧❧❛✳
❊❧ ♣❛rá♠❡tr♦ ✜♥❛❧ ♥♦ s❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛✳
▲❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ sq❧✐t❡✸❴st❡♣ ❡❥❡❝✉t❛ ❧❛ s❡♥t❡♥❝✐❛ ♣r❡♣❛r❛❞❛✳ ◆♦ s❡ ❡s♣❡r❛♥ ✜❧❛s ❞❡ r❡t♦r♥♦✱ só❧♦ s❡
♣r✉❡❜❛ ❡❧ é①✐t♦✳
▲✐❜❡r❛r ❧♦s r❡❝✉rs♦s ❞❡ ❧❛ ❞❡❝❧❛r❛❝✐ó♥ ♣r❡♣❛r❛❞❛✳
❊❥❡❝✉t❛r ✉♥❛ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛ ❞✐♥á♠✐❝❛✳
❊❧ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛ ❛s♣r✐♥t❢✭✮ ♣❛r❛ ❝r❡❛r ❞✐♥á♠✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ✉♥❛ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛✳ ❊st♦ s❡ ♣✉❡❞❡
❤❛❝❡r ❝♦♥ ✉♥❛ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ s✐♠♣❧❡ ② ❝♦♥✜❛❜❧❡✳ P❛r❛ ❡❧ ❝♦♥t❡♥✐❞♦ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛❞♦ ♣♦r ❧♦s ✉s✉❛r✐♦s✱ ❡❧
❡♥❧❛❝❡ ❞❡ ❧♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡❜❡ s❡r ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ s❡ ♠✉❡str❛ ❛ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛❝✐ó♥✳
✶ ❝❤❛r ✯ q✉❡r② ❂ ◆❯▲▲ ❀
✷
✸ ❛s♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✫ q✉❡r② ✱ ✧ ✐♥s❡rt ✐♥t♦ ❞❡♠♦ ✭ ♥❛♠❡ ✱ ❛❣❡ ✮ ✈❛❧✉❡s ✭✬ ✪s ✬✱ ✪❞ ✮
❀✧ ✱ ✧ ❚♦♠ ✧ ✱ ✷✵✮ ❀ ✴✯ ✶ ✯✴
✹
✺ sq❧✐t❡✸❴♣r❡♣❛r❡❴✈✷ ✭❞❜ ✱ q✉❡r② ✱ str❧❡♥ ✭ q✉❡r② ✮ ✱ ✫ st♠t ✱ ◆❯▲▲ ✮❀
✴✯ ✷ ✯✴
✻
✼ r❝ ❂ sq❧✐t❡✸❴st❡♣ ✭ st♠t ✮ ❀
✽ ✐❢ ✭ r❝ ✦❂ ❙◗▲■❚❊❴❉❖◆❊ ✮ ④
✾ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❊❘❘❖❘ ✐♥s❡rt❛♥❞♦ ❞❛t♦s ✿ ✪s❭ ♥✧ ✱ sq❧✐t❡✸❴❡rr♠s❣ ✭ ❞❜ ✮✮ ❀
✶✵ ❣♦t♦ ♦✉t ❀
✶✶ ⑥
✶✷
✶✸ sq❧✐t❡✸❴❢✐♥❛❧✐③❡ ✭ st♠t ✮❀
✶✹ ❢r❡❡ ✭ q✉❡r② ✮❀ ✴✯ ✸ ✯✴

✸✶✷
✶✺✳✹✳ ❆P■ ❡①t❡♥❞✐❞❛

❙❡ r❡q✉✐❡r❡♥ ❧❛s tr❡s r✉t✐♥❛s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧❡s ❞❡s❝r✐t❛s ❡♥ ❧❛ s❡❝❝✐ó♥ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r ♣❛r❛ ✉s❛r ❙◗▲✐t❡✳ P❡r♦

❤❛② ♠✉❝❤❛s ♦tr❛s ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❡s q✉❡ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛♥ ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡s út✐❧❡s✳ ❊st❛s r✉t✐♥❛s ❡①t❡♥❞✐❞❛s s♦♥ ❧❛s

s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡s✿

✶ ✐♥t sq❧✐t❡❴❧❛st❴✐♥s❡rt❴r♦✇✐❞ ✭ sq❧✐t❡ ✯✮ ❀

✷

✸ ✐♥t sq❧✐t❡❴❝❤❛♥❣❡s ✭ sq❧✐t❡ ✯✮ ❀

✹

✺ ✐♥t sq❧✐t❡❴❣❡t❴t❛❜❧❡ ✭
✻ sq❧✐t❡ ✯✱
✼ ❝❤❛r ✯ sq❧ ✱
✽ ❝❤❛r ✯✯✯ r❡s✉❧t ✱
✾ ✐♥t ✯ ♥r♦✇ ✱
✶✵ ✐♥t ✯ ♥❝♦❧✉♠♥ ✱
✶✶ ❝❤❛r ✯✯ ❡rr♠s❣
✶✷ ✮❀
✶✸

✶✹ ✈♦✐❞ sq❧✐t❡❴❢r❡❡❴t❛❜❧❡ ✭ ❝❤❛r ✯✯✮ ❀

✶✺

✶✻ ✈♦✐❞ sq❧✐t❡❴✐♥t❡rr✉♣t ✭ sq❧✐t❡ ✯✮ ❀

✶✼

✶✽ ✐♥t sq❧✐t❡❴❝♦♠♣❧❡t❡ ✭ ❝♦♥st ❝❤❛r ✯ sq❧ ✮❀

✶✾

✷✵ ✈♦✐❞ sq❧✐t❡❴❜✉s②❴❤❛♥❞❧❡r ✭ sq❧✐t❡ ✯✱ ✐♥t ✭✯✮ ✭ ✈♦✐❞ ✯✱ ❝♦♥st ❝❤❛r ✯✱ ✐♥t ✮

✱ ✈♦✐❞ ✯✮ ❀
✷✶

✷✷ ✈♦✐❞ sq❧✐t❡❴❜✉s②❴t✐♠❡♦✉t ✭ sq❧✐t❡ ✯✱ ✐♥t ♠s ✮ ❀

✷✸

✷✹ ❝♦♥st ❝❤❛r sq❧✐t❡❴✈❡rs✐♦♥ ❬❪❀

✷✺

✷✻ ❝♦♥st ❝❤❛r sq❧✐t❡❴❡♥❝♦❞✐♥❣ ❬❪❀

✷✼

✷✽ ✐♥t sq❧✐t❡❴❡①❡❝❴♣r✐♥t❢ ✭
✷✾ sq❧✐t❡ ✯✱
✸✵ ❝❤❛r ✯ sq❧ ✱
✸✶ ✐♥t ✭✯✮ ✭ ✈♦✐❞ ✯✱ ✐♥t ✱ ❝❤❛r ✯✯ ✱ ❝❤❛r ✯✯✮ ✱
✸✷ ✈♦✐❞ ✯ ✱
✸✸ ❝❤❛r ✯✯ ❡rr♠s❣ ✱
✸✹ ✳✳✳
✸✺ ✮❀
✸✻

✸✼ ✐♥t sq❧✐t❡❴❡①❡❝❴✈♣r✐♥t❢ ✭
✸✽ sq❧✐t❡ ✯✱
✸✾ ❝❤❛r ✯ sq❧ ✱
✹✵ ✐♥t ✭✯✮ ✭ ✈♦✐❞ ✯✱ ✐♥t ✱ ❝❤❛r ✯✯ ✱ ❝❤❛r ✯✯✮ ✱

✸✶✸
✹✶ ✈♦✐❞ ✯ ✱
✹✷ ❝❤❛r ✯✯ ❡rr♠s❣ ✱
✹✸ ✈❛❴❧✐st
✹✹ ✮❀
✹✺
✹✻ ✐♥t sq❧✐t❡❴❣❡t❴t❛❜❧❡❴♣r✐♥t❢ ✭
✹✼ sq❧✐t❡ ✯✱
✹✽ ❝❤❛r ✯ sq❧ ✱
✹✾ ❝❤❛r ✯✯✯ r❡s✉❧t ✱
✺✵ ✐♥t ✯ ♥r♦✇ ✱
✺✶ ✐♥t ✯ ♥❝♦❧✉♠♥ ✱
✺✷ ❝❤❛r ✯✯ ❡rr♠s❣ ✱
✺✸ ✳✳✳
✺✹ ✮❀
✺✺
✺✻ ✐♥t sq❧✐t❡❴❣❡t❴t❛❜❧❡❴✈♣r✐♥t❢ ✭
✺✼ sq❧✐t❡ ✯✱
✺✽ ❝❤❛r ✯ sq❧ ✱
✺✾ ❝❤❛r ✯✯✯ r❡s✉❧t ✱
✻✵ ✐♥t ✯ ♥r♦✇ ✱
✻✶ ✐♥t ✯ ♥❝♦❧✉♠♥ ✱
✻✷ ❝❤❛r ✯✯ ❡rr♠s❣ ✱
✻✸ ✈❛❴❧✐st
✻✹ ✮❀
✻✺
✻✻ ❝❤❛r ✯ sq❧✐t❡❴♠♣r✐♥t❢ ✭ ❝♦♥st ❝❤❛r ✯ ③❋♦r♠❛t ✱ ✳✳✳✮ ❀
✻✼
✻✽ ❝❤❛r ✯ sq❧✐t❡❴✈♠♣r✐♥t❢ ✭ ❝♦♥st ❝❤❛r ✯ ③❋♦r♠❛t ✱ ✈❛❴❧✐st ✮❀
✻✾
✼✵ ✈♦✐❞ sq❧✐t❡❴❢r❡❡♠❡♠ ✭ ❝❤❛r ✯✮ ❀
✼✶
✼✷ ✈♦✐❞ sq❧✐t❡❴♣r♦❣r❡ss❴❤❛♥❞❧❡r ✭ sq❧✐t❡ ✯✱ ✐♥t ✱ ✐♥t ✭✯✮ ✭ ✈♦✐❞ ✯✮ ✱ ✈♦✐❞
✯✮ ❀
▲❛s ❞❡✜♥✐❝✐♦♥❡s ❛♥t❡r✐♦r❡s s❡ ✐♥❝❧✉②❡♥ ❡♥ ❡❧ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❝❛❜❡③❛❞♦ ✑sq❧✐t❡✳❤✑✳

✶✺✳✺✳ ❘❖❲■❉ ❞❡ ❧❛ ✐♥s❡r❝✐ó♥ ♠ás r❡❝✐❡♥t❡

❈❛❞❛ ✜❧❛ ❞❡ ✉♥❛ t❛❜❧❛ ❙◗▲✐t❡ t✐❡♥❡ ✉♥❛ ❝❧❛✈❡ ❡♥t❡r❛ ú♥✐❝❛✳ ❙✐ ❧❛ t❛❜❧❛ t✐❡♥❡ ✉♥❛ ❝♦❧✉♠♥❛
❡t✐q✉❡t❛❞❛ ■◆❚❊●❊❘ P❘■▼❆❘❨ ❑❊❨✱ ❡s ❧❛ ❝❧❛✈❡✳ ❙✐ ♥♦ ❤❛② ✉♥❛ ❝♦❧✉♠♥❛ ■◆❚❊●❊❘ P❘■▼❆❘❨
❑❊❨✱ ❧❛ ❝❧❛✈❡ ❡s ✉♥ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❡♥t❡r♦ ú♥✐❝♦✳ ❙❡ ♣✉❡❞❡ ❛❝❝❡❞❡r ❛ ❧❛ ❝❧❛✈❡ ❞❡ ✉♥❛ ✜❧❛ ❡♥ ✉♥❛ ✐♥str✉❝❝✐ó♥
❙❊▲❊❈❚ ♦ ✉s❛r❧❛ ❡♥ ✉♥❛ ❝❧á✉s✉❧❛ ❲❍❊❘❊ ✉ ❖❘❉❊❘ ❇❨ ❝♦♥ ❝✉❛❧q✉✐❡r❛ ❞❡ ❧♦s ♥♦♠❜r❡s ✧❘❖❲■❉
✧✱ ✧❖■❉✧♦ ✧❴❘❖❲■❉❴✧✳
❈✉❛♥❞♦ r❡❛❧✐③❛ ✉♥❛ ✐♥s❡r❝✐ó♥ ❡♥ ✉♥❛ t❛❜❧❛ q✉❡ ♥♦ t✐❡♥❡ ✉♥❛ ❝♦❧✉♠♥❛ ■◆❚❊●❊❘ P❘■▼❆❘❨ ❑❊❨✱
♦ t✐❡♥❡ ✉♥❛ ■◆❚❊●❊❘ P❘■▼❆❘❨ ❑❊❨ ♣❡r♦ s✉ ✈❛❧♦r ♥♦ s❡ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛ ❡♥ ❧❛ ❝❧á✉s✉❧❛ ❱❆▲❯❊❙ ❞❡❧
✐♥s❡rt♦✱ ❧❛ ❝❧❛✈❡ s❡ ❛❝t✐✈❛ ❛✉t♦♠át✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ❉❡s♣✉és ❞❡ ❧❛ ú❧t✐♠❛ ✐♥str✉❝❝✐ó♥ ■◆❙❊❘❚ ❡♥❝✉❡♥tr❛
❡❧ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ ❧❛ ❝❧❛✈❡ ❝♦♥ ❧❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ sq❧✐t❡❴❧❛st❴✐♥s❡rt❴r♦✇✐❞✳

✸✶✹
✶✺✳✻✳ ❈❛♥t✐❞❛❞ ❞❡ ✜❧❛s q✉❡ ❝❛♠❜✐❛r♦♥
P❛r❛ ❞❡✈♦❧✈❡r ❡❧ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ✜❧❛s ✐♥s❡rt❛❞❛s✱ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛❞❛s ♦ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛❞❛s ❡♥ ❧❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s
✉s❛♠♦s ❧❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ sq❧✐t❡❴❝❤❛♥❣❡s✳ ❯♥❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s ✑✐♥❛❝t✐✈❛✑ ❡s ❛q✉❡❧❧❛ ❞♦♥❞❡ ♥♦ ❤❛② ❧❧❛♠❛❞❛s
♣❡♥❞✐❡♥t❡s ❛ sq❧✐t❡❴❡①❡❝ ② ♥♦ ❤❛② ♠áq✉✐♥❛s ✈✐rt✉❛❧❡s ❝r❡❛❞❛s ♣♦r sq❧✐t❡❴❝♦♠♣✐❧❡ q✉❡ ♥♦ ❤❛♥ s✐❞♦
✜♥❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ♣♦r sq❧✐t❡❴✜♥❛❧✐③❡✳

❊♥ ❡❧ ✉s♦ ❝♦♠ú♥✱ sq❧✐t❡❴❝❤❛♥❣❡s ❞❡✈✉❡❧✈❡ ❡❧ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ✜❧❛s ✐♥s❡rt❛❞❛s✱ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛❞❛s ♦ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛❞❛s

♣♦r ❧❛ ❧❧❛♠❛❞❛ sq❧✐t❡❴❡①❡❝ ♠ás r❡❝✐❡♥t❡ ♦ ❞❡s❞❡ ❧❛ ♠ás r❡❝✐❡♥t❡ sq❧✐t❡❴❝♦♠♣✐❧❡✳ P❡r♦ s✐ t✐❡♥❡ ❧❧❛✲
♠❛❞❛s ❛♥✐❞❛❞❛s ❛ sq❧✐t❡❴❡①❡❝ ✭s✐ ❧❛ r✉t✐♥❛ ❞❡ ❞❡✈♦❧✉❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❧❧❛♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ✉♥ sq❧✐t❡❴❡①❡❝ ✐♥✈♦❝❛ ❛
♦tr♦ sq❧✐t❡❴❡①❡❝ ✮ ♦ s✐ ✐♥✈♦❝❛ sq❧✐t❡❴❝♦♠♣✐❧❡ ♣❛r❛ ❝r❡❛r ✉♥❛ ♥✉❡✈❛ ♠áq✉✐♥❛ ✈✐rt✉❛❧ ♠✐❡♥tr❛s t♦❞❛✲
✈í❛ ❡①✐st❡ ♦tr❛ ♠áq✉✐♥❛ ✈✐rt✉❛❧✱ ❡♥t♦♥❝❡s ❡❧ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛❞♦ ❞❡❧ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡✈✉❡❧t♦ ♣♦r sq❧✐t❡❴❝❤❛♥❣❡s ❡s
♠ás ❝♦♠♣❧❡❥♦✳ ❊❧ ♥ú♠❡r♦ r❡♣♦rt❛❞♦ ✐♥❝❧✉②❡ ❝✉❛❧q✉✐❡r ❝❛♠❜✐♦ q✉❡ ❢✉❡ ❞❡s❤❡❝❤♦ ♣♦r ❘❖▲▲❇❆❈❑
♦ ❆❇❖❘❚✳ P❡r♦ ❧❛s ✜❧❛s q✉❡ s❡ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛♥ ❞❡❜✐❞♦ ❛ ✉♥❛ ❚❆❇▲❆ ❉❊ ❉❊❙❈❆❘●❆ ♥♦ s❡ ❝✉❡♥t❛♥✳

❙◗▲✐t❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛ ❡❧ ❝♦♠❛♥❞♦ ✧❉❊▲❊❚❊ ❋❘❖▼ t❛❜❧❡ ✧✭s✐♥ ✉♥❛ ❝❧á✉s✉❧❛ ❲❍❊❘❊✮ ❜♦rr❛♥❞♦ ❧❛
t❛❜❧❛ ② ❧✉❡❣♦ r❡❝r❡á♥❞♦❧❛✳ ❊st♦ ❡s ♠ás rá♣✐❞♦ q✉❡ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛r ❧♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❧❛ t❛❜❧❛ ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧✲
♠❡♥t❡✳ P❡r♦ t❛♠❜✐é♥ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛ q✉❡ ❡❧ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡✈✉❡❧t♦ ♣♦r sq❧✐t❡❴❝❤❛♥❣❡s ❡s ❝❡r♦ ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞✐❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡
❞❡ ❧❛ ❝❛♥t✐❞❛❞ ❞❡ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s q✉❡ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡st❛❜❛♥ ❡♥ ❧❛ t❛❜❧❛✳ ❙✐ ❡s ♥❡❝❡s❛r✐♦ ✉♥ r❡❝✉❡♥t♦
❡①❛❝t♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❝❛♥t✐❞❛❞ ❞❡ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛❞♦s✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠♦s ✧❉❊▲❊❚❊ ❋❘❖▼ t❛❜❧❡ ❲❍❊❘❊ ✶ ✧✳

✶✺✳✼✳ ❈♦♥s✉❧t❛ ❡♥ ♠❡♠♦r✐❛ ♦❜t❡♥✐❞❛ ❞❡ ♠❛❧❧♦❝✭✮

▲❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ sq❧✐t❡❴❣❡t❴t❛❜❧❡ ❡s ✉♥ ❝♦♥t❡♥❡❞♦r ❞❡ sq❧✐t❡❴❡①❡❝ q✉❡ r❡❝♦♣✐❧❛ t♦❞❛ ❧❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥
❞❡ ❧❛s ❞❡✈♦❧✉❝✐♦♥❡s ❞❡ ❧❧❛♠❛❞❛ s✉❝❡s✐✈❛s ② ❧❛ ❡s❝r✐❜❡ ❡♥ ❧❛ ♠❡♠♦r✐❛ ♦❜t❡♥✐❞❛ ❞❡ ♠❛❧❧♦❝✭✮✳ ❊s ✉♥❛
❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❝♦♥✈❡♥✐❡♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦❜t❡♥❡r ❡❧ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t♦ ❞❡ ✉♥❛ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛ ❞❡ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s ❝♦♥
✉♥❛ ú♥✐❝❛ ❧❧❛♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥✳

❊❧ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❞❡ sq❧✐t❡❴❣❡t❴t❛❜❧❡ ❡s ✉♥❛ ♠❛tr✐③ ❞❡ ♣✉♥t❡r♦s ❛ ❝❛❞❡♥❛s ♦ ❝✉rs♦r✳ ❍❛② ✉♥

❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❡♥ ❡st❡ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ♣♦r ❝❛❞❛ ❝♦❧✉♠♥❛ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ✜❧❛ ❡♥ ❡❧ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦✳ ▲♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ◆❯▲▲
❡stá♥ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ♣♦r ✉♥ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ ◆❯▲▲✳ ❆❞❡♠ás ❞❡ ❧♦s ❞❛t♦s r❡❣✉❧❛r❡s✱ ❤❛② ✉♥❛ ✜❧❛ ❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧
❛❧ ❝♦♠✐❡♥③♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ♠❛tr✐③ q✉❡ ❝♦♥t✐❡♥❡ ❡❧ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❝♦❧✉♠♥❛ ❞❡❧ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦✳

❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❡♠♦s ❧❛ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛✿

✶ ❙❊▲❊❈❈■❖◆❊ ❡♠♣❧♦②❡❡❴♥❛♠❡ ✱ ❧♦❣✐♥ ✱ ❤♦st ❋❘❖▼ ✉s✉❛r✐♦s ❉❖◆❉❊

✐♥✐❝✐❛r s❡s✐ ó♥ ▲■❑❊ ✬❞ ✪✬❀
❊st❛ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛ ❞❡✈✉❡❧✈❡ ❡❧ ♥♦♠❜r❡✱ ❡❧ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ❞❡ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❞❡ s❡s✐ó♥ ② ❡❧ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❛
❤♦st ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ✉s✉❛r✐♦ ❝✉②♦ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❞❡ s❡s✐ó♥ ❝♦♠✐❡♥❝❡ ❝♦♥ ❧❛ ❧❡tr❛ ✧❞✧✳ ❙✐ ❡st❛ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛ s❡ ❡♥✈í❛
❛ sq❧✐t❡❴❣❡t❴t❛❜❧❡✱ ❡❧ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ♣✉❡❞❡ ✈❡rs❡ ❛sí✿

✶ ♥r♦✇ ❂ ✷
✷ ♥❝♦❧✉♠♥ ❂ ✸
✸ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❬✵❪ ❂ ✧ ♥♦♠❜r❡❴❞❡❴❡♠♣❧❡❛❞♦ ✧
✹ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❬✶❪ ❂ ✧ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❞❡ s❡s✐ ó♥✧
✺ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❬✷❪ ❂ ✧ ❤♦st ✧
✻ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❬✸❪ ❂ ✧ ❞✉♠♠② ✧
✼ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❬✹❪ ❂ ✧ ◆♦ ❤❛② t❛❧ ✉s✉❛r✐♦ ✧
✽ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❬✺❪ ❂ ✵
✾ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❬✻❪ ❂ ✧❉ ✳ ❘✐❝❤❛r❞ ❍✐♣♣ ✧
✶✵ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❬✼❪ ❂ ✧ ❞r❤ ✧

✸✶✺
✶✶ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❬✽❪ ❂ ✧ ③❛❞♦❦ ✧
❖❜s❡r✈❡ q✉❡ ❡❧ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ ✧❤♦st✧♣❛r❛ ❡❧ r❡❣✐str♦ ✧✜❝t✐❝✐♦✳❡s ◆❯▲▲✱ ♣♦r ❧♦ q✉❡ ❧❛ ♠❛tr✐③ r❡s✉❧t❬❪
❝♦♥t✐❡♥❡ ✉♥ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ ◆❯▲▲ ❡♥ ❡s❛ r❛♥✉r❛✳
❙✐ ❡❧ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❡ ✉♥❛ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛ ❡stá ✈❛❝í♦✱ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ♣r❡❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛✱ sq❧✐t❡❴❣❡t❴t❛❜❧❡
❡st❛❜❧❡❝❡ ♥r♦✇ ❡♥ ✵ ② ❞❡❥❛ q✉❡ s✉ ♣❛rá♠❡tr♦ ❞❡ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ s❡ ❡st❛❜❧❡③❝❛ ❡♥ ◆❯▲▲✳ P❡r♦ s✐ ❡❧ ♣r❛❣✲
♠❛ ❊▼P❚❨❴❘❊❙❯▲❚❴❈❆▲▲❇❆❈❑❙ ❡stá ❛❝t✐✈❛❞♦✱ ❡❧ ♣❛rá♠❡tr♦ ❞❡ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ s❡ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧✐③❛ só❧♦
❛ ❧♦s ♥♦♠❜r❡s ❞❡ ❧❛s ❝♦❧✉♠♥❛s✳ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❡ ❡st❛ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛ q✉❡ t✐❡♥❡ ✉♥ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ✈❛❝í♦✿
✶ ❙❊▲❊❈❈■❖◆❊ ❡♠♣❧♦②❡❡❴♥❛♠❡ ✱ ❧♦❣✐♥ ✱ ❤♦st ❉❊ ✉s✉❛r✐♦s ❲❍❊❘❊
❡♠♣❧♦②❡❡❴♥❛♠❡ ■❙ ◆❯▲▲ ❀
❊❧ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠✐❡♥t♦ ♣r❡❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ ❞❛ ❡st♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s✿
✶ ♥r♦✇ ❂ ✵
✷ ♥❝♦❧✉♠♥ ❂ ✵
✸ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❂ ✵
P❡r♦ s✐ ♣r❛❣♠❛ ❊▼P❚❨❴❘❊❙❯▲❚❴❈❆▲▲❇❆❈❑❙ ❡stá ❛❝t✐✈❛❞♦✱ ❞❡✈✉❡❧✈❡ ❧♦ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡✿
✶ ♥r♦✇ ❂ ✵
✷ ♥❝♦❧✉♠♥ ❂ ✸
✸ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❬✵❪ ❂ ✧ ♥♦♠❜r❡❴❞❡❴❡♠♣❧❡❛❞♦ ✧
✹ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❬✶❪ ❂ ✧ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❞❡ s❡s✐ ó♥✧
✺ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❬✷❪ ❂ ✧ ❤♦st ✧
▲❛ ♠❡♠♦r✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥t❡♥❡r ❧❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡✈✉❡❧t❛ ♣♦r sq❧✐t❡❴❣❡t❴t❛❜❧❡ s❡ ♦❜t✐❡♥❡ ❞❡ ♠❛❧❧♦❝✭✮✳
P❡r♦ ❧❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❧❧❛♠❛❞❛ ♥♦ ❞❡❜❡ ✐♥t❡♥t❛r ❧✐❜❡r❛r ❡st❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥ ❞✐r❡❝t❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ❊♥ s✉ ❧✉❣❛r✱
♣❛s❡ ❧❛ t❛❜❧❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❛ ❛ sq❧✐t❡❴❢r❡❡❴t❛❜❧❡ ❝✉❛♥❞♦ ❧❛ t❛❜❧❛ ②❛ ♥♦ s❡❛ ♥❡❝❡s❛r✐❛✳ ❊s s❡❣✉r♦ ❧❧❛♠❛r
❛ sq❧✐t❡❴❢r❡❡❴t❛❜❧❡ ❝♦♥ ✉♥ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ ◆❯▲▲ t❛❧ ❝♦♠♦ s✐ ❡❧ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❡stá ✈❛❝í♦✳
▲❛ r✉t✐♥❛ sq❧✐t❡❴❣❡t❴t❛❜❧❡ ❞❡✈✉❡❧✈❡ ❡❧ ♠✐s♠♦ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❞❡ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❡♥t❡r♦ q✉❡ sq❧✐t❡❴❡①❡❝ ✳

✶✺✳✽✳ ■♥t❡rr✉♠♣✐r ✉♥❛ ♦♣❡r❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❙◗▲✐t❡

▲❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ sq❧✐t❡❴✐♥t❡rr✉♣t s❡ ✐♥✈♦❝❛ ❞❡s❞❡ ✉♥ s✉❜♣r♦❝❡s♦ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡ ♦ ❞❡s❞❡ ✉♥ ♠❛♥❡❥❛❞♦r ❞❡

s❡ñ❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❤❛❝❡r q✉❡ ❧❛ ♦♣❡r❛❝✐ó♥ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s s❛❧❣❛ ❡♥ s✉ ♣r✐♠❡r❛ ♦♣♦rt✉♥✐❞❛❞✳
❈✉❛♥❞♦ ❡st♦ s✉❝❡❞❡✱ ❧❛ r✉t✐♥❛ sq❧✐t❡❴❡①❡❝ ✭♦ ❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥t❡✮ q✉❡ ✐♥✐❝✐ó ❧❛ ♦♣❡r❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡
❞❛t♦s ❞❡✈✉❡❧✈❡ ❙◗▲■❚❊❴■◆❚❊❘❘❯P❚✳

✶✺✳✾✳ Pr✉❡❜❛ ❞❡ ✉♥❛ ❞❡❝❧❛r❛❝✐ó♥ ❙◗▲ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❛

▲❛ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ r✉t✐♥❛ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❢❛③ ♣❛r❛ ❙◗▲✐t❡ ❡s ✉♥❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦❜❛r s✐ ✉♥❛ ❝❛❞❡♥❛ ❢♦r♠❛
♦ ♥♦ ✉♥❛ ❞❡❝❧❛r❛❝✐ó♥ ❙◗▲ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❛✳ ❙✐ ❧❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ sq❧✐t❡❴❝♦♠♣❧❡t❡ ❞❡✈✉❡❧✈❡ ✈❡r❞❛❞❡r♦ ❝✉❛♥❞♦
s✉ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ❡s ✉♥❛ ❝❛❞❡♥❛✱ ❡♥t♦♥❝❡s ❡❧ ❛r❣✉♠❡♥t♦ ❢♦r♠❛ ✉♥❛ ❞❡❝❧❛r❛❝✐ó♥ ❙◗▲ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❛✳ ◆♦ ❤❛②
❣❛r❛♥tí❛s ❞❡ q✉❡ ❧❛ s✐♥t❛①✐s ❞❡ ❡s❛ ❞❡❝❧❛r❛❝✐ó♥ s❡❛ ❝♦rr❡❝t❛✱ ♣❡r♦ ❛❧ ♠❡♥♦s s❛❜❡♠♦s q✉❡ ❡stá
❝♦♠♣❧❡t❛✳ ❙✐ sq❧✐t❡❴❝♦♠♣❧❡t❡ ❞❡✈✉❡❧✈❡ ❢❛❧s♦✱ s❡ ♥❡❝❡s✐t❛ ♠ás t❡①t♦ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❛r ❧❛ ❞❡❝❧❛r❛❝✐ó♥
❞❡ ❙◗▲✳
❆ ❡❢❡❝t♦s ❞❡ ❧❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ sq❧✐t❡❴❝♦♠♣❧❡t❡✱ ✉♥❛ ✐♥str✉❝❝✐ó♥ ❙◗▲ s❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❛ s✐ t❡r♠✐♥❛ ❡♥ ♣✉♥t♦ ②
❝♦♠❛✳

✸✶✻
▲❛ ✉t✐❧✐❞❛❞ ❞❡ ❧í♥❡❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♠❛♥❞♦s sq❧✐t❡ ✉s❛ ❧❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ sq❧✐t❡❴❝♦♠♣❧❡t❡ ♣❛r❛ s❛❜❡r ❝✉á♥❞♦ ♥❡❝❡s✐t❛
❧❧❛♠❛r ❛ sq❧✐t❡❴❡①❡❝✳

❉❡s♣✉és ❞❡ r❡❝✐❜✐r ❝❛❞❛ ❧í♥❡❛ ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛✱ sq❧✐t❡ ❧❧❛♠❛ ❛ sq❧✐t❡❴❝♦♠♣❧❡t❡ ❡♥ t♦❞❛s ❧❛s ❡♥tr❛❞❛s
❡♥ s✉ ❜ú❢❡r✳ ❙✐ ❞❡✈✉❡❧✈❡ ✈❡r❞❛❞❡r♦✱ s❡ ❧❧❛♠❛ ❛ sq❧✐t❡❴❡①❡❝ ② s❡ r❡st❛❜❧❡❝❡ ❡❧ ❜ú❢❡r ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛❀ s✐
❞❡✈✉❡❧✈❡ ❢❛❧s♦✱ ❡❧ ❛✈✐s♦ ❝❛♠❜✐❛ ❛❧ ✐♥❞✐❝❛❞♦r ❞❡ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛❝✐ó♥ ② s❡ ❧❡❡ ② ❛❣r❡❣❛ ♦tr❛ ❧í♥❡❛ ❞❡ t❡①t♦
❛❧ ❜ú❢❡r ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛✳

✶✺✳✶✵✳ ❙❡r✐❡ ❞❡ ✈❡rs✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❜✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛

▲❛ ❜✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛ ❙◗▲✐t❡ ❡①♣♦rt❛ ❧❛ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡ sq❧✐t❡❴✈❡rs✐♦♥ q✉❡ ❝♦♥t✐❡♥❡ ❡❧ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ✈❡rs✐ó♥
❞❡ ❧❛ ❜✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛✳ ❊❧ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❝❛❜❡③❛❞♦ ❝♦♥t✐❡♥❡ ✉♥❛ ♠❛❝r♦ ❙◗▲■❚❊❴❱❊❘❙■❖◆ ❝♦♥ ❧❛ ♠✐s♠❛
✐♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥✳ ❙✐ ❧♦ ❞❡s❡❛✱ ✉♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛ ❧❛ ♠❛❝r♦ ❙◗▲■❚❊❴❱❊❘❙■❖◆ ❝♦♥ ❧❛ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡
sq❧✐t❡❴✈❡rs✐♦♥ ♣❛r❛ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛r q✉❡ ❝♦✐♥❝✐❞❛ ❡❧ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ✈❡rs✐ó♥ ❞❡❧ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❝❛❜❡③❛❞♦ ② ❧❛
❜✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛✳

✶✺✳✶✶✳ ❈♦❞✐✜❝❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r❡s ❞❡ ❧❛ ❜✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛

❉❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ♣r❡❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛✱ ❙◗▲✐t❡ s✉♣♦♥❡ q✉❡ t♦❞♦s ❧♦s ❞❛t♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥ ✉♥ ❝❛rá❝t❡r ❞❡ ✽ ❜✐ts
❞❡ t❛♠❛ñ♦ ✜❥♦ ✭✐s♦✽✽✺✾✮✳ P❡r♦ ❝♦♥ ❧❛ ♦♣❝✐ó♥ ✕❡♥❛❜❧❡✲✉t❢✽ ❞❡❧ s❝r✐♣t ❞❡ ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛❝✐ó♥✱ ❧❛ ❜✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛
❛s✉♠❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r❡s ❞❡ t❛♠❛ñ♦ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ ❯❚❋✲✽✳ ❊st♦ ♠❛r❝❛ ✉♥❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❧♦s ♦♣❡r❛❞♦r❡s ▲■❑❊
② ●▲❖❇ ② ❧❛s ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❡s ▲❊◆●❚❍✭✮ ② ❙❯❇❙❚❘✭✮✳ ▲❛ ❝❛❞❡♥❛ ❡stát✐❝❛ sq❧✐t❡❴❡♥❝♦❞✐♥❣ s❡ ❡st❛❜❧❡❝❡
❡♥ ✑❯❚❋✲✽✑ ♦ ✑✐s♦✽✽✺✾✑ ♣❛r❛ ✐♥❞✐❝❛r ❝ó♠♦ ❝♦♠♣✐❧ó ❧❛ ❜✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛✳ ❆❞❡♠ás✱ ❡❧ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❜❡❝❡r❛
sq❧✐t❡✳❤ ❞❡✜♥❡ ✉♥❛ ❞❡ ❧❛s ♠❛❝r♦s ❙◗▲■❚❊❴❯❚❋✽ ♦ ❙◗▲■❚❊❴■❙❖✽✽✺✾ ✱ s❡❣ú♥ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❛✳

❚❡♥❣❛ ❡♥ ❝✉❡♥t❛ q✉❡ ❡❧ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ❞❡ ❝♦❞✐✜❝❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r❡s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♣♦r ❙◗▲✐t❡ ♥♦ ❝❛♠❜✐❛
❡♥ t✐❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❡❥❡❝✉❝✐ó♥✳ ❙ó❧♦ ❡s ✉♥❛ ♦♣❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ t✐❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❝✐ó♥✳ ▲❛ ❝❛❞❡♥❛ ❞❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r❡s
sq❧✐t❡❴❡♥❝♦❞✐♥❣ s✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❡ ❧❡ ❞✐❝❡ ❝ó♠♦ s❡ ❝♦♠♣✐❧ó ❧❛ ❜✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛✳

✶✺✳✶✷✳ ❈❛♠❜✐❛r ❧❛ r❡s♣✉❡st❛ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❜✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛ ❛ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦s ❜❧♦q✉❡❛❞♦s

❊❧ ♣r♦❝❡❞✐♠✐❡♥t♦ sq❧✐t❡❴❜✉s②❴❤❛♥❞❧❡r s❡ ✉s❛ ♣❛r❛ r❡❣✐str❛r ✉♥❛ ❞❡✈♦❧✉❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❧❧❛♠❛❞❛ ♦❝✉✲
♣❛❞❛ ❝♦♥ ✉♥❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s ❙◗▲✐t❡ ❛❜✐❡rt❛✳ ❊st❛ ❞❡✈♦❧✉❝✐ó♥ s❡ ✐♥✈♦❝❛ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ❙◗▲✐t❡ ❛❝❝❡❞❛
❛ ✉♥❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s ❜❧♦q✉❡❛❞❛✳ P♦r ❧♦ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✱ ❧❛ ❞❡✈♦❧✉❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❧❧❛♠❛❞❛ ❤❛❝❡ ❛❧❣ú♥ ♦tr♦ tr❛❜❛❥♦
út✐❧✱ ♦ t❛❧ ✈❡③ ✑❤✐✈❡r♥❛✑✱ ❤❛st❛ q✉❡ ❡❧❜❧♦q✉❡♦ s❡❛ ❧✐❜❡r❛❞♦✳ ❙✐ ❧❛ ❞❡✈♦❧✉❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❧❧❛♠❛❞❛ ❞❡✈✉❡❧✈❡
✉♥ ✈❛❧♦r ❞✐st✐♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝❡r♦✱ ❙◗▲✐t❡ ✈✉❡❧✈❡ ❛ ✐♥t❡♥t❛r ❛❝❝❡❞❡r ❛ ❧❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s ② ❡❧ ❝✐❝❧♦ s❡ r❡♣✐t❡✳
❙✐ ❧❛ ❞❡✈♦❧✉❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❧❧❛♠❛❞❛ ❞❡✈✉❡❧✈❡ ❝❡r♦✱ ❙◗▲✐t❡ ❛❜♦rt❛ ❧❛ ♦♣❡r❛❝✐ó♥ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ② ❞❡✈✉❡❧✈❡ ❙◗▲■✲
❚❊❴❇❯❙❨✳

▲♦s ❛r❣✉♠❡♥t♦s ♣❛r❛ sq❧✐t❡❴❜✉s②❴❤❛♥❞❧❡r s♦♥ ❧❛ ❡str✉❝t✉r❛ ♦♣❛❝❛ ❞❡✈✉❡❧t❛ ❞❡s❞❡ sq❧✐t❡❴♦♣❡♥ ✱
✉♥ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ ❛ ❧❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❞❡✈♦❧✉❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❧❧❛♠❛❞❛ ♦❝✉♣❛❞❛ ② ✉♥ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ ❣❡♥ér✐❝♦ q✉❡ s❡ ♣❛s❛rá
❝♦♠♦ ♣r✐♠❡r ❛r❣✉♠❡♥t♦ ❛ ❧❛ ❞❡✈♦❧✉❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❧❧❛♠❛❞❛ ♦❝✉♣❛❞❛✳ ❈✉❛♥❞♦ ❙◗▲✐t❡ ✐♥✈♦❝❛ ❧❛ ❞❡✈♦❧✉✲
❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❧❧❛♠❛❞❛ ♦❝✉♣❛❞❛✱ ❧❡ ❡♥✈í❛ tr❡s ❛r❣✉♠❡♥t♦s✿ ❡❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ ❣❡♥ér✐❝♦ q✉❡ s❡ ♣❛só ❝♦♠♦ t❡r❝❡r
❛r❣✉♠❡♥t♦ ❛ sq❧✐t❡❴❜✉s②❴❤❛♥❞❧❡r ✱ ❡❧ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ❞❡ ❧❛ t❛❜❧❛ ♦ í♥❞✐❝❡ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s ❛ ❧❛ q✉❡
✐♥t❡♥t❛ ❛❝❝❡❞❡r ❧❛ ❜✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛✱ ② ❡❧ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ✈❡❝❡s q✉❡ ❡❧ ❧❛ ❜✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛ ❤❛ ✐♥t❡♥t❛❞♦ ❛❝❝❡❞❡r ❛ ❧❛
t❛❜❧❛ ♦ í♥❞✐❝❡ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s✳

P❛r❛ ❡❧ ❝❛s♦ ❝♦♠ú♥ ❞♦♥❞❡ q✉❡r❡♠♦s q✉❡ ❧❛ ❞❡✈♦❧✉❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❧❧❛♠❛❞❛ ♦❝✉♣❛❞❛ ❞✉❡r♠❛✱ ❧❛ ❜✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛
❙◗▲✐t❡ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛ ✉♥❛ r✉t✐♥❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥✈❡♥✐❡♥❝✐❛ sq❧✐t❡❴❜✉s②❴t✐♠❡♦✉t ✳ ❊❧ ♣r✐♠❡r ❛r❣✉♠❡♥t♦ ♣❛r❛

✸✶✼
sq❧✐t❡❴❜✉s②❴t✐♠❡♦✉t ❡s ✉♥ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ ❛ ✉♥❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s ❙◗▲✐t❡ ❛❜✐❡rt❛ ② ❡❧ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❛r❣✉♠❡♥t♦
❡s ✉♥❛ ❝❛♥t✐❞❛❞ ❞❡ ♠✐❧✐s❡❣✉♥❞♦s✳ ❉❡s♣✉és ❞❡ q✉❡ s❡ ❤❛②❛ ❡❥❡❝✉t❛❞♦ sq❧✐t❡❴❜✉s②❴t✐♠❡♦✉t ✱ ❧❛ ❜✐✲
❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛ ❞❡ ❙◗▲✐t❡ ❡s♣❡r❛ ❛ q✉❡ ❡❧ ❜❧♦q✉❡♦ s❡ ❜♦rr❡ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❛❧ ♠❡♥♦s ❡❧ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ♠✐❧✐s❡❣✉♥❞♦s
❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛❞♦ ❛♥t❡s ❞❡ ❞❡✈♦❧✈❡r ❙◗▲■❚❊❴❇❯❙❨✳ ❊s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛r ❝❡r♦ ♠✐❧✐s❡❣✉♥❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❡❧ t✐❡♠♣♦ ❞❡
❡s♣❡r❛ r❡st❛✉r❛ ❡❧ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠✐❡♥t♦ ♣r❡❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦✳

✶✺✳✶✸✳ ❯s♦ ❞❡ ❧❛s ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❡s ❞❡❧ ✇r❛♣♣❡r ❴♣r✐♥t❢✭✮

▲❛s ❝✉❛tr♦ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❡s ❞❡ ✉t✐❧✐❞❛❞
✶ sq❧✐t❡❴❡①❡❝❴♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✮
✷ sq❧✐t❡❴❡①❡❝❴✈♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✮
✸ sq❧✐t❡❴❣❡t❴t❛❜❧❡❴♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✮
✹ sq❧✐t❡❴❣❡t❴t❛❜❧❡❴✈♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✮
✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r ❧❛ ♠✐s♠❛ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞ ❞❡ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛ q✉❡ sq❧✐t❡❴❡①❡❝ ② sq❧✐t❡❴❣❡t❴t❛❜❧❡ ✳ P❡r♦ ❡♥
❧✉❣❛r ❞❡ t♦♠❛r ✉♥❛ ❞❡❝❧❛r❛❝✐ó♥ ❙◗▲ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❛ ❝♦♠♦ s✉ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❛r❣✉♠❡♥t♦✱ ❧❛s ❝✉❛tr♦ r✉t✐♥❛s
❴♣r✐♥t❢ t♦♠❛♥ ✉♥❛ ❝❛❞❡♥❛ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛t♦ ❞❡ ❡st✐❧♦ ♣r✐♥t❢✳ ▲❛ ✐♥str✉❝❝✐ó♥ ❙◗▲ q✉❡ s❡ ❡❥❡❝✉t❛rá s❡
❣❡♥❡r❛ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ❡st❛ ❝❛❞❡♥❛ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛t♦ ② ❞❡ ❧♦s ❛r❣✉♠❡♥t♦s ❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧❡s q✉❡ ❡sté♥ ❛❞❥✉♥t♦s ❛❧
✜♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧❧❛♠❛❞❛ ❛ ❧❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥✳
❍❛② ❞♦s ✈❡♥t❛❥❛s ❛❧ ✉s❛r ❧❛s ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❡s ♣r✐♥t❢ ❞❡ ❙◗▲✐t❡ ❡♥ ❧✉❣❛r ❞❡ s♣r✐♥t❢ ✳ ❊♥ ♣r✐♠❡r ❧✉❣❛r✱
❝♦♥ ❧❛s r✉t✐♥❛s ♣r✐♥t❢ ❙◗▲✐t❡✱ ♥✉♥❝❛ ❤❛② ♣❡❧✐❣r♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❜♦r❞❛♠✐❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♥ ❜✉✛❡r ❡stát✐❝♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❧♦
❤❛② ❝♦♥ s♣r✐♥t❢ ✳ ▲❛s r✉t✐♥❛s ♣r✐♥t❢ ❞❡ ❙◗▲✐t❡ ❛s✐❣♥❛♥ ❛✉t♦♠át✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ✭② ❧✉❡❣♦ ❧✐❜❡r❛♥✮ t❛♥t❛
♠❡♠♦r✐❛ ❝♦♠♦ s❡❛ ♥❡❝❡s❛r✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ♠❛♥t❡♥❡r ❧❛s s❡♥t❡♥❝✐❛s ❙◗▲ ❣❡♥❡r❛❞❛s✳
▲❛ s❡❣✉♥❞❛ ✈❡♥t❛❥❛ q✉❡ t✐❡♥❡♥ ❧❛s r✉t✐♥❛s ♣r✐♥t❢ ❞❡ ❙◗▲✐t❡ s♦❜r❡ s♣r✐♥t❢ s♦♥ ❞♦s ♥✉❡✈❛s ♦♣❝✐♦♥❡s
❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛t♦ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞✐s❡ñ❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛❞♠✐t✐r ❧✐t❡r❛❧❡s ❞❡ ❝❛❞❡♥❛s ❡♥ ❙◗▲✳ ❉❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ❧❛
❝❛❞❡♥❛ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛t♦✱ ❧❛ ♦♣❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛t♦ ✪ q ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛ ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡r❛ ♠✉② s✐♠✐❧❛r ❛ ✪ s ♣♦rq✉❡ ❧❡❡
✉♥❛ ❝❛❞❡♥❛ t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛ ❡♥ ♥✉❧♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ ❞❡ ❛r❣✉♠❡♥t♦s ② ❧❛ ✐♥s❡rt❛ ❡♥ ❡❧ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦✳ P❡r♦ ✪ q
tr❛❞✉❝❡ ❧❛ ❝❛❞❡♥❛ ✐♥s❡rt❛❞❛ ❤❛❝✐❡♥❞♦ ❞♦s ❝♦♣✐❛s ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❝❛rá❝t❡r ❞❡ ❝♦♠✐❧❧❛s s✐♠♣❧❡s ✭✬✮ ❡♥ ❧❛
❝❛❞❡♥❛ s✉st✐t✉✐❞❛✳ ❊st♦ t✐❡♥❡ ❡❧ ❡❢❡❝t♦ ❞❡ ❡s❝❛♣❛r ❡❧ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛❞♦ ❞❡❧ ✜♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❝❛❞❡♥❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♠✐❧❧❛s
s✐♠♣❧❡s ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ✉♥❛ ❝❛❞❡♥❛ ❧✐t❡r❛❧✳ ▲❛ ♦♣❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛t♦ ✪ ◗ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛ ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡r❛ s✐♠✐❧❛r❀
tr❛❞✉❝❡ ❧❛s ❝♦♠✐❧❧❛s s✐♠♣❧❡s ❝♦♠♦ ✪ q ②✱ ❛❞❡♠ás✱ ❡♥❝✐❡rr❛ ❧❛ ❝❛❞❡♥❛ r❡s✉❧t❛♥t❡ ❡♥tr❡ ❝♦♠✐❧❧❛s
s✐♠♣❧❡s✳ ❙✐ ❡❧ ❛r❣✉♠❡♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ❧❛s ♦♣❝✐♦♥❡s ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛t♦ ✪ ◗ ❡s ✉♥ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ ◆❯▲▲✱ ❧❛ ❝❛❞❡♥❛
r❡s✉❧t❛♥t❡ ❡s ◆❯▲▲ s✐♥ ❝♦♠✐❧❧❛s s✐♠♣❧❡s✳

✶✺✳✶✹✳ ❊❥❡❝✉❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ✐♥str✉❝❝✐♦♥❡s ❙◗▲

▲❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ sq❧✐t❡❴❡①❡❝ s❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛ ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦❝❡s❛r ❞❡❝❧❛r❛❝✐♦♥❡s ② ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛s ❙◗▲✳ ❊st❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥
r❡q✉✐❡r❡ ✺ ♣❛rá♠❡tr♦s ❞❡ ❧❛ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ♠❛♥❡r❛✿
✶✳ ❯♥ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ ❛ ❧❛ ❡str✉❝t✉r❛ sq❧✐t❡ ♦❜t❡♥✐❞❛ ❞❡ ✉♥❛ ❧❧❛♠❛❞❛ ♣r❡✈✐❛ ❛ sq❧✐t❡❴♦♣❡♥✳
✷✳ ❯♥❛ ❝❛❞❡♥❛ t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛ ❡♥ ♥✉❧♦ q✉❡ ❝♦♥t✐❡♥❡ ❡❧ t❡①t♦ ❞❡ ✉♥❛ ♦ ♠ás ❞❡❝❧❛r❛❝✐♦♥❡s ❙◗▲ ② ✴
♦ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛s ♣❛r❛ s❡r ♣r♦❝❡s❛❞❛s✳
✸✳ ❯♥ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ ❛ ✉♥❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❞❡✈♦❧✉❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❧❧❛♠❛❞❛ q✉❡ s❡ ✐♥✈♦❝❛ ✉♥❛ ✈❡③ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ✜❧❛
❡♥ ❡❧ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ✉♥❛ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛✳ ❊st❡ ❛r❣✉♠❡♥t♦ ♣✉❡❞❡ s❡r ◆❯▲❖✱ ❡♥ ❝✉②♦ ❝❛s♦ ♥✉♥❝❛ s❡
✐♥✈♦❝❛rá♥ ❧❛s ❞❡✈♦❧✉❝✐♦♥❡s ❞❡ ❧❧❛♠❛❞❛✳

✸✶✽
 ✹✳ ❯♥ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ q✉❡ s❡ r❡❡♥✈í❛ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥✈❡rt✐rs❡ ❡♥ ❡❧ ♣r✐♠❡r ❛r❣✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❞❡✈♦✲
❧✉❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❧❧❛♠❛❞❛✳
✺✳ ❯♥ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ ❛ ✉♥❛ ❝❛❞❡♥❛ ❞❡ ❡rr♦r✳ ▲♦s ♠❡♥s❛❥❡s ❞❡ ❡rr♦r s❡ ❡s❝r✐❜❡♥ ❡♥ ❡❧ ❡s♣❛❝✐♦ ♦❜t❡♥✐❞♦
❞❡ ♠❛❧❧♦❝ ✭✮ ② ❧❛ ❝❛❞❡♥❛ ❞❡ ❡rr♦r s❡ ❤❛❝❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛♣✉♥t❛r ❛❧ ❡s♣❛❝✐♦ ♠❛❧ ❞❡❧✐♠✐t❛❞♦✳ ▲❛
❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❧❧❛♠❛❞❛ ❡s r❡s♣♦♥s❛❜❧❡ ❞❡ ❧✐❜❡r❛r ❡st❡ ❡s♣❛❝✐♦ ❝✉❛♥❞♦ ❤❛②❛ t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ ❝♦♥ é❧✳
❊st❡ ❛r❣✉♠❡♥t♦ ♣✉❡❞❡ s❡r ◆❯▲❖✱ ❡♥ ❝✉②♦ ❝❛s♦ ❧♦s ♠❡♥s❛❥❡s ❞❡ ❡rr♦r ♥♦ s❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛♥ ❛ ❧❛
❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❧❧❛♠❛❞❛✳
▲❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❞❡✈♦❧✉❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❧❧❛♠❛❞❛ s❡ ✉s❛ ♣❛r❛ r❡❝✐❜✐r ❧♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❡ ✉♥❛ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛✳ ❯♥
♣r♦t♦t✐♣♦ ♣❛r❛ ❧❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❞❡✈♦❧✉❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❧❧❛♠❛❞❛ ❡s ❡❧ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡✿
✶ ✐♥t ❈❛❧❧❜❛❝❦ ✭ ✈♦✐❞ ✯ ♣❆r❣ ✱ ✐♥t ❛r❣❝ ✱ ❝❤❛r ✯✯ ❛r❣✈ ✱ ❝❤❛r ✯✯
❝♦❧✉♠♥◆❛♠❡s ✮ ④
✷ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✸ ⑥
❊❧ ♣r✐♠❡r ❛r❣✉♠❡♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ❧❛ ❞❡✈♦❧✉❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❧❧❛♠❛❞❛ ❡s s♦❧♦ ✉♥❛ ❝♦♣✐❛ ❞❡❧ ❝✉❛rt♦ ❛r❣✉♠❡♥t♦
❞❡ sq❧✐t❡❴❡①❡❝✳ ❊st❡ ♣❛rá♠❡tr♦ s❡ ♣✉❡❞❡ ✉s❛r ♣❛r❛ ♣❛s❛r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥ ❛r❜✐tr❛r✐❛ ❛ tr❛✈és ❞❡ ❧❛
❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❞❡✈♦❧✉❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❧❧❛♠❛❞❛ ❞❡s❞❡ ❡❧ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❞❡❧ ❝❧✐❡♥t❡✳ ❊❧ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❛r❣✉♠❡♥t♦ ❡s ❡❧ ♥ú♠❡r♦
❞❡ ❝♦❧✉♠♥❛s ❡♥ ❡❧ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛✳ ❊❧ t❡r❝❡r ❛r❣✉♠❡♥t♦ ❡s ✉♥❛ ♠❛tr✐③ ❞❡ ♣✉♥t❡r♦s ❛
❝❛❞❡♥❛s ❞♦♥❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❝❛❞❡♥❛ ❡s ✉♥❛ s♦❧❛ ❝♦❧✉♠♥❛ ❞❡❧ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡s❡ r❡❣✐str♦✳ ❚❡♥❣❛ ❡♥ ❝✉❡♥t❛
q✉❡ ❧❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❞❡✈♦❧✉❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❧❧❛♠❛❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛ ✉♥ ✈❛❧♦r ◆❯▲▲ ❡♥ ❧❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s ❝♦♠♦ ✉♥
♣✉♥t❡r♦ ◆❯▲▲✱ q✉❡ ❡s ♠✉② ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ✉♥❛ ❝❛❞❡♥❛ ✈❛❝í❛✳ ❙✐ ❡❧ ♣❛rá♠❡tr♦ ✐✲és✐♠♦ ❡s ✉♥❛ ❝❛❞❡♥❛
✈❛❝í❛✱ ♦❜t❡♥❞r❡♠♦s✿
✶ ❛r❣✈ ❬ ✐ ❪❬✵❪ ❂❂ ✵
P❡r♦ s✐ ❡❧ ♣❛rá♠❡tr♦ ✐✲és✐♠♦ ❡s ◆❯▲▲ ♦❜t❡♥❞r❡♠♦s✿
✶ ❛r❣✈ ❬ ✐❪ ❂❂ ✵
▲♦s ♥♦♠❜r❡s ❞❡ ❧❛s ❝♦❧✉♠♥❛s ❡stá♥ ❝♦♥t❡♥✐❞♦s ❡♥ ❧❛s ♣r✐♠❡r❛s ❡♥tr❛❞❛s ❛r❣❝ ❞❡❧ ❝✉❛rt♦ ❛r❣✉♠❡♥t♦✳
❙✐ ❡❧ ♣r❛❣♠❛ ❙❍❖❲❴❉❆❚❆❚❨P❊❙ ❡stá ❙❍❖❲❴❉❆❚❆❚❨P❊❙ ✭❡stá ❞❡s❛❝t✐✈❛❞♦ ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡r❛
♣r❡❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛✮✱ ❧❛s s❡❣✉♥❞❛s ❡♥tr❛❞❛s ❞❡ ❛r❣❝ ❡♥ ❡❧ ✹➸ ❛r❣✉♠❡♥t♦ s♦♥ ❧♦s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s ♣❛r❛
❧❛s ❝♦❧✉♠♥❛s ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞✐❡♥t❡s✳
❙✐ ❡❧ ♣r❛❣♠❛ ❊▼P❚❨❴❘❊❙❯▲❚❴❈❆▲▲❇❆❈❑❙ s❡ ❡st❛❜❧❡❝❡ ❡♥ ❖◆ ② ❡❧ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ✉♥❛ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛
❡s ✉♥ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ✈❛❝í♦✱ ❡♥t♦♥❝❡s ❧❛ ❞❡✈♦❧✉❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❧❧❛♠❛❞❛ s❡ ✐♥✈♦❝❛ ✉♥❛ ✈❡③ ❝♦♥ ❡❧ t❡r❝❡r ♣❛rá♠❡tr♦
✭❛r❣✈✮ ❡st❛❜❧❡❝✐❞♦ ❡♥ ✵✳ ❊♥ ♦tr❛s ♣❛❧❛❜r❛s
✶ ❛r❣✈ ❂❂ ✵
❊❧ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ♣❛rá♠❡tr♦ ✭❛r❣❝✮ ② ❡❧ ❝✉❛rt♦ ♣❛rá♠❡tr♦ ✭❝♦❧✉♠♥◆❛♠❡s✮ s✐❣✉❡♥ s✐❡♥❞♦ ✈á❧✐❞♦s ② s❡
♣✉❡❞❡♥ ✉s❛r ♣❛r❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛r ❡❧ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ② ❧♦s ♥♦♠❜r❡s ❞❡ ❧❛s ❝♦❧✉♠♥❛s ❞❡ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s s✐ ❤✉❜♦
✉♥ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦✳ ❊❧ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠✐❡♥t♦ ♣r❡❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ ❡s ♥♦ ✐♥✈♦❝❛r ❧❛ ❞❡✈♦❧✉❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❧❧❛♠❛❞❛ s✐ ❡❧
❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❡stá ✈❛❝í♦✳
▲❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❞❡✈♦❧✉❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❧❧❛♠❛❞❛ ♥♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡✈✉❡❧✈❡ ✵✳ ❙✐ ❧❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❞❡✈♦❧✉❝✐ó♥ ❞❡
❧❧❛♠❛❞❛ ❞❡✈✉❡❧✈❡ ✉♥ ✈❛❧♦r ❞✐st✐♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝❡r♦✱ ❧❛ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛ s❡ ❛♥✉❧❛ ✐♥♠❡❞✐❛t❛♠❡♥t❡ ② sq❧✐t❡❴❡①❡❝
❞❡✈✉❡❧✈❡ ❙◗▲■❚❊❴❆❇❖❘❚✳
▲❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ❛s♣r✐♥t❢✭✮ ❛s✐❣♥❛ ✉♥ ❜✉✛❡r ❧♦ s✉✜❝✐❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥t❡♥❡r ❧❛ ❝❛❞❡♥❛
❝r❡❛❞❛✳
▲❛ s❡♥t❡♥❝✐❛ s❡ ♣r❡♣❛r❛ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ❧❛ ❝❛❞❡♥❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛✳ ▲❛ ❧♦♥❣✐t✉❞ ♣✉❡❞❡ s❡r ❞❛❞❛ ✭❞❡❜❡rí❛

✸✶✾
s❡r ♠ás rá♣✐❞❛✮✳ ◆♦ ♦❧✈✐❞❡s ❧✐❜❡r❛r ❧❛ ❝❛❞❡♥❛ ❛s✐❣♥❛❞❛ ♣♦r ❛s♣r✐♥t❢✭✮✳

❯♥❛ ✈❡③ ♠ás✿ s✐ ✉♥ ✉s✉❛r✐♦ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛ ✉♥❛ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ✈✐❧ ✭❡s ❞❡❝✐r✱ ï♥②❡❝❝✐ó♥ ❙◗▲✧✮✱ ❧❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡
❞❛t♦s ❡stá ❡♥ ♣❡❧✐❣r♦✳

✶✺✳✶✹✳✶✳ ❱❛❧♦r❡s ✈✐♥❝✉❧❛♥t❡s

❊❧ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦ ♠✉❡str❛ ❝ó♠♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r ❧♦s ♠❛r❝❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡ ♣♦s✐❝✐ó♥ ② ❡♥❧❛③❛r ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❝♦♥
❡❧❧♦s✳

✶ sq❧✐t❡✸❴♣r❡♣❛r❡❴✈✷ ✭❞❜ ✱ ✧ ✐♥s❡rt ✐♥t♦ ❞❡♠♦ ✭ ♥❛♠❡ ✱ ❛❣❡ ✮ ✈❛❧✉❡s ✭❄✶ ✱

❄✷✮ ❀✧ ✱ ✲✶✱ ✫ st♠t ✱ ◆❯▲▲ ✮❀ ✴✯ ✶ ✯✴
✷
✸ sq❧✐t❡✸❴❜✐♥❞❴t❡①t ✭ st♠t ✱ ✶✱ ✧ ❙✉s❛♥ ✧ ✱ ✲✶ ✱ ❙◗▲■❚❊❴❙❚❆❚■❈ ✮❀
✴✯ ✷ ✯✴
✹ sq❧✐t❡✸❴❜✐♥❞❴✐♥t ✭ st♠t ✱ ✷✱ ✷✶✮ ❀

✴✯ ✸ ✯✴
✺
✻ r❝ ❂ sq❧✐t❡✸❴st❡♣ ✭ st♠t ✮ ❀
✼ ✐❢ ✭ r❝ ✦❂ ❙◗▲■❚❊❴❉❖◆❊ ✮ ④
✽ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❊❘❘❖❘ ✐♥s❡rt✐♥❣ ❞❛t❛ ✿ ✪s ❭♥✧ ✱ sq❧✐t❡✸❴❡rr♠s❣ ✭ ❞❜ ✮ ✮❀
✾ ❣♦t♦ ♦✉t ❀
✶✵ ⑥
✶✶
✶✷ sq❧✐t❡✸❴❢✐♥❛❧✐③❡ ✭ st♠t ✮❀
❊♥ ❧✉❣❛r ❞❡ ❝❛❞❡♥❛s ② ♥ú♠❡r♦s ❡♥t❡r♦s✱ ✉s❛ ❄✶ ❡t❝✳ ❝♦♠♦ ♠❛r❝❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡ ♣♦s✐❝✐ó♥✳ ❖tr♦s s♦♥
♣♦s✐❜❧❡s✱ ✈é❛s❡ ❧❛ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t❛❝✐ó♥✳ ❱✐♥❝✉❧❛ ❧❛ ❝❛❞❡♥❛ ✑❙✉s❛♥✑ ❛ ❄✶✳ ❈♦♠♦ ❡s ✉♥❛ ❝❛❞❡♥❛ ❡stát✐❝❛✱
❞✐❧❡ ❛ ❙◗▲✐t❡ q✉❡ ♥♦ ❧❛ ❧✐❜❡r❡✳ ❙✐ s❡ tr❛t❛ ❞❡ ✉♥❛ ❝❛❞❡♥❛ ❛s✐❣♥❛❞❛✱ s❡ ♣✉❡❞❡ ❞❛r ✉♥❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ♣❛r❛
❧✐❜❡r❛r❧❛ ❞❡s♣✉és ❞❡ q✉❡ s❡ ♣r♦❝❡s❡ ❧❛ ❡①♣r❡s✐ó♥✳ ❊♥❧❛③❛ ✉♥ ✈❛❧♦r ❡♥t❡r♦ ✭♥♦ s❡ r❡q✉✐❡r❡ ❧✐❜❡r❛❝✐ó♥✮✳
❊❧ r❡st♦ ❡s ❝♦♠♦ ❛♥t❡s✳

✶✺✳✶✺✳ ❈♦♥s✉❧t❛r ❞❛t♦s ❝♦♥ ❡❧ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❝❧ás✐❝♦

❙✐ ❧❛ s❡♥t❡♥❝✐❛ ♣r❡♣❛r❛❞❛ ❞❡✈✉❡❧✈❡ ❧❛s ✜❧❛s r❡s✉❧t❛♥t❡s✱ ❧❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ sq❧✐t❡✸❴st❡♣✭✮ ❞❡✈✉❡❧✈❡

❡❧ ✈❛❧♦r ❙◗▲■❚❊❴❘❖❲ ② s❡ ♣✉❡❞❡ ❧❧❛♠❛r ❤❛st❛ q✉❡ ♥♦ ❤❛②❛ ♠ás ❞❛t♦s ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜❧❡s✳ ❙❡ ♣✉❡❞❡
❛❝❝❡❞❡r ❛ ❧❛s ❝♦❧✉♠♥❛s ♣♦r í♥❞✐❝❡✿

✶ sq❧✐t❡✸❴♣r❡♣❛r❡❴✈✷ ✭❞❜ ✱ ✧ s❡❧❡❝t ❞✐st✐♥❝t ♥❛♠❡ ✱ ❛❣❡ ❢r♦♠ ❞❡♠♦

✇❤❡r❡ ❛❣❡ ❃ ❄ ♦r❞❡r ❜② ✷ ✱✶❀ ✧ ✱ ✲✶✱
✷ ✫ st♠t ✱ ◆❯▲▲ ✮ ❀
✸
✹ sq❧✐t❡✸❴❜✐♥❞❴✐♥t ✭ st♠t ✱ ✶✱ ✶✻✮ ❀

✴✯ ✶ ✯✴
✺
✻ ✇❤✐❧❡ ✭ ✭ r❝ ❂ sq❧✐t❡✸❴st❡♣ ✭ st♠t ✮✮ ❂❂ ❙◗▲■❚❊❴❘❖❲ ✮ ④
✴✯ ✷ ✯✴

✸✷✵
 ✼ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ✪s ✐s ✪❞ ②❡❛rs ♦❧❞ ❭♥✧ ✱ sq❧✐t❡✸❴❝♦❧✉♠♥❴t❡①t ✭ st♠t ✱ ✵✮ ✱
sq❧✐t❡✸❴❝♦❧✉♠♥❴✐♥t ✭ st♠t ✱ ✶✮ ✮ ❀ ✴✯ ✸ ✯✴
✽ ⑥
✾
✶✵ sq❧✐t❡✸❴❢✐♥❛❧✐③❡ ✭ st♠t ✮❀

▲❛ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛ ♣r❡♣❛r❛❞❛ ❝♦♥t✐❡♥❡ ❄✶ ❡♥ ❧❛ ❝❧á✉s✉❧❛ ❲❍❊❘❊✳ ❊♥❧❛③❛ ✉♥ ✈❛❧♦r ❡♥t❡r♦✳ ❘❡❛❧✐❝❡ ✉♥

❜✉❝❧❡ ♠✐❡♥tr❛s ❤❛②❛ ♠ás ❞❛t♦s ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜❧❡s✳
❙❡ ❛❝❝❡❞❡ ❛ ❧♦s ❞❛t♦s ♠❡❞✐❛♥t❡ ❡❧ í♥❞✐❝❡ ❞❡ ❝♦❧✉♠♥❛✳ ▲❛s ❝❛❞❡♥❛s s❡ ❞❛♥ ❝♦♠♦ ❝♦♥st ❝❤❛r ✯
② s❡ ♣✉❡❞❡♥ ❞❛r ❞✐r❡❝t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❡s ❝♦♠♦ ♣r✐♥t❢✭✮✳ ■♥t❡r❢❛③ ❞❡ ❡❥❡❝✉❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛s ❞❡
✉♥ ♣❛s♦ ▲❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♦❞✐❞❛❞ sq❧✐t❡✸❴❡①❡❝✭✮ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛ ❧♦s ♣❛s♦s ❛♥t❡r✐♦r❡s✳ ❙✐♥ ❡♠❜❛r❣♦✱
❧❛ ✈✐♥❝✉❧❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ✈❛❧♦r❡s ♣❛r❡❝❡ ♥♦ ❡st❛r ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❞❛✳ P❛r❛ ❧❛ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s ❞❡❧ ✉s✉❛r✐♦✱
✉t✐❧✐❝❡ ✉♥ ❡♥♠❛s❝❛r❛♠✐❡♥t♦ ♠✉② ❝✉✐❞❛❞♦s♦ ♦ ❡❧ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❝❧ás✐❝♦✳ ❊❧ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦ ♠✉❡str❛
❝ó♠♦ ❡❥❡❝✉t❛r ❞♦s ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛s ❙◗▲ ❡♥ ✉♥❛ ❧❧❛♠❛❞❛✳ ▲♦s ❞❛t♦s r❡s✉❧t❛♥t❡s s❡ ❞❛♥ ❛ ✉♥❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ❞❡
❞❡✈♦❧✉❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❧❧❛♠❛❞❛✳

✶ ❝❤❛r ✯ ❡rr♠s❣ ❀
✷ ✐♥t ❝❛❧❧❜❛❝❦ ✭ ✈♦✐❞ ✯ ❛r❣ ✱ ✐♥t ❛r❣❝ ✱ ❝❤❛r ✯✯ ❛r❣✈ ✱ ❝❤❛r ✯✯ ❝♦❧◆❛♠❡ ✮ ④
✴✯ ✶ ✯✴
✸ ✐♥t ✐ ❀
✹ ❢♦r ✭✐ ❂✵❀ ✐ ❁ ❛r❣❝ ❀ ✐ ✰✰✮ ④
✺ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ✪s ❂ ✪s❭ t✧ ✱ ❝♦❧◆❛♠❡ ❬✐ ❪✱ ❛r❣✈ ❬✐❪ ❄ ✿ ✧ ◆❯▲▲ ✧✮❀
✻ ⑥
✼ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❭♥✧✮❀
✽ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✾ ⑥
✶✵
✶✶ r❝ ❂ sq❧✐t❡✸❴❡①❡❝ ✭❞❜ ✱

✴✯ ✷ ✯✴
✶✷ ✧ s❡❧❡❝t ❝♦✉♥t ✭✯✮ ✱ ❛✈❣ ✭ ❛❣❡ ✮ ❢r♦♠ ❞❡♠♦ ❀ s❡❧❡❝t ❞✐st✐♥❝t ♥❛♠❡ ✱ ❛❣❡
❢r♦♠ ❞❡♠♦ ♦r❞❡r ❜② ✶ ✱✷❀ ✧ ✱
✶✸ ❝❛❧❧❜❛❝❦ ✱ ◆❯▲▲ ✱ ✫ ❡rr♠s❣ ✮❀
✶✹
✶✺ ✐❢ ✭ ❡rr♠s❣ ✦❂ ◆❯▲▲ ✮ ④ ✴✯ ✸ ✯✴
✶✻ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❊rr♦r ✐♥ sq❧✐t❡✸❴❡①❡❝ ✿ ✪s❭♥ ✧ ✱ ❡rr♠s❣ ✮ ❀
✶✼ sq❧✐t❡✸❴❢r❡❡ ✭ ❡rr♠s❣ ✮ ❀
✶✽ ⑥

Pr♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛r ✉♥❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❞❡✈♦❧✉❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❧❧❛♠❛❞❛✳ ❊①✐st❡♥ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ❛r❣✉♠❡♥t♦s ♣❛r❛ ❞✐st✐♥❣✉✐r
❧♦s ✉s♦s ♠ú❧t✐♣❧❡s✳ ▲♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s s♦♥ s✐♠✐❧❛r❡s ❛ ♠❛✐♥✭✮ ❝♦♥ ❛r❣❝ ② ❛r❣✈ ♠ás ❧♦s ♥♦♠❜r❡s ❞❡ ❧❛s
❝♦❧✉♠♥❛s ❡♥ ✉♥❛ ❝✉❛rt❛ ♠❛tr✐③ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❡♥❛s✳ ❆q✉í✱ ❧❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦ só❧♦ ✐♠♣r✐♠❡ key = value✳
❊❥❡❝✉t❛r ✉♥❛ ♦ ✈❛r✐❛s ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛s✳
▲❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ❝❛❧❧❜❛❝❦ ② s✉s ❛r❣✉♠❡♥t♦s ✭◆❯▲▲✮ ② ✉♥ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ ❞❡ ❝❤❛r ♣❛r❛ ✉♥ ♠❡♥s❛❥❡ ❞❡ ❡rr♦r
s♦♥ ❧♦s ♣❛rá♠❡tr♦s✳
❙✐ ❤❛② ✉♥ ❡rr♦r✱ s❡ ❛s✐❣♥❛ ❡rr♠s❣ ② ♥♦ ❡s ◆❯▲▲▲✳ ❊♥ ❡st❡ ❝❛s♦✱ ❞❡❜❡ s❡r ❧✐❜❡r❛❞♦ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❧❛
❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ sq❧✐t❡✷❴❢r❡❡✭✮✳

✸✷✶
✶✺✳✶✻✳ ❊❥❡♠♣❧♦ ✶

Pr✐♠❡r♦ ✐♥st❛❧❛♠♦s sq❧✐t❡✸✱ ❧♦s ❞♦s ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦s ♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s tr❛❜❛❥❛♥ ❡♥ ❉❡❜✐❛♥ ✾✳✾✱ ❧✐♥✉①✳

❆❜r✐♠♦s ✉♥ t❡r♠✐♥❛❧ ② ❡❥❡❝✉t❛♠♦s✿ ❛♣t✲❣❡t ✐♥st❛❧❧ sq❧✐t❡✸ sq❧✐t❡✸✲❞❡✈

② ❝♦♥ ❡st❡ ❝♦♠❛♥❞♦ ❡st❛♠♦s ❧✐st♦s ♣❛r❛ ❡♠♣❡③❛r✳

❈r❡❛♠♦s ✉♥ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ❧❧❛♠❛❞♦ ❞❛t♦s✳❞❜ ② ❡❥❡❝✉t❛♠♦s ❡♥ ❡❧ t❡r♠✐♥❛❧✿ sq❧✐t❡✸ ❞❛t♦s✳❞❜

❆❤♦r❛ ✈❛♠♦s ❛ ❝r❡❛r ✉♥❛ t❛❜❧❛

✶ ❝r❡❛t❡ t❛❜❧❡ ❞❛t♦s ✭

✷ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ❝❤❛r ✭✷✺✮ ✱
✸ ❛♣❡❧❧✐❞♦ ❝❤❛r ✭✷✺✮
✹ ✮❀
P❛r❛ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛r✱ ❤❛❝❡♠♦s✿❉

✶ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ st❞✐♦ ✳❤ ❃ ✴✴ Pr✐♥t❢

✷ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ sq❧✐t❡✸ ✳❤ ❃ ✴✴ ❋✉♥❝✐♦♥❡s sq❧✐t❡✸
✸

✹ ✐♥t ♠❛✐♥ ✭✮ ④
✺ sq❧✐t❡✸ ✯ ❞❜ ❀ ✴✴ ❈r❡❛♠♦s ❡❧ ♣✉♥t❡r♦ ❛ ❧❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s
✻ sq❧✐t❡✸❴st♠t ✯ ♣❙t♠t ❀ ✴✴ ❊st❛ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ s❡ ❡♥❝❛r❣❛ ❞❡ ✐t❡r❛r ❧♦s
❞❛t♦s ♦❜t❡♥✐❞♦s
✼ ✐♥t r❝ ❂ ✵❀
✽

✾ ✐❢ ✭ sq❧✐t❡✸❴♦♣❡♥ ✭✧ ❞❛t♦s ✳ ❞❜ ✧ ✱ ✫ ❞❜ ✮ ✦❂ ❙◗▲■❚❊❴❖❑ ✮④ ✴✴ ❆❜r✐♠♦s ❧❛

❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s
✶✵ ✴✴ ❈♦♠♣r♦❜❛♠♦s q✉❡ ❧❛ ❝♦♥❡①✐♦♥ ❢✉❡ ❡①✐t♦s❛ s✐ ♥♦ ❡s ❛s✐
t❡r♠✐♥❛♠♦s ❧❛ ❡❥❡❝✉❝✐♦♥
✶✶ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✶✷ ⑥
✶✸

✶✹ r❝ ❂ sq❧✐t❡✸❴❡①❡❝ ✭❞❜ ✱ ✧ ✐♥s❡rt ✐♥t♦ ❞❛t♦s ✈❛❧✉❡s ✭✬ P❡❞r♦ ✬✱ ✬

❋❛s❤✉✉ ✬✮ ✱ ✭✬ ❋r❛♥ ✬✱ ✬ ❙✐♥❛tr❛ ✬✮❀ ✧ ✱✵ ✱✵ ✱✵✮ ❀ ✴✴ ❊❥❡❝✉t❛♠♦s ✉♥❛
s❡♥t❡♥❝✐❛ ✱ ❡♥ ❡st❡ ❝❛s♦ ✐♥❣r❡s❛♠♦s ❞♦s ❞❛t♦s
✶✺ ✐❢ ✭ r❝ ✦❂ ❙◗▲■❚❊❴❖❑ ✮④ ✴✴ ❈♦♠♣r♦❜❛♠♦s ✉❜♦ ❛❧❣✉♥ ❡rr♦r ❛❧ ❡❥❡❝✉t❛r
❧❛ s❡♥t❡♥❝✐❛
✶✻

✶✼ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❭ ♥❊rr♦r ❛❧ ✐♥s❡rt❛r ❞❛t♦s ❡♥ ❧❛ ❞❜ ✧✮❀

✶✽ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❭♥❬ ❊❘❘❖❘ ❪ ✪s✧ ✱ sq❧✐t❡✸❴❡rr♠s❣ ✭ ❞❜ ✮ ✮❀ ✴✴ ▼♦str❛♠♦s ❡❧
❡rr♦r
✶✾

✷✵ ⑥
✷✶

✷✷ ✴✯ ❆❤♦r❛ ✈❛♠♦s ❛ ✈❡r ❧♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ✯✴

✷✸

✷✹ r❝ ❂ sq❧✐t❡✸❴♣r❡♣❛r❡❴✈✷ ✭❞❜ ✱ ✧ ❙❊▲❊❈❚ r♦✇✐❞ ✱✯ ❋❘❖▼ ❞❛t♦s ❀✧ ✱ ✲✶✱

✫ ♣❙t♠t ✱ ◆❯▲▲ ✮❀ ✴✴ Pr❡♣❛r❛♠♦s ❧❛ s❡♥t❡♥❝✐❛ ❛ ❡❥❡❝✉t❛r
✷✺ ✐❢ ✭ r❝ ✦❂ ❙◗▲■❚❊❴❖❑ ✮④ ✴✴ ❈♦♠♣r♦❜❛♠♦s ✉❜♦ ❛❧❣✉♥ ❡rr♦r ❛❧ ❡❥❡❝✉t❛r

✸✷✷
 ❧❛ s❡♥t❡♥❝✐❛
✷✻ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❭ ♥❊rr♦r ❛❧ ♦❜t❡♥❡r ❞❛t♦s ❞❡ ❧❛ ❞❜ ✧✮ ❀
✷✼ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❭♥❬ ❊❘❘❖❘ ❪ ✪s✧ ✱ sq❧✐t❡✸❴❡rr♠s❣ ✭ ❞❜ ✮ ✮❀ ✴✴ ▼♦str❛♠♦s ❡❧
❡rr♦r
✷✽

✷✾ ⑥ ❡❧s❡ ④
✸✵ ✇❤✐❧❡ ✭ ❙◗▲■❚❊❴❘❖❲ ❂❂ sq❧✐t❡✸❴st❡♣ ✭ ♣❙t♠t ✮ ✮④ ✴✴ sq❧✐t❡✸❴st❡♣
❞❡✈✉❡❧✈❡ ❧♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ② sq❧✐t❡❴r♦✇ ❝♦♠♣r✉❡❜❛ q✉❡ ❛②❛
♦tr♦ ✈❛❧♦s ♣❛r❛ ✐t❡r❛r
✸✶

✸✷ ✴✯ ❆q✉✐ ♥♦s ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠♦s ❝♦♥ ✈❛r✐❛s ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❡s ✳

✸✸ ❊♥ ❡st❡ ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦ s♦❧♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r❡♠♦s
✸✹ sq❧✐t❡✸❴❝♦❧✉♠♥❴✐♥t ✲ ❉❡✈✉❡❧✈❡ ❡❧ ✈❛❧♦s ♥✉♠❡r✐❝♦ ♦❜t❡♥✐❞♦
❡♥ ❧❛ ❝♦❧✉♠♥❛
✸✺ sq❧✐t❡✸❴❝♦❧✉♠♥❴t❡①t ✲ ❉❡✈✉❡❧✈❡ ❡❧ ✈❛❧♦s t❡①t✉❛❧ ♦❜t❡♥✐❞♦
❡♥ ❧❛ ❝♦❧✉♠♥❛ ✯✴
✸✻

✸✼ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❭ ♥■❉ ✿ ✪❞✧ ✱ sq❧✐t❡✸❴❝♦❧✉♠♥❴✐♥t ✭ ♣❙t♠t ✱ ✵✮ ✮❀ ✴✴

■♥❞✐❝❛♠♦s q✉❡ ♦❜t❡♥❣❛ ❡❧ ✈❛❧♦r ♥✉♠❡r✐❝♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❝♦❧✉♠♥❛
✶✱ q✉❡ s❡r✐❛ r♦✇✐❞
✸✽ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❭ ♥◆♦♠❜r❡ ✿ ✪s✧ ✱ sq❧✐t❡✸❴❝♦❧✉♠♥❴t❡①t ✭ ♣❙t♠t ✱✶✮ ✮❀ ✴✴
✸✾ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❭ ♥❆♣❡❧❧✐❞♦ ✿ ✪s✧ ✱ sq❧✐t❡✸❴❝♦❧✉♠♥❴t❡①t ✭ ♣❙t♠t ✱✷✮ ✮❀ ✴✴
✹✵ ⑥
✹✶ ⑥
✹✷ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❭♥✧✮❀
✹✸ sq❧✐t❡✸❴❝❧♦s❡ ✭ ❞❜ ✮❀ ✴✴ ❋✐♥❛❧✐③❛♠♦s ❧❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s
✹✹ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✹✺ ⑥
●✉❛r❞❛♠♦s ❡❧ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ❝♦♠♦ t❡st✳❝♣♣

❋✐♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛♠♦s✿

❣❝❝ t❡st✳❝♣♣ ✲♦ t❡st ✲❧sq❧✐t❡✸

✶✺✳✶✼✳ ❊❥❡♠♣❧♦ ✷

❊❧ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❝r❡❛ ✉♥❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s ❝♦♥ ✉♥❛ t❛❜❧❛ q✉❡ ❛❧♠❛❝❡♥❛ ❡❧ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ② ❡❞❛❞ ❞❡

♥✉❡str♦s ❛❧✉♠♥♦s✿

✶ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ ✐♦str❡❛♠ ❃
✷ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ ✐♦♠❛♥✐♣ ❃
✸ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ str✐♥❣ ❃
✹ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ sq❧✐t❡✸ ✳❤ ❃
✺

✻ ✴✯ ■♥❝❧✉✐♠♦s ❧❛ ❝❛❜❡❝❡r❛ ❞❡ sq❧✐t❡ ✯✴

✼ ✉s✐♥❣ ♥❛♠❡s♣❛❝❡ st❞ ❀
✽ ✐♥t ♠❛✐♥ ✭ ✐♥t ❛r❣❝ ✱ ❝❤❛r ✯ ❛r❣✈ ❬❪✮ ④

✸✷✸
 ✾ sq❧✐t❡✸ ✯ ❞❜ ❀
✶✵ ✴✯ P✉♥t❡r♦ ❛ ❧❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s ✯✴
✶✶ sq❧✐t❡✸❴st♠t ✯ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❀
✶✷ ✴✯ P✉♥t❡r♦ ❛ ❧♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❧❛s ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛s ✯✴
✶✸ ✐♥t ♠s❣ ❀
✶✹ ✴✯ ❱❛❧♦r ❞❡ r❡t♦r♥♦ ♣❛r❛ ❧❛s ✐♥str✉❝❝✐♦♥❡s ✯✴
✶✺ str✐♥❣ ♦r❞❡♥ ❀
✶✻ ✴✯ ❖r❞❡♥❡s ❙◗▲ ✯✴
✶✼ ❝♦♥st ❝❤❛r ✯ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❀
✶✽ ✴✯ P✉♥t❡r♦ ❛ ❧❛ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ♦r❞❡♥ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ✉♥❛ ❧✐st❛ ❙◗▲ ✯✴
✶✾ ❝❤❛r ✯ ❡rr♦r ❀
✷✵ ✴✯ ▼❡♥s❛❥❡ ❞❡ ❡rr♦r ❞❡ ✉♥❛ ♦r❞❡♥ ✯✴
✷✶ ✴✯ ❈r❡❛r ✉♥ ❢✐❝❤❡r♦ ♣r✉❡❜❛ ✳ ❜❞ ❝♦♥ ❧❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s ✯✴
✷✷ ♠s❣ ❂ sq❧✐t❡✸❴♦♣❡♥ ✭✧ ♣r✉❡❜❛ ✳ ❜❞ ✧ ✱✫ ❞❜ ✮❀
✷✸ ✐❢ ✭ ♠s❣ ✦❂ ❙◗▲■❚❊❴❖❑ ✮ ④ ❝♦✉t ❁❁ ✧ ❊rr♦r ❛❧ ❝r❡❛r ❧❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s
❭♥ ✧ ❁❁ ❡♥❞❧ ❀ ❡①✐t ✭✶✮ ❀ ⑥
✷✹ ✴✯ ❈r❡❛r ✉♥❛ t❛❜❧❛ ❝♦♥ ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❜ á s✐❝♦s ✯✴
✷✺ ♦r❞❡♥ ❂ ✧ ❉❘❖P ❚❆❇▲❊ ■❋ ❊❳■❙❚❙ ❛❧✉♠♥♦s ❀✧❀
✷✻ ♦r❞❡♥ ✰❂ ✧ ❈❘❊❆❚❊ ❚❆❇▲❊ ❛❧✉♠♥♦s ✭ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ❱❆❘❈❍❆❘ ✭✺✵✮ ✱ ❡❞❛❞
◆❯▼❊❘■❈ ✭✸✮ ✮ ❀✧❀
✷✼ ♦r❞❡♥ ✰❂ ✧ ■◆❙❊❘❚ ■◆❚❖ ❛❧✉♠♥♦s ✈❛❧✉❡s ✭✬ ❉❛♥✐❡❧ P♦♥s♦❞❛ ✬ ✱✷✽✮ ❀✧❀
✷✽ ♦r❞❡♥ ✰❂ ✧ ■◆❙❊❘❚ ■◆❚❖ ❛❧✉♠♥♦s ✈❛❧✉❡s ✭✬ ❱❛❧❡♥t✐♥ ❈❛rr❡t❡r♦ ✬ ✱✷✷✮ ❀✧
❀
✷✾ ♦r❞❡♥ ✰❂ ✧ ■◆❙❊❘❚ ■◆❚❖ ❛❧✉♠♥♦s ✈❛❧✉❡s ✭✬ ❖♠❛r ▼❛r✐♥ ✬ ✱✷✻✮ ❀✧❀
✸✵ ♠s❣ ❂ sq❧✐t❡✸❴❡①❡❝ ✭ ❞❜ ✱ ♦r❞❡♥ ✳ ❝❴str ✭✮ ✱◆❯▲▲ ✱ ◆❯▲▲ ✱✫ ❡rr♦r ✮❀
✸✶ ✐❢ ✭ ♠s❣ ✦❂ ❙◗▲■❚❊❴❖❑ ✮ ④ ❝♦✉t ❁❁ ❡rr♦r ❁❁ ❡♥❞❧ ❀ ❡①✐t ✭✷✮ ❀ ⑥
✸✷ ✴✯ Pr❡♣❛r❛r ✉♥❛ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛ ✯✴
✸✸ ♦r❞❡♥ ❂ ✧ ❙❊▲❊❈❚ ✯ ❋❘❖▼ ❛❧✉♠♥♦s ❖❘❉❊❘ ❇❨ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ❀✧❀
✸✹ ♠s❣ ❂ sq❧✐t❡✸❴♣r❡♣❛r❡ ✭ ❞❜ ✱ ♦r❞❡♥ ✳ ❝❴str ✭✮ ✱ ♦r❞❡♥ ✳ ❧❡♥❣t❤ ✭✮ ✱✫
r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ✱✫ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ✮❀
✸✺ ✐❢ ✭ ♠s❣ ✦❂ ❙◗▲■❚❊❴❖❑ ✮ ④ ❝♦✉t ❁❁ ✧ ❊rr♦r ❡♥ ❧❛ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛ ✧ ❁❁ ❡♥❞❧ ❀
❡①✐t ✭✸✮ ❀ ⑥
✸✻ ✴✯ ▲❡❡r ❧❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐♦♥ ❢✐❧❛ ❛ ❢✐❧❛ ✯✴
✸✼ ✇❤✐❧❡ ✭ sq❧✐t❡✸❴st❡♣ ✭ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ✮ ❂❂ ❙◗▲■❚❊❴❘❖❲ ✮④
✸✽ ❝♦✉t ❁❁ sq❧✐t❡✸❴❝♦❧✉♠♥❴t❡①t ✭ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ✱ ✵✮ ❁❁ ✧ ⑤ ✧❀
✸✾ ❝♦✉t ❁❁ sq❧✐t❡✸❴❝♦❧✉♠♥❴✐♥t ✭ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ✱ ✶✮ ❁❁ ❡♥❞❧ ❀
✹✵ ⑥
✹✶ ✴✯ ❈❡rr❛r ❧❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s ✯✴
✹✷ sq❧✐t❡✸❴❝❧♦s❡ ✭ ❞❜ ✮❀
✹✸ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✹✹ ⑥
❈♦♠♣✐❧❛❝✐ó♥ ② r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦✿
✶ ✩ ❣ ✰✰ ✲ ❲❛❧❧ ❜❞ ✳❝ ✲▲✴ ✉sr ✴ ❧✐❜ ✲♦ ❜❞ ✲ ❧sq❧✐t❡✸
✷ ✩ ✳✴ ❜❞

✸✷✹
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶✻

▲❡♥❣✉❛❥❡ ❈ ② ❧❛ s✐♠✉❧❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s

❊❧ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ tr❛t❛ s♦❜r❡ ❧❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ② ♠ét♦❞♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ s✐♠✉❧❛r ❡❧ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛✲
♠✐❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❞✐st✐♥t♦s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ✐♥st❛❧❛❝✐♦♥❡s ♦ ♣r♦❝❡s♦s✳ ❆ ❧❛ ✐♥st❛❧❛❝✐ó♥ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡s♦ q✉❡ s❡ ♣r❡t❡♥❞❡
❡st✉❞✐❛r ❡s ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ② ♣❛r❛ ❛♥❛❧✐③❛r❧♦ s❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛ ✉♥❛ s❡r✐❡ ❞❡ s✉♣✉❡st♦s s♦❜r❡ s✉ ❢✉♥✲
❝✐♦♥❛♠✐❡♥t♦✳
❊st♦s s✉♣✉❡st♦s✱ q✉❡ ♥♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡ s❡ ❡①♣r❡s❛♥ ♠❡❞✐❛♥t❡ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❡s ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛s ♦ ❧ó❣✐❝❛s✱ ❝♦♥st✐✲
t✉②❡♥ ✉♥ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡❧ s✐st❡♠❛✳ ❊st❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ s❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♠♣r❡♥❞❡r ② ♣r❡✈❡r ❡❧ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠✐❡♥t♦
❞❡❧ s✐st❡♠❛ r❡❛❧✳
▲❛ s✐♠✉❧❛❝✐ó♥✱ ✐♥✜❡r❡ ❡❧ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠✐❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❧♦s s✉♣✉❡st♦s ❡♥ ✉♥ t✐❡♠♣♦ ❞❛❞♦ ❛ tr❛✈és ❞❡ ✉♥
♠♦❞❡❧♦✱ ② ♦❜s❡r✈❛r ❧♦s ♠❡❥♦r❡s ❡s❝❡♥❛r✐♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉❝❝✐ó♥✳

✶✻✳✶✳ ■♥tr♦❞✉❝❝✐ó♥

▲❛ ❝r❡❝✐❡♥t❡ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛❝✐ó♥ ❡♥ ❧❛ ❈✐❡♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐ó♥ ② ❧❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞ ❞❡ ❧❛s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦✲

r❛s ♣r❡s❡♥t❛♥ ♥✉❡✈❛s ❤❡rr❛♠✐❡♥t❛s ♣❛r❛ ❡❧ ♣r♦❝❡s♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ t♦♠❛ ❞❡ ❞❡❝✐s✐♦♥❡s ❡♥ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛s
② ár❡❛s ❞❡ ❞✐s❡ñ♦ ② ♠❛♥❡❥♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ✐♥❞✉str✐❛✳
▲❛ ❙✐♠✉❧❛❝✐ó♥ ❡s ✉♥❛ ❤❡rr❛♠✐❡♥t❛ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ② tr❛♥s✈❡rs❛❧✳ ❊❧ ✉s✉❛r✐♦ ❞❡✜♥❡ ❧❛ ❡str✉❝t✉r❛ ❞❡❧
s✐st❡♠❛ ❛ s✐♠✉❧❛r✱ ② ❝✉②❛ ❡❥❡❝✉❝✐ó♥ ✭❞❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ s✐♠✉❧❛❝✐ó♥✮ ♠✉❡str❛ ❡❧ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠✐❡♥t♦
❞✐♥á♠✐❝♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❡♠♣r❡s❛ ♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ♠áq✉✐♥❛ q✉❡ ❡stá ❞✐s❡ñ❛♥❞♦✳ ❆sí✱ ♦❜t❡♥❡♠♦s ❧♦s ♣r♦♥óst✐❝♦s ♣❛r❛
❧❛ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛ ② ✉t✐❧✐❞❛❞ ❞❡ ♥✉❡str♦ ♣r♦❞✉❝t♦✱ ♦ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛♠♦s ❝✉❛♥❞♦ ✉♥ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ♣✉❡❞❡ ❢❛❧❧❛r
❡♥ ❧❛s ❝♦♥❞✐❝✐♦♥❡s ❛❞✈❡rs❛s ❞❡❧ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❞♦♥❞❡ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛✳
▲❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛❝✐♦♥❡s ❞❡ ❧❛ s✐♠✉❧❛❝✐ó♥ ♥♦ t✐❡♥❡♥ ❧í♠✐t❡✳ P♦❞❡♠♦s s✐♠✉❧❛r ❧♦s ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠✐❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❧❛s
♣❛rt❡s ♠ás ♣❡q✉❡ñ❛s ❞❡ ✉♥ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦✱ ❡❧ ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧♦ ❞❡ ❧❛s ❡♣✐❞❡♠✐❛s✱ ❡❧ s✐st❡♠❛ ✐♥♠✉♥♦❧ó❣✐❝♦
❤✉♠❛♥♦✱ ❧❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ♣r♦❞✉❝t✐✈❛s✱ s✉❝✉rs❛❧❡s ❜❛♥❝❛r✐❛s✱ ❡❧ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ r❡♣❛rt♦ ❞❡ ♣✐③③❛s ❡♥ ✉♥❛ ❝✐✉✲
❞❛❞✱ ❝r❡❝✐♠✐❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣♦❜❧❛❝✐♦♥❡s ❞❡ ❡s♣❡❝✐❡s ❞❡ ❛♥✐♠❛❧❡s✱ ♣❛rt✐❞♦s ② t♦r♥❡♦s ❞❡ ❢út❜♦❧✱ ♠♦✈✐♠✐❡♥t♦
❞❡ ❧♦s ♣❧❛♥❡t❛s ② ❧❛ ❡✈♦❧✉❝✐ó♥ ❞❡❧ ✉♥✐✈❡rs♦✱ ♣♦r ♠❡♥❝✐♦♥❛r ✉♥♦s ♣♦❝♦s ❝❛s♦s ❞❡ ❧❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛❝✐♦♥❡s
❞❡ ❡st❛ ❤❡rr❛♠✐❡♥t❛✳

✶✻✳✷✳ ❈♦♥❝❡♣t♦

❯♥❛ s✐♠✉❧❛❝✐ó♥ ♣♦r ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❛ ❡s ✉♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝♦ ♦ ✉♥❛ r❡❞ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s

❝✉②♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❡s ❝r❡❛r ✉♥❛ s✐♠✉❧❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ✉♥ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❛❜str❛❝t♦ ❞❡ ✉♥ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛✳ ▲❛s

✸✷✺
s✐♠✉❧❛❝✐♦♥❡s ♣♦r ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❛ s♦♥ ✉♥❛ ♣❛rt❡ r❡❧❡✈❛♥t❡ ② út✐❧ ❞❡ ❧♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦s ❞❡
♠✉❝❤♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ♥❛t✉r❛❧❡s ❞❡ ❧❛s ❝✐❡♥❝✐❛s ❝♦♠♦ ❧❛ ❢ís✐❝❛✱ ❧❛ ❛str♦❢ís✐❝❛✱ ❧❛ q✉í♠✐❝❛✱ ❧❛ ✐♥❣❡♥✐❡rí❛
② ❧❛ ❜✐♦❧♦❣í❛❀ ❛sí ❝♦♠♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❤✉♠❛♥♦s ❞❡ ❡❝♦♥♦♠í❛✱ ♣s✐❝♦❧♦❣í❛ ② ❝✐❡♥❝✐❛s s♦❝✐❛❧❡s✳ ❆❞❡♠ás✱
s❡ ❡♠♣❧❡❛ ❡♥ ❡❧ ❞✐s❡ñ♦ ❞❡ ♥✉❡✈❛ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣í❛ ♣❛r❛ ❧❧❡❣❛r ❛ ❝♦♠♣r❡♥❞❡r ♠❡❥♦r s✉ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♠✐❡♥t♦✳
▲❛s s✐♠✉❧❛❝✐♦♥❡s ♣♦r ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❛ ❛❜❛r❝❛♥ ❞❡s❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝♦s ❝✉②❛ ❡❥❡❝✉❝✐ó♥ ❞✉r❛♥
✉♥♦s ♠✐♥✉t♦s✱ ❤♦r❛s ② ❞í❛s✳ ▲❛ ✈❛r✐❡❞❛❞ ❞❡ ❛❝♦♥t❡❝✐♠✐❡♥t♦s q✉❡ s❡ r❡❝r❡❛♥ ♠❡❞✐❛♥t❡ s✐♠✉❧❛❝✐♦♥❡s
♣♦r ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❛ ❤❛ s✉♣❡r❛❞♦ ❧❛s ♣♦s✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡❧ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦ tr❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❧á♣✐③ ②
♣❛♣❡❧✳
❯♥ s✐♠✉❧❛❞♦r ♣♦r ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❛ ❡stá ❝♦♠♣✉❡st♦ ♣♦r ❧❛s s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡s ♣❛rt❡s✿
✶✳ ❯♥ ♠♦❞❡❧♦✿ ❊s ✉♥ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ s✐♠❜ó❧✐❝♦✳ P✉❡❞❡ s❡r ✉♥ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❡❝✉❛❝✐♦♥❡s✱ ✉♥❛s r❡❣❧❛s
❧ó❣✐❝❛s ♦ ✉♥ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❡st❛❞íst✐❝♦✳
✷✳ ❊❧ ❡✈❛❧✉❛❞♦r✿ ❊s ❡❧ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡❞✐♠✐❡♥t♦s q✉❡ ♣r♦❝❡s❛♥ ❡❧ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦❜t❡♥❡r ❧♦s
r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❧❛ s✐♠✉❧❛❝✐ó♥✳ ❈♦♥t✐❡♥❡ r✉t✐♥❛s ♣❛r❛ ❧❛ r❡s♦❧✉❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❡❝✉❛❝✐♦♥❡s✱
❣❡♥❡r❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡ ♥ú♠❡r♦s ❛❧❡❛t♦r✐♦s✱ r✉t✐♥❛s ❡st❛❞íst✐❝❛s✱ ❡t❝✳
✸✳ ▲❛ ✐♥t❡r❢❛③✿ ❊s ❧❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❡❞✐❝❛❞❛ ❛ ✐♥t❡r❛❝t✉❛r ❝♦♥ ❡❧ ✉s✉❛r✐♦✱ r❡❝✐❜❡ ❧❛s ❛❝❝✐♦♥❡s ❞❡❧ ♠✐s♠♦
② ♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❧♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❧❛ s✐♠✉❧❛❝✐ó♥ ❡♥ ✉♥❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❛❞❡❝✉❛❞❛✳ ❊st❛ ✉♥✐❞❛❞ ♣✉❡❞❡ s❡r
t❛♥ ❝♦♠♣❧❡❥❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❧❛ ❝❛❜✐♥❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ❡♥ ❧♦s s✐♠✉❧❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡ ✈✉❡❧♦s ♣r♦❢❡s✐♦♥❛❧❡s✳

✶✻✳✸✳ ❙✐st❡♠❛s✱ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ② s✐♠✉❧❛❝✐ó♥

❯♥ s✐st❡♠❛ s❡ ❞❡✜♥❡ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♥ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ✉♥✐❞♦s ♣♦r r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❡s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❛❝❝✐ó♥ ♦

✐♥t❡r❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❝✐❛✳ ❊♥ ❡❧ á♠❜✐t♦ ❞❡ ❧♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ♣r♦❞✉❝t✐✈♦s ❡st♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s t✐❡♥❡♥ ✉♥ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦
❝♦♠ú♥✳
❱❡❛♠♦s ✉♥♦s ❝❛s♦s tí♣✐❝♦s✿
✶✳ s❡ r❡q✉✐❡r❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛r ❡❧ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❛❞❡❝✉❛❞♦ ❞❡ ♦♣❡r❛r✐♦s ② ♠áq✉✐♥❛s ❡♥ ❧❛ s❡❝❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ♠❡✲
❝❛♥✐③❛❞♦ ❞❡ ✉♥❛ ❡♠♣r❡s❛ q✉❡ t✐❡♥❡ ✉♥❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛ ❝❛rt❡r❛ ❞❡ ♣❡❞✐❞♦s✳ ❊st♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s
❝♦♥st✐t✉②❡♥ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❡❧ s✐st❡♠❛ ❛ ❛♥❛❧✐③❛r✱ ♠✐❡♥tr❛s q✉❡✱ s✐ ❧♦ q✉❡ s❡ q✉✐❡r❡ ❡st✉❞✐❛r ❧❛ ❝❛✲
♣❛❝✐❞❛❞ ♣r♦❞✉❝t✐✈❛ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❡♠♣r❡s❛✱ ❧♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ♠❡♥❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❛♥t❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡ só❧♦ s♦♥ ✉♥❛
♣❛rt❡ ❞❡❧ s✐st❡♠❛✳
✷✳ ❞❡✜♥✐♠♦s ❡❧ ❡st❛❞♦ ❞❡❧ s✐st❡♠❛ ❡♥ ✉♥ ✐♥st❛♥t❡ ❞❡ t✐❡♠♣♦ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❧❛ ❞❡s❝r✐♣❝✐ó♥
❞❡ t♦❞♦s ❧♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s✱ ❛tr✐❜✉t♦s ② ❛❝t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❡♥ ❞✐❝❤♦ ✐♥st❛♥t❡✳
✸✳ ❡❧ ❡st❛❞♦ ❞❡ ✉♥❛ ♦✜❝✐♥❛ ❜❛♥❝❛r✐❛ ❡♥ ✉♥ ✐♥st❛♥t❡ s❡ ❞❡✜♥❡ ♠❡❞✐❛♥t❡ ❡❧ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❥❡r♦s
❡♥ é❧✱ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❝❧✐❡♥t❡s✱ ❡❧ ✐♥st❛♥t❡ ❞❡ ❧❧❡❣❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❝❧✐❡♥t❡ ② ❡❧ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ♦♣❡r❛❝✐ó♥ q✉❡
❞❡s❡❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ❝❛❞❛ ✉♥♦✳ ❊st❡ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❝♦♥st✐t✉②❡♥ ❧❛s ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s ❞❡ ❡st❛❞♦ ❞❡❧ s✐st❡♠❛✳

✶✻✳✹✳ ❚✐♣♦s ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s

▲♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧❡s s❡ ❝❧❛s✐✜❝❛♥ ❛t❡♥❞✐❡♥❞♦ ❛ ❞✐st✐♥t♦s ♣❛r❡s ❞❡ ❛tr✐❜✉t♦s✱ ❛ s❛❜❡r✿

✶✳ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❡stát✐❝♦s ② s✐st❡♠❛s ❞✐♥á♠✐❝♦s✳ ❯♥ s✐st❡♠❛ s❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛ ❡stát✐❝♦ ❝✉❛♥❞♦ s✉s ✈❛r✐❛✲
❜❧❡s ❞❡ ❡st❛❞♦ ♥♦ ❝❛♠❜✐❛♥ ❛ ❧♦ ❧❛r❣♦ ❞❡❧ t✐❡♠♣♦✱ ❡s ❞❡❝✐r✱ ❝✉❛♥❞♦ ❡❧ t✐❡♠♣♦ ♥♦ ❥✉❡❣❛ ♥✐♥❣ú♥
♣❛♣❡❧ ❡♥ s✉s ♣r♦♣✐❡❞❛❞❡s✳ ▼✐❡♥tr❛s q✉❡ ❡♥ ✉♥ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞✐♥á♠✐❝♦ ❧♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s q✉❡ t♦♠❛♥ t♦❞❛s
♦ ❛❧❣✉♥❛s ❞❡ s✉s ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s ❞❡ ❛❝❝✐ó♥ ❡✈♦❧✉❝✐♦♥❛♥ ❝♦♥ ❡❧ t✐❡♠♣♦✳

✸✷✻
 ✷✳ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥✐st❛s ② s✐st❡♠❛s ❡st♦❝ást✐❝♦s✳ ❙✐ ✉♥ s✐st❡♠❛ ♥♦ t✐❡♥❡ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ❝❛✲
rá❝t❡r ❡st♦❝ást✐❝♦ ✭❛❧❡❛t♦r✐♦s✮ s❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥✐st❛✳ ❊♥ ❡st❡ ❝❛s♦✱ ❡❧ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠✐❡♥t♦
❞❡❧ s✐st❡♠❛ ❡s ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ ✉♥❛ ✈❡③ ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛s ❧❛s ❝♦♥❞✐❝✐♦♥❡s ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧❡s ② ❧❛s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❡s q✉❡
❡①✐st❡♥ ❡♥tr❡ s✉s ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s✳ P♦r ❡❧ ❝♦♥tr❛r✐♦✱ ✉♥ s✐st❡♠❛ ♥♦ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥✐st❛ ♦ ❡st♦❝ást✐❝♦
t✐❡♥❡ ❛❧❣ú♥ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ q✉❡ s❡ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❛❧❡❛t♦r✐❛✱ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ q✉❡ ♥♦ ❡stá ♣r❡❞❡t❡r✲
♠✐♥❛❞♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠✐❡♥t♦ ❡♥ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❧❛s ❝♦♥❞✐❝✐♦♥❡s ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧❡s ② ❞❡ ❧❛s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❡s ❡♥tr❡
s✉s ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s✳ ❊♥ ❡st❡ ❝❛s♦✱ ❡❧ s✐st❡♠❛ só❧♦ s❡ ❡st✉❞✐❛ ❡♥ tér♠✐♥♦s ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐st❛s✱ ❝♦♥✲
s✐❣✉✐❡♥❞♦✱ ❡♥ ❡❧ ♠❡❥♦r ❞❡ ❧♦s ❝❛s♦s✱ ❝♦♥♦❝❡r s✉s r❡s♣✉❡st❛s ♣♦s✐❜❧❡s ❝♦♥ s✉s ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s
❛s♦❝✐❛❞❛s✳
✸✳ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❝♦♥t✐♥✉♦s ② s✐st❡♠❛s ❞✐s❝r❡t♦s✳ ❊♥ ✉♥ s✐st❡♠❛ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉♦ ❧❛s ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s ❞❡ ❡st❛❞♦
❝❛♠❜✐❛♥ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛ ❛ ❧♦ ❧❛r❣♦ ❞❡❧ t✐❡♠♣♦✱ ♠✐❡♥tr❛s q✉❡ ❡♥ ✉♥♦ ❞✐s❝r❡t♦ ❝❛♠❜✐❛♥
✐♥st❛♥tá♥❡❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ✈❛❧♦r ❡♥ ❝✐❡rt♦s ✐♥st❛♥t❡s ❞❡ t✐❡♠♣♦✳ ❊♥ ✉♥ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ✉♥❛ ❝✐❡rt❛
❝♦♠♣❧❡❥✐❞❛❞ ♣✉❡❞❡ ♦❝✉rr✐r q✉❡ ❡①✐st❛♥ s✐♠✉❧tá♥❡❛♠❡♥t❡ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s ❞❡ ❡st❛❞♦ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛s ②
❞✐s❝r❡t❛s✳ ❊♥ ❡st❡ ❝❛s♦✱ ❞❡♣❡♥❞✐❡♥❞♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣r❡❞♦♠✐♥❛♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✉♥❛ ② ♦tr❛s✱ ② ❞❡❧ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡❧
❡st✉❞✐♦ q✉❡ s❡ ♣r❡t❡♥❞❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛r✱ s❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛ ❡❧ s✐st❡♠❛ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❡rt❡♥❡❝✐❡♥t❡ ❛ ✉♥♦ ❞❡ ❧♦s
❞♦s t✐♣♦s✳
✹✳ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ♥✉♠ér✐❝♦s✳

✶✻✳✺✳ ❚✐♣♦s ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s

P❛r❛ ❡st✉❞✐❛r ✉♥ s✐st❡♠❛✱ ❧❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ✐♥♠❡❞✐❛t❛ ❡s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛r s♦❜r❡ é❧✳ ❙✐♥ ❡♠❜❛r❣♦✱ ❡st♦
♣✉❡❞❡ s❡r ❞❡s❛❝♦♥s❡❥❛❜❧❡✱ ❡ ✐♥❝❧✉s♦ ✐♠♣♦s✐❜❧❡✱ ♣♦r ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ♠♦t✐✈♦s✿
✶✳ P✉❡❞❡ ♦❝✉rr✐r q✉❡ ❡❧ s✐st❡♠❛ ♥♦ ❡①✐st❛ ② ❧♦ q✉❡ s❡ ♣r❡t❡♥❞❛ s❡❛ s✉ ❞✐s❡ñ♦✳
✷✳ P✉❡❞❡ s❡r ✐♠♣♦s✐❜❧❡ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛r ❝♦♥ ❡❧ s✐st❡♠❛ r❡❛❧ ♣♦rq✉❡ ♥♦ s❡ t✐❡♥❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧ s♦❜r❡ ❞✐❝❤♦
s✐st❡♠❛❀ ♣♦r ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦✱ s✐ s❡ r❡q✉✐❡r❡ ❡st✉❞✐❛r ✉♥ s✐st❡♠❛ ✜♥❛♥❝✐❡r♦✱ ❜✉rsát✐❧✱ ❡t❝✳
✸✳ P✉❡❞❡ s❡r ❡❝♦♥ó♠✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ✐♥✈✐❛❜❧❡ ❧❛ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❝✐ó♥ s♦❜r❡ ❡❧ s✐st❡♠❛ r❡❛❧✳
✹✳ ▲❛ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❝✐ó♥ s♦❜r❡ ❡❧ s✐st❡♠❛ r❡❛❧ ♣✉❡❞❡ ❛s✉♠✐r ✉♥♦s ♣❧❛③♦s ❞❡ t✐❡♠♣♦ ♠✉② ❧❛r❣♦s✳
❊s ❡❧ ❝❛s♦✱ ❞❡ ❝✐❡rt♦s s✐st❡♠❛s s♦❝✐❛❧❡s ♦ ❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s✳
▲❛ ✜❣✉r❛ ✶✻✳✶ ♠✉❡str❛ ✉♥ ❡sq✉❡♠❛ ❝♦♥ ❧❛s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❢♦r♠❛s ❞❡ s✐♠✉❧❛❝✐ó♥ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛♥❛❧✐③❛r
✉♥ s✐st❡♠❛✳

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✻✳✶✿ ❚✐♣♦s ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s

▲♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❢ís✐❝♦s ❡stá♥ ❢♦r♠❛❞♦s ♣♦r ✉♥❛ ❡str✉❝t✉r❛ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧ q✉❡ t✐❡♥❡ ✉♥❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s✱
❡♥ ❝✉❛♥t♦ ❛❧ ♦❜❥❡t♦ ❞❡❧ ❡st✉❞✐♦✱ s✐♠✐❧❛r❡s ❛ ❧❛s ❞❡❧ s✐st❡♠❛ r❡❛❧✳

✸✷✼
❊❥❡♠♣❧♦s ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❢ís✐❝♦s s♦♥ ❧❛s ♠❛q✉❡t❛s ❛ ❡s❝❛❧❛ ② ❧♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❛♥❛❧ó❣✐❝♦s q✉❡✱ s✐♥ t❡♥❡r
❧❛ ♠✐s♠❛ ❡str✉❝t✉r❛ ❢ís✐❝❛ q✉❡ ❡❧ s✐st❡♠❛ r❡❛❧✱ t✐❡♥❡♥ ✉♥ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠✐❡♥t♦ s✐♠✐❧❛r ❝♦♥ r❡s♣❡❝t♦ ❛
❛❧❣✉♥❛s ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s ❞❡ ❡st❛❞♦✳
P❛r❛ ❡st✉❞✐❛r ✉♥❛ r❡❞ ❞❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❛❣✉❛ ❡♥ ✉♥❛ ❝✐✉❞❛❞✱ s❡ ♣✉❡❞❡ ❝♦♥str✉✐r ✉♥ ❝✐r❝✉✐t♦
❡❧é❝tr✐❝♦ ❝♦♥ ❧❛ ♠✐s♠❛ ❡str✉❝t✉r❛ ② ❡st❛❜❧❡❝❡r ❛♥❛❧♦❣í❛s ❡♥tr❡ ❧❛ ✐♥t❡♥s✐❞❛❞ ❡❧é❝tr✐❝❛ ❞❡❧ ♠♦❞❡❧♦
② ❡❧ ❝❛✉❞❛❧✱ ❧❛ r❡s✐st❡♥❝✐❛ ❡❧é❝tr✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❧♦s ❞✐st✐♥t♦s tr❛♠♦s ② ❧❛ ♣ér❞✐❞❛ ❞❡ ♣r❡s✐ó♥✳ ❉❡ ❡st❡ ♠♦❞♦✱
s❡ ♣r❡✈❡❡ ❡❧ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠✐❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ r❡❞ ❞❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉❝✐ó♥ r❡❛❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ❡✱ ✐♥❝❧✉s♦✱ ♠♦❞✐✲
✜❝❛♥❞♦ ❡❧ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❡❧é❝tr✐❝♦ s✐♥ ♥❡❝❡s✐❞❛❞ ❞❡ ❛❝t✉❛r s♦❜r❡ ❡❧ s✐st❡♠❛ r❡❛❧✱ ❧♦ q✉❡ ✐♠♣❧✐❝❛rí❛✱ ❝♦st♦s
❡❧❡✈❛❞♦s ② ✉♥ ❞❡t❡r✐♦r♦ ❡♥ ❡❧ s❡r✈✐❝✐♦ ♣r❡st❛❞♦ ❛ ❧♦s ❝❧✐❡♥t❡s✳
❯♥ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❡❧ s✐st❡♠❛ ♣♦r ♠❡❞✐♦ ❞❡ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❡s ❧ó❣✐❝❛s ② ❝✉❛♥t✐t❛t✐✈❛s ❡♥tr❡
s✉s ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s ❞❡ ❡st❛❞♦✳ ❚❛♥t♦ ❡❧ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ ❧❛s ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s ❝♦♠♦ s✉s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❡s s❡ ♣✉❡❞❡♥ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛r
♣❛r❛ ❡st✉❞✐❛r ❝ó♠♦ r❡❛❝❝✐♦♥❛ ❡❧ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ②✱ ♣♦r ❧♦ t❛♥t♦✱ ❝ó♠♦ r❡❛❝❝✐♦♥❛rí❛ ❡❧ s✐st❡♠❛ r❡❛❧ ❛♥t❡ ❧♦s
❝❛♠❜✐♦s✳
❆✉♥q✉❡ ❡♥ ❝❛s♦s ♣✉♥t✉❛❧❡s s❡ ❤❛♥ ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧❛❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❢ís✐❝♦s✱ ♣❛r❛ ❡❧ ❡st✉❞✐♦ ❞❡ ❧♦s s✐st❡♠❛s
♣r♦❞✉❝t✐✈♦s ❡♥ ❧❛ ❣r❛♥ ♠❛②♦rí❛ ❞❡ ❧❛s ♦❝❛s✐♦♥❡s s❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦s✳
❯♥❛ ✈❡③ ❝♦♥str✉✐❞♦ ✉♥ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦ q✉❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❡❧ s✐st❡♠❛ ❛ ❡st✉❞✐❛r✱ s❡ ❛♥❛❧✐③❛ ❝ó✲
♠♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r❧♦ ♣❛r❛ r❡s♦❧✈❡r ❧❛s ♣r❡❣✉♥t❛s ♣❧❛♥t❡❛❞❛s s♦❜r❡ ❡❧ s✐st❡♠❛✳ ❙✐ ❡❧ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦
❡s s❡♥❝✐❧❧♦ s❡ r❡s✉❡❧✈❡ ❛♥❛❧ít✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ♦❜t❡♥✐❡♥❞♦ ✉♥❛ s♦❧✉❝✐ó♥ ❡①❛❝t❛ ❛ ❞✐❝❤❛s ♣r❡❣✉♥t❛s✳ ❙✐ ❡❧
♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❡s ❝♦♠♣❧❡❥♦ ♦ ✐♥✈✐❛❜❧❡✱ s❡ r❡❝✉rr❡ ❛ s✉ s✐♠✉❧❛❝✐ó♥✱ q✉❡ ❝♦♥s✐st❡ ❡♥ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛r ✉♥❛ s❡r✐❡
❞❡ ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛s ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s ❞❡ ❡st❛❞♦ ② ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛r ❝✉á❧ ❡s ❡❧ ✈❛❧♦r r❡s✉❧t❛♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❡❧ r❡st♦
❞❡ ❧❛s ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s✳ ❉❡ ❡st❡ ♠♦❞♦✱ s❡ ♦❜t✐❡♥❡ ✉♥❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❝✐ó♥ ♦ ♠✉❡str❛ ❞❡ ❧❛s ♣♦s✐❜❧❡s r❡s♣✉❡st❛s
❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ✭②✱ ♣♦r ❧♦ t❛♥t♦✱ ❞❡❧ s✐st❡♠❛ q✉❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛✮ ❛♥t❡ ❞✐st✐♥t❛s ❝♦♥❞✐❝✐♦♥❡s ❞❡ ♣❛rt✐❞❛✳

✶✻✳✻✳ ◆❡❝❡s✐❞❛❞ ❞❡ ❧❛ s✐♠✉❧❛❝✐ó♥

❍❡♠♦s ✐♥❞✐❝❛❞♦ q✉❡ s❡ r❡❝✉rr❡ ❛ ❧❛ s✐♠✉❧❛❝✐ó♥ ❝✉❛♥❞♦ ❡❧ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦ q✉❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛
❡❧ s✐st❡♠❛ ❛ ❡st✉❞✐❛r ❡s ❝♦♠♣❧❡❥♦ ♦ r❡s✉❧t❛ ✐♥✈✐❛❜❧❡ ♣♦r ♥♦ t❡♥❡r ♠ét♦❞♦s ❛♥❛❧ít✐❝♦s ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧❛❞♦s
♣❛r❛ s✉ r❡s♦❧✉❝✐ó♥✳ ▲❛ ❢✉❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡❥✐❞❛❞ ♣✉❡❞❡ t❡♥❡r ❜ás✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞♦s ❝❛✉s❛s✿

✶✳ ❊♥ ❧♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❝♦♥t✐♥✉♦s ❡s ❢r❡❝✉❡♥t❡ q✉❡ ❝✐❡rt❛s ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s ❞❡ ❡st❛❞♦ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❡♥ ❧❛ t❛s❛ ♦
✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞ ❞❡ ❝❛♠❜✐♦ ❞❡ ♦tr❛s ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s ❞❡ ❡st❛❞♦✳ ▲❛ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛❝✐ó♥ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❡st♦s ♠♦✲
❞❡❧♦s ❧❧❡✈❛ ❛ ❧❛ ❛♣❛r✐❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❡❝✉❛❝✐♦♥❡s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❧❡s q✉❡ ✐♥❞✐❝❛♥ ❧❛s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❡s ❛♥t❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡
♠❡♥❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s✳ ❙✐ ❡❧ s✐st❡♠❛ t✐❡♥❡ ✉♥❛ ❝✐❡rt❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡❥✐❞❛❞✱ ♣✉❡❞❡ ♦❝✉rr✐r q✉❡ ❧❛s ❡❝✉❛❝✐♦♥❡s
❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❧❡s s❡❛♥ ♥♦ ❧✐♥❡❛❧❡s ②✱ ♣♦r ❧♦ t❛♥t♦✱ ❞❡ ❞✐❢í❝✐❧ ♦ ✐♠♣♦s✐❜❧❡ r❡s♦❧✉❝✐ó♥ ❛♥❛❧ít✐❝❛✳

✷✳ ❊♥ ❧♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❞✐s❝r❡t♦s ♣✉❡❞❡♥ ❛♣❛r❡❝❡r ❢❡♥ó♠❡♥♦s ❛❧❡❛t♦r✐♦s q✉❡ só❧♦ s❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♥
❡♥ tér♠✐♥♦s ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐st❛s✳ ❊♥ ❡st❡ ❝❛s♦✱ ❧❛ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛❝✐ó♥ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❞❡❧ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❝♦♥t✐❡♥❡
r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❡s ❡♥ ❧❛s q✉❡ ❛♣❛r❡❝❡♥ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❡s ❞❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉❝✐ó♥ ♦ ❞❡ ❞❡♥s✐❞❛❞ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞✱ q✉❡
❞✐✜❝✉❧t❛♥ ♦ ✐♠♣✐❞❡♥ s✉ r❡s♦❧✉❝✐ó♥ ❛♥❛❧ít✐❝❛✳

❈♦♠♦ s❡ ❤❛ ✐♥❞✐❝❛❞♦✱ ❧❛ ❝❛t❛❧♦❣❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ✉♥ s✐st❡♠❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉♦ ♦ ❞✐s❝r❡t♦ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡ ❞❡❧ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦
❞❡❧ ❡st✉❞✐♦ ② ❞❡ ❧❛s ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s ❞❡ ❡st❛❞♦ ♣r❡❞♦♠✐♥❛♥t❡s✳ ❊st♦ q✉✐❡r❡ ❞❡❝✐r q✉❡ ✉♥ ♠✐s♠♦ s✐st❡♠❛
♣✉❡❞❡ t❡♥❡r ❝✐❡rt❛s ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s ❞❡ ❡st❛❞♦ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛s ② ♦tr❛s ❞✐s❝r❡t❛s✳ P♦r ❧♦ t❛♥t♦✱ ♥♦ ❡s ✐♥❢r❡❝✉❡♥t❡
❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❡♥ ❧♦s q✉❡ ❝♦❡①✐st❡♥ ❡❝✉❛❝✐♦♥❡s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❧❡s ❝♦♠♣❧❡❥❛s ❝♦♥ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s ❛❧❡❛t♦r✐❛s✱
❧♦ q✉❡✱ ❡✈✐❞❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡✱ ❝♦♠♣❧✐❝❛ ❛ú♥ ♠ás ❧❛ r❡s♦❧✉❝✐ó♥ ❛♥❛❧ít✐❝❛✳

✸✷✽
✶✻✳✼✳ ❈❛♠♣♦s ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❝✐ó♥

❈♦♠♦ ❧❛ s✐♠✉❧❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s r❡❛❧❡s ❡①✐❣❡ ❧❛ r❡s♦❧✉❝✐ó♥ ♥✉♠ér✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❧♦s s✐st❡♠❛s
❞❡ ❡❝✉❛❝✐♦♥❡s ♣❧❛♥t❡❛❞♦s ②✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❝♦♥s❡❝✉❡♥❝✐❛✱ ❧❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ✉♥ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❡❧❡✈❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦s✱
❧❛ s✐♠✉❧❛❝✐ó♥ r❡q✉✐❡r❡ ❡❧ ❡♠♣❧❡♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s✳ ❊❧ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞ ❞❡ ❧♦s ❝♦♠♣✉✲
t❛❞♦r❡s q✉❡ s❡ ❤❛ ♣r♦❞✉❝✐❞♦ ❡♥ ❧♦s ú❧t✐♠♦s ❛ñ♦s✱ ❛sí ❝♦♠♦ ❡❧ ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧♦ ❞❡ ❞✐st✐♥t♦s ♣❛q✉❡t❡s ❞❡
s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❞✐s❡ñ❛❞♦s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❧❛ s✐♠✉❧❛❝✐ó♥✱ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠ás ♣♦t❡♥t❡s ② ❞❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❝✐ó♥
♠ás s❡♥❝✐❧❧❛✱ ❤❛♥ ❤❡❝❤♦ q✉❡ ❧❛ s✐♠✉❧❛❝✐ó♥ s❡ ❤❛②❛ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡❧ ❡st✉❞✐♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡
❞✐st✐♥t❛ ♥❛t✉r❛❧❡③❛✳ ❙✐♥ ❤❛❝❡r ✉♥❛ r❡❝♦♣✐❧❛❝✐ó♥ ❡①❤❛✉st✐✈❛✱ s❡ ♣✉❡❞❡ ❞❡st❛❝❛r ❧❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❝✐ó♥ ❝❛❞❛
✈❡③ ♠ás ❡①t❡♥❞✐❞❛ ❞❡ ❧❛ s✐♠✉❧❛❝✐ó♥ ❡♥ ❡❧ ❡st✉❞✐♦ ❞❡✿
✶✳ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❡s♣❡r❛✳
✷✳ ❚rá✜❝♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛❝✐♦♥❡s✿ ❝♦rr❡♦s✱ t❡❧é❢♦♥♦s✱ r❡❞❡s ✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛s✳✳✳
✸✳ ❉✐s❡ñ♦ ❞❡ ✐♥st❛❧❛❝✐♦♥❡s✱ t❛❧❧❡r❡s✱ ❧í♥❡❛s ❞❡ ♠♦♥t❛❥❡✳✳✳
✹✳ ❉❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ r❡❣❧❛s ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣r♦❞✉❝❝✐ó♥✳
✺✳ ❉✐s❡ñ♦ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t✐❧❧❛s✱ ❛s✐❣♥❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❥❛❞♦r❡s ❛ ♣✉❡st♦s ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❥♦✳✳✳
✻✳ ▲♦❝❛❧✐③❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ✐♥st❛❧❛❝✐♦♥❡s ✭❛❧♠❛❝❡♥❡s✱ ✈❡❤í❝✉❧♦s✱ ❡q✉✐♣♦s ❞❡ ♠❛♥t❡♥✐♠✐❡♥t♦✳✳✳✮
✼✳ ❆♥á❧✐s✐s ❞❡ ♣r♦②❡❝t♦s✳
✽✳ ❘❡❣❧❛s ❞❡ ❣❡st✐ó♥ ❞❡ ✐♥✈❡♥t❛r✐♦s✳
✾✳ ❆♥á❧✐s✐s ❞❡ ✐♥✈❡rs✐♦♥❡s✳

✶✻✳✽✳ ❚✐♣♦s ❞❡ s✐♠✉❧❛❝✐ó♥

❉❡ ❛❝✉❡r❞♦ ❛ ❧❛ ♥❛t✉r❛❧❡③❛ ❞❡❧ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❡♠♣❧❡❛❞♦✱ ❧❛ s✐♠✉❧❛❝✐ó♥ ♣✉❡❞❡ s❡r ♣♦r ✭❋✐s❤♠❛♥✱ ✶✾✼✽✮✿
✶✳ ■❞❡♥t✐❞❛❞✿ ❝✉❛♥❞♦ ❡❧ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❡s ✉♥❛ ré♣❧✐❝❛ ❡①❛❝t❛ ❞❡❧ s✐st❡♠❛ ❡♥ ❡st✉❞✐♦✳ ▲♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥ ❧❛s
❡♠♣r❡s❛s ❛✉t♦♠♦tr✐❝❡s ♣❛r❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ❡♥s❛②♦s ❞❡ ❝❤♦q✉❡s ❞❡ ❛✉t♦♠ó✈✐❧❡s r❡❛❧❡s✳
✷✳ ❈✉❛s✐✲✐❞❡♥t✐❞❛❞✿ ❙❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛ ✉♥❛ ✈❡rs✐ó♥ ❧✐❣❡r❛♠❡♥t❡ s✐♠♣❧✐✜❝❛❞❛ ❞❡❧ s✐st❡♠❛ r❡❛❧✳ ❈♦♠♦✱ ❧♦s
❡♥tr❡♥❛♠✐❡♥t♦s ♠✐❧✐t❛r❡s q✉❡ ✐♥❝❧✉②❡♥ ♠♦✈✐❧✐③❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❡q✉✐♣♦s ② tr♦♣❛s ♣❡r♦ ♥♦ s❡ ❧❧❡✈❛ ❛
❝❛❜♦ ✉♥❛ ❜❛t❛❧❧❛ r❡❛❧✳
✸✳ ▲❛❜♦r❛t♦r✐♦✿ ❙❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❜❛❥♦ ❧❛s ❝♦♥❞✐❝✐♦♥❡s ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛❞❛s ❞❡ ✉♥ ❧❛❜♦r❛t♦r✐♦✳ ❙❡
❞✐st✐♥❣✉❡♥ ❞♦s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ s✐♠✉❧❛❝✐♦♥❡s✿
❏✉❡❣♦ ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✿ P❡rs♦♥❛s ❝♦♠♣✐t❡♥ ❡♥tr❡ ❡❧❧❛s✱ ❡❧❧❛s ❢♦r♠❛♥ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❡❧ ♠♦❞❡❧♦✱ ❧❛
♦tr❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❝♦♥s✐st❡ ❡♥ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❛s✱ ♠❛q✉✐♥❛r✐❛✱ ❡t❝✳ ❊s ❡❧ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ ✉♥❛ s✐♠✉❧❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡
♥❡❣♦❝✐♦s ❞♦♥❞❡ ❧❛s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❛s s❡ ❧✐♠✐t❛♥ ❛ r❡❝♦❧❡❝t❛r ❧❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥ ❣❡♥❡r❛❞❛ ♣♦r
❝❛❞❛ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♥t❡ ② ❛ ♣r❡s❡♥t❛r❧❛ ❡♥ ❢♦r♠❛ ♦r❞❡♥❛❞❛ ❛ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♥♦ ❞❡ ❡❧❧♦s✳
❍♦♠❜r❡✲▼áq✉✐♥❛✿ ❙❡ ❡st✉❞✐❛ ❧❛ r❡❧❛❝✐ó♥ ❡♥tr❡ ❧❛s ♣❡rs♦♥❛s ② ❧❛ ♠áq✉✐♥❛✳ ▲❛s ♣❡rs♦♥❛s
t❛♠❜✐é♥ ❢♦r♠❛♥ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❡❧ ♠♦❞❡❧♦✳ ▲❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❛ ♥♦ s❡ ❧✐♠✐t❛ ❛ r❡❝♦❧❡❝t❛r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛✲
❝✐ó♥✱ s✐♥♦ q✉❡ t❛♠❜✐é♥ ❧❛ ❣❡♥❡r❛✳ ❯♥ ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❡st❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ s✐♠✉❧❛❝✐ó♥ ❡s ❡❧ s✐♠✉❧❛❞♦r
❞❡ ✈✉❡❧♦✳

✸✷✾
 ✹✳ ❙✐♠✉❧❛❝✐ó♥ ♣♦r ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❛✿ ❊❧ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❡s ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ s✐♠❜ó❧✐❝♦ ② ❡stá ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❞♦
❡♥ ✉♥ ❧❡♥❣✉❛❥❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✳ ▲❛s ♣❡rs♦♥❛s q✉❡❞❛♥ ❡①❝❧✉✐❞❛s ❞❡❧ ♠♦❞❡❧♦✳ ❯♥ ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦ ❡s ❡❧
s✐♠✉❧❛❞♦r ❞❡ ✉♥ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ r❡❞❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛❝✐ó♥ ❞♦♥❞❡ ❧❛ ❝♦♥❞✉❝t❛ ❞❡ ❧♦s ✉s✉❛r✐♦s ❡stá
♠♦❞❡❧❛❞❛ ❡♥ ❢♦r♠❛ ❡st❛❞íst✐❝❛✳ ❊st❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ s✐♠✉❧❛❝✐ó♥ ❛ s✉ ✈❡③ ♣✉❡❞❡ s❡r✿
❉✐❣✐t❛❧✿ ❈✉❛♥❞♦ s❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛ ✉♥❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❛ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧✳
❆♥❛❧ó❣✐❝❛✿ ❈✉❛♥❞♦ s❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛ ✉♥❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❛ ❛♥❛❧ó❣✐❝❛✳ ❊♥ ❡st❡ ❣r✉♣♦ s❡ ✐♥❝❧✉②❡♥
❧❛s s✐♠✉❧❛❝✐♦♥❡s q✉❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❢ís✐❝♦s✳

✶✻✳✾✳ ❙✐♠✉❧❛❝✐ó♥ ♥✉♠ér✐❝❛ ✈s ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦

❯♥❛ s✐♠✉❧❛❝✐ó♥ ♥✉♠ér✐❝❛ ❡s ❧❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❝✐ó♥ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❞❡ ✉♥ ❢❡♥ó♠❡♥♦ ❢ís✐❝♦✳ ❙❡ ✉s❛♥

s✐♠✉❧❛❝✐♦♥❡s ♥✉♠ér✐❝❛s ♣❛r❛ ❡st✉❞✐❛r ♣r♦❝❡s♦s ❢ís✐❝♦s✱ ❞❡ ✐♥❣❡♥✐❡rí❛✱ ❡❝♦♥ó♠✐❝♦s ❡ ✐♥❝❧✉s♦ ❜✐♦✲
❧ó❣✐❝♦s✳ ❊❧ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❧❛s s✐♠✉❧❛❝✐♦♥❡s ♥✉♠ér✐❝❛s ❝♦♥st✐t✉②❡ ♣♦r ❧♦ t❛♥t♦ ✉♥ ♥✉tr✐❞♦ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❞❡
✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛❝✐ó♥ ✐♥t❡r❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛r✳ ❆❧❣✉♥♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝♦s s♦♥ ❡st✉❞✐❛❞♦s ♣r✐♠❛r✐❛♠❡♥t❡ ♠❡✲
❞✐❛♥t❡ ❡❧ ✉s♦ ❞❡ s✐♠✉❧❛❝✐♦♥❡s ♥✉♠ér✐❝❛s ❡♥ t♦❞♦s ❛q✉❡❧❧♦s ❝❛♠♣♦s ❞❡ ❧❛ ♥❛t✉r❛❧❡③❛ ❣♦❜❡r♥❛❞♦s
♣♦r s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❡❝✉❛❝✐♦♥❡s ♥♦ ❧✐♥❡❛❧❡s ♦ ♥♦ r❡♣r♦❞✉❝✐❜❧❡s ❢á❝✐❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡♥ ❡❧ ❧❛❜♦r❛t♦r✐♦✳
❯♥ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ▼❛t❡♠❛t✐❝♦ s♦♥ ✉♥ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❊❝✉❛❝✐♦♥❡s q✉❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♥ ❡❧ ❢❡♥♦♠❡♥♦ ✜s✐❝♦ ② q✉❡
♣❡r♠✐t❡♥ r❡s♦❧✈❡r ✉♥ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❡♥ ✉♥ ✐♥st❛♥t❡ ❞❛❞♦✱ ♠✐❡♥tr❛s q✉❡ ✉♥❛ ❙✐♠✉❧❛❝✐♦♥ ◆✉♠❡r✐❝❛ ❡s
✉♥❛ s♦❧✉❝✐♦♥ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛ ② ❡♥ ❝❛❞❛ ✐♥st❛♥t❡✳
❙✐♠✉❧❛❝✐ó♥ ◆✉♠ér✐❝❛
P❛rt✐❡♥❞♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❡❝✉❛❝✐ó♥ ✶✻✳✶ ❧❛ ❧❧❡✈❛♠♦s ❛ ❧❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ✐♥✜♥✐t❡s✐♠❛❧✿
IncrementaldeDistancia
IncrementaldeV elocidad = ✭✶✻✳✶✮
IncrementaldeT iempo

② ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛♠♦s✱ ❡♥ ♣❡q✉❡ñ♦s ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧♦s ❞❡ t✐❡♠♣♦ ✭❞❚✮✱ ❝✉á♥t♦ ❞❡♠♦r❛♠♦s ❡♥ r❡❝♦rr❡r ♣❡q✉❡ñ♦s

❡s♣❛❝✐♦s q✉❡ ❡stá♥ ❡♥tr❡ ❧♦s ♣✉♥t♦s ❆ ② ❇ ✭❞❉✮ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞ ❞❡❧ ❝♦❝❤❡ ✭❞❱✮❀ ✐♥❝❧✉s✐✈❡ s✐ ❧❛
✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞ ❞❡❧ ♠✐s♠♦ ❝❛♠❜✐❛ ❞❡ ✉♥ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ❛ ♦tr♦✳ ❆❧ ✜♥❛❧✱ t❡♥❡♠♦s ❡❧ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ✭t✐❡♠♣♦ t♦t❛❧✮
q✉❡ ❡s ❧❛ s✉♠❛ ❞❡ t♦❞♦s ❧♦s ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧♦s ❞❡ t✐❡♠♣♦✳
▼♦❞❡❧♦ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝♦
❈♦♥ ❧❛ ❡❝✉❛❝✐ó♥ ✶✻✳✷✱ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛♠♦s ❧❛ ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞✿
distancia
V elocidad = ✭✶✻✳✷✮
tiempo
❙✐ t❡♥❡♠♦s ✉♥ ❝♦❝❤❡ q✉❡ s❡ ♠✉❡✈❡ ❛ ✉♥❛ ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞ ❝♦♥♦❝✐❞❛ ② s❛❜❡♠♦s ❧❛ ❞✐st❛♥❝✐❛ ❡♥tr❡ ❞♦s
♣✉♥t♦ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛♠♦s ❡❧ t✐❡♠♣♦ q✉❡ ❞❡♠♦r❛r❡♠♦s✳

✶✻✳✶✵✳ ❙✐♠✉❧❛❝✐ó♥ ♣♦r ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❛

❊st❡ ❛♣❛rt❛❞♦ s❡ ❝❡♥tr❛ ❡♥ ❧❛ s✐♠✉❧❛❝✐ó♥ ♣♦r ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❛s✳ ❯♥ s✐♠✉❧❛❞♦r ♣♦r ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❛

❡stá ❝♦♠♣✉❡st♦ ♣♦r ❧❛s s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡s ♣❛rt❡s✿
❯♥ ♠♦❞❡❧♦✿ ❊s ✉♥ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ s✐♠❜ó❧✐❝♦✳ P✉❡❞❡ s❡r ✉♥ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❡❝✉❛❝✐♦♥❡s✱ r❡❣❧❛s ❧ó❣✐❝❛s ♦
✉♥ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❡st❛❞íst✐❝♦✳

✸✸✵
 ❊❧ ❡✈❛❧✉❛❞♦r✿ ❊s ❡❧ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡❞✐♠✐❡♥t♦s q✉❡ ♣r♦❝❡s❛rá♥ ❡❧ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦❜t❡♥❡r
❧♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❧❛ s✐♠✉❧❛❝✐ó♥✳ P✉❡❞❡ ❝♦♥t❡♥❡r r✉t✐♥❛s ♣❛r❛ ❧❛ r❡s♦❧✉❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡
❡❝✉❛❝✐♦♥❡s✱ ❣❡♥❡r❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡ ♥ú♠❡r♦s ❛❧❡❛t♦r✐♦s✱ r✉t✐♥❛s ❡st❛❞íst✐❝❛s✱ ❡t❝✳

▲❛ ✐♥t❡r❢❛③✿ ❊s ❧❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❡❞✐❝❛❞❛ ❛ ✐♥t❡r❛❝t✉❛r ❝♦♥ ❡❧ ✉s✉❛r✐♦✱ r❡❝✐❜❡ ❧❛s ❛❝❝✐♦♥❡s ❞❡❧ ♠✐s♠♦
② ♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❧♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❧❛ s✐♠✉❧❛❝✐ó♥ ❡♥ ✉♥❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❛❞❡❝✉❛❞❛✳ ❊st❛ ✉♥✐❞❛❞ ♣✉❡❞❡ s❡r
t❛♥ ❝♦♠♣❧❡❥❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❧❛ ❝❛❜✐♥❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ❡♥ ❧♦s s✐♠✉❧❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡ ✈✉❡❧♦s ♣r♦❢❡s✐♦♥❛❧❡s✳

✶✻✳✶✶✳ ❙♦❧✉❝✐ó♥ ❛♥❛❧ít✐❝❛ ♦ s✐♠✉❧❛❝✐ó♥

❆❧❣✉♥♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s s✐♠❜ó❧✐❝♦s ♣✉❡❞❡♥ r❡s♦❧✈❡rs❡ ❛♥❛❧ít✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ▲❛ ✈❡♥t❛❥❛ ❞❡ ✉♥❛ s♦❧✉❝✐ó♥

❛♥❛❧ít✐❝❛ ❡s q✉❡ ❞❛ ✉♥❛ ✈✐s✐ó♥ ✐♥t❡❣r❛❧ s♦❜r❡ ❧❛ ❝♦♥❞✉❝t❛ ❞❡❧ s✐st❡♠❛✳ ❱❛r✐❛♥❞♦ s✉s ♣❛rá♠❡tr♦s
❡s ♣♦s✐❜❧❡ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r ❢á❝✐❧♠❡♥t❡ ❝❛♠❜✐♦s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s ❡♥ ❡❧ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠✐❡♥t♦✱ ❞❡t❡❝t❛r ♣✉♥t♦s ❝rí✲
t✐❝♦s ② s❛❝❛r ❝♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥❡s ❣❡♥❡r❛❧❡s ♣❛r❛ ❡❧ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛ ❛♥❛❧✐③❛❞♦✳ P♦r ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❧❛ s♦❧✉❝✐ó♥
❛♥❛❧ít✐❝❛ ❞❡❧ ♠♦✈✐♠✐❡♥t♦ ♣❡♥❞✉❧❛r ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ❝♦♥❝❧✉✐r q✉❡ ❡❧ ♣❡r✐♦❞♦ ✭❚✮ ❞❡ ❝✉❛❧q✉✐❡r ♣é♥❞✉❧♦ ❡s
✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣♦s✐❝✐ó♥ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧✱ ♣❡r♦ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧♦♥❣✐t✉❞ ✭❧✮ ❞❡❧ ♠✐s♠♦✿
s
l
T =π∗ ✭✶✻✳✸✮
g

❊♥ ❡❧ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡❧ ♠♦✈✐♠✐❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♥ r❡s♦rt❡✱ ✈❛r✐❛♥❞♦ ❡❧ ❝♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❢r✐❝❝✐ó♥ s❡ ♣✉❡❞❡ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r ❞♦s
t✐♣♦s ❞❡ r❡s♣✉❡st❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s✿ ❧❛ ♦s❝✐❧❛t♦r✐❛ ✭❝♦♥ ❢r✐❝❝✐ó♥ ♥✉❧❛✮ ② ❧❛ ♦s❝✐❧❛t♦r✐❛ ❛♠♦rt✐❣✉❛❞❛
✭❝♦♥ ❢r✐❝❝✐ó♥ ♥♦ ♥✉❧❛✮✳
❈✉❛♥❞♦ s❡ ❞❡s❡❛ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛r ❧❛s r❛í❝❡s ❞❡❧ ♣♦❧✐♥♦♠✐♦ ❝✉❛❞rát✐❝♦✿

P (x) = a ∗ x2 + b ∗ x + c ✭✶✻✳✹✮

s❡ ❞✐s♣♦♥❡ ❞❡ ❧❛ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ s♦❧✉❝✐ó♥ ❛♥❛❧ít✐❝❛✿

√
−b ± x2 − 4 ∗ a ∗ c
x1,2 = ✭✶✻✳✺✮
2∗a
❊st❛ s♦❧✉❝✐ó♥ ❛♥❛❧ít✐❝❛ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛r ❧❛s ♥✉❡✈❛s r❛í❝❡s ❝✉❛♥❞♦ ✈❛rí❛♥ ❧♦s ❝♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡s ❞❡❧ ♣♦❧✐♥♦♠✐♦✳
❚❛♠❜✐é♥✱ ❡s ❝❧❛r♦ q✉❡ ❤❛❜rá ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❝✉❛♥❞♦ ❡❧ ❛r❣✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ r❛í③ ❝✉❛❞r❛❞❛ s❡❛ ♥❡❣❛t✐✈♦✳
❙✐♥ ❡♠❜❛r❣♦✱ ♥♦ s✐❡♠♣r❡ ❡s ♣♦s✐❜❧❡ ♦❜t❡♥❡r ✉♥❛ s♦❧✉❝✐ó♥ ❛♥❛❧ít✐❝❛✱ ②❛ s❡❛ ♣♦r ❧❛ ♥❛t✉r❛❧❡③❛ ❞❡❧
♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♦ ❞❡ ❧♦s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛r✳ ❊♥ ❡st❡ ❝❛s♦✱ ❡❧ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡❜❡ s❡r tr❛t❛❞♦ ♣♦r ❛❧❣ú♥ t✐♣♦
❞❡ ♠ét♦❞♦ ♥✉♠ér✐❝♦✳ ❊st♦ ❡s✱ ❡❧ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ s❡rá r❡s✉❡❧t♦ ♣❛r❛ ✉♥ ❝❛s♦ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r✱ ② ❧❛ s♦❧✉❝✐ó♥ s❡rá
✉♥ ♥ú♠❡r♦✱ ✉♥ ✈❡❝t♦r ♦ ✉♥❛ ♠❛tr✐③❀ ♣❡r♦ ♥♦ ❤❛❜rá ✉♥❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ❛♥❛❧ít✐❝❛✳ ❉❡❜✐❞♦ ❛ ❡st♦✱ ❡❧ ❛♥á❧✐s✐s
❞❡ ❧♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❡s ♠ás ❝♦♠♣❧❡❥♦ q✉❡ ❡❧ r❡q✉❡r✐❞♦ ♣♦r ✉♥❛ s♦❧✉❝✐ó♥ ❛♥❛❧ít✐❝❛✳

✶✻✳✶✶✳✶✳ ❈♦❞✐✜❝❛❝✐ó♥
Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❡❝✉❛❝✐♦♥ ❝✉❛❞r❛t✐❝❛ ❡♥ ❈✳
❆✉♥q✉❡ ❛♣❛r❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ s❡ ♣✉❡❞❡ ✉s❛r s✇✐t❝❤ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛r ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❜♦♦❧❡❛♥♦s ② ❡❤ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉✐❞♦
❤❛❝❡r ✉♥ ❝♦❞✐❣♦ ❝❛s✐ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❧ s♦❧❛♠❡♥t❡ q✉❡ ❝✉❛♥❞♦ ❧❛ r❛✐③ ♠❡ r❡s✉❧t❛ ♥❡❣❛t✐✈❛ ♥♦ ✈♦t❛ ❧♦s
✈❛❧♦r❡s q✉❡ ❞❡❜❡r✐❛ t❛❧ ✈❡③ ♣✉❡❞❛s ❛②✉❞❛r♠❡❄❄❄ ❛❝❛ t❡ ♣❡❣♦ ❡❧ ❝♦❞✐❣♦✿

✸✸✶
 ✶ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ ❝st❞✐♦ ❃
✷ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ ❝♠❛t❤ ❃
✸
✹ ✈♦✐❞ ❧❡❡r❈♦❡❢✐❝✐❡♥t❡s ✭ ❞♦✉❜❧❡ ✫❛ ✱ ❞♦✉❜❧❡ ✫❜ ✱ ❞♦✉❜❧❡ ✫❝✮ ④
✺ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ✯✯✯✯✯ s♦❧✉❝✐♦♥ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❡❝✉❛❝✐♦♥ ❛✯ ① ❫✷✰ ❜✯ ①✰❝ ❂✵ ✯✯✯✯✯❭ ♥ ✧✮❀
✻ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❊s❝r✐❜❛ ❡❧ ❝♦❡❢✐❝✐❡♥t❡ ❛ ✿ ✧✮ ❀
✼ s❝❛♥❢ ✭✧ ✪❧❢ ✧ ✱✫ ❛✮❀
✽ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❊s❝r✐❜❛ ❡❧ ❝♦❡❢✐❝✐❡♥t❡ ❜ ✿ ✧✮ ❀
✾ s❝❛♥❢ ✭✧ ✪❧❢ ✧ ✱✫ ❜✮❀
✶✵ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❊s❝r✐❜❛ ❡❧ ❝♦❡❢✐❝✐❡♥t❡ ❝ ✿ ✧✮ ❀
✶✶ s❝❛♥❢ ✭✧ ✪❧❢ ✧ ✱✫ ❝✮❀
✶✷ ⑥
✶✸ ✈♦✐❞ ❝✉❛❞r❛t✐❝❛ ✭ ❞♦✉❜❧❡ ❛ ✱ ❞♦✉❜❧❡ ❜ ✱ ❞♦✉❜❧❡ ❝ ✱ ❞♦✉❜❧❡ ✫ r✶ ✱ ❞♦✉❜❧❡
✫r✷ ✱ ❞♦✉❜❧❡ ✫ ✐♠ ✮ ④
✶✹ ❞♦✉❜❧❡ r❀
✶✺ ✐♥t ❞ ❀
✶✻ ❞❂ ❜✯❜ ✲✹✯ ❛✯❝ ❀
✶✼ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ▼♦str❛r ❞❂ ✪❞ ❭ ♥✧ ✱❞✮❀
✶✽ s✇✐t❝❤ ✭ tr✉❡ ✮ ④
✶✾ ❝❛s❡ ✵✿
✷✵ r✶ ❂ r✷ ❂✲❜ ✴✭✷✯ ❛✮❀
✷✶ ✐♠ ❂✵❀ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ♠♦str❛r ✐♠ ❂ ✪❣ ❭♥ ✧ ✱ ✐♠ ✮❀ ❜r❡❛❦ ❀
✷✷ ❝❛s❡ ✶✿
✷✸ r❂ sqrt ✭❞ ✮❀
✷✹ r✶ ❂✭ ✲ ❜ ✰r✮ ✴✭✷✯ ❛✮ ❀
✷✺ r✷ ❂✭ ✲❜ ✲r✮ ✴✭✷✯ ❛✮ ❀
✷✻ ✐♠ ❂✵❀ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ♠♦str❛r ✐♠ ❂ ✪❣ ❭♥ ✧ ✱ ✐♠ ✮❀ ❜r❡❛❦ ❀
✷✼ ❞❡❢❛✉❧t ✿
✷✽ r✶ ❂ r✷ ❂ ✲❜ ✴✭✷✯ ❛✮❀
✷✾ ✐♠ ❂ sqrt ✭✲ ❞✮ ✴✭✷✯ ❛✮❀
✸✵ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ♠♦str❛r ✐♠ ❂ ✪❣ ❭♥✧ ✱✐♠ ✮❀ ❜r❡❛❦ ❀
✸✶ ⑥
✸✷ ⑥
✸✸ ✈♦✐❞ ♠♦str❛r ✭ ❞♦✉❜❧❡ ❛ ✱ ❞♦✉❜❧❡ ❜ ✱ ❞♦✉❜❧❡ ❝ ✱ ❞♦✉❜❧❡ r✶ ✱ ❞♦✉❜❧❡ r✷
✱ ❞♦✉❜❧❡ ✐♠ ✮ ④
✸✹ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❙♦❧✉❝✐♦♥❡s ❞❡ ✿ ✪❣① ❫✷✰ ✪ ❣①✰ ✪❣❂♦❭ ♥✧ ✱❛ ✱❜ ✱❝✮ ❀
✸✺ ✐❢ ✭ ✐♠ ✮
✸✻ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ①✶ ❂ ✪✳✶✷ ❣ ✰ ✪✳✶✷ ❣✐ ❭ ♥①✷ ❂ ✪✳✶✷❣ ✲ ✪✳✶✷ ❣✐ ❭ ♥ ✧ ✱r✶ ✱ ✐♠ ✱ r✷ ✱ ✐♠
✮❀
✸✼ ❡❧s❡
✸✽ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ①✶ ❂ ✪✳✶✷ ❣❭ ♥①✷ ❂ ✪✳✶✷ ❣ ❭♥✧ ✱r✶ ✱ r✷ ✮❀
✸✾
✹✵ ⑥
✹✶ ✐♥t ♠❛✐♥ ✭✮ ④
✹✷ ❞♦✉❜❧❡ ❛ ✱❜ ✱❝ ✱r✶ ✱r✷ ✱ ✐♠ ❀
✹✸ ❧❡❡r❈♦❡❢✐❝✐❡♥t❡s ✭❛ ✱❜ ✱❝✮ ❀
✹✹ ❝✉❛❞r❛t✐❝❛ ✭❛ ✱❜ ✱❝ ✱r✶ ✱r✷ ✱ ✐♠ ✮❀

✸✸✷
✹✺ ♠♦str❛r ✭❛ ✱❜ ✱❝ ✱ r✶ ✱ r✷ ✱ ✐♠ ✮ ❀
✹✻ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✹✼ ⑥

✶✻✳✶✷✳ ❈❛s♦ ❞❡ ❡st✉❞✐♦

❊st❡ ❛♣❛rt❛❞♦ ♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❡❧ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ s✐♠✉❧❛❝✐ó♥ ♥✉♠é✲ r✐❝❛ ❛ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ ✐♥❣❡♥✐❡rí❛ ❝♦♠♦
t❡♠❛ ❝❡♥tr❛❧✳

❊st❛ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉❝✐ó♥ s❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♥ ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❝✐ó♥ ♣❛r❛ ❛♥✐♠❛r ❛ ❧♦s ❧❡❝t♦r❡s ❛ ✐♥✐✲
❝✐❛rs❡ ❡♥ ❧♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ♥✉♠ér✐❝♦s ② s✉s ❛♣❧✐❝❛❝✐♦♥❡s ❝♦♠♦ ✉♥❛ ❤❡rr❛♠✐❡♥t❛ ♠♦❞❡r♥❛ ❞❡ ❛♥á❧✐s✐s ❞❡
♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ ✐♥❣❡♥✐❡rí❛✳

✶✻✳✶✷✳✶✳ ❙✐♠✉❧❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ✉♥ ❈❛❥❡r♦ ❆✉t♦♠át✐❝♦ ❙❡♥❝✐❧❧♦

✶ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ st❞✐♦ ✳❤ ❃
✷ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ st❞❧✐❜ ✳❤ ❃
✸ ★ ❞❡❢✐♥❡ ❚❆▼ ✺✵✵
✹
✺ ✐♥t ♠❛✐♥ ✭✮ ④
✻ ✐♥t ✐ ✱❥❀
✼ ✐♥t ①✈❡♥t❛s ✱ ♥♣r❡❝✐♦s ✱ ❛rt✐❝✉❧♦s ❂✵❀
✽ ❢❧♦❛t ✈❛❧♦r ✱ t♦t❛❧♣r❡❝✐♦s ❂✵ ✱ ♠❛②♦r ✱ ♠❡♥♦r ✱ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t ✳✳✳
✾ ✴✴ t♦t❛❧♣r❡❝✐♦s ❛❝✉♠✉❧❛ ❡❧ t♦t❛❧ ❞❡ ❧♦s ♣r❡❝✐♦s ✐♥❣r❡s❛❞♦s
✶✵ ✴✴ ❛rt✐❝✉❧♦s ❡s ✉♥ ❝♦♥t❛❞♦r q✉❡ ✐♥❞✐❝❛r❛ ❡❧ t♦t❛❧ ❞❡ ❛rt✐❝✉❧♦s
✐♥❣r❡s❛❞♦s
✶✶
✶✷ ❢❧♦❛t ♠❛tr✐③ ❬ ❚❆▼ ❪❬ ❚❆▼ ❪✱ t♦t❛❧❡s ❬ ❚❆▼ ❪❀
✶✸ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❭t❭ t❈❆❏❆ ❘❊●■❙❚❘❆❉❖❘❆ ❭ ♥✧✮❀
✶✹ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ■♥❣r❡s❛r ♥✉♠❡r♦ ✈❡♥t❛s ✿ ✧✮❀
✶✺ s❝❛♥❢ ✭✧ ✪❞✧ ✱✫ ①✈❡♥t❛s ✮❀
✶✻ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ■♥❣r❡s❛r ♥✉♠❡r♦ ♣r❡❝✐♦s ✿✧✮ ❀
✶✼ s❝❛♥❢ ✭✧ ✪❞✧ ✱✫ ♥♣r❡❝✐♦s ✮❀
✶✽ ♠❛tr✐③ ❬ ♥♣r❡❝✐♦s ❪❬ ①✈❡♥t❛s ❪❀
✶✾ t♦t❛❧❡s ❬ ①✈❡♥t❛s ❪❀
✷✵ ✴✴ ■♥❣r❡s♦ ❞❡ ❞❡ ♣r❡❝✐♦s ♣♦r ✈❡♥t❛ ❡♥ ❧❛ ♠❛tr✐③ ❬ ✈❡♥t❛s ❪❬ ♣r❡❝✐♦s ❪
✷✶
✷✷ ❢♦r ✭ ❥ ❂✵❀ ❥ ❁ ①✈❡♥t❛s ❀❥ ✰✰✮ ④
✷✸ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❱❡♥t❛ ★ ✪❞❭ ♥✧ ✱❥ ✰✶✮ ❀
✷✹ ❢♦r ✭ ✐ ❂✵❀ ✐ ❁ ♥♣r❡❝✐♦s ❀✐ ✰✰✮ ④
✷✺ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ■♥❣r❡s❡ ♣r❡❝✐♦ ♣r♦❞✉❝t♦ ✪❞✿ ✧ ✱✐ ✰✶✮ ❀
✷✻ s❝❛♥❢ ✭✧ ✪❢✧ ✱✫ ✈❛❧♦r ✮❀
✷✼ ♠❛tr✐③ ❬✐ ❪❬ ❥ ❪❂ ✈❛❧♦r ❀
✷✽ t♦t❛❧♣r❡❝✐♦s ❂ t♦t❛❧♣r❡❝✐♦s ✰ ♠❛tr✐③ ❬✐ ❪❬ ❥ ❪❀
✷✾ ❛rt✐❝✉❧♦s ✰✰❀
✸✵ ⑥
✸✶ ⑥

✸✸✸
✸✷
✸✸ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❭ ♥❚❆❇▲❆ ❉❊ ❱❊◆❚❆❙ ❭♥✧✮❀
✸✹ ❢♦r ✭ ✐ ❂✵❀ ✐ ❁ ♥♣r❡❝✐♦s ❀✐ ✰✰✮ ④
✸✺ ❢♦r ✭ ❥ ❂✵❀ ❥ ❁ ①✈❡♥t❛s ❀❥ ✰✰✮ ④
✸✻ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ✪✵✳✷ ❢❭ t✧ ✱ ♠❛tr✐③ ❬ ✐ ❪❬ ❥ ❪✮ ❀
✸✼ ⑥
✸✽ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❭♥✧✮❀
✸✾ ⑥
✹✵
✹✶ ✴✴ ❚♦t❛❧ ♣♦r ✈❡♥t❛s ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦ s✉♣♦♥❣❛♠♦s q✉❡ s❡❛♥ ✸ ✈❡♥t❛s
✹✷ ✴✴ t♦t❛❧❡s ❬❪❂④✶✷✵ ✱✸✹✷ ✱✸✹✺⑥❀
✹✸ ✴✴ ■♥✐❝✐❛❧✐③♦ ❡♥ ❝❡r♦ ❡❧ ✈❡❝t♦r t♦t❛❧❡s ②❛ q✉❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❝❛s✐❧❧❛ s❡r❛
✹✹ ✴✴ ✉♥ ❛❝✉♠✉❧❛❞♦r ✱ ❡❧ ❝✉❛❧ ✈❛ ✐r ❛❧♠❛❝❡♥❛♥❞♦ ❡❧ ✈❛❧♦r t♦t❛❧ ❞❡
❝❛❞❛ ✈❡♥t❛
✹✺ ❢♦r ✭ ❥ ❂✵❀ ❥ ❁ ①✈❡♥t❛s ❀❥ ✰✰✮ ④
✹✻ t♦t❛❧❡s ❬❥ ❪❂✵❀
✹✼ ⑥
✹✽
✹✾ ❢♦r ✭ ❥ ❂✵❀ ❥ ❁ ①✈❡♥t❛s ❀❥ ✰✰✮ ④
✺✵ ❢♦r ✭ ✐ ❂✵❀ ✐ ❁ ♥♣r❡❝✐♦s ❀✐ ✰✰✮ ④
✺✶ ✴✴ s❛❝♦ ❡❧ t♦t❛❧ ♣♦r ❝❛❞❛ ❝♦❧✉♠♥❛ ✭ ✈❡♥t❛ ✮
✺✷ t♦t❛❧❡s ❬ ❥ ❪❂ t♦t❛❧❡s ❬❥ ❪✰ ♠❛tr✐③ ❬ ✐ ❪❬ ❥ ❪❀
✺✸ ⑥
✺✹ ⑥
✺✺
✺✻ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❭ ♥❘❊❙❯▲❚❆❉❖❙ P❖❘ ❱❊◆❚❆❙ ✿❭ ♥ ✧✮❀
✺✼ ✴✴ ▼✉❡str♦ ❡❧ t♦t❛❧ ♣♦r ✈❡♥t❛s
✺✽ ❢♦r ✭ ❥ ❂✵❀ ❥ ❁ ①✈❡♥t❛s ❀❥ ✰✰✮ ④
✺✾ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❚♦t❛❧ ✈❡♥t❛ ✪❞ ✿ ✪✵✳✷ ❢ ❭♥✧ ✱❥ ✰✶ ✱ t♦t❛❧❡s ❬❥ ❪✮ ❀
✻✵ ⑥
✻✶
✻✷ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❈❛♥t✐❞❛❞ ❞❡ ✈❡♥t❛s r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ✿ ✪❞❭ ♥✧ ✱ ①✈❡♥t❛s ✮❀
✻✸ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❈❛♥t✐❞❛❞ ❞❡ ❛rt✐❝✉❧♦s ✈❡♥❞✐❞♦s ✴ ✐♥❣r❡s❛❞♦s ✿ ✪❞❭♥ ✧ ✱
❛rt✐❝✉❧♦s ✮❀
✻✹
✻✺ ✴✴ ❈❛❧❝✉❧♦ ❡❧ ♣r❡❝✐♦ ❞❡❧ ♣r♦❞✉❝t♦ ♠❛s ❝❛r♦ ② ❜❛r❛t♦
✻✻ ♠❛②♦r ❂ ♠❛tr✐③ ❬✵❪❬✵❪❀
✻✼ ♠❡♥♦r ❂ ♠❛tr✐③ ❬✵❪❬✵❪❀
✻✽ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❂ ✵❀
✻✾
✼✵ ❢♦r ✭✐ ❂✵❀ ✐ ❁ ①✈❡♥t❛s ❀✐ ✰✰✮ ④
✼✶ ❢♦r ✭❥ ❂✵❀ ❥ ❁ ♥♣r❡❝✐♦s ❀❥ ✰✰✮ ④
✼✷ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❂ ♠❛tr✐③ ❬✐ ❪❬ ❥ ❪❀
✼✸ ✐❢ ✭ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❃ ♠❛②♦r ✮ ④
✼✹ ♠❛②♦r ❂ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❀
✼✺ ⑥
✼✻ ✐❢ ✭ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❁ ♠❡♥♦r ✮ ④

✸✸✹
✼✼ ♠❡♥♦r ❂ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❀
✼✽ ⑥
✼✾ ⑥
✽✵ ⑥
✽✶
✽✷ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ Pr❡❝✐♦ ❞❡❧ ♣r♦❞✉❝t♦ ♠❛s ❝❛r♦ ✿ ✪✵✳✷ ❢ ❭♥✧ ✱ ♠❛②♦r ✮❀
✽✸ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ Pr❡❝✐♦ ❞❡❧ ♣r♦❞✉❝t♦ ♠❛s ❜❛r❛t♦ ✿ ✪✵✳✷ ❢❭ ♥✧ ✱ ♠❡♥♦r ✮ ❀
✽✹ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ Pr♦♠❡❞✐♦ ❞❡ ❧♦s ♣r❡❝✐♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉❝t♦s ✐♥❣r❡s❛❞♦s ✿ ✪✵✳✷ ❢
❭♥ ✧ ✱ t♦t❛❧♣r❡❝✐♦s ✴✭ ①✈❡♥t❛s ✯ ♥♣r❡❝✐♦s ✮ ✳✳✳
✽✺
✽✻ s②st❡♠ ✭✧ P❛✉s❡ ✧✮❀
✽✼ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✽✽ ⑥
❊❧ ❡❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦ s✐♠✉❧❛ ✉♥❛ ✜❧❛ q✉❡ t✐❡♥❡ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❛❧❡❛t♦r✐♦s ❞❡ ♣❡rs♦♥❛s q✉❡ ♣❛s❛ ♣♦r tr❡s ❝❛❥❛s✱
❝✉❛♥❞♦ ✉♥❛ ❝❛❥❛ ❡stá ✈❛❝í❛ s❡ q✉✐t❛ ✉♥ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ✜❧❛ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧ ② ♣❛s❛ ❛ ❧❛ ❝❛❥❛ ❈✶✱ ❈✷ ♦ ❈✸
② ✉♥❛ ✈❡③ ❛❧❧í ❞❡s♣✉és ❞❡ ✉♥ ❞❡❧❛② ❞❡❝r❡❝❡ ❡❧ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ ❡❧ ♥ú♠❡r♦ q✉❡ ❡stá ❡♥ ❝✉❛❧q✉✐❡r❛ ❞❡ ❡s❛s
tr❡s ❝❛❥❛s❀ ❝✉❛♥❞♦ ❡s❡ ✈❛❧♦r ❡s ❞❡ ❝❡r♦✱ s❡ s❛❝❛ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❝❛❥❛ ② q✉❡❞❛ ✈❛❝í❛ ♣♦r ❧♦ q✉❡ ♦tr♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦
❞❡ ❧❛ ✜❧❛ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧ ❡♥tr❛ ❡♥ ❧❛ ♦tr❛✳ ❊❧ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❡s q✉❡ ❛❧ ❡❥❡❝✉t❛r✱ ❡♥ ❧❛s ❝❛❥❛s ♠✉❡str❛♥ ❜❛s✉r❛✳
✶ ✈♦✐❞ ❝❛❥❛ ✭ ❋■▲❆ ✯ ❋✮ ④
✷ ❋■▲❆ ❈✶ ✱ ❈✷ ✱ ❈✸ ❀ ❝r❡❛r❋✐❧❛ ✭✫ ❈✶ ✮❀ ❝r❡❛r❋✐❧❛ ✭✫ ❈✷ ✮❀ ❝r❡❛r❋✐❧❛ ✭✫
❈✸ ✮ ❀
✸ ❚✐♣♦❉❛t♦ ❛ ✱ ❜ ✱ ❝❀
✹ ❞♦ ④
✺ ①❂ ❞❡q✉❡✉❡ ✭❋ ✮❀
✻ ❙❧❡❡♣ ✭✷✵✵✵✮ ❀
✼ ✐❢ ✭ ❢✐❧❛❱❛❝✐❛ ✭ ❈✶ ✮✮ ④
✽ ❡♥q✉❡✉❡ ✭✫ ❈✶ ✱ ①✮ ❀
✾
✶✵ ✐❢ ✭❛ ❂❂✵✮ ④
✶✶ ❞❡q✉❡✉❡ ✭✫ ❈✶ ✮❀
✶✷ ⑥
✶✸ ⑥ ❡❧s❡ ✐❢ ✭ ❢✐❧❛❱❛❝✐❛ ✭ ❈✷ ✮✮ ④
✶✹ ❡♥q✉❡✉❡ ✭✫ ❈✷ ✱ ①✮ ❀
✶✺ ✐❢ ✭❜ ❂❂✵✮ ④
✶✻ ❞❡q✉❡✉❡ ✭✫ ❈✷ ✮❀
✶✼ ⑥
✶✽ ⑥ ❡❧s❡ ✐❢ ✭ ❢✐❧❛❱❛❝✐❛ ✭ ❈✸ ✮✮ ④
✶✾ ❡♥q✉❡✉❡ ✭✫ ❈✸ ✱ ①✮ ❀
✷✵ ✐❢ ✭❝ ❂❂✵✮ ④
✷✶ ❞❡q✉❡✉❡ ✭✫ ❈✸ ✮❀
✷✷ ⑥
✷✸ ⑥
✷✹ s②st❡♠ ✭✧ ❝❧s ✧✮❀
✷✺ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❭ ♥❋✐❧❛ ✿ ❭♥ ✧✮❀
✷✻ ✐♠♣r✐♠❡ ✭✯ ❋✮ ❀
✷✼ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❭ ♥❈❛❥❛ ✶✿ ❭ ♥✧✮ ❀

✸✸✺
✷✽ ✐♠♣r✐♠❡ ✭ ❈✶ ✮ ❀
✷✾ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❭ ♥❈❛❥❛ ✷✿ ❭ ♥✧✮ ❀
✸✵ ✐♠♣r✐♠❡ ✭ ❈✷ ✮ ❀
✸✶ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❭ ♥❈❛❥❛ ✸✿ ❭ ♥✧✮ ❀
✸✷ ✐♠♣r✐♠❡ ✭ ❈✸ ✮ ❀
✸✸ ✐❢ ✭✦ ❢✐❧❛❱❛❝✐❛ ✭ ❈✶ ✮✮ ④
✸✹ ❛❂ ❞❡q✉❡✉❡ ✭✫ ❈✶ ✮ ❀ ❛ ✲ ✲❀ ❡♥q✉❡✉❡ ✭✫ ❈✶ ✱ ❛ ✮❀
✸✺ ⑥
✸✻ ✐❢ ✭✦ ❢✐❧❛❱❛❝✐❛ ✭ ❈✷ ✮✮ ④
✸✼ ❜❂ ❞❡q✉❡✉❡ ✭✫ ❈✷ ✮ ❀ ❜ ✲ ✲❀ ❡♥q✉❡✉❡ ✭✫ ❈✷ ✱ ❜ ✮❀
✸✽ ⑥
✸✾ ✐❢ ✭✦ ❢✐❧❛❱❛❝✐❛ ✭ ❈✸ ✮✮ ④
✹✵ ❝❂ ❞❡q✉❡✉❡ ✭✫ ❈✸ ✮ ❀ ❝ ✲ ✲❀ ❡♥q✉❡✉❡ ✭✫ ❈✸ ✱ ❝ ✮❀
✹✶ ⑥
✹✷ ⑥ ✇❤✐❧❡ ✭✦ ❢✐❧❛❱❛❝✐❛ ✭✯ ❋ ✮✮❀
✹✸ ♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧ ❭♥✧✮❀
✹✹ ⑥
✹✺
✹✻ ❚✐♣♦❉❛t♦ ❛ ✱ ❜ ✱ ❝❀
✹✼ ❞♦ ④
✹✽ ①❂ ❞❡q✉❡✉❡ ✭❋ ✮❀
✹✾ ❙❧❡❡♣ ✭✷✵✵✵✮ ❀
✺✵ ✐❢ ✭ ❢✐❧❛❱❛❝✐❛ ✭ ❈✶ ✮✮ ④
✺✶ ❡♥q✉❡✉❡ ✭✫ ❈✶ ✱ ① ✮❀
✺✷
✺✸ ✐❢ ✭❛ ❂❂✵✮ ✴✴ ✭✶✮ ④
✺✹ ❞❡q✉❡✉❡ ✭✫ ❈✶ ✮❀
✺✺ ⑥
✺✻ ⑥
✺✼ ⑥
❊♥ ❧❛ ♣r✐♠❡r❛ ❧í♥❡❛ ❞❡❝❧❛r❛s tr❡s ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s✿ ❛✱ ❜✱ ❝✳ ❊♥ ✭✶✮ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛s ❛✳✳✳ q✉❡ ♥♦ ❡stá ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧✐③❛❞❛✳
❨ ❧♦ ♠✐s♠♦ ♣❛s❛ ❝♦♥ ❧❛s ♦tr❛s ❞♦s ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s✳
❙✐♥ ♠ás ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥ t♦❞♦ ❛♣✉♥t❛ ❛ q✉❡ t✉ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❡s q✉❡ ❡st❛s tr❡s ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s ♥♦ ❡stá♥ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧✐✲
③❛❞❛s✳

✶✻✳✶✸✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦s ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦s

✶✳ ❙❡ ♣✐❞❡ ❝r❡❛r ② ♣r♦❜❛r ✉♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❡♥ ❈ q✉❡ s✐♠✉❧❡ ❡❧ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠✐❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♥❛ ❝❛❥❛ r❡❣✐s✲
tr❛❞♦r❛ ❞❡ ✉♥ s✉♣❡r♠❡r❝❛❞♦✱ ❡♥ ❞♦♥❞❡✿

❙❡ ✐♥❣r❡s❡♥ ❳ ✈❡♥t❛s ② ♣♦r ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡♥t❛ s❡ ♣✉❡❞❛♥ ✐♥❣r❡s❛r ◆ ♣r❡❝✐♦s q✉❡ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♥
❛ ❧♦s ♣r♦❞✉❝t♦s ❞❡ ❧❛ ✈❡♥t❛✳

▼✉❡str❡ ❧❛ s✉♠❛ t♦t❛❧ ❞❡ ❧❛ ✈❡♥t❛✳

▼✉❡str❡ ❧❛ ❝❛♥t✐❞❛❞ ❞❡ ✈❡♥t❛s ❤❡❝❤❛s✳

▼✉❡str❡ ❝✉❛♥t♦s ❢✉❡r♦♥ ❧♦s ❛rtí❝✉❧♦s ✈❡♥❞✐❞♦s ♦ ✐♥❣r❡s❛❞♦s✳

❊❧ ♣r❡❝✐♦ ❞❡❧ ♣r♦❞✉❝t♦ ♠ás ❝❛r♦✳

✸✸✻
 ❊❧ ♣r❡❝✐♦ ❞❡❧ ♣r♦❞✉❝t♦ ♠ás ❜❛r❛t♦✳
❊❧ ♣r♦♠❡❞✐♦ ❞❡ ❧♦s ♣r❡❝✐♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉❝t♦s ✐♥❣r❡s❛❞♦s✳
✷✳ ❯♥❛ ❣❛s♦❧✐♥❡r❛✱ ❝♦♥ s✉rt✐❞♦r❡s✱ ❛t❡♥❞✐❞❛ ♣♦r ♠✉❝❤♦s ❡♠♣❧❡❛❞♦s✳ ❊♥ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r✱ r❡s♣♦♥❞❛ ❛
❧❛s ❝✉❡st✐♦♥❡s s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡s✿
➽❈✉á❧❡s s♦♥ ❧❛s ♣r❡❣✉♥t❛s ❛ r❡s♣♦♥❞❡r❄
➽◗✉é r❡❝✉rs♦s ♥❡❝❡s✐t❛ ♣❛r❛ ❧❧❡✈❛r ❛ ❝❛❜♦ ❡❧ ❡st✉❞✐♦❄ ❙✉❣✐❡r❛ ✉♥ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❛❞❡❝✉❛❞♦ ❞❡
r❡❝♦❧❡❝❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧❡s✱ ❥✉st✐✜q✉❡ ② ❞❡s❝r✐❜❛ ❝ó♠♦ ❧♦ ❡❥❡❝✉t❛rá✳
➽◗✉é ♠❡❞✐❞❛s ❞❡❧ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠✐❡♥t♦ ❞❡❧ s✐st❡♠❛ s♦♥ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡rés❄
➽◗✉é ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ❞❡ ❧❛ r❡❛❧✐❞❛❞ ❝♦♥st✐t✉②❡♥ ❡❧ s✐st❡♠❛ ❜❛❥♦ ❡st✉❞✐♦❄
➽❈✉á❧❡s s♦♥ ❧❛s ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ❞❡❧ ♠♦❞❡❧♦❄ ➽❉❡ q✉é t✐♣♦ ❡s ❝❛❞❛ ✉♥❛✿ ❛❧❡❛t♦r✐❛
♦ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥✐st❛❄
❉❡s❝r✐❜❛ ❧❛s ❤✐♣ót❡s✐s ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❞♦✳
❘❡❛❧✐❝❡ ✉♥ ❞✐s❡ñ♦ ♣r❡❧✐♠✐♥❛r ❞❡❧ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦✳
✸✳ P❧❛♥t❡❡ ✉♥ ♣♦s✐❜❧❡ ❡st✉❞✐♦ ❞❡ s✐♠✉❧❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡❧ s✐st❡♠❛ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡✿ ❧❛ ✐♥t❡rs❡❝❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ✈❛r✐❛s
❝❛❧❧❡s✱ q✉❡ s❡ ❡♥❝✉❡♥tr❛ r❡❣✉❧❛❞❛ ♣♦r s❡♠á❢♦r♦s✳ ❈♦♥t❡st❡ ❛ ❧❛s ❝✉❡st✐♦♥❡s ♣❧❛♥t❡❛❞❛s ❡♥ ❡❧
♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r✳

✸✸✼
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶✼

❆♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❣rá✜❝♦ ❡♥ ❈
▲❛ ✐♥t❡r❢❛③ ❣rá✜❝❛ ❞❡ ✉s✉❛r✐♦ ✭❞❡s❞❡ ❛❤♦r❛ ❧❛ ❧❧❛♠❛r❡♠♦s ●❯■✮ ❡s ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ✉♥
✉s✉❛r✐♦ ✐♥t❡r❛❝t✉❡ ❝♦♥ ❧❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❛✳ ❉❡❜✐❞♦ ❛ q✉❡ ❝♦♥st✐t✉②❡ ❧❛ ♣r✐♠❡r❛ t♦♠❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥t❛❝t♦ ❞❡
✉♥ s✐st❡♠❛ ♣♦r ♣❛rt❡ ❞❡❧ ✉s✉❛r✐♦✱ ❡s ♥❡❝❡s❛r✐♦ q✉❡ s❡❛ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❧ ② ❝♦♥ ❣r❛♥ ❢❛❝✐❧✐❞❛❞ ❞❡ ✉s♦ ♣❛r❛
q✉❡ ést❡ s❡ ❧❧❡✈❡ ✉♥❛ ♣r✐♠❡r❛ ✐♠♣r❡s✐ó♥ ♣♦s✐t✐✈❛ ❞❡❧ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✳
❉❡✜♥✐r ❧♦ q✉❡ r❡❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛ ✉♥❛ ❜✉❡♥❛ ✐♥t❡r❢❛③ ♣✉❡❞❡ s❡r ❛❧❣♦ ♠✉② ❝♦♠♣❧✐❝❛❞♦✳ ❚♦❞♦s ❧♦s
❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧❛❞♦r❡s ❡stá♥ ❞❡ ❛❝✉❡r❞♦ ❡♥ q✉❡ ✉♥❛ ✐♥t❡r❢❛③ s❡♥❝✐❧❧❛✱ ✐♥t✉✐t✐✈❛ ② ♣♦rt❛❜❧❡ ❣❛r❛t✐③❛ ❡❧ é①✐t♦
❞❡ ✉♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❀ s✐♥ ❡♠❜❛r❣♦✱ ✉♥❛ ✐♥t❡r❢❛③ ❝♦♠♣❧❡❥❛ ② ❝♦♥ ✉♥ ❛❧t♦ ❣r❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❥❡ ✐♥✢✉②❡
♥❡❣❛t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ s♦❜r❡ ❡❧ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✱ ❤❛❝✐❡♥❞♦ q✉❡ ❢r❛❝❛s❡ ❛ ♣❡s❛r ❞❡ s❡r ❡♥♦r♠❡♠❡♥t❡ ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ②
❡✜❝❛③✳
❊❧ ❡♥t♦r♥♦ ❣rá✜❝♦ q✉❡ s❡ ✉s❛ ❡♥ ▲✐♥✉①✱ ② ❡♥ t♦❞♦s ❧♦s ❯♥✐①✱ ❡s ❳✳
❊❧ ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧❛❞♦r ❲✐♥❞♦✇s ✈✐❡♥❡ ❞❡ ✉♥ ♠✉♥❞♦ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡✳ ❊♥ ❡s❡ ♠✉♥❞♦✱ ❤❛❝❡r ❛♣❧✐❝❛❝✐♦♥❡s ❣rá✜❝❛s
❡♥ ❈ ❡s ♠✉② ❝♦♠♣❧✐❝❛❞♦✳ ❊♥t♦♥❝❡s✱ ❧♦s ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧❛❞♦r❡s q✉❡ ♣r❡✜❡r❡♥ ❡s❡ ❧❡♥❣✉❛❥❡ t❡r♠✐♥❛♥ ✉s❛♥❞♦
❝♦s❛s ❝♦♠♦ ❱✐s✉❛❧ ❇❛s✐❝✳ P❡r♦ ❧♦ ❝♦♠♣❧✐❝❛❞♦ ❞❡ ✉s❛r ❈ ❡♥ ❲✐♥❞♦✇s ♥♦ ❡s ❡❧ ❧❡♥❣✉❛❥❡✱ s✐♥♦ ❤❛❝❡r❧♦
❝♦♥ ❧❛ ❆P■ ② ❝♦♥ ❧❛s q✉❡ ▼✐❝r♦s♦❢t ❢✉❡ ❝♦♥str✉②❡♥❞♦ s✉ ❡♥t♦r♥♦✳

✶✼✳✶✳ ●❚❑✰
❊♥ ▲✐♥✉①✱ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛r ❡♥ ❈ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❝✐♦♥❡s ❝♦♥ ✐♥t❡r❢❛③ ❣rá✜❝❛ ❡s s❡♥❝✐❧❧♦✳ ❯♥❛ ❞❡ ❧❛s ❜✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛s
♠ás r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❤❛❝❡r❧♦ s❡ ❧❧❛♠❛ ●❚❑✰✳ ❊①✐st❡ t❛♠❜✐é♥ ✉♥ ❝♦♠♣❡t✐❞♦r✱ q✉❡ ❡s ◗t✳
❙✐ ❜✐❡♥ ●❚❑✰ ❡stá ❤❡❝❤♦ ❡♥ ❈✱ ❡s ✉♥❛ ❜✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛ ♦❜❥❡t♦s✳ ❊st♦ ➽q✉é q✉✐❡r❡ ❞❡❝✐r❄
➽❖❜❥❡t♦s ❡♥ ❈❄ ➽◆♦ ❡s ❡♥ ❈✰✰❄ ◆♦✳ ▲♦s ❝r❡❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡ ●❚❑✰ ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧❛r♦♥ ✉♥ ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ ♣❛r❛
✉s❛r ♦r✐❡♥t❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ♦❜❥❡t♦s ❡♥ ❈✱ ② ❡s ❜❛st❛♥t❡ s❡♥❝✐❧❧♦✳
❊♥ ●❚❑✰ ❛ ❝❛❞❛ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡ ❣rá✜❝♦ q✉❡ ✉♥♦ ✉❜✐❝❛ ❡♥ ✉♥❛ ✈❡♥t❛♥❛ s❡ ❧❡ ❧❧❛♠❛ ✇✐❞❣❡t✳ ❚♦❞♦
✇✐❞❣❡t ❡s ✉♥ ♦❜❥❡t♦✱ ♣♦r ❧♦ t❛♥t♦ ❤❛② ✉♥❛ ❥❡r❛rq✉í❛ ❞❡ ❝❧❛s❡s ❞❡ ✇✐❞❣❡ts✳
▲❛ ✐♥t❡r❢❛③ ❞❡ ✉♥❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❝✐ó♥ s❡ ❝♦♥str✉②❡ ✐♥st❛♥❝✐❛♥❞♦ ✇✐❞❣❡ts ② ✈✐♥❝✉❧á♥❞♦❧♦s ❡♥tr❡ sí✳ ▲♦s
✇✐❞❣❡ts ❡♠✐t❡♥ ✧s❡ñ❛❧❡s✧✱ q✉❡ s♦♥ ♠❡♥s❛❥❡s ♣❛r❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ❛❧❣✉♥❛ t❛r❡❛✳ ❙❡ ❛❝t✐✈❛♥ ❝✉❛♥❞♦ ♣r❡s✐♦♥❛
✉♥ ❜♦tó♥✳
❱❡❛♠♦s ✉♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛✿
✶ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ ❣t❦ ✴ ❣t❦ ✳❤ ❃
✷
✸ ✐♥t ♠❛✐♥ ✭ ✐♥t ❛r❣❝ ✱ ❝❤❛r ✯✯ ❛r❣✈ ✮ ④

✸✸✽
 ✹ ●t❦❲✐❞❣❡t ✯✇ ✱ ✯ ❧❛❜❡❧ ❀
✺
✻ ❣t❦❴✐♥✐t ✭✫ ❛r❣❝ ✱ ✫ ❛r❣✈ ✮ ❀
✼
✽ ✴✯ ❈r❡♦ ❧❛ ✈❡♥t❛♥❛ ✯✴
✾ ✇ ❂ ❣t❦❴✇✐♥❞♦✇❴♥❡✇ ✭ ●❚❑❴❲■◆❉❖❲❴❚❖P▲❊❱❊▲ ✮❀
✶✵
✶✶ ✴✯ ▲❡ ♣♦♥❣♦ ✉♥ tí t✉❧♦ ✯✴
✶✷ ❣t❦❴✇✐♥❞♦✇❴s❡t❴t✐t❧❡ ✭ ●❚❑❴❲■◆❉❖❲ ✭✇ ✮ ✱ ✧ ❍♦❧❛ ✱ ♠✉♥❞♦ ✧✮ ❀
✶✸
✶✹ ✴✯ ❈r❡❛♠♦s ✉♥ ✧ ❧❛❜❡❧ ✧✳ ✯✴
✶✺ ❧❛❜❡❧ ❂ ❣t❦❴❧❛❜❡❧❴♥❡✇ ✭✧ ❍♦❧❛ ✱ ♠✉♥❞♦ ✦✧✮ ❀
✶✻
✶✼ ✴✯ ✳✳✳ ② ❧♦ ❛❣r❡❣❛♠♦s ❛ ❧❛ ✈❡♥t❛♥❛ ✳ ✯✴
✶✽ ❣t❦❴❝♦♥t❛✐♥❡r❴❛❞❞ ✭ ●❚❑❴❈❖◆❚❆■◆❊❘ ✭✇ ✮ ✱ ❧❛❜❡❧ ✮❀
✶✾
✷✵ ❣t❦❴✇✐❞❣❡t❴s❤♦✇❴❛❧❧ ✭✇✮ ❀
✷✶
✷✷ ✴✯ ❋✐♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡♥tr❛♠♦s ❡♥ ❡❧ ❜✉❝❧❡ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ✳ ✯✴
✷✸ ❣t❦❴♠❛✐♥ ✭✮ ❀
✷✹
✷✺ r❡t✉r♥ ✵❀
✷✻ ⑥
❈♦♠♣✐❧❛r ❝♦♥✿
✶ ❝❝ ❤♦❧❛ ✳❝ ✲♦ ❤♦❧❛ ✩✭ ♣❦❣ ✲ ❝♦♥❢✐❣ ❣t❦ ✰ ✲✷✳✵ ✲✲ ❝❢❧❛❣s ✲✲ ❧✐❜s ✮✳
❊①✐st❡ t❛♠❜✐é♥ ✉♥ ✇r❛♣♣❡r ❞❡ ●❚❑✰ ♣❛r❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r❧❛ ❞❡s❞❡ ❈✰✰✱ ② q✉❡ ❡s ❜❛st❛♥t❡ ❡❧❡❣❛♥t❡✱ s❡
❧❧❛♠❛ ❣t❦♠♠✳

✶✼✳✷✳ ●❧❛❞❡

●❧❛❞❡ ❡s ✉♥❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❝✐ó♥ ♣❛r❛ ❧❛ ✐♥t❡r❢❛③ ❞❡ ✉♥❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❝✐ó♥ ●❚❑✰✳ ❈♦♥ ●❚❑✰ ●❧❛❞❡ ❡s ❢á❝✐❧
❞❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r✱ ♠❛♥t❡♥❡r ② ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛r ❧❛ ✐♥t❡r❢❛③ ❞❡ ♥✉❡str❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❝✐ó♥✳ ❱❡♠♦s✱ ♠✐❡♥tr❛s ❡❞✐t❛♠♦s✱
❝ó♠♦ q✉❡❞❛ ❡①❛❝t❛♠❡♥t❡ ♥✉❡str❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❝✐ó♥ ② ♥♦ ♦❝✉❧t❛ ♥❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❧❛s ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ●❚❑✰✳

✶✼✳✷✳✶✳ ➽◗✉é❄

❊st❡ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ♣r❡t❡♥❞❡ s❡r ✉♥❛ ❣✉í❛ ♣❛r❛ ❧♦s ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡ ❍❛s❦❡❧❧ q✉❡ q✉✐❡r❡♥ ❡s❝r✐❜✐r
❛♣❧✐❝❛❝✐♦♥❡s ●❚❑✰ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ●❧❛❞❡✳ ❆s✉♠✐♠♦s q✉❡ ❡stás ✉s❛♥❞♦ ▲✐♥✉① ❛✉♥q✉❡ t❛♥t♦ ❡❧ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦
❞❡ ❤❡rr❛♠✐❡♥t❛s ●t❦✰✱ ❡❧ ❞✐s❡ñ❛❞♦r ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡s ●❧❛❞❡ ② ●t❦✷❍s ❡stá♥ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜❧❡s ❡♥ ♦tr❛s
♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛s✳
❊st❛ ♣á❣✐♥❛ t✉t♦r✐❛❧ ❡s ✉♥❛ ❛❞❛♣t❛❝✐ó♥ ♣❛r❛ ❍❛s❦❡❧❧ ② ●t❦✷❍s ❞❡ ✉♥ t✉t♦r✐❛❧ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❈ ②
❧❛ ●❚❑✰ ❈ ❆P■✳
◆❡❝❡s✐t❛s✿
❧✐❜r❡rí❛s ●❚❑✰

✸✸✾
 ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✼✳✶✿ ❆♣❧✐❝❛❝✐ó♥ ❣rá✜❝❛ ❡♥ ❈

●❧❛❞❡ ✈❡rs✐♦♥ ✸ ✭♦ ✈❡rs✐♦♥ ✷✱ ♣❡r♦ ❝✉✐❞❛❞♦ ❝♦♥ ❛❧❣✉♥❛s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛s✮

●t❦✷❍s
❈♦♥♦❝✐♠✐❡♥t♦ ❜ás✐❝♦ ❞❡ ❍❛s❦❡❧❧
❈r❡❛s ✉♥❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❝✐ó♥ t✐♣♦ ✧❍❡❧❧♦ ❲♦r❧❞ç♦♠♦ ❡st❛✿

✶✼✳✷✳✷✳ ➽P♦r q✉é ✉s❛r ●❧❛❞❡❄

●❧❛❞❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ❛❧ ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧❛❞♦r ✉♥ ❞✐s❡ñ♦ rá♣✐❞♦ ② ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ✉♥❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❝✐ó♥ ✈✐s✉❛❧ ② ❡♥t♦♥❝❡s
❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛rs❡ ❡♥ ❧❛ ✐♠♣❧❛♥t❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❡♥ ✈❡③ ❞❡ ♣r❡♦❝✉♣❛rs❡ ❞❡ ❧♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡❧ ✐♥t❡r❢❛③
❞❡ ✉s✉❛r✐♦✳

✶✼✳✷✳✸✳ ➽❈ó♠♦❄

■♥✐❝✐❛ ●❧❛❞❡✳ ❙❡ ❛❜r❡ ❝♦♥ ✉♥ ♥✉❡✈♦ ♣r♦②❡❝t♦ s✐♥ tít✉❧♦✳ ❊♥t♦♥❝❡s ✈❡s ❧♦ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡✿

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✼✳✷✿ P❛♥t❛❧❧❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦②❡❝t♦s

▲❛ ♣❛❧❡t❛ ❡♥ ❧❛ ✐③q✉✐❡r❞❛ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ❛ñ❛❞✐r ✇✐❞❣❡ts ❛ ❧❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❝✐ó♥✱ ♠✐❡♥tr❛s q✉❡ ❡❧ ♣❛♥❡❧ ❞❡

♣r♦♣✐❡❞❛❞❡s✱ ❛❜❛❥♦ ❛ ❧❛ ❞❡r❡❝❤❛✱ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ s❡❧❡❝❝✐♦♥❛r ❧❛s ♣r♦♣✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❞❡❧ ✇✐❞❣❡t s❡❧❡❝❝✐♦♥❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛
s❡r ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛❞♦ ② ❧❛s s❡ñ❛❧❡s ✭❧♦ ✈❡r❡♠♦s ❞❡s♣✉és✮ q✉❡ s❡rá♥ ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛s✳
▲❛ ♣r✐♠❡r❛ ❝♦s❛ q✉❡ ✈❛♠♦s ❛ ♥❡❝❡s✐t❛r ❡s ✉♥ ❧✉❣❛r ♣❛r❛ ❛ñ❛❞✐r ❧♦s ✇✐❞❣❡ts✱ ❛sí q✉❡ ✈❛♠♦s ❛ ❝r❡❛r
✉♥❛ ✈❡♥t❛♥❛✱ ♣✉❧s❛♥❞♦ ❡♥ ❡❧ ✐❝♦♥♦ ❱❡♥t❛♥❛ ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣❛❧❡t❛✳

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✼✳✸✿ ■❝♦♥♦ ✈❡♥t❛♥❛

✸✹✵
 ❯♥ ✇✐❞❣❡t t✐♣♦ ✈❡♥t❛♥❛ ❛♣❛r❡❝❡ ❡♥ ❡❧ ❝❛♥✈❛s ✭❡s♣❛❝✐♦ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❥♦✮ ♣r❡♣❛r❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ s❡r ♠♦❞✐✲
✜❝❛❞♦✳ ❋í❥❛t❡ ❡♥ ❧❛s ♣r♦♣✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❧❛ ✈❡♥t❛♥❛ ✭❜❛❥♦ ❧❛ ♣❡st❛ñ❛ ●❡♥❡r❛❧✮ ❡♥ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r q✉❡ s✉
❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❝✐ó♥ ❡s ✇✐♥❞♦✇✶ ❱❛♠♦s ❛ ❛s✐❣♥❛r❧❡ ✉♥ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ♠ás ❞❡s❝r✐♣t✐✈♦ ♣❛r❛ s❡r ♠♦str❛❞♦ ❡♥ ❧❛
❜❛rr❛ ❞❡ tít✉❧♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ✈❡♥t❛♥❛ ❡♥ t✐❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❡❥❡❝✉❝✐ó♥✳ ❊s❝r✐❜❡ ❍♦❧❛ ●t❦✷❍s ❡❧ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❚ít✉❧♦✳
P❡r❢❡❝t♦✱ ❧❛ ✈❡♥t❛♥❛ ❡stá ②❛ ♣r❡♣❛r❛❞❛✱ ❛sí q✉❡ ✈❛♠♦s ❛ ❛ñ❛❞✐r ❛❧❣✉♥♦s ❜♦t♦♥❡s ② ❡t✐q✉❡t❛s✳✳✳ ♣❡r♦
❡s♣❡r❛✦ ❚♦❞❛✈í❛ ♥♦ ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ❛ñ❛❞✐r ✇✐❞❣❡ts✳ ▲♦s ✇✐❞❣❡ts ❡♥ ●❚❑✰ ❡stá♥ ❡♠♣❛q✉❡t❛❞♦s✳ ❊♠✲
♣❛q✉❡t❛r ✇✐❞❣❡ts ♣✉❡❞❡ ♣❛r❡❝❡r ♣❡s❛❞♦ ❛❧ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣✐♦ ♣❡r♦ r❡❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡s ✉♥ ♠ét♦❞♦ ✐♥❣❡♥✐♦s♦ ♣❛r❛
♠✉❝❤❛s ❝♦s❛s ✐♥t❡r❡s❛♥t❡s✱ ❧❛ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❞❡ ❡❧❧❛s ❡s ❡❧ r❡s✐③✐♥❣ ✭❝❛♠❜✐♦ ❞❡ t❛♠❛ñ♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ✈❡♥t❛♥❛✮
❛✉t♦♠át✐❝♦✳ ❈✉❛♥❞♦ ✉♥ ✉s✉❛r✐♦ ❝❛♠❜✐❛ ❡❧ t❛♠❛ñ♦ ❞❡ ✉♥❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❝✐ó♥✱ ♥♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡ q✉❡r❡♠♦s q✉❡
❧♦s ✇✐❞❣❡ts ❞❡ ❧❛ ✈❡♥t❛♥❛ ❝❛♠❜✐❡♥ t❛♠❜✐é♥ s✉ t❛♠❛ñ♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛♣r♦✈❡❝❤❛r ♠❡❥♦r ❡❧ ♥✉❡✈♦ ❡s♣❛❝✐♦✱ ②❛
s❡❛ ❡①♣❛♥❞✐❡♥❞♦s❡ ♦ ❝♦♠♣r✐♠✐❡♥❞♦s❡✳ ❊❧ ❡♠♣❛q✉❡t❛❞♦ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ q✉❡ ❡st♦ s❡ ❤❛❣❛ ❛✉t♦♠át✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡
② ❛❢♦rt✉♥❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ❧✐❜❡r❛ ❛❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❞♦r ❞❡ ❡s❝r✐❜✐r ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❞❡ ❛❞❛♣t❛❝✐ó♥ ❛❧ ♥✉❡✈♦ t❛♠❛ñ♦✳ ❊❧
❡♠♣❛q✉❡t❛❞♦ s❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛ ❝r❡❛♥❞♦ ❝❛❥❛s ♦ t❛❜❧❛s✳ ❊st♦s ✇✐❞❣❡ts s♦♥ ✐♥✈✐s✐❜❧❡s✱ ❧♦ q✉❡ q✉✐❡r❡ ❞❡❝✐r
q✉❡ ♥♦ s❡ ✈❡♥ ❡♥ ❡❧ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❡❥❡❝✉❝✐ó♥ ❞❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛✱ s✐♥ ❡♠❜❛r❣♦ t✐❡♥❡♥ ❡❢❡❝t♦ ❡♥ ❧❛ ❛♣❧✐✲
❝❛❝✐ó♥✳
❙✐ ✈♦❧✈❡♠♦s ❛ ❧❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❝✐ó♥ q✉❡ ❡st❛♠♦s ❝r❡❛♥❞♦✱ ✈❡s q✉❡ s❡ ♣✉❡❞❡ ❞✐✈✐❞✐r ❧❛ ✈❡♥t❛♥❛ ❡♥ tr❡s ✜❧❛s✿
❧❛ ❡t✐q✉❡t❛ ❞❡ ❛rr✐❜❛✱ ❡❧ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ❞❡ t❡①t♦ ❡♥ ❡❧ ♠❡❞✐♦ ② ❧♦s ❞♦s ❜♦t♦♥❡s ❞❡ ❛❜❛❥♦✳ ❆sí
q✉❡ ❧♦ q✉❡ ✈❛♠♦s ❛ ❤❛❝❡r ❡s ❝r❡❛r ✉♥ ✇✐❞❣❡t ❱❇♦① ✭❈❛❥❛ ✈❡rt✐❝❛❧✮ ❝♦♥ tr❡s ✜❧❛s✳ P✉❧s❛ ❡❧ ✐❝♦♥♦
❈❛❥❛ ❱❡rt✐❝❛❧ ❡♥ ❧❛ ♣❛❧❡t❛ ② ❞❡s♣✉és ♣✉❧s❛ ❡♥ ❝✉❛❧q✉✐❡r ❧✉❣❛r ❞❡ ❧❛ ✈❡♥t❛♥❛ q✉❡ ❛❝❛❜❛♠♦s ❞❡ ❝r❡❛r✳

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✼✳✹✿ ■❝♦♥♦ ❝❛❥❛ ✈❡rt✐❝❛❧

■♥❞✐❝❛ q✉❡ q✉✐❡r❡s tr❡s ✜❧❛s ② ♣✉❧s❛ ❆❝❡♣t❛r✳ ▲❛ ✈❡♥t❛♥❛ q✉❡❞❛ ❛❤♦r❛ ❞✐✈✐❞✐❞❛ ❡♥ tr❡s ✜❧❛s✱
♣r❡♣❛r❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ñ❛❞✐r ♠ás ✇✐❞❣❡ts✳ ❆ñ❛❞❡ ✉♥ ✇✐❞❣❡t ❞❡ ❡t✐q✉❡t❛ ❛ ❧❛ ♣r✐♠❡r❛ ✜❧❛✳✭s✉♣❡r✐♦r✮

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✼✳✺✿ ■❝♦♥♦ ❞❡ ❡t✐q✉❡t❛✭♣✉❡❞❡ s❡r ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡ ❛ ❡st❡✮

❊♥ ❧❛ s❡❣✉♥❞❛ ✜❧❛ ❝♦❧♦❝❛ ✉♥ ✇✐❞❣❡t ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ❞❡ t❡①t♦✳

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✼✳✻✿ ■❝♦♥♦ ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ❞❡ t❡①t♦

▲❛ ✈❡♥t❛♥❛ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❝✐ó♥ ② s✉ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞✐❡♥t❡ ár❜♦❧ ❞❡ ✇✐❞❣❡ts ❞❡❜❡rí❛ ♣❛r❡❝❡rs❡ ❛ ❡st♦✿

✸✹✶
 ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✼✳✼✿ P❛♥t❛❧❧❛ ❡♥ ♠♦❞♦ ❞✐s❡ñ♦

❆♥t❡s ❞❡ ❛ñ❛❞✐r ❧♦s ❜♦t♦♥❡s ❡♥ ❧❛ t❡r❝❡r❛ ✜❧❛✱ ❞❡❜❡♠♦s ❝r❡❛r ✉♥❛ ❝❛❥❛ ❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛❧ ❞❡♥tr♦
❞❡ ❡❧❧❛✳ ❊❧ ♥✉❡✈♦ ✇✐❞❣❡t ❝❛❥❛ ❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛❧ ❞❡❜❡ t❡♥❡r ❞♦s ❝♦❧✉♠♥❛s✱ ✉♥❛ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ❜♦tó♥✳ ❊st♦
❧♦ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉✐♠♦s ♣✉❧s❛♥❞♦ ❡❧ ✐❝♦♥♦ ❈❛❥❛ ❍♦r✐③♦♥t❛❧ ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣❛❧❡t❛ ② ♣✉❧s❛♥❞♦ ❧❛ t❡r❝❡r❛ ✜❧❛ ❞❡ ❧❛
✈❡♥t❛♥❛✳

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✼✳✽✿ ■❝♦♥♦ ❝❛❥❛ ❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛❧

■♥❞✐❝❛ ❞♦s ❝♦❧✉♠♥❛s ② ♣✉❧s❛ ❆❝❡♣t❛r✳ ▲❛ t❡r❝❡r❛ ✜❧❛ s❡ ❞✐✈✐❞❡ ❛❤♦r❛ ❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡♥ ❞♦s
s❡❝❝✐♦♥❡s ✐❣✉❛❧❡s✳
◗✉✐③á s❡❛ ✉♥ ❜✉❡♥ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ s❛❧✈❛r ❡❧ ♣r♦②❡❝t♦✳ P♦r ❞❡❢❡❝t♦✱ ●❧❛❞❡ ❧♦ s❛❧✈❛ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♥ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦
✳❣❧❛❞❡ ❡♥ t✉ ❞✐r❡❝t♦r✐♦ r❛í③✳ ◆♦♠❜r❛ ❡❧ ♣r♦②❡❝t♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❤♦❧❛❣t❦✷❤s✳
❱❛♠♦s ❛ ❤❛❝❡r ❧♦s ❜♦t♦♥❡s✳ ❈❛❞❛ ✉♥❛ ❞❡ ❧❛s s❡❝❝✐♦♥❡s q✉❡ ❝r❡❛♠♦s ❡♥ ❧❛ t❡r❝❡r❛ ✜❧❛ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❝❛❥❛
✈❡rt✐❝❛❧ ❛❧♦❥❛rá ✉♥ ❜♦tó♥✱ ❛sí q✉❡ ❛ñ❛❞❛♠♦s ✉♥ ✇✐❞❣❡t ❞❡ ❜♦tó♥ ♣✉❧s❛♥❞♦ ❡❧ ✐❝♦♥♦ ❜♦tó♥ ❡♥
❧❛ ♣❛❧❡t❛ ② ❞❡s♣✉és ♣✉❧s❛♥❞♦ ❡♥ ❧❛ ♣r✐♠❡r❛ ✭✐③q✉✐❡r❞❛✮ s❡❝❝✐ó♥✳ ❍❛③ ❧♦ ♠✐s♠♦ ♣❛r❛ ❧❛ s❡❣✉♥❞❛
s❡❝❝✐ó♥✳

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✼✳✾✿ ■❝♦♥♦ ❞❡ ❜♦tó♥

P❡r❢❡❝t♦✱ ❛sí q✉❡ ♥✉❡str♦s ❜♦t♦♥❡s ❡stá♥ ❡♥ s✉ ❧✉❣❛r✿

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✼✳✶✵✿ ❇♦t♦♥❡s ❡♥ s✉ ❧✉❣❛r

❆❤♦r❛ ✈❛♠♦s ❛ ❝❛♠❜✐❛r ❛❧❣✉♥❛s ♣r♦♣✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❡♠♣❛q✉❡t❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♠❡❥♦r❛r ❡❧ ❛s♣❡❝t♦ ② ♣❛r❛
❞❛r❧❡ ✐❞❡♥t✐❞❛❞ ❛ ♥✉❡str♦s ❜♦t♦♥❡s ✭r❡❝✉❡r❞❛ q✉❡ ♣✉❡❞❡s s❡❧❡❝❝✐♦♥❛r ❢❛❝✐❧♠❡♥t❡ ❧♦s ✇✐❞❣❡ts ❞❡s❞❡
❡❧ ♣❛♥❡❧ ■♥s♣❡❝t♦r✮ ▲♦ s❡❧❡❝❝✐♦♥❛s ❡♥ ❡❧ ár❜♦❧ ② ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛s ❧❛s ♣r♦♣✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❝♦♥ ❡❧ ✐♥s♣❡❝t♦r✳

✸✹✷
 ❈❛♠❜✐❛ ❧❛ ♣r♦♣✐❡❞❛❞ ❍♦♠♦❣❡♥❡♦ ❡♥ ❧❛ ♣❡st❛ñ❛ ●❡♥❡r❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❤❜♦①✶ ❛ ❙✐
❈❛♠❜✐❛ ❧❛ ♣r♦♣✐❡❞❛❞ ❊s♣❛❝✐❛❞♦ ❡♥ ❧❛ ♣❡st❛ñ❛ ●❡♥❡r❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❤❜♦①✶ ② ✈❜♦①✶ ❛ ✹
❈❛♠❜✐❛ ❧❛ ♣r♦♣✐❡❞❛❞ ❆♥❝❤✉r❛ ❞❡❧ ❜♦r❞❡ ❡♥ ❧❛ ♣❡st❛ñ❛ ❈♦♠ú♥ ♣❛r❛ ❤❜♦①✶ ❛♥❞ ✈❜♦①✶ ❛ ✹
❈❛♠❜✐❛ ❧❛ ♣r♦♣✐❡❞❛❞ ❊❞✐t❛ t✐♣♦ ❡♥ ❧❛ ♣❡st❛ñ❛ ●❡♥❡r❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❜✉tt♦♥✶ ❛ ❙t♦❝❦✱ ❞❡s♣✉és ❝❛♠❜✐❛
❧❛ ♣r♦♣✐❡❞❛❞ ❙t♦❝❦ ❇✉tt♦♥ ❛ ❆♣❧✐❝❛r
❈❛♠❜✐❛ ❧❛ ♣r♦♣✐❡❞❛❞ ❊❞✐t❛ ❚✐♣♦ ❡♥ ❧❛ ♣❡st❛ñ❛ ●❡♥❡r❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❜✉tt♦♥✷ ❛ ❙t♦❝❦✱ ❞❡s♣✉és
❝❛♠❜✐❛ ❧❛ ♣r♦♣✐❡❞❛❞ ❙t♦❝❦ ❇✉tt♦♥ ❛ ❈❡rr❛r
▲♦ ♠❡❥♦r ❞❡ ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧❛r ❝♦♥ ●❧❛❞❡ ❡s q✉❡ ✈❡s ✐♥♠❡❞✐❛t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡❧ ❛s♣❡❝t♦ q✉❡ t❡♥❞rá t✉ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❝✐ó♥✱
❛sí q✉❡ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛ ❧❛s ♣r♦♣✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❤❛st❛ q✉❡ ❝♦♥s✐❣❛s ❡❧ ❛s♣❡❝t♦ q✉❡ q✉✐❡r❡s✳
▲❛ ú❧t✐♠❛ ♣r♦♣✐❡❞❛❞ q✉❡ ✈❛♠♦s ❛ ❝❛♠❜✐❛r ❛♥t❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♠❡♥③❛r ❝♦♥ ❡❧ ❝ó❞✐❣♦✳ ❈❛♠❜✐❛ ❧❛ ♣r♦♣✐❡❞❛❞
❊t✐q✉❡t❛ ❡♥ ❧❛ ♣❡st❛ñ❛ ●❡♥❡r❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❧❛❜❡❧✶ ❛ ❉✐♠❡ t✉ ♥♦♠❜r❡✿ ② s❛❧✈❛ ❡❧ ♣r♦②❡❝t♦✳
❙✐ ♠✐r❛s ❛❤♦r❛ ❡♥ t✉ ❞✐r❡❝t♦r✐♦ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ✭♦ ❡❧ ❞✐r❡❝t♦r✐♦ q✉❡ ❤❛②❛s ❡❧❡❣✐❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❣✉❛r❞❛r ❡❧ ♣r♦②❡❝t♦✮
t♦❞♦ ❧♦ q✉❡ ♣♦❞rás ✈❡r ❡s ❡❧ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ❝♦♥ ❧❛ ❡①t❡♥s✐ó♥ ✳❣❧❛❞❡✳ ❊s ✉♥ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ❳▼▲ ② ♣✉❡❞❡s
✐♥s♣❡❝❝✐♦♥❛r❧♦ ❝♦♥ ✉♥ ❡❞✐t♦r ♦ ✉♥ ♥❛✈❡❣❛❞♦r✳ ❙✐ ❧♦ ❤❛❝❡s✱ ✈❡rás ❝❛❞❛ ✇✐❞❣❡t q✉❡ ❤❛s ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛❞♦
❝♦♠♦ ✉♥ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❳▼▲✱ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♥♦ ❝♦♥ ✉♥ ❛tr✐❜✉t♦ ✐❞✳ ❊st❡ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ú♥✐❝♦✱ ❡♥ ♥✉❡str♦ ❝❛s♦ ❛s✐❣♥❛❞♦
♣♦r ❞❡❢❡❝t♦ ♣♦r ●❧❛❞❡ ❡s ❡❧ q✉❡ ✉s❛rá ●t❦✷❍s ♣❛r❛ ❛❝❝❡❞❡r ❛ ❧♦s ✇✐❞❣❡ts ✭❝♦♠♦ ♣✉❡❞❡s ✈❡r ❡♥
✴✴▲✐st❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❆✴✴ ♠ás ❛❜❛❥♦✮✳
◆♦t❛✿ ❆♥t❡s✱ ❡r❛ ✉♥❛ ♣rá❝t✐❝❛ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❧♦s ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡ ❈✱ ❣❡♥❡r❛r
❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❈ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ s✉s ❞✐s❡ñ♦s ❞❡ ✐♥t❛r❢❛③ ❞❡ ●❧❛❞❡✳ ●❧❛❞❡ ✈❡rs✐ó♥ ✷ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛
❡st❡ s❡r✈✐❝✐♦ ♠❡❞✐❛♥t❡ ❡❧ ❜♦t♦♥ ❈♦♥str✉✐r ❡♥ ❧❛ ❜❛rr❛ ❞❡ ❤❡rr❛♠✐❡♥t❛s✳ ❙✐♥ ❡♠❜❛r❣♦
❞❡❜❡rí❛s ✐❣♥♦r❛r ❡st❛ ♦♣❝✐ó♥ ②❛ q✉❡ só❧♦ s❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛ ❛❧ ❧❡♥❣✉❛❥❡ ❈✳ ❉❡ ❤❡❝❤♦ ❧❛ r❡❝♦♠❡♥✲
❞❛❝✐ó♥ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✲✐♥❝❧✉②❡♥❞♦ ❛ ❧♦s ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡ ❈✲ ❡s ❝❛r❣❛r ❡❧ ✐♥t❡r❢❛③ ❣rá✜❝♦ ❡♥
t✐❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❡❥❡❝✉❝✐ó♥✱ ❧♦ q✉❡ r❡s✉❧t❛ ♠✉❝❤♦ ♠ás ♠❛♥t❡♥✐❜❧❡ ② ✢❡①✐❜❧❡✳
❙✐♥ ❡s❝r✐❜✐r ✉♥❛ s♦❧❛ ❧í♥❡❛ ❞❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❤❡♠♦s ❝r❡❛❞♦ ✉♥❛ ❡str✉❝t✉r❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❛ ❞❡ ■♥t❡r❢❛③ ❝♦♥ ❡❧
✉s✉❛r✐♦✳ ❆❤♦r❛ ❤❛❝❡ ❢❛❧t❛ ✉♥ ♣♦❝♦ ❞❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ♥✉❡str❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❝✐ó♥ s❡ ❡❥❡❝✉t❡✳
❊♥ ♣r✐♠❡r ❧✉❣❛r✱ ❛❧❣♦ ❞❡ ❛❞♠✐♥✐str❛❝✐ó♥✳ ■♠♣♦rt❛r ❧♦s ♠ó❞✉❧♦s ●t❦✷❍s ♥❡❝❡s❛r✐♦s ❡♥ ❧❛s ❧í♥❡❛s
✸ ② ✹✱ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧✐③❛r ❧♦s ❣rá✜❝♦s ❡♥ ❧❛ ❧í♥❡❛ ✼✱ ♠♦str❛r ❧❛ ✈❡♥t❛♥❛ ❡♥ ❧❛ ❧í♥❡❛ ✶✶ ✉♥❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ s❡ ❤❛♥
❛ñ❛❞✐❞♦ t♦❞♦s ❧♦s ✇✐❞❣❡ts✱ ② ❧❧❛♠❛r ❛ ❧❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ❣rá✜❝❛ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❛❧ ✜♥❛❧✳ ❊st❛ ❡s ❧❛ ♣❧❛♥t✐❧❧❛
❜ás✐❝❛ ♣❛r❛ t♦❞♦s ❧♦s ♠ó❞✉❧♦s ❞❡ ✉s✉❛r✐♦ q✉❡ ✉s❡♥ ●t❦✷❍s P❛r❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r t✉s ❛r❝❤✐✈♦s ✳❣❧❛❞❡ ❞❡❜❡s
❛ñ❛❞✐r ❛❧❣♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❧♦ q✉❡ ❛♣❛r❡❝❡ ❡♥ ❧❛ ❧í♥❡❛ ✽✳ ❙✐ s❡ ❡♥❝✉❡♥tr❛ ❡❧ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛❞♦✱ t✐❡♥❡s ✉♥
♠♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❛❝❝❡❞❡r ❛ t♦❞♦s ❧♦s ✇✐❞❣❡ts ❞❡s❞❡ ❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛✳
✶ ♠♦❞✉❧❡ ▼❛✐♥ ✇❤❡r❡
✷
✸ ✐♠♣♦rt ●r❛♣❤✐❝s ✳ ❯■ ✳ ●t❦
✹ ✐♠♣♦rt ●r❛♣❤✐❝s ✳ ❯■ ✳ ●t❦ ✳ ●❧❛❞❡
✺
✻ ♠❛✐♥ ❂ ❞♦
✼ ✐♥✐t●❯■
✽ ❏✉st ①♠❧ ❁✲ ①♠❧◆❡✇ ✧ ❤❡❧❧♦❣t❦✷❤s ✳ ❣❧❛❞❡ ✧
✾ ✇✐♥❞♦✇ ❁✲ ①♠❧●❡t❲✐❞❣❡t ①♠❧ ❝❛st❚♦❲✐♥❞♦✇ ✧ ✇✐♥❞♦✇✶ ✧
✶✵ ♦♥❉❡str♦② ✇✐♥❞♦✇ ♠❛✐♥◗✉✐t

✸✹✸
✶✶ ✇✐❞❣❡t❙❤♦✇❆❧❧ ✇✐♥❞♦✇
✶✷ ♠❛✐♥●❯■
▲✐st❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❆✳
▲❛ ❧í♥❡❛ ✾ ♠✉❡str❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉✐r ❡❧ ❛❝❝❡s♦ ❛ ✉♥ ✇✐❞❣❡t ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❧❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧
①♠❧●❡t❲✐❞❣❡t✳ ❊❧ ♣r✐♠❡r ❛r❣✉♠❡♥t♦ ✜❥❛ ❛❧ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❢✉❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥✱ ❡❧ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ✐♥❞✐❝❛ ❡❧
t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ✇✐❞❣❡t ② ❡❧ t❡r❝❡r♦ ❡s ❡❧ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ❞❡❧ ✇✐❞❣❡t ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦ q✉❡ q✉❡r❡♠♦s ♠❛♥✐♣✉❧❛r ✭s✉ ❛tr✐❜✉t♦
✐❞✮ t❛❧ ② ❝♦♠♦ s❡ ❤❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛❞♦ ❡♥ ❡❧ ❳▼▲✳ ❯s❛r❡♠♦s ❡st❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ❋✐♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱
❧❛ ❧í♥❡❛ ✶✵ ❝♦♥t✐❡♥❡ ❧❛ ❛❝❝✐ó♥ q✉❡ ❞❡❜❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛rs❡ ❝✉❛♥❞♦ ❡❧ ✉s✉❛r✐♦ ❝✐❡rr❛ ❧❛ ✈❡♥t❛♥❛ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧✳
❙✐ t✐❡♥❡s ✐♥st❛❧❛❞♦ ❡❧ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦r ❞❡ ❍❛s❦❡❧❧ ❞❡ ●❧❛s❣♦✇ ✭❣❤❝✲●❧❛s❣♦✇ ❍❛s❦❡❧❧ ❈♦♠♣✐❧❡r✮ ♣✉❡❞❡s
✉s❛r s✉ ✈❡rs✐ó♥ ✐♥t❡r❛❝t✐✈❛✱ ❣❤❝✐ ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦❜❛r rá♣✐❞❛♠❡♥t❡ q✉é t❡♥❡♠♦s ❤❛st❛ ❡❧ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♥
♥✉❡str❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ♠❛✐♥✳ ✭❙✐ ♥♦ t❡ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛ ❡❧ ✐♥tér♣r❡t❡ ♣r✉❡❜❛ ❝♦♥ ❡❧ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦r ②❛ q✉❡ ❤❛②
❛❧❣✉♥❛ ✐♥❝♦♠♣❛t✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞ ❞❡ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❡s✮✳
❚♦❞♦ ❡st♦ ❡s ❞✐✈❡rt✐❞♦ ② ❜✉❡♥♦✱ ② ❜♦♥✐t♦✱ ♣❡r♦ ♥✉❡str❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❝✐ó♥ ❡s t♦❞❛✈í❛ ♣❛❧❛❜r❡rí❛ ②❛ q✉❡
t♦❞❛✈í❛ ♥♦ ❤❛❝❡ ♥❛❞❛✱ ❛sí q✉❡ ❡♠♣❡❝❡♠♦s ❛ ❝♦❞✐✜❝❛r✦✳
❨❛ q✉❡ ❡st♦ ♥♦ ❡s ♠ás q✉❡ ✉♥ t✉t♦r✐❛❧ ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝t♦r✐♦✱ ♥♦ ✈❛♠♦s ❛ ❤❛❝❡r ♥❛❞❛ ❞❡♠❛s✐❛❞♦ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✳
▲♦ q✉❡ q✉❡r❡♠♦s q✉❡ ♦❝✉rr❛ ❡s q✉❡ ❡❧ ✉s✉❛r✐♦ ❡s❝r✐❜❛ s✉ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ❡♥ ❧❛ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ❞❡ t❡①t♦ ② ❞❡s♣✉és
✲❝✉❛♥❞♦ ♣✉❧s❡ ❆♣❧✐❝❛r✲ ❝❛♠❜✐❛r ❡❧ t❡①t♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❡t✐q✉❡t❛ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ❧♦ s❛❧✉❞❡ ❝♦♥ ✉♥ ♠❡♥s❛❥❡ ❡♥ ❡❧
q✉❡ ❡s❝r✐❜❛✱ ❍♦❧❛ s❡❣✉✐❞♦ ♣♦r ❡❧ ♥♦♠❜r❡ q✉❡ ❤❛②❛ ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝✐❞♦✳ ❆❞❡♠ás ❡❧ ❜♦tó♥ ❈❡rr❛r✱ ❞❡❜❡
❝❡rr❛r ❧❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❝✐ó♥✳
▲❛ ✐❞❡❛ ❡s q✉❡ ❝✉❛♥❞♦ ❧❡ s✉❝❡❞❡ ❛ ✉♥ ✇✐❞❣❡t ❛❧❣♦ q✉❡ ♥♦s ✐♥t❡r❡s❡ ✭♣♦r ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦ q✉❡ s❡ ♣✉❧s❡ ✉♥
❜♦tó♥✮✱ s❡ ❡♠✐t❡ ✉♥❛ s❡ñ❛❧✱ ② ❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❞♦r ❝♦❞✐✜❝❛ ❧♦ q✉❡ s❡ ❞❡❜❡ ❡❥❡❝✉t❛r ❝♦♠♦ r❡s♣✉❡st❛ ❛
❡s❡ ❤❡❝❤♦✳ P♦r ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦✿
✶ ♦♥❈❧✐❝❦❡❞ ❜✉tt♦♥ ✩ ❞♦
✷ ✳✳✳
✭❘❡❝✉❡r❞❛ q✉❡ ✩ ❡s ❡❧ ♦♣❡r❛❞♦r ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❡s ❛s♦❝✐❛t✐✈❛s ♣♦r ❧❛ ❞❡r❡❝❤❛ ② só❧♦ s❡ ✉s❛
❛q✉í ♣❛r❛ ♥♦ t❡♥❡r q✉❡ ❝♦❧♦❝❛r t♦❞♦ ❡❧ ❜❧♦q✉❡ ❞♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♣❛ré♥t❡s✐s✳✮
❊♠♣❡❝❡♠♦s ❝r❡❛♥❞♦ ❞♦s ♠❛♥❡❥❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡ s❡ñ❛❧✱ ✉♥♦ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ❜♦tó♥✳ Pr✐♠❡r♦ ❡❧ ❜♦tó♥ ❈❧♦s❡
q✉❡ ❡s ❡❧ ♠ás s❡♥❝✐❧❧♦ ❞❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r✳ ❆ñ❛❞✐♠♦s ✉♥ ♣♦❝♦ ❞❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ tr✐✈✐❛❧✱ ú♥✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ✈❡r
♥✉❡str♦ ❡✈❡♥t♦ ❡♥ ❛❝❝✐ó♥✳ ▲❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ♣✉t❙tr▲♥ ❡s❝r✐❜❡ ❡♥ ❧❛ s❛❧✐❞❛ ❡stá♥❞❛r✱ ❛sí q✉❡ ✈❛♠♦s ❛
✉s❛r❧❛ ♣❛r❛ s❛❜❡r q✉❡ ❡❧ ❜♦tó♥ ❜✉tt♦♥✷ ❤❛ s✐❞♦ ♣✉❧s❛❞♦✳
❆♥t❡s ❞❡ ♠❛✐♥●❯■✱q✉❡ s✐❡♠♣r❡ ❞❡❜❡ s❡r ❧❛ ú❧t✐♠❛ ✐♥str✉❝❝✐ó♥✱ ② ✇✐❞❣❡t❙❤♦✇❆❧❧ ✇✐♥❞♦✇✱ ❛ñ❛❞❡
❧❛s ❞♦s ❧í♥❡❛s s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡s✿
✶ ❝❧♦s❡❇✉tt♦♥ ❁✲ ①♠❧●❡t❲✐❞❣❡t ①♠❧ ❝❛st❚♦❇✉tt♦♥ ✧ ❜✉tt♦♥✷ ✧
✷ ♦♥❈❧✐❝❦❡❞ ❝❧♦s❡❇✉tt♦♥ ✩ ❞♦ ♣✉t❙tr▲♥ ✧ ❈❧♦s❡ ❇✉tt♦♥ ❈❧✐❝❦❡❞ ✧
❈♦♠♦ ♣✉❡❞❡s ✈❡r✱ ❡stás ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❧❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ①♠❧●❡t❲✐❞❣❡t ❞❡ ♥✉❡✈♦✱ ♣❡r♦ ❝♦♥ ✉♥ t✐♣♦ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡
❞❡ ✇✐❞❣❡t ❛❤♦r❛✳ P❛r❛ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉✐r q✉❡ ❡❧ ❜♦tó♥ ❈❡rr❛r ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❡ ❝♦♠♦ s✉ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ✐♥❞✐❝❛ ❞❡❜❡rí❛s
✉s❛r ❧❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ♠❛✐♥◗✉✐t ❡♥ ✈❡③ ❞❡ ♣✉t❙tr▲♥✳ ❙✐ ❤❛❝❡s ❡st♦ ❡♥ ❣❤❝✐ ✈❡rás q✉❡ ♣✉❧s❛♥❞♦ ❡❧ ❜♦tó♥
✈♦❧✈❡rá ❛ ❣❤❝✐✱ ♣❡r♦ ❞❡❥❛rá ❧❛ ✈❡♥t❛♥❛ ② s✉s ❞❡s❝❡♥❞✐❡♥t❡s ❡♥ ❧❛ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛✳ ❈✉❛♥❞♦ ✐♥t❡♥t❡s ❝❡rr❛r
❧❛ ✈❡♥t❛♥❛✱ ♣r♦❜❛❜❧❡♠❡♥t❡ r❡❝✐❜✐rás ✉♥ ♠❡♥s❛❥❡ ❞❡❧ s✐st❡♠❛ ♦♣❡r❛t✐✈♦ ✐♥❞✐❝❛♥❞♦ q✉❡ ❧❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❝✐ó♥
♥♦ r❡s♣♦♥❞❡ ♦ ❛❧❣♦ s✐♠✐❧❛r✳ ❆sí q✉❡ ❧♦ q✉❡ ♥❡❝❡s✐t❛s ❡s✿
✶ ♦♥❈❧✐❝❦❡❞ ❝❧♦s❡❇✉tt♦♥ ✩ ❞♦ ✇✐❞❣❡t❉❡str♦② ✇✐♥❞♦✇
❊st♦ ②❛ s✐ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛✱ ② ❣r❛❝✐❛s ❛ ❧❛ ❧í♥❡❛ ✶✵ ❡♥ ❡❧ ▲✐st❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❈ó❞✐❣♦ ❆ ❞❡ ❛rr✐❜❛✱ ❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛
s❛❧❞rá ❧✐♠♣✐❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ❨ t❡♥❞rás ✉♥ ❜♦tó♥ ❈❡rr❛r ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❧✦✳

✸✹✹
❘❡❝❛♣✐t✉❧❡♠♦s ② r❡❝♦r❞❡♠♦s ❧♦ q✉❡ q✉❡r❡♠♦s q✉❡ ❤❛❣❛ ❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❝✉❛♥❞♦ ♣✉❧s❡♠♦s ❡❧ ❜♦tó♥
❆♣❧✐❝❛r✳ ❉❡s♣✉és ❞❡ q✉❡ ❡❧ ✉s✉❛r✐♦ ❡s❝r✐❜❛ s✉ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ❡♥ ❡❧ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❞❡ t❡①t♦✱ q✉❡r❡♠♦s q✉❡ ❡♥ ❧❛
❡t✐q✉❡t❛ ❞❡ ❛rr✐❜❛ ❝❛♠❜✐❡ ❡❧ ♠❡♥s❛❥❡ ② ❛❤♦r❛ ♣♦♥❣❛ ✧❍♦❧❛ ✉s✉❛r✐♦✧✱ ❞♦♥❞❡ ✉s✉❛r✐♦ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❡❧
t❡①t♦ q✉❡ ❡❧ ✉s✉❛r✐♦ ✐♥tr♦❞✉❥♦✳ ❆sí ❡st❡ ♣r♦❝❡s♦ ♣r❡❝✐s❛ ❞❡ ❞♦s ❛❝❝✐♦♥❡s✿ r❡❝✉♣❡r❛r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡
✉♥ ✇✐❞❣❡t ② ❡st❛❜❧❡❝❡r ✉♥❛ ♣r♦♣✐❡❞❛❞ ❞❡ ✉♥ ✇✐❞❣❡t✳
▲❛s ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❡s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛s ❞❡ ❧♦s ✇✐❞❣❡ts ❡stá♥ ❜✐❡♥ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t❛❞❛s✳ ■♥❝❧✉s♦ ❤❛② ✉♥ ❜✉s❝❛❞♦r ❞❡
❧❛ ❆P■✳ ❊♥tr❡ ♦tr❛s ❝♦s❛s✱ ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r ❧❛s ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❡s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛s ♣❛r❛ ♥✉❡str❛s ♥❡❝❡s✐❞❛❞❡s
✐♥♠❡❞✐❛t❛s✿ ❡t✐q✉❡t❛s ✭❧❛❜❡❧s✮ ② ❝❛♠♣♦s ❞❡ t❡①t♦ ✭t❡①t ❡♥tr② ✜❡❧❞s✮✳
▲♦ ♣r✐♠❡r♦ q✉❡ ♥❡❝❡s✐t❛♠♦s ❡s ✉♥ ♠♦❞♦ ❞❡ ♦❜t❡♥❡r ❡❧ t❡①t♦ ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝✐❞♦ ♣♦r ❡❧ ✉s✉❛r✐♦✳ ❊st♦ ❧♦
♣♦❞❡♠♦s ❤❛❝❡r ❝♦♥ ❧❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ❣❡t ② ❡❧ ❛tr✐❜✉t♦ ❡♥tr②❚❡①t✳ ❉❡s♣✉és ♥❡❝❡s✐t❛♠♦s ✉♥❛ ♠❛♥❡r❛ ❞❡
❡st❛❜❧❡❝❡r ❡❧ t❡①t♦ ❡♥ ♥✉❡str❛ ❡t✐q✉❡t❛✳ ❊st♦ s❡ ❤❛❝❡ ❝♦♥ ❧❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ s❡t ② ❡❧ ❛tr✐❜✉t♦ ❧❛❜❡❧❚❡①t✳
❨✱ ♣♦r s✉♣✉❡st♦ ♥❡❝❡s✐t❛♠♦s ❛❝❝❡❞❡r ❛ ❧♦s ♥✉❡✈♦s ✇✐❞❣❡ts q✉❡ q✉❡r❡♠♦s ✉s❛r✳▲❛s ❧í♥❡❛s ✶✹✲✶✻
❡♥ ▲✐st❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❇ ♥♦ t❡ s♦r♣r❡♥❞❡rá♥✱ ② ❧❛ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞ ❞❡ ❧❛s ❧í♥❡❛s ✶✼✲✶✾ t❛♠♣♦❝♦ ❡s
✐♥❣❡♥✐❡rí❛ ❛❡r♦❡s♣❛❝✐❛❧✦

✶ ♠♦❞✉❧❡ ▼❛✐♥ ✇❤❡r❡

✷
✸ ✐♠♣♦rt ●r❛♣❤✐❝s ✳ ❯■ ✳ ●t❦
✹ ✐♠♣♦rt ●r❛♣❤✐❝s ✳ ❯■ ✳ ●t❦ ✳ ●❧❛❞❡
✺
✻ ♠❛✐♥ ❂ ❞♦
✼ ✐♥✐t●❯■
✽ ❏✉st ①♠❧ ❁✲ ①♠❧◆❡✇ ✧ ❤❡❧❧♦❣t❦✷❤s ✳ ❣❧❛❞❡ ✧
✾ ✇✐♥❞♦✇ ❁✲ ①♠❧●❡t❲✐❞❣❡t ①♠❧ ❝❛st❚♦❲✐♥❞♦✇ ✧ ✇✐♥❞♦✇✶ ✧
✶✵ ♦♥❉❡str♦② ✇✐♥❞♦✇ ♠❛✐♥◗✉✐t
✶✶ ❝❧♦s❡❇✉tt♦♥ ❁✲ ①♠❧●❡t❲✐❞❣❡t ①♠❧ ❝❛st❚♦❇✉tt♦♥ ✧ ❜✉tt♦♥✷ ✧
✶✷ ♦♥❈❧✐❝❦❡❞ ❝❧♦s❡❇✉tt♦♥ ✩ ❞♦
✶✸ ✇✐❞❣❡t❉❡str♦② ✇✐♥❞♦✇
✶✹ ❧❛❜❡❧ ❁✲ ①♠❧●❡t❲✐❞❣❡t ①♠❧ ❝❛st❚♦▲❛❜❡❧ ✧ ❧❛❜❡❧✶ ✧
✶✺ ❡♥tr② ❁✲ ①♠❧●❡t❲✐❞❣❡t ①♠❧ ❝❛st❚♦❊♥tr② ✧ ❡♥tr②✶ ✧
✶✻ ❛♣♣❧②❇✉tt♦♥ ❁✲ ①♠❧●❡t❲✐❞❣❡t ①♠❧ ❝❛st❚♦❇✉tt♦♥ ✧ ❜✉tt♦♥✶ ✧
✶✼ ♦♥❈❧✐❝❦❡❞ ❛♣♣❧②❇✉tt♦♥ ✩ ❞♦
✶✽ ♥❛♠❡ ❁✲ ❣❡t ❡♥tr② ❡♥tr②❚❡①t
✶✾ s❡t ❧❛❜❡❧ ❬ ❧❛❜❡❧❚❡①t ✿❂ ✧ ❍❡❧❧♦ ✧ ✰✰ ♥❛♠❡ ❪
✷✵ ✇✐❞❣❡t❙❤♦✇❆❧❧ ✇✐♥❞♦✇
✷✶ ♠❛✐♥●❯■

▲✐st❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❇✳
❍❡❝❤♦✦ ●✉❛r❞❛ ❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❤♦❧❛❣t❦✷❤s✳❤s ❡♥ ❡❧ ♠✐s♠♦ ❞✐r❡❝t♦r✐♦ q✉❡ ♥✉❡str♦ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ●❧❛❞❡
❳▼▲✱ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❧♦ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❣❤❝✱ ② ❡❥❡❝✉t❛ ❡❧ ♥✉❡✈♦ ❜✐♥❛r✐♦✿

✶ ✩ ❣❤❝ ✲✲ ♠❛❦❡ ❍❡❧❧♦●t❦✷❍s ✳ ❤s ✲♦ ❤❡❧❧♦❣t❦✷❤s

✷ ✩ ✳✴ ❤❡❧❧♦❣t❦✷❤s

❊s❝r✐❜❡ t✉ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ❡♥ ❡❧ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ❞❡ t❡①t♦ ② ♣✉❧s❛ ❆♣❧✐❝❛r✳ ❍♦❧❛ ❯s✉❛r✐♦✦ ♥♦ ♠✉②
❡s♣❡❝t❛❝✉❧❛r ♣❡r♦ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❧✳

✸✹✺
✶✼✳✷✳✹✳ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦s ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦s

✶✳ ❇✉s❝❛ ❡♥ ❧❛ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❆P■ ❞❡ ●t❦✷❍s ② ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛ ❧❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ❞❡❧ ❡✈❡♥t♦ q✉❡ s❡ ❣❡♥❡✲
r❛ ❝✉❛♥❞♦ ❡❧ ✉s✉❛r✐♦ ♣✉❧s❛ ❧❛ t❡❝❧❛ ❊♥t❡r ② ús❛❧♦ ♣❛r❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r ❛❧ ♠✐s♠❛ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞
q✉❡ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛ ❡❧ ❜♦tó♥ ❛♣❧✐❝❛r
✷✳ ❊❥❡❝✉t❛ ✉♥♦ ❞❡ ❧♦s ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s ❝♦♥ ❣❤❝✐✱ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❡❧ ❝♦♠❛♥❞♦ ♠❛✐♥✱ ② ❝✐❡rr❛ ❧❛ ✈❡♥t❛♥❛✱ ♣❡r♦
s✐♥ s❛❧✐r ❞❡❧ ♠ó❞✉❧♦✳ ❆❤♦r❛ ❛❜r❡ ❡❧ ♣r♦②❡❝t♦ ❡♥ ●❧❛❞❡✳ ❈❛♠❜✐❛ ❡❧ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ❞❡ ❧❛ ✈❡♥t❛♥❛ ②
♣✉❧s❛ ●✉❛r❞❛r ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ s❡ ❛❝t✉❛❧✐❝❡ ❡❧ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ✳❣❧❛❞❡✳ ❆❤♦r❛ ❡❥❡❝✉t❛ ✳✴❤♦❧❛❣t❦✷❤s ❞❡ ♥✉❡✈♦
✭♦ ♠❛✐♥ ❡♥ ❣❤❝✐✮ ② ❝♦♠♣r✉❡❜❛ q✉❡ ❡❧ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ❤❛ ❝❛♠❜✐❛❞♦ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛ ♣❛r❛ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r
♦tr♦s ❝❛♠❜✐♦s q✉❡ ♣✉❡❞❛s ❤❛❝❡r ❡♥ ❡❧ ●❯■ ♠❛♥t❡♥✐❡♥❞♦ ❡❧ ♠✐s♠♦ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❍❛s❦❡❧❧✳
✸✳ ❈♦rr✐❣❡ ❡❧ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❡♥ ❝ ② ❣t❦✰✭●▲❆❉❊✮ ② ❡♥ ✉♥❛ ♣❛rt❡ t❡♥❣♦ ✉♥ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❞❡ t❡①t♦
❞♦♥❞❡ ✐♥❣r❡s♦ ❡❧ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ❞❡❧ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ❛♣r❡t♦ ✉♥ ❜♦t♦♥ ② ❛♣❛r❡❝❡ ❡❧ ❝♦♥t❡♥✐❞♦✱ ❡❧ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛
❡s q✉❡ só❧♦ ♠❡ ❧❡❡ ❧❛ ✉❧t✐♠❛ ❧✐♥❡❛ ❞❡❧ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦✳
✶ ✈♦✐❞ ♦♥❴❆❜r✐r❴❜♦t♦♥❴❛❜r✐r❴❝❧✐❝❦❡❞ ✭ ●t❦❇✉tt♦♥ ✯ ❜✉tt♦♥ ✱
❣♣♦✐♥t❡r ✉s❡r❴❞❛t❛ ✮ ④
✷ ●t❦❲✐❞❣❡t ✯ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ❂ ❧♦♦❦✉♣❴✇✐❞❣❡t ✭ ●❚❑❴❲■❉●❊❚ ✭ ❜✉tt♦♥ ✮ ✱ ✧
❆❜r✐r❴♥♦♠❜r❡ ✧✮ ❀
✸ ●t❦❲✐❞❣❡t ✯ ❝♦♥t❡♥✐❞♦ ❂ ❧♦♦❦✉♣❴✇✐❞❣❡t ✭ ●❚❑❴❲■❉●❊❚ ✭ ❜✉tt♦♥ ✮ ✱
✧ ❆❜r✐r❴❝♦♥t❡♥❡❞♦r ✧✮❀
✹ ●t❦❚❡①t❇✉❢❢❡r ✯ ❜✉❢❢❡r ❀
✺ ❜✉❢❢❡r ❂ ❣t❦❴t❡①t❴✈✐❡✇❴❣❡t❴❜✉❢❢❡r ✭ ●❚❑❴❚❊❳❚❴❱■❊❲ ✭
❝♦♥t❡♥✐❞♦ ✮✮❀
✻ ❝♦♥st ❣❝❤❛r ✯ ❛❴♥♦♠❜r❡ ❂ ❣t❦❴❡♥tr②❴❣❡t❴t❡①t ✭ ●❚❑❴❊◆❚❘❨ ✭ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ✮
✮❀
✼
✽ ❋■▲❊ ✯ ❛❜r✐r ❀
✾ ❝❤❛r ✯ ❝❛r♣❡t❛ ❂✧ ❈ ✿✴ ❜❧❛ ✴ ❜❧❛ ✴ ❜❧❛ ✴✧❀
✶✵ ❝❤❛r ❉■❘ ❬✺✵❪❀
✶✶ s♣r✐♥t❢ ✭ ❉■❘ ✱✧ ✪s ✪s ✧ ✱ ❝❛r♣❡t❛ ✱ ❛❴♥♦♠❜r❡ ✮ ❀
✶✷ ❝❤❛r t❡①t♦ ❬✶✵✵❪❀
✶✸ ❛❜r✐r ❂ ❢♦♣❡♥ ✭ ❉■❘ ✱✧r✧✮❀
✶✹ ✇❤✐❧❡ ✭ ❢❡♦❢ ✭ ❛❜r✐r ✮ ❂❂✵✮ ④
✶✺ ❢❣❡ts ✭ t❡①t♦ ✱✶✵✵ ✱ ❛❜r✐r ✮ ❀
✶✻ ❣t❦❴t❡①t❴❜✉❢❢❡r❴s❡t❴t❡①t ✭ ❜✉❢❢❡r ✱ t❡①t♦ ✱ ✲✶✮ ❀
✶✼ ⑥
✶✽ ❢❝❧♦s❡ ✭ ❛❜r✐r ✮❀
✶✾ ⑥

✶✼✳✸✳ ◗❚

◗t ❡s ✉♥❛ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣í❛ ❡♥ ❛✉❣❡ q✉❡ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛ ❤❡rr❛♠✐❡♥t❛s ② ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❣rá✜❝♦s ♣❛r❛ ❧❛

❝r❡❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡s ② ❛♣❧✐❝❛❝✐♦♥❡s ♠✉❧t✐♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛✳
❆❝t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❝✉❡♥t❛ ❝♦♥ ✉♥ ❣r❛♥ é①✐t♦ ② ✉♥❛ ❣r❛♥ ✐♠♣❧❛♥t❛❝✐ó♥ ❡♥ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s á♠❜✐t♦s✱ q✉❡ ✈❛♥
❞❡s❞❡ ❧❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛❝✐♦♥❡s ❞❡ ❡s❝r✐t♦r✐♦ ❤❛st❛ ❧♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❡❧❡❝tró♥✐❝♦s ✐♥❞✉str✐❛❧❡s ② ❡♠♣♦tr❛❞♦s✳
◗t ❡s ✉♥ ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❈ ② ❈✰✰ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧❛r ❛♣❧✐❝❛❝✐♦♥❡s ●❯■ ♠✉❧t✐♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛

✸✹✻
✉s❛♥❞♦ ✉♥ ❡♥❢♦q✉❡ ✑❡s❝r✐❜❡ ✉♥❛ ✈❡③✱ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛ ❝✉❛♥❞♦ q✉✐❡r❛s✑✳ ❈♦♥ ◗t✱ ❧♦s ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧❛❞♦r❡s ✉s❛♥
✉♥ ár❜♦❧ ❞❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❢✉❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❝✐♦♥❡s q✉❡ s❡ ❡❥❡❝✉t❛♥ ❞❡s❞❡ ❲✐♥❞♦✇s ❳P ❤❛st❛ ❧❛ ✈❡rs✐ó♥
✶✵✱ ▼❛❝ ❖❙ ❳✱ ▲✐♥✉①✱ ❙♦❧❛r✐s✱ ❍P✲❯❳✱ ② ♦tr❛s ✈❡rs✐♦♥❡s ❞❡ ❯♥✐① ❝♦♥ ❳✶✶✳

❊❧ ♣❛q✉❡t❡ ◗t ✐♥t❡❣r❛ ❤❡rr❛♠✐❡♥t❛s ❞❡ ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧♦ ② s♦♣♦rt❡ t❛❧❡s ❝♦♠♦ ◗t❉❡s✐❣♥❡r ② ◗t❆ss✐st❛♥t✱

❛sí ❝♦♠♦ ❧✐❜r❡rí❛s ❞❡ ❝❧❛s❡s ❛✉①✐❧✐❛r❡s ❛ ◗t✳ ❚❛♠❜✐é♥ ✐♥❝❧✉②❡ ❡❧ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦r ●❝❝ ▼✐♥●❲✳

▲❛s ❧✐❜r❡rí❛s ◗t ② s✉s ❤❡rr❛♠✐❡♥t❛s s♦♥ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❡❧ ♥ú❝❧❡♦ ❞❡ ◗t♦♣✐❛✱ ✉♥ ♣r♦❞✉❝t♦ q✉❡ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛
s✉ ♣r♦♣✐♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ✈❡♥t❛♥❛s ❡♠♣♦tr❛❞❛s ❡♥ ▲✐♥✉①✳

✶✼✳✸✳✶✳ ◗t❉❡s✐❣♥❡r

◗t❉❡s✐❣♥❡r ❡s ✉♥❛ ❤❡rr❛♠✐❡♥t❛ ❞❡ ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧♦ ♣❛r❛ ❝r❡❛r ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡s ❣r❛✜❝❛s ❞❡ ✉s✉❛r✐♦✳ Pr♦✲
♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛ ✉♥ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❡stá♥❞❛r ② ✉♥ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❡①✐ó♥ ❧❧❛♠❛❞♦ s✐❣♥❛❧✲s❧♦t✱
❡①♣❧✐❝❛❞♦ ❡♥ ❡❧ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✸ ❞❡❧ t✉t♦r✐❛❧✱ ❝♦♥ ❡❧ q✉❡ ❝♦♥❡❝t❛r❡♠♦s ❡✈❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❧❛ ✐♥t❡r❢❛③ ❝♦♥ ❧❛ ❧ó❣✐❝❛
❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ q✉❡ ❤❛♥ ❞❡ s♦♣♦rt❛r✳

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✼✳✶✶✿ P❛♥t❛❧❧❛ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❞❡ ◗t❉❡s✐❣♥❡r ♣❛r❛ ❡❧ ❞✐s❡ñ♦ ❞❡ ●❯■

✶✼✳✸✳✷✳ ◗t❆ss✐st❛♥t

◗t❆ss✐st❛♥t ❡s ✉♥ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ◗t ♣❛r❛ ♥❛✈❡❣❛r ♣♦r ❧❛ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t❛❝✐ó♥✱ ❡♥ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ♣á❣✐♥❛s

❍❚▼▲✱ ❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛ ♦♣❝✐♦♥❡s ❞❡ ❜úsq✉❡❞❛ ② ❞❡ ❡①t❡♥s✐ó♥✳

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✼✳✶✷✿ P❛♥t❛❧❧❛ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❞❡ ◗t❆ss✐st❛♥t

✶✼✳✸✳✸✳ ▼✐♥●❲

▼✐♥●❲ ❡s ✉♥❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡❧ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦r ●❝❝ ♣❛r❛ ❧❛ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ ❲✐♥❞♦✇s✱ q✉❡ ✐♥❝❧✉②❡
✉♥ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❆P■ ❞❡ ❲✐♥✸✷✱ ♣❡r♠✐t✐❡♥❞♦ ✉♥ ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧♦ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❝✐♦♥❡s ♥❛t✐✈❛s ♣❛r❛ ❡s❛
♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ ② ♣✉❞✐❡♥❞♦ ❣❡♥❡r❛r t❛♥t♦ ❡❥❡❝✉t❛❜❧❡s ❝♦♠♦ ❧✐❜r❡rí❛s ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❧❛ ❆P■ ❞❡ ❲✐♥❞♦✇s✳

✸✹✼
✶✼✳✹✳ ■♥✐❝✐♦

❉❡♠♦str❛♠♦s ❝♦♠♦ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛r ❈✰✰ ❜ás✐❝♦ ❝♦♥ ❧❛ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛❞❛ ♣♦r ◗t ♣❛r❛
❝r❡❛r ❛♣❧✐❝❛❝✐♦♥❡s ❝♦♥ ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡s ❞❡ ✉s✉❛r✐♦ ❣rá✜❝❛s ♦ ●❯■✳ ■♥tr♦❞✉❝✐♠♦s ❧❛s ❞♦s ✐❞❡❛s ❝❧❛✈❡s ❞❡
◗t✿ ✑s❡ñ❛❧❡s ② s❧♦ts✑ ② ♣❧❛♥t✐❧❧❛s✳

❊♠♣❡❝❡♠♦s ❝♦♥ ✉♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ◗t ❜ás✐❝♦✳ ❉❡❧ ❝✉❛❧ ❡st✉❞✐❛♠♦s ❝❛❞❛ ❧✐♥❡❛✱ ❧✉❡❣♦ ❧♦ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛♠♦s ②
❡❥❡❝✉t❛♠♦s✳

✶ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ ◗❆♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ❃
✷ ★ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁ ◗▲❛❜❡❧ ❃
✸
✹ ✐♥t ♠❛✐♥ ✭ ✐♥t ❛r❣❝ ✱ ❝❤❛r ✯ ❛r❣✈ ❬❪✮ ④
✺ ◗❆♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ❛♣♣ ✭ ❛r❣❝ ✱ ❛r❣✈ ✮ ❀
✻ ◗▲❛❜❡❧ ✯ ❧❛❜❡❧ ❂ ♥❡✇ ◗▲❛❜❡❧ ✭✧ ❍♦❧❛ ◗t ✦✧✮❀
✼ ❧❛❜❡❧ ✲ ❃ s❤♦✇ ✭✮ ❀
✽ r❡t✉r♥ ❛♣♣ ✳ ❡①❡❝ ✭✮ ❀
✾ ⑥
▲❛s ❧✐♥❡❛s ✶ ② ✷ ✐♥❝❧✉②❡♥ ❧❛s ❝❧❛s❡s ◗❆♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ② ◗▲❛❜❡❧✳ P❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ❝❧❛s❡ ◗t✱ ❤❛② ✉♥ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦
❝❛❜❡❝❡r❛ ❝♦♥ ❡❧ ♠✐s♠♦ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ✭② ✉♥❛ ❧❡tr❛ ♠❛②ús❝✉❧❛✮ ❝♦♠♦ ❧❛ ❝❧❛s❡ q✉❡ ❝♦♥t✐❡♥❡♥ ❧❛ ❞❡✜♥✐❝✐ó♥✳

▲❛ ❧✐♥❡❛ ✺ ❝r❡❛ ✉♥ ♦❜❥❡t♦ ◗❆♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ♣❛r❛ ❣❡st✐♦♥❛r ❧♦s r❡❝✉rs♦s ❡♥ ❧❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❝✐ó♥✳

❊❧ ❝♦♥str✉❝t♦r ◗❆♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ r❡q✉✐❡r❡ ❧♦s ❛r❣✉♠❡♥t♦s ❛r❣❝ ② ❛r❣✈ ❞❡❜✐❞♦ ❛ q✉❡ ◗t s♦♣♦rt❛ ♣♦❝♦s
❛r❣✉♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡s❞❡ ❧✐♥❡❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♠❛♥❞♦s ♣r♦♣✐♦s✳

▲❛ ❧✐♥❡❛ ✻ ❝r❡❛ ✉♥ ✇✐❞❣❡t ◗▲❛❜❡❧ q✉❡ ♠✉❡str❛ ✑❍♦❧❛ ◗t✦✑✳ ❊♥ ❧❛ t❡r♠✐♥♦❧♦❣í❛ ❞❡ ◗t ② ❯♥✐①✱ ✉♥
✇✐❞❣❡t ❡s ✉♥ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✈✐s✉❛❧ ❡♥ ✉♥❛ ✐♥t❡r❢❛s❡ ❞❡ ✉s✉❛r✐♦✳ ❊❧ t❡r♠✐♥♦ st❡♠s ❞❡ ✑✇✐♥❞♦✇ ❣❛❞❣❡t✑
② s✉ ❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥t❡ t❛♥t♦ ❞❡ ✑❝♦♥tr♦❧✑ ② ✑❝♦♥t❛✐♥❡r✑ ❡♥ ❧❛ t❡r♠✐♥♦❧♦❣í❛ ❲✐♥❞♦✇s✳

❆sí q✉❡ ❇✉tt♦♥s✱ ♠❡♥✉s✱ s❝r♦❧❧ ❜❛rs✱ ② ❢r❛♠❡s s♦♥ ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦s ❞❡ ✇✐❞❣❡ts✳ ▲♦s ❲✐❞❣❡ts ♣✉❡❞❡♥
❝♦♥t❡♥❡r ♦tr♦s ✇✐❞❣❡ts❀ ❝♦♠♦✱ ✉♥❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❝✐ó♥ ✈❡♥t❛♥❛ ❡s ✉s✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ✉♥ ✇✐❞❣❡t q✉❡ ❝♦♥t✐❡♥❡ ✉♥
◗▼❡♥✉❇❛r ✱ ✉♥❛ ◗❚♦♦❧❇❛r✱ ✉♥❛ ◗❙t❛t✉s❇❛r✱ ② ♦tr♦s ✇✐❞❣❡ts✳ ▲❛ ♠❛②♦rí❛ ❞❡ ❧❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛❝✐♦♥❡s ✉s❛♥
◗▼❛✐♥❲✐♥❞♦✇ ♦ ◗❉✐❛❧♦❣ ❝♦♠♦ ✈❡♥t❛♥❛ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❝✐ó♥✱ ♣❡r♦ ◗t ❡s t❛♥ ✢❡①✐❜❧❡ q✉❡ ❝✉❛❧q✉✐❡r
✇✐❞❣❡t ♣✉❡❞❡ s❡r ✉♥❛ ✈❡♥t❛♥❛✳ ❊♥ ❡st❡ ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❡❧ ✇✐❞❣❡t ◗▲❛❜❡❧ ❡s ❧❛ ✈❡♥t❛♥❛ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❝✐ó♥✳

▲❛ ❧✐♥❡❛ ✼ ❤❛❝❡ ✈✐s✐❜❧❡ ❧❛ ❡t✐q✉❡t❛✳ ▲♦s ❲✐❞❣❡ts s✐❡♠♣r❡ ❡stá♥ ♦❝✉❧t♦s✱ ❛sí q✉❡ ❧♦s ♣❡rs♦♥❛❧✐③❛♠♦s
❛♥t❡s ❞❡ ♠♦str❛r❧♦s✱ ❝♦♥ ❧♦ ❝✉❛❧ ❡✈✐t❛♠♦s ❡❧ ♣❛r♣❛❞❡♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛✳

▲❛ ❧✐♥❡❛ ✽ ♣❛s❛ ❡❧ ❝♦♥tr♦❧ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❝✐ó♥ ❛ ◗t✳ ❊♥ ❡st❡ ♣✉♥t♦✱ ❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❡♥tr❛ ❡♥ ❝✐❝❧♦ ❞❡❧
❡✈❡♥t♦✳ ❊st❡ ❡s ❡❧ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ ❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ✑❡s♣❡r❛✑ ❧❛ ❛❝❝✐ó♥ ❞❡❧ ✉s✉❛r✐♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♥ ❝❧✐❝❦ ❞❡❧ r❛tó♥
♦ ♣r❡s✐♦♥❛r ❧❛ t❡❝❧❛ ❊♥t❡r✳ ▲❛s ❛❝❝✐♦♥❡s ❞❡ ❧♦s ✉s✉❛r✐♦s ❣❡♥❡r❛♥ ❡✈❡♥t♦s ✭❧❧❛♠❛❞♦s ✑♠❡♥s❛❥❡s✑✮
❛ ❧♦s q✉❡ ❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ r❡s♣♦♥❞❡✱ ❡❥❡❝✉t❛♥❞♦ ✉♥❛ ♦ ♠ás ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❡s✳ ❈✉❛♥❞♦ ❡❧ ✉s✉❛r✐♦ ❤❛❝❡ ❝❧✐❝❦
❡♥ ✉♥ ✇✐❞❣❡t✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣r❡s✐♦♥❛r ♦ ❧✐❜❡r❛r ❡❧ r❛tó♥✱ ❡♥t♦♥❝❡s s❡ ❣❡♥❡r❛ ✉♥ ❡✈❡♥t♦✳ ❊♥ ❡st❡ ❛s♣❡❝t♦✱
❧❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛❝✐♦♥❡s ●❯■ ❞✐✜❡r❡♥ ❞rást✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❧♦s ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s ❝♦♥✈❡♥❝✐♦♥❛❧❡s✱ ❧♦s ❝✉❛❧❡s ♣r♦❝❡s❛♥
❡♥tr❛❞❛s✱ ♣r♦❞✉❝❡♥ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ② t❡r♠✐♥❛♥ s✐♥ ✐♥t❡r✈❡♥❝✐ó♥ ❤✉♠❛♥❛✳

✶✼✳✹✳✶✳ ❈r♦♥♦♠❡tr♦ ❡♥ ◗❚ ❝♦♥ ❤✐❧♦s

❱❡❛♠♦s ❝ó♠♦ ❝r❡❛r ❤✐❧♦s ❡♥ ❈ ②✴♦ ❈✰✰ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ◗❚✱ ② ❝♦♠♦ ♣r❛❝t✐❝❛ ❤❛❝❡♠♦s ✉♥ ❝r♦♥♦♠❡tr♦✱
✈❡❛ ❡❧ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❢✉❡♥t❡✿

❉❡❜✐❛♥ ✾✳✾

✸✹✽
 ◗❉❡✈❡❧♦♣
◗❚❉❡s✐❣♥❡r ✹
▲♦ ♣r✐♠❡r♦ ❡s ❝r❡❛r ✉♥ ♥✉❡✈♦ ♣r♦②❡❝t♦ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ◗❉❡✈❡❧♦♣✱ ❡❧ ❝✉❛❧ ❧❧❛♠❛♠♦s ❤✐❧♦s◗❚✱ ❧✉❡❣♦ ✈❛♠♦s
❛ ❢✉❡♥t❡s ✲❃❝❧✐❝ ❞❡r❡❝❤♦ ✲❃❛❣r❡❣❛r✱ ② ❝r❡❛♠♦s ✉♥❛ ❝❧❛s❡ ♣❛r❛ ❡❧ ❤✐❧♦✱ ❤✐❧♦✳❝♣♣ ② ✈❡♠♦s q✉❡ t❛♠❜✐é♥
❝r❡❛ ❧❛ ❝❛❜❡❝❡r❛ ❤✐❧♦✳❤

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✼✳✶✸✿

P❛r❛ ❡❞✐t❛r ♥✉❡str❛ ✐♥t❡r❢❛③ ❣rá✜❝❛ ✉s❛♠♦s ◗❚❉❡s❣✐♥❡r✱ ❤❛❝❡♠♦s ❞♦❜❧❡ ❝❧✐❝ ❡♥ ❡❧ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦✿ ✉✐✴✲
♠❛✐♥✇✐♥❞♦✇✳✉✐ ② ❛❜r❡ ◗❚❉❡s✐❣♥❡r✱ ❛ñ❛❞✐♠♦s ✉♥ ❜♦tó♥ ❞❡ ✐♥✐❝✐♦✱ ② ✉♥ ✇✐❞❣❡t t✐♣♦ ✧❧❝❞ ❞✐s♣❧❛②✧✱
❛❧ ✜♥❛❧ q✉❡❞❛ ❛sí✿

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✼✳✶✹✿

❘❡❣r❡s❛♠♦s ❛ ◗❉❡✈❡❧♦♣ ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛r ❡❧ ❤✐❧♦ ② ❧♦s ❡✈❡♥t♦s✳ ❊❞✐t❛♠♦s ❡❧ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ❤✐❧♦✳❝♣♣ ❞❡
♠❛♥❡r❛ q✉❡ s❡ ♥♦s ❝r❡❡ ✉♥ ❝✐❝❧♦ ✐♥✜♥✐t♦ ❝♦♥ ✉♥❛ ♣❛✉s❛ ❞❡ ✶ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ♣❛r❛ s✐♠✉❧❛r ❡❧ r❡❧♦❥✱
✶ ✈♦✐❞ ❤✐❧♦ ✿✿ r✉♥ ✭✮ ④
✷
✸ ✇❤✐❧❡ ✭✶✮ ④
✹ ✐❢ ✭ s ❂❂✺✾✮ ④
✺ s ❂✵❀
✻ ♠ ✰✰❀
✼ ⑥
✽
✾ ✐❢ ✭ ♠ ❂❂✺✾✮ ④
✶✵ ♠ ❂✵❀
✶✶ ❤ ✰✰❀
✶✷ ⑥
✶✸

✸✹✾
✶✹ s ✰✰❀
✶✺ ✈❡♥t❛♥❛ ✲ ❃ ❧❝❞◆✉♠❜❡r ✲❃ s❡tPr♦♣❡rt② ✭✧ ✐♥t❱❛❧✉❡ ✧ ✱ s✮ ❀
✶✻
✶✼ ♠s❧❡❡♣ ✭✶✵✵✵✮ ❀
✶✽ ⑥
✶✾ ⑥
❊❞✐t❛♠♦s ❧❛ ❝❛❜❡❝❡r❛✱ ❝♦♠♦ ✈❡♠♦s ❡♥ ❡❧ ❝♦♥str✉❝t♦r ❧❡ ♣❛s❛♠♦s ♥✉❡str❛ ✧❣✉✐✧♣❛r❛ ❛❝t✉❛❧✐③❛r ❡❧
❞✐s♣❧❛②✳

✶ ❝❧❛ss ❤✐❧♦ ✿ ♣✉❜❧✐❝ ◗❚❤r❡❛❞ ④

✷ ♣✉❜❧✐❝ ✿
✸ ✈♦✐❞ r✉♥ ✭✮ ❀
✹ ❤✐❧♦ ✭ ▼❛✐♥❲✐♥❞♦✇■♠♣❧ ✯ ❣✉✐ ✮ ❀
✺ ▼❛✐♥❲✐♥❞♦✇■♠♣❧ ✯ ✈❡♥t❛♥❛ ❀
✻ ✐♥t ❤ ✱ ♠ ✱s❀
✼ ⑥❀
P❛r❛ ❛❣r❡❣❛r ❡❧ ❡✈❡♥t♦ ❞❡❧ ❜♦t♦♥✱ ✈❛♠♦s ❛ ❝r❡❛r ✉♥ ♠ét♦❞♦ q✉❡ s❡ ❧❧❛♠❡ ✑✐♥✐❝✐❛r❈r♦♥♦♠❡tr♦✭✮✑
② ❧♦ ❞❡✜♥✐♠♦s ❡♥ ❧❛ ❝❛❜❡❝❡r❛ ❞❡ ♥✉❡str❛ ✈❡♥t❛♥❛ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧✱ ❡♥ ❡❧ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ❢✉❡♥t❡ ❧❡ ♣♦♥❡♠♦s ❡❧
❡✈❡♥t♦ ❛❧ ❜♦t♦♥ ② ❞❡✜♥✐♠♦s ❧❛s ❛❝❝✐♦♥❡s ❞❡❧ ♠ét♦❞♦✿

✶ ❤✐❧♦ ✯ ❝r♦♥♦ ❀
✷
✸ ▼❛✐♥❲✐♥❞♦✇■♠♣❧ ✿✿ ▼❛✐♥❲✐♥❞♦✇■♠♣❧ ✭ ◗❲✐❞❣❡t ✯ ♣❛r❡♥t ✱ ◗t ✿✿ ❲❋❧❛❣s ❢✮
✹ ✿ ◗▼❛✐♥❲✐♥❞♦✇ ✭ ♣❛r❡♥t ✱ ❢✮ ④
✺ s❡t✉♣❯✐ ✭ t❤✐s ✮❀
✻ ❝♦♥♥❡❝t ✭ ♣✉s❤❇✉tt♦♥■♥✐❝✐❛r ✱ ❙■●◆❆▲ ✭ ❝❧✐❝❦❡❞ ✭✮ ✮ ✱ t❤✐s ✱ ❙▲❖❚ ✭
✐♥✐❝✐❛r❈r♦♥♦♠❡tr♦ ✭✮ ✮ ✮❀
✼ ⑥
✽
✾ ✈♦✐❞ ▼❛✐♥❲✐♥❞♦✇■♠♣❧ ✿✿ ✐♥✐❝✐❛r❈r♦♥♦♠❡tr♦ ✭✮ ④
✶✵ ❝r♦♥♦ ❂ ♥❡✇ ❤✐❧♦ ✭ t❤✐s ✮❀
✶✶ ❝r♦♥♦ ✲ ❃ st❛rt ✭✮ ❀
✶✷ ⑥
❆❤♦r❛ ❧♦ ✐♥t❡r❡s❛♥t❡✱ ♣r♦❜❛r❧♦✦✦✳✳ s✐ t♦❞♦ ✈❛ ❜✐❡♥ q✉❡❞❛ ❛sí✿

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✼✳✶✺✿

✸✺✵
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶✽

❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦s
✭◆♦t❛✿ ❡st♦s ❡❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦s ♥♦ ✐♥❝❧✉②❡♥ s♦❧✉❝✐ó♥✳ ❊stá♥ ♣❡♥s❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ❧♦s ✐♥t❡♥t❡s ❡♥ ❝❛s❛✱ ❝♦♥
♦ s✐♥ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r✱ ② ❝♦♥s✉❧t❡s ❛ t✉ ♣r♦❢❡s♦r ❧❛s ❞✉❞❛s q✉❡ ♣✉❡❞❛♥ s✉r❣✐r✮

❊s❝r✐❜❡ ✉♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❡♥ ❈ q✉❡✿

✶✳ ▼✉❡str❡ ❡♥ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛ ❡❧ ♠❡♥s❛❥❡ ✑❇✐❡♥✈❡♥✐❞♦✑✳

✷✳ ▼✉❡str❡ ❡♥ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛ ❡❧ ♠❡♥s❛❥❡ ✑❈ ♥♦ t✐❡♥❡ ♠✐st❡r✐♦s✑✳

✸✳ ▼✉❡str❡ ❡♥ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛ ❧❛ s✉♠❛ ❞❡ ✶✵✵ ② ✶✷✵✳

✹✳ ▼✉❡str❡ ❡♥ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛ ❡❧ ♣r♦❞✉❝t♦ ❞❡ ✺✵ ② ✺✶✳

✺✳ ●✉❛r❞❡ ❡♥ ❧❛ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ ① ✭❡♥t❡r❛✮ ❡❧ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ✷✸✱ ❡♥ ❧❛ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ ② ✭❡♥t❡r❛✮ ❡❧ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ✷✹✱ ❡♥

❧❛ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ ③ ✭❡♥t❡r❛✮ ❡❧ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ✷✺ ② ♠✉❡str❡ ❡♥ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛ ❧❛ s✉♠❛ ❞❡ ❧♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡ ❧❛s tr❡s
✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s✳

✻✳ ●✉❛r❞❡ ❡♥ ❧❛ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ ① ✭❡♥t❡r❛✮ ❡❧ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ✶✵✱ ❡♥ ❧❛ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ ② ✭❡♥t❡r❛✮ ❡❧ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ✶✶✱ ❡♥ ❧❛

✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ ③ ✭❡♥t❡r❛✮ ❡❧ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ✶✷✱ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❡ s✉ ♣r♦❞✉❝t♦ ② ❧♦ ❣✉❛r❞❡ ❡♥ ✉♥❛ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ ❧❧❛♠❛❞❛
♣r♦❞✉❝t♦✱ ② ✜♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♠✉❡str❡ ❡♥ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛ ❡❧ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ ❧❛ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ ♣r♦❞✉❝t♦✳

✼✳ P✐❞❛ ❛❧ ✉s✉❛r✐♦ ❞♦s ♥ú♠❡r♦s ❡♥t❡r♦s ✭q✉❡ s❡ ❣✉❛r❞❛♥ ❡♥ ❧❛s ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s ❛ ② ❜✮ ② ♠✉❡str❡ s✉
s✉♠❛ ❡♥ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛✳

✽✳ P✐❞❛ ❛❧ ✉s✉❛r✐♦ ❞♦s ♥ú♠❡r♦s ❡♥t❡r♦s ✭q✉❡ s❡ ❣✉❛r❞❛♥ ❡♥ ❧❛s ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s ♥✶ ② ♥✷✮ ② ♠✉❡str❡ s✉
♣r♦❞✉❝t♦ ❡♥ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛✳

✾✳ P✐❞❛ ❛❧ ✉s✉❛r✐♦ ❞♦s ♥ú♠❡r♦s r❡❛❧❡s ✭q✉❡ s❡ ❣✉❛r❞❛♥ ❡♥ ❧❛s ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s ❞❛t♦✶ ② ❞❛t♦✷✮ ② ♠✉❡str❡
❡♥ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛ ❡❧ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❞✐✈✐❞✐r ❞❛t♦✶ ❡♥tr❡ ❞❛t♦✷✳

✶✵✳ P✐❞❛ ❛❧ ✉s✉❛r✐♦ ❞♦s ♥ú♠❡r♦s r❡❛❧❡s ✭q✉❡ s❡ ❣✉❛r❞❛♥ ❡♥ ❧❛s ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s ❞❛t♦✶ ② ❞❛t♦✷✮✳❙✐
❞❛t♦✷ ❡s ❝❡r♦✱❞❡❜❡ ♠♦str❛r ✉♥ ♠❡♥s❛❥❡ ❞❡ ❡rr♦r✱ ② ❡♥ ❝❛s♦ ❝♦♥tr❛r✐♦ ♠✉❡str❛ ❡♥ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛ ❡❧
r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❞✐✈✐❞✐r ❞❛t♦✶ ❡♥tr❡ ❞❛t♦✷✳

✶✶✳ P✐❞❛ ❛❧ ✉s✉❛r✐♦ ❞♦s ♥ú♠❡r♦s ❡♥t❡r♦s ✭q✉❡ s❡ ❣✉❛r❞❛♥ ❡♥ ❧❛s ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s ♥✉♠✶ ② ♥✉♠✷✮✳❙✐
♥✉♠✷ ❡s ❝❡r♦✱❞❡❜❡ ♠♦str❛r ✉♥ ♠❡♥s❛❥❡ ❞❡ ❡rr♦r✱ ② ❡♥ ❝❛s♦ ❝♦♥tr❛r✐♦ ♠✉❡str❛ ❡♥ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛ ❡❧
r❡st♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❞✐✈✐s✐ó♥ ❞❡ ♥✉♠✶ ❡♥tr❡ ♥✉♠✷✳

✸✺✶
✶✷✳ P✐❞❛ ❛❧ ✉s✉❛r✐♦ ✉♥ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❡♥t❡r♦✱ ❞✐❣❛ s✐ ❡s ♣❛r ♦ ✐♠♣❛r✱② r❡♣✐t❛ t♦❞♦ ❧♦ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r ❤❛st❛ q✉❡
❡❧ ♥ú♠❡r♦ q✉❡ s❡ ✐♥tr♦❞✉③❝❛ s❡❛ ✵✳

✶✸✳ P✐❞❛ ❛❧ ✉s✉❛r✐♦ ✈❡✐♥t❡ ♥ú♠❡r♦s ❡♥t❡r♦s ② ♠✉❡str❡ s✉ s✉♠❛✳

✶✹✳ P✐❞❛ ❛❧ ✉s✉❛r✐♦ ✈❡✐♥t❡ ♥ú♠❡r♦s r❡❛❧❡s ② ♠✉❡str❡ ❝✉❛❧ ❡s ❡❧ ♠❛②♦r ❞❡ ❡❧❧♦s ② ❝✉❛❧ ❡❧ ♠❡♥♦r✳
❆♠❜♦s ❞❡❜❡♥ ❛♣❛r❡❝❡r ❝♦♥ ✷ ❝✐❢r❛s ❞❡❝✐♠❛❧❡s ② ✺ ❝✐❢r❛s t♦t❛❧❡s✳

✶✺✳ P✐❞❛ ❛❧ ✉s✉❛r✐♦ ✉♥ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ✐♥❞❡✜♥✐❞♦ ❞❡ ♥ú♠❡r♦s ✭♠✐❡♥tr❛s s❡ ✐♥❣r❡s❡♥ ♥ú♠❡r♦s q✉❡ ♥♦ s❡❛♥
♥❡❣❛t✐✈♦s✮✳ ❉❡s♣✉és ❞❡ ❧❛ ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❛♣❛r❡❝❡ ❡♥ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥
s♦❜r❡ ❡❧ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝✐❞♦s ② ❧❛ s✉♠❛ ❤❛st❛ ❡❧ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦✱ ❛sí✿ ✑❍❛s ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝✐❞♦ ✺
♥ú♠❡r♦s ② s✉ s✉♠❛ ❡s ✸✽✑

✶✻✳ P✐❞❛ ❛❧ ✉s✉❛r✐♦ ✉♥ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❡♥t❡r♦ ② ♠✉❡str❡ ❡♥ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛ s✉s ❞✐✈✐s♦r❡s ✭❡①❝❡♣t✉❛♥❞♦ ❡❧ ✶ ②
❡❧ ♣r♦♣✐♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦✮✳ ❙✐ ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝❡ ✷✵✱ ❞❡❜❡ ❛♣❛r❡❝❡r✿

✷ ❡s ❞✐✈✐s♦r ❞❡ ✷✵

✹ ❡s ❞✐✈✐s♦r ❞❡ ✷✵

✺ ❡s ❞✐✈✐s♦r ❞❡ ✷✵

✶✵ ❡s ❞✐✈✐s♦r ❞❡ ✷✵

✶✼✳ ▼❡❥♦r❛ ❡❧ ❡❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦ ✶✻ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ❛✈✐s❡ s✐ ❡❧ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ♥♦ t✐❡♥❡ ❞✐✈✐s♦r❡s✱ ❡♥ ✈❡③ ❞❡ q✉❡ ❧❛ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛
q✉❡❞❡ ❡♥ ❜❧❛♥❝♦✳

✶✽✳ P✐❞❛ ❛❧ ✉s✉❛r✐♦ ✉♥ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❡♥t❡r♦ ② ✉♥❛ ❧❡tr❛✱ ② ♠✉❡str❡ ❡♥ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛ ❧❛ ❧❡tr❛ r❡♣❡t✐❞❛ t❛♥t❛s
✈❡❝❡s ❝♦♠♦ ✐♥❞✐q✉❡ ❡❧ ♥ú♠❡r♦✳ P♦r ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦✱ s✐ ❡❧ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❡s ✶✵ ② ❧❛ ❧❡tr❛ ❡s ❛✱ ❛♣❛r❡❝❡✿

❛❛❛❛❛❛❛❛❛❛

✶✾✳ P✐❞❛ ❛❧ ✉s✉❛r✐♦ ✉♥ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❡♥t❡r♦ ② ♠✉❡str❡ s✉ t❛❜❧❛ ❞❡ ♠✉❧t✐♣❧✐❝❛r✳

✷✵✳ P✐❞❛ ❛❧ ✉s✉❛r✐♦ ✉♥ ♥ú♠❡r♦ r❡❛❧ ② ❞✐❣❛ ❝✉❛♥t❛s ❝✐❢r❛s ❡♥t❡r❛s t✐❡♥❡✳

✷✶✳ P✐❞❛ ❛❧ ✉s✉❛r✐♦ ✉♥❛ ❧❡tr❛ ✭❧✮ ② ✉♥ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ✭♥✮✱ ② ❞✐❜✉❥❡ ✉♥ ❝✉❛❞r❛❞♦ ❤✉❡❝♦ ❢♦r♠❛❞♦ ♣♦r ❧❛
❧❡tr❛ ✐♥❞✐❝❛❞❛ ② q✉❡ t❡♥❣❛ ❝♦♠♦ t❛♠❛ñ♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❧❛❞♦ ❧❛ ❧♦♥❣✐t✉❞ ✐♥❞✐❝❛❞❛✳ ❙✐ s❡ ❡s❝♦❣❡ ❧❛
❧❡tr❛ ❳ ② ❡❧ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ✺✱ ❡❧ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❡s✿

❳❳❳❳❳

❳ ❳

❳ ❳

❳ ❳

❳❳❳❳❳

✷✷✳ P✐❞❛ ❛❧ ✉s✉❛r✐♦ q✉❡ ✐♥❣r❡s❡ ✷✵ ♥ú♠❡r♦s✱ q✉❡ s❡ ❛❧♠❛❝❡♥❛rá♥ ❡♥ ✉♥❛ t❛❜❧❛✳ ❉❡s♣✉és s❡ ❞❡❜❡
♠♦str❛r ❡♥ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛ ❧♦s ✶✵ ♣r✐♠❡r♦s✱ ❡♥ ❧❛ ♠✐s♠❛ ❧í♥❡❛ ❞❡ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛✱ s❡♣❛r❛❞♦s ♣♦r ❡s♣❛❝✐♦s
❡♥ ❜❧❛♥❝♦✳

✷✸✳ P✐❞❛ ❛❧ ✉s✉❛r✐♦ q✉❡ ✐♥tr♦❞✉③❝❛ ✉♥❛ ♣❛❧❛❜r❛ ② ❧❛ ♠✉❡str❡ ❛❧ r❡✈és ✭♣♦r ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦✿ ❤♦❧❛ ✲❃❛❧♦❤✮✳

✷✹✳ P✐❞❛ ❛❧ ✉s✉❛r✐♦ q✉❡ ✐♥❣r❡s❡ ✶✵ ♥ú♠❡r♦s✱ q✉❡ s❡ ❛❧♠❛❝❡♥❛rá♥ ❡♥ ✉♥❛ t❛❜❧❛✳ ❉❡s♣✉és ❞❡❜❡
♠♦str❛r ❡♥ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛ ❧❛ s✉♠❛ ❞❡ t♦❞♦s ❡❧❧♦s✱ ❧❛ ♠❡❞✐❛✱ ❡❧ ✈❛❧♦r ♠í♥✐♠♦ ② ❡❧ ✈❛❧♦r ♠á①✐♠♦✳

✸✺✷
✷✺✳ P✐❞❛ ❛❧ ✉s✉❛r✐♦ q✉❡ ✐♥tr♦❞✉③❝❛ ✉♥❛ ❢r❛s❡ ② ❝❛♠❜✐❡ ❧♦s ❡s♣❛❝✐♦s ♣♦r ❣✉✐♦♥❡s ✭✑❝♦♠♦ ❡st❛s✱
❥✉❛♥✑ ✲❃✑❝♦♠♦✲❡st❛s✱✲❥✉❛♥✑✮✳

✷✻✳ P✐❞❛ ❛❧ ✉s✉❛r✐♦ q✉❡ ✐♥❣r❡s❡ ✶✵ ♥ú♠❡r♦s✱ q✉❡ s♦♥ ❛❧♠❛❝❡♥❛❞♦s ❡♥ ✉♥❛ t❛❜❧❛✳ ❉❡s♣✉és s❡
❞❡❜❡♥ ♠♦str❛r t♦❞♦s ❡♥ ❧❛ ♠✐s♠❛ ❧í♥❡❛✱ s❡♣❛r❛❞♦s ♣♦r ♣✉♥t♦ ② ❝♦♠❛✱ ② ❞❡❝✐r s✐ ❛❧❣✉♥♦ ❡stá
r❡♣❡t✐❞♦✳

✷✼✳ P✐❞❛ ❛❧ ✉s✉❛r✐♦ q✉❡ ✐♥tr♦❞✉③❝❛ ✉♥ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ② ❞✐❣❛ s✐ ❡s ❝❛♣✐❝ú❛ ✭s✐ s❡ ❧❡❡ ✐❣✉❛❧ ❞❡ ❞❡r❡❝❤❛ ❛
✐③q✉✐❡r❞❛ q✉❡ ❞❡ ✐③q✉✐❡r❞❛ ❛ ❞❡r❡❝❤❛✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❡❧ ✶✷✸✷✶✮✳

✷✽✳ P✐❞❛ ❛❧ ✉s✉❛r✐♦ q✉❡ ✐♥tr♦❞✉③❝❛ ✉♥❛ ❝♦♥tr❛s❡ñ❛✳ ❙✐ ❡♥ ✉♥ ♠á①✐♠♦ ❞❡ ✸ ✐♥t❡♥t♦s ♥♦ ❡s❝r✐❜❡ ❧❛
❝♦♥tr❛s❡ñ❛ ❝♦rr❡❝t❛ ✭❝♦♠♦✱ ✑❤♦❧❛✑✮✱ r❡❝✐❜✐rá ❝♦♠♦ r❡s♣✉❡st❛ ✑❆❝❝❡s♦ ❞❡♥❡❣❛❞♦✑✳ ❙✐ ❛❝✐❡rt❛
❧❛ ❝♦♥tr❛s❡ñ❛ ❡♥ tr❡s ✐♥t❡♥t♦s ♦ ♠❡♥♦s✱ s❡ ❧❡ ❞✐rá ✑❆❝❝❡s♦ ♣❡r♠✐t✐❞♦✑✳

✷✾✳ P✐❞❛ ❛❧ ✉s✉❛r✐♦ q✉❡ ✐♥tr♦❞✉③❝❛ s✉ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ✭q✉❡ s❡ ❣✉❛r❞❛ ❡♥ ✉♥❛ ❝❛❞❡♥❛ ❞❡ t❡①t♦✮ ② ❞❡s♣✉és
s✉ ❛♣❡❧❧✐❞♦ ✭q✉❡ s❡ ❣✉❛r❞❛ ❡♥ ♦tr❛✮✳ ❊❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡❜❡ ❝r❡❛r ✉♥❛ ♥✉❡✈❛ ❝❛❞❡♥❛ ❞❡ t❡①t♦
❢♦r♠❛❞❛ ♣♦r ❡❧ ❡❧ ❛♣❡❧❧✐❞♦ ② ❡❧ ♥♦♠❜r❡✱ s❡♣❛r❛❞♦s ♣♦r ✉♥❛ ❝♦♠❛✱ ② ❧✉❡❣♦ ♠♦str❛r❧❛ ❡♥
♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛✱ ❛sí✿ ❉✐♠❡ t✉ ♥♦♠❜r❡✿ ▲✐♥✉① ❉✐♠❡ t✉ ❛♣❡❧❧✐❞♦✿ ❚♦r✈❛❧s ❍♦❧❛ ❙r✳ ❚♦r✈❛❧s✱ ▲✐♥✉s

✸✵✳ ❈❛❧❝✉❧❡ ❡❧ ❢❛❝t♦r✐❛❧ ❞❡❧ ♥ú♠❡r♦ q✉❡ ✐♥tr♦❞✉③❝❛ ❡❧ ✉s✉❛r✐♦✿

3! = 3 ∗ 2 ∗ 1
6! = 6 ∗ 5 ∗ 4 ∗ 3 ∗ 2 ∗ 1
✸✶✳ P✐❞❛ ❛❧ ✉s✉❛r✐♦ q✉❡ ✐♥❣r❡s❡ ❧♦s ❞❛t♦s ❞❡ ✶✵ ♣❡rs♦♥❛s ✭só❧♦ ❡❧ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ② ❡❧ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ t❡❧é❢♦♥♦✮✳
❉❡s♣✉és✱ ♠♦str❛r ❡♥ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛ ❧♦s ♥♦♠❜r❡s ② ❧♦s t❡❧é❢♦♥♦s ❞❡ ❛q✉❡❧❧❛s ♣❡rs♦♥❛s ❝✉②♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦
❞❡ t❡❧é❢♦♥♦ ❝♦♠✐❡♥❝❡ ♣♦r ✻✳

✸✷✳ ❙❡❛ ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ ❛❧♠❛❝❡♥❛r ❞❛t♦s ❞❡ ❤❛st❛ ✶✵✵ ♣❡rs♦♥❛s ✭só❧♦ ❡❧ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ② ❡❧ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ t❡❧é❢♦♥♦✮✳
❆♣❛r❡❝❡ ✉♥ ♠❡♥ú ❡♥ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ñ❛❞✐r ✉♥❛ ♥✉❡✈❛ ♣❡rs♦♥❛✱ ✈❡r ❧♦s ♥♦♠❜r❡s ❞❡ t♦❞❛s ❧❛s
♣❡rs♦♥❛s ❛❧♠❛❝❡♥❛❞❛s✱ ✈❡r ❡❧ t❡❧é❢♦♥♦ ❞❡ ✉♥❛ ❝✐❡rt❛ ♣❡rs♦♥❛ ✭❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ s✉s ♥♦♠❜r❡✮✱
❝♦rr❡❣✐r ❧♦s ❞❛t♦s ❞❡ ✉♥❛ ♣❡rs♦♥❛ ♦ s❛❧✐r✳

✸✸✳ ❙❡❛ ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ ❛❧♠❛❝❡♥❛r ❧♦s s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡s ❞❛t♦s ❞❡ ❤❛st❛ ✶✵✵✵ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦s ❞❡ ✐♠á❣❡♥❡s✿ ♥♦♠❜r❡
❞❡❧ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦✱ ❛♥❝❤♦ ✭❡♥ ♣í①❡❧❡s✮✱ ❛❧t♦ ✭❡♥ ♣í①❡❧❡s✮✱ t❛♠❛ñ♦ ✭❡♥ ❑❇✮✱ ❢♦r♠❛t♦ ✭✉♥❛ ❝❛❞❡♥❛
❝♦rt❛✱ ❝♦♠♦ ●■❋✱ ❏P● ♦ ❇▼P✮✳ ❉❡❜❡ ❛♣❛r❡❝❡r ✉♥ ♠❡♥ú ❡♥ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ñ❛❞✐r ✉♥ ♥✉❡✈♦
r❡❣✐str♦✱ ✈❡r ❧♦s ♥♦♠❜r❡s ❞❡ t♦❞❛s ❧❛s ✐♠á❣❡♥❡s ❛❧♠❛❝❡♥❛❞❛s✱ ❜✉s❝❛r ❧❛s q✉❡ s❡❛♥ ❞❡ ✉♥
❝✐❡rt♦ ❢♦r♠❛t♦✱ ❜✉s❝❛r ❧❛s q✉❡ s❡❛♥ ♠❛②♦r❡s ❞❡ ✉♥ ❝✐❡rt♦ t❛♠❛ñ♦✱ ❝♦rr❡❣✐r ❧♦s ❞❛t♦s ❞❡ ✉♥❛
✐♠❛❣❡♥ ♦ s❛❧✐r✳

✸✹✳ ▼✉❡str❡ ❧❛ ♣r✐♠❡r❛ ❧í♥❡❛ ❞❡ ✉♥ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ❞❡ t❡①t♦ ✭q✉❡ ♥♦ ❡sté ✈❛❝í♦✮✳

✸✺✳ ▼✉❡str❡ ❧❛ ♣r✐♠❡r❛ ❧í♥❡❛ ❞❡ ✉♥ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ❞❡ t❡①t♦ só❧♦ ❡♥ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ q✉❡ ♥♦ ❡sté ✈❛❝í♦ ✭♣✉❡❞❡
❡st❛r❧♦✮✳

✸✻✳ ▼✉❡str❡ ❧❛s ✶✵ ♣r✐♠❡r❛s ❧í♥❡❛ ❞❡ ✉♥ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ❞❡ t❡①t♦ só❧♦ ❡♥ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ q✉❡ ♥♦ ❡sté ✈❛❝í♦
✭♣✉❡❞❡ ❡st❛r❧♦✮✳

✸✼✳ P✐❞❛ ❛❧ ✉s✉❛r✐♦ ❡❧ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ❞❡ ✉♥ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ❞❡ t❡①t♦ ② ❧♦ ♠✉❡str❡ ❡♥ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛✱ ♣❛❣✐♥❛❞♦ ✭❤❛✲
❝✐❡♥❞♦ ✉♥❛ ♣❛✉s❛ tr❛s ♠♦str❛r ❝❛❞❛ ✷✺ ❧í♥❡❛s ❧❡í❞❛s ❞❡❧ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦✮✳

✸✽✳ ❆❧♠❛❝❡♥❡ t♦❞♦ ❧♦ q✉❡ ❡❧ ✉s✉❛r✐♦ ✐♥❣r❡s❡ ❡♥ ✉♥ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ❧❧❛♠❛❞♦ ✑❜✐t❛❝♦r❛✳t①t✑✳ ❙❡ t❡r♠✐♥❛
❝✉❛♥❞♦ ❧❛ ❢r❛s❡ q✉❡ ✐♥❣r❡s❡ ❡❧ ✉s✉❛r✐♦ s❡❛ ✑✜♥✑✳

✸✺✸
✸✾✳ ▼✉❡str❡ ❡♥ ❤❡①❛❞❡❝✐♠❛❧ ❡❧ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ ❧♦s ✸ ♣r✐♠❡r♦s ❜②t❡s q✉❡ ❝♦♥t❡♥❣❛ ✉♥ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ❜✐♥❛r✐♦✳

✹✵✳ ❉✐❣❛ s✐ ✉♥ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦✱ ❝✉②♦ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ❞❡❜❡ ✐♥❣r❡s❛r ❡❧ ✉s✉❛r✐♦✱ ❡s ✉♥❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♥ ❡♥ ❢♦r♠❛t♦ ●■❋✱ ②
❞❡ q✉é ✈❡rs✐ó♥✳ ◆♦t❛✿ ❙✐ ❡s ●■❋✱ ❧♦s ✸ ♣r✐♠❡r♦s ❜②t❡s q✉❡ ❝♦♥t✐❡♥❡ ❡❧ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ s♦♥ ❧❛s ❧❡tr❛s
●✱ ■✱ ❋ ② ❧♦s ✸ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡s ❜②t❡s s♦♥ ♦tr❛s tr❡s ❧❡tr❛s q✉❡ ✐♥❞✐❝❛♥ ❡❧ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ✈❡rs✐ó♥ ✭✑✽✾❛✑✮✳

✹✶✳ ❆❜r❛ ✉♥ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ❞❡ ✐♠❛❣❡♥ ❡♥ ❢♦r♠❛t♦ ❇▼P ✭❝✉②♦ ♥♦♠❜r❡ t❡❝❧❡❛rá ❡❧ ✉s✉❛r✐♦✮ ② ♠✉❡str❡
❡♥ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛ ❧♦s s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡s ❞❛t♦s✿ ◆♦♠❜r❡ ❞❡❧ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦✱ ❛♥❝❤♦ ✭❡♥ ♣í①❡❧❡s✮✱ ❛❧t♦ ✭❡♥ ♣í①❡❧❡s✮✱
❝❛♥t✐❞❛❞ ❞❡ ❝♦❧♦r❡s✱ ❢♦r♠❛t♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣r❡s✐ó♥ ❡♠♣❧❡❛❞♦ ✭❧❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥ s♦❜r❡ ❡❧ ❢♦r♠❛t♦ ❇▼P
❞❡❜❡s ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛r❧❛ ❡♥ ■♥t❡r♥❡t✮✳

✹✷✳ ❈r❡❛ ✉♥ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ❞❡ t❡①t♦ q✉❡ ❝♦♥t❡♥❣❛ ❡❧ ❧✐st❛❞♦ ❞❡t❛❧❧❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦s ❡①✐st❡♥t❡s ❡♥ ✉♥❛
❝❛r♣❡t❛ ❞❡ ✉♥ s✐st❡♠❛ ▲✐♥✉①✱ ❤❛❝✐❡♥❞♦ ✑❧s ✲❧ ❃❧✐st❛❞♦✑✳ ❉❡s♣✉és✱ ❝r❡❛r ✉♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❡♥ ❈ q✉❡
❛❜r❛ ❡s❡ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ❧❧❛♠❛❞♦ ✑❧✐st❛❞♦✑✱ ② s✉♠❡ ❧♦s t❛♠❛ñ♦s ❞❡ t♦❞♦s ❧♦s ❛r❝❤✐✈♦s q✉❡ ❛♣❛r❡③❝❛♥
❡♥ é❧✳

✹✸✳ ❈r❡❛ ✉♥❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ❧❧❛♠❛❞❛ ✑s✉♠❛✑✱ q✉❡ r❡❝✐❜❛ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛rá♠❡tr♦s ❞♦s ♥ú♠❡r♦s ❡♥t❡r♦s ②
❞❡✈✉❡❧✈❛ ❝♦♠♦ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ♦tr♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❡♥t❡r♦ q✉❡ s❡❛ ❧❛ s✉♠❛ ❞❡ ❛♠❜♦s✳

✹✹✳ ❈r❡❛ ✉♥❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ❧❧❛♠❛❞❛ ✑❞✐✈✐s✐♦♥✑✱ q✉❡ r❡❝✐❜❛ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛rá♠❡tr♦s ❞♦s ♥ú♠❡r♦s ❡♥t❡r♦s ②
❞❡✈✉❡❧✈❛ ❝♦♠♦ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ✉♥ ♥ú♠❡r♦ r❡❛❧✱ q✉❡ s❡❛ ❡❧ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❞✐✈✐❞✐r ❡❧ ♣r✐♠❡r ♥ú♠❡r♦
❡♥tr❡ ❡❧ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ✭❝♦♥ ❞❡❝✐♠❛❧❡s✮✳

✹✺✳ ❈r❡❛ ✉♥❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ❧❧❛♠❛❞❛ ✑❧❡tr❛❘❡♣❡t✐❞❛✑✱ q✉❡ r❡❝✐❜❛ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛rá♠❡tr♦s ✉♥❛ ❧❡tr❛ ② ✉♥
♥ú♠❡r♦✱ ② ❡s❝r✐❜❛ ❡♥ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛ ❡s❛ ❧❡tr❛ r❡♣❡t✐❞❛ ❡♥ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛ ✈❛r✐❛s ✈❡❝❡s ✭t❛♥t❛s ❝♦♠♦
✐♥❞✐q✉❡ ❡❧ ♥ú♠❡r♦✮✱ s✐♥ ❞❡✈♦❧✈❡r ♥✐♥❣ú♥ ✈❛❧♦r✳

✹✻✳ ❈r❡❛ ✉♥❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ❧❧❛♠❛❞❛ ✑r♦t✉❧♦✑✱ q✉❡ t♦♠❡ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛rá♠❡tr♦ ✉♥❛ ❝❛❞❡♥❛ ❞❡ t❡①t♦✱ ♥♦
❞❡✈✉❡❧✈❛ ♥✐♥❣ú♥ ✈❛❧♦r✱ ② ❡s❝r✐❜❛ ❡♥ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛ ❡s❡ t❡①t♦ ❝❡♥tr❛❞♦ ✭s✉♣♦♥✐❡♥❞♦ ✉♥❛ ❛♥❝❤✉r❛
❞❡ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛ ❞❡ ✽✵ ❧❡tr❛s✮ ② ❡♥ ❧❛ ❧í♥❡❛ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❡s❝r✐❜❛ ❣✉✐♦♥❡s ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ❡❧ rót✉❧♦ ♣❛r❡③❝❛
s✉❜r❛②❛❞♦ ✭t❛♥t♦s ❣✉✐♦♥❡s ❝♦♠♦ ❧❡tr❛s ❢♦r♠❡♥ ❧❛ ♣❛❧❛❜r❛✮✳

✹✼✳ ❈r❡❛ ✉♥❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ✑t❛♠❛♥②♦❛r❝❤✐✈♦✑ q✉❡ ❞✐❣❛ ❡❧ t❛♠❛ñ♦ ❡♥ ❜②t❡s ❞❡ ✉♥ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦✳ ❞❡❜❡ t❡♥❡r
❝♦♠♦ ♣❛rá♠❡tr♦ ❡❧ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ❞❡❧ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ② ❞❡✈♦❧✈❡r ✉♥ ✈❛❧♦r ✑❧♦♥❣✑ ✭q✉❡ s❡❛ ✲✶ s✐ ❡❧ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦
♥♦ ❡①✐st❡✮✳

✹✽✳ ❈r❡❛ ❞♦s ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❡s ✑s♦❧✉❝✐♦♥❘❈✶✑ ② ✑s♦❧✉❝✐♦♥❘❈✷✑ q✉❡ ❞❡✈✉❡❧✈❛♥ ❧❛s ❞♦s r❛✐❝❡s ❞❡ ✉♥❛ ❡❝✉❛✲
❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❣r❛❞♦✳ ❆❞❡♠ás✱ ❞❡❜❡s ❝r❡❛r ✉♥❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ✑❡①✐st❡❙♦❧✉❝✐♦♥❘❈✑✱ q✉❡ ❞❡✈✉❡❧✈❛
✉♥ ✶ s✐ ❧❛ r❛í③ ❝✉❛❞r❛❞❛ t✐❡♥❡ s♦❧✉❝✐ó♥✱ ♦ ✉♥ ✵✱ s✐ ♥♦ ❧❛ t✐❡♥❡✳

✹✾✳ ❈r❡❛ ✉♥❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ✑r❛✐③❈✉❜✐❝❛✑✱ q✉❡ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❡ ❧❛ r❛í③ ❝ú❜✐❝❛ ❞❡ ✉♥ ✑✢♦❛t✑✱ ② ❞❡✈✉❡❧✈❛ ♦tr♦
✑✢♦❛t✑ ✭♣✐st❛✿ ♣✉❡❞❡s ❡❧❡✈❛r ❛ ✶✴✸ ♣❛r❛ ❤❛❧❧❛r❧❛✮✳

✺✵✳ ❈r❡❛ ✉♥❛ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥ ✑❢❣❡t✐♥t✭❋■▲❊✯ ❢ ✮✑✱ q✉❡ ❞❡✈✉❡❧✈❛ ✉♥ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❡♥t❡r♦ ✭✹ ❜②t❡s✮ ❞❡ ✉♥ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦✱
② ♦tr❛ ✑❢❣❡tt✇♦❜②t❡s✭❋■▲❊✯ ❢ ✮✑✱ q✉❡ ❧❡❛ ❞♦s ❞❛t♦s ❞❡ ✶ ❜②t❡ ② ❧♦s ❝♦♥✈✐❡rt❛ ❡♥ ✉♥ ❡♥t❡r♦ ❞❡
✷ ❜②t❡s ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❧❛ ❝♦❞✐✜❝❛❝✐ó♥ tí♣✐❝❛ ❞❡ ■♥t❡❧ ✭✑❧✐tt❧❡ ❡♥❞✐❛♥✑✿ ♣r✐♠❡r ❜②t❡ ✰ ✷✺✻ ✯ s❡❣✉♥❞♦
❜②t❡✮✳

✺✶✳ ❈r❡❛ ✉♥❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ✑✐♥t❡♥t❛❆❜r✐r✑ q✉❡ ✐♥t❡♥t❡ ❛❜r✐r ✉♥ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ✭❝✉②♦ ♥♦♠❜r❡ s❡ ✐♥❞✐❝❛rá ❝♦♠♦
♣❛rá♠❡tr♦✱ ❝♦♥ ✉♥ ♠♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❛♣❡rt✉r❛ ❞❛❞♦ ✭t❛♠❜✐é♥ ✐♥❞✐❝❛❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛rá♠❡tr♦✮✳ ❉❡✈♦❧✈❡rá
✉♥ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ t✐♣♦ ❋■▲❊✯ ✭❡❧ ♠✐s♠♦ q✉❡ ❧❛ ♦r❞❡♥ ✑❢♦♣❡♥✑✮✳ ❙✐ ♥♦ s❡ ❝♦♥s✐❣✉❡ ❛❜r✐r ❡❧ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦✱
❛❜❛♥❞♦♥❛rá ❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❝♦♥ ❡❧ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❞❡ ❡rr♦r ✶✳

✸✺✹
✺✷✳ ❈r❡❛ ✉♥ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ❞❡ t❡①t♦ q✉❡ ❝♦♥t❡♥❣❛ ✈❛r✐♦s ♥ú♠❡r♦s ❡♥t❡r♦s✱ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♥♦ ❡♥ ✉♥❛ ❧í♥❡❛
❞✐st✐♥t❛✳ ❆ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛❝✐ó♥✱ ❝r❡❛ ✉♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ q✉❡ ❧❡❛ ❡s❡ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ② ♠✉❡str❡ ❡♥ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛ ❡❧
♥ú♠❡r♦ ♠ás ❛❧t♦ ② ❡❧ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ♠ás ❜❛❥♦ q✉❡ ❤❛ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡❧ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦✳ ❯♥ ♣♦s✐❜❧❡
❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ❡s ést❡✿

✷✺

✲✶✼

✶✺

✷✻

✺✸✳ ❈r❡❛ ✉♥ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ❞❡ t❡①t♦ q✉❡ ❛❧♠❛❝❡♥❡ ❡❧ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ❞❡ ✉♥❛ ♣❡rs♦♥❛✱ s✉ ❛♣❡❧❧✐❞♦✱ ② s✉ ❡❞❛❞✱
❞❡ ❧❛ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❢♦r♠❛✿

✑❏✉❛♥✑✱✑▲♦♣❡③✑✱✶✽

✑❏✉❧✐❛♥✑✱✑▲♦♣❡③✑✱✶✾

✑❏✉st♦✑✱✑▲♦♣❡③✑✱✷✹

❆ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛❝✐ó♥ ❝r❡❛ ✉♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❡♥ ❈ q✉❡ ❧❡❛ ❡s♦s ❞❛t♦s ✉♥♦ ♣♦r ✉♥♦ ② ❧♦s ❣✉❛r❞❡ ❡♥ ♦tr♦
❛r❝❤✐✈♦✱ ❝♦❧♦❝❛♥❞♦ ♣r✐♠❡r♦ ❡❧ ❛♣❡❧❧✐❞♦ ✭s✐♥ ❝♦♠✐❧❧❛s✮✱ ❧✉❡❣♦ ❡❧ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ✭s✐♥ ❝♦♠✐❧❧❛s✮ ② ❧✉❡❣♦
❡❧ ❛ñ♦ ❡st✐♠❛❞♦ ❞❡ ♥❛❝✐♠✐❡♥t♦✱ t♦❞♦s ❡❧❧♦s s❡♣❛r❛❞♦s ♣♦r ❝♦♠❛s✱ ② ❝❛❞❛ ✜❝❤❛ ❡♥ ✉♥❛ ❧í♥❡❛
♥✉❡✈❛✳ ❞❡❜❡s ✉s❛r ✉♥ str✉❝t ♣❛r❛ ❛❧♠❛❝❡♥❛r ❝❛❞❛ ✜❝❤❛ ❧❡✐❞❛ ❞❡❧ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦✳

✺✹✳ ❈r❡❛ ✉♥ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ❞❡ t❡①t♦ q✉❡ ❛❧♠❛❝❡♥❡ ❡❧ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ❞❡ ✉♥❛ ♣❡rs♦♥❛✱ s✉ ❛♣❡❧❧✐❞♦✱ ② s✉ ❡❞❛❞✱
❞❡ ❧❛ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❢♦r♠❛✿

✑❏✉❛♥✑✱✑▲♦♣❡③✑✱✶✽

✑❏✉❧✐❛♥✑✱✑▲♦♣❡③✑✱✶✾

✑❏✉st♦✑✱✑▲♦♣❡③✑✱✷✹

❆ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛❝✐ó♥ ❝r❡❛ ✉♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❡♥ ❈ q✉❡ ❧❡❛ t♦❞♦s ❡s♦s ❞❛t♦s✱ ❧♦s ❣✉❛r❞❡ ❡♥ ♠❡♠♦r✐❛ ②
❧♦s ✈✉❡❧✈❛ ❛ ❡s❝r✐❜✐r ❡♥ ♦tr♦ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦✱ ❝♦♥ ❧❛s s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡s ❝♦♥❞✐❝✐♦♥❡s✿

◆♦ s❡ s❛❜❡ ❝✉❛♥t❛s ❧í♥❡❛s t✐❡♥❡ ❡❧ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦✱ ❛sí q✉❡ s❡ ❞❡❜❡ ❞❛r ✉♥❛ ♣r✐♠❡r❛ ♣❛s❛❞❛
♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥t❛r❧❛s✳

❈✉❛♥❞♦ ②❛ s❡ s❛❜❡ ❝✉❛♥t❛s ❧í♥❡❛s t✐❡♥❡✱ s❡ ❞❡❜❡ r❡s❡r✈❛r ♠❡♠♦r✐❛ ❞✐♥á♠✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡

✭✉s❛♥❞♦ ✉♥ ✑str✉❝t✑ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ✜❝❤❛✮✳

▲♦s ❞❛t♦s s❡ ❞❡❜❡♥ ♦r❞❡♥❛r ❛❧❢❛❜ét✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ✭♣♦r ❛♣❡❧❧✐❞♦✱ ♥♦ ✐♠♣♦rt❛ q✉✐❡♥ q✉❡❞❡
❞❡❧❛♥t❡ s✐ ❞♦s ♣❡rs♦♥❛s t✐❡♥❡♥ ❡❧ ♠✐s♠♦ ❛♣❡❧❧✐❞♦✮✳

❋✐♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❧♦s ❞❛t♦s ♦r❞❡♥❛❞♦s s❡ ❞❡❜❡♥ ✈♦❧❝❛r ❛ ✉♥ ♥✉❡✈♦ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦✱ ❝♦❧♦❝❛♥❞♦ ♣r✐♠❡r♦
❡❧ ❛♣❡❧❧✐❞♦ ✭s✐♥ ❝♦♠✐❧❧❛s✮✱ ❧✉❡❣♦ ❡❧ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ✭s✐♥ ❝♦♠✐❧❧❛s✮ ② ❧✉❡❣♦ ❧❛ ❡❞❛❞✱ s❡♣❛r❛❞♦s ♣♦r
t❛❜✉❧❛❝✐♦♥❡s✱ ② ❛✈❛♥③❛♥❞♦ ❞❡ ❧í♥❡❛ tr❛s ❝❛❞❛ ✜❝❤❛✳

✺✺✳ ❈r❡❛ ✉♥ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ❞❡ t❡①t♦ q✉❡ ❛❧♠❛❝❡♥❡ ❡❧ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ❞❡ ✉♥❛ ♣❡rs♦♥❛✱ s✉ ❛♣❡❧❧✐❞♦✱ ② s✉ ❡❞❛❞✱
❞❡ ❧❛ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❢♦r♠❛✿

✑❏✉❛♥✑✱✑▲♦♣❡③✑✱✶✽

✑❏✉❧✐❛♥✑✱✑▲♦♣❡③✑✱✶✾

✑❏✉st♦✑✱✑▲♦♣❡③✑✱✷✹

❆ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛❝✐ó♥ ❝r❡❛ ✉♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❡♥ ❈ q✉❡ ❧❡❛ t♦❞♦s ❡s♦s ❞❛t♦s✱ ❧♦s ❣✉❛r❞❡ ❡♥ ♠❡♠♦r✐❛
✉s❛♥❞♦ ✉♥❛ ❧✐st❛ ❡♥❧❛③❛❞❛ ♦r❞❡♥❛❞❛ ✭s❡❣ú♥ ❡❧ ❛♣❡❧❧✐❞♦✱ ❧✉❡❣♦ s❡❣ú♥ ❡❧ ♥♦♠❜r❡ s✐ ❡❧ ❛♣❡❧❧✐❞♦

✸✺✺
 ❝♦✐♥❝✐❞❡✱ ② s❡❣ú♥ ❧❛ ❡❞❛❞ s✐ ❝♦✐♥❝✐❞❡♥ ❧♦s ♦tr♦s ✷✮ ② ✜♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♠✉❡str❡ ❡♥ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛ ❧♦s ❞❛t♦s
♦r❞❡♥❛❞♦s✳

✺✻✳ ❈r❡❛ ✉♥ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ ❞❡ t❡①t♦ q✉❡ ❛❧♠❛❝❡♥❡ ❡❧ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ❞❡ ✉♥❛ ♣❡rs♦♥❛✱ s✉ ❛♣❡❧❧✐❞♦✱ ② s✉ ❡❞❛❞✱
❞❡ ❧❛ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❢♦r♠❛✿

✑❏✉❛♥✑✱✑▲♦♣❡③✑✱✶✽

✑❏✉❧✐❛♥✑✱✑▲♦♣❡③✑✱✶✾

✑❏✉st♦✑✱✑▲♦♣❡③✑✱✷✹

❆ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛❝✐ó♥ ❝r❡❛ ✉♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❡♥ ❈ q✉❡ ❧❡❛ t♦❞♦s ❡s♦s ❞❛t♦s✱ ❧♦s ❣✉❛r❞❡ ❡♥ ♠❡♠♦r✐❛
✉s❛♥❞♦ ✉♥ ár❜♦❧ ❜✐♥❛r✐♦ ❞❡ ❜úsq✉❡❞❛ ✭s❡❣ú♥ ❡❧ ❛♣❡❧❧✐❞♦✱ ❧✉❡❣♦ s❡❣ú♥ ❡❧ ♥♦♠❜r❡ s✐ ❡❧ ❛♣❡❧❧✐❞♦
❝♦✐♥❝✐❞❡✱ ② s❡❣ú♥ ❧❛ ❡❞❛❞ s✐ ❝♦✐♥❝✐❞❡♥ ❧♦s ♦tr♦s ✷✮ ② ✜♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♠✉❡str❡ ❡♥ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛ ❧♦s ❞❛t♦s
♦r❞❡♥❛❞♦s✳

✺✼✳ ❯s❛♥❞♦ ✑❝✉rs❡s✳❤✑✱ ❝r❡❛ ✉♥❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❝✐ó♥ ❡♥ ❧❛ q✉❡ s❡ ✈❡❛♥ r❡❜♦t❛r tr❡s ✜❣✉r❛s ❡♥ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛✳
❈❛❞❛ ✜❣✉r❛ ❞❡❜❡ s❡r ✉♥❛ ❧❡tr❛ ❞❡ ✉♥ ❝♦❧♦r ❞✐st✐♥t♦✱ ② t♦❞❛s ❡❧❧❛s ❞❡❜❡♥ ♠♦✈❡rs❡ ✉♥❛ ✈❡③
❝❛❞❛ s❡❣✉♥❞♦✳

✺✽✳ ❯s❛♥❞♦ ✑❝✉rs❡s✳❤✑✱ ❝r❡❛ ✉♥❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❝✐ó♥ ❡♥ ❧❛ q✉❡ s❡ ✈❡❛♥ r❡❜♦t❛r ❝✉❛tr♦ ✜❣✉r❛s ❡♥ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛✳
❈❛❞❛ ✜❣✉r❛ ❞❡❜❡ ❡st❛r ❢♦r♠❛❞❛ ♣♦r ❞♦s ❧❡tr❛s ❞❡ ❛♥❝❤♦ ② ❞♦s ❞❡ ❛❧t♦✱ s❡r ❞❡ ✉♥ ❝♦❧♦r ❞✐st✐♥t♦
❞❡ ❧❛s ❞❡♠ás ✜❣✉r❛s✱ ② t♦❞❛s ❡❧❧❛s ❞❡❜❡♥ ♠♦✈❡rs❡ ✉♥❛ ✈❡③ ❝❛❞❛ ✸ ❞é❝✐♠❛s ❞❡ s❡❣✉♥❞♦✳ ❉❡❜❡
r❡♣❡t✐rs❡ ❤❛st❛ q✉❡ s❡ ♣✉❧s❡ ✉♥❛ t❡❝❧❛✳

✺✾✳ ❯s❛♥❞♦ ✑❝✉rs❡s✳❤✑✱ ❝r❡❛ ✉♥❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❝✐ó♥ ❡♥ ❧❛ q✉❡ s❡ ✈❡❛♥ r❡❜♦t❛r ❝✐♥❝♦ ✜❣✉r❛s ❡♥ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛✳
❈❛❞❛ ✜❣✉r❛ ❞❡❜❡ ❡st❛r ❢♦r♠❛❞❛ ♣♦r ❞♦s ❧❡tr❛s ❞❡ ❛♥❝❤♦ ② ❞♦s ❞❡ ❛❧t♦✱ s❡r ❞❡ ✉♥ ❝♦❧♦r
❞✐st✐♥t♦ ❞❡ ❧❛s ❞❡♠ás ✜❣✉r❛s✱ ② t♦❞❛s ❡❧❧❛s ❞❡❜❡♥ ♠♦✈❡rs❡ ✉♥❛ ✈❡③ ❝❛❞❛ ✸ ❞é❝✐♠❛s ❞❡
s❡❣✉♥❞♦✳ P✉❡❞❡♥ ❝❤♦❝❛r ❝♦♥ ❧❛s ♣❛r❡❞❡s ♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❡❧❧❛s✳ ❊❧ ♠♦✈✐♠✐❡♥t♦ ❞❡❜❡ r❡♣❡t✐rs❡ ❤❛st❛
q✉❡ s❡ ♣✉❧s❡ ✉♥❛ t❡❝❧❛ ❞✐st✐♥t❛ ❞❡ ✑♣✑ ✭❧❛ t❡❝❧❛ ✑♣✑ ❤❛rá ✉♥❛ ♣❛✉s❛✱ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❧❛ q✉❡ ♥♦ s❡
♣♦❞rá♥ ♠♦✈❡r ❧❛s ✜❣✉r❛s✮✳

✻✵✳ ❯s❛♥❞♦ ❙❉▲✱ ❝r❡❛ ✉♥❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❝✐ó♥ ❡♥ ❧❛ q✉❡ s❡ ✈❡❛♥ r❡❜♦t❛r tr❡s ♣❡❧♦t❛s ❡♥ ❧❛ ♣❛♥t❛❧❧❛✳ ▲❛s
✐♠á❣❡♥❡s ♣❛r❛ ❧♦s ❧❛❞r✐❧❧♦s✱ ❡❧ ❢♦♥❞♦ ② ❧❛s ♣❡❧♦t❛s ♣✉❡❞❡s ❝r❡❛r❧❛s tú ♠✐s♠♦ ♦ ❜✉s❝❛r ❛❧❣✉♥❛
♣♦r ■♥t❡r♥❡t q✉❡ t❡ ❣✉st❡✱ ♣❡r♦ ❞❡❜❡♥ s❡r ❞❡ ✉♥ t❛♠❛ñ♦ ❡♥tr❡ ✸✷①✸✷ ② ✻✹①✻✹ ♣í①❡❧❡s ✭❛♠❜♦s
✐♥❝❧✉✐❞♦s✮✳ ❚❡r♠✐♥❛rá ❝✉❛♥❞♦ s❡ ♣✉❧s❡ ✉♥❛ t❡❝❧❛✳

✸✺✻
❇✐❜❧✐♦❣r❛❢í❛
❬✶❪ ❇❛♥❦s✱ ❏✳✱ ❈❛rs♦♥✱ ❏✳ ❙✳ ✫ ◆❡❧s♦♥✱ ❇✳ ▲✳ ✭✶✾✾✻✮ ❉✐s❝r❡t❡✲❊✈❡♥t ❙②st❡♠ ❙✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥✱
✱

Pr❡♥t✐❝❡✲❍❛❧❧ ✳

❬✷❪ ❈❡❧❧✐❡r✱ ❋✳ ❈✳ ✭✶✾✾✶✮ ❈♦♥t✐♥✉♦✉s ❙②st❡♠ ▼♦❞❡❧✐♥❣✱ ❙♣r✐♥❣❡r✲❱❡r❧❛❣

✱ ✳

❬✸❪ ❍♦♦✈❡r✱ ❙✳ ❱✳ ✫ P❡rr②✱ ❘✳ ❋✳ ✭✶✾✽✾✮ ❙✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥✳ ❆ Pr♦❜❧❡♠✲❙♦❧✈✐♥❣ ❆♣♣r♦❛❝❤✱ ❆❞❞✐s♦♥✲

✱

❲❡s❧❡② P✉❜❧✐s❤✐♥❣ ✳

❬✹❪ ❑❡❧t♦♥✱ ❲✳ ❉✳✱ ❙❛❞♦✇s❦✐✱ ❘✳ P✳ ✫ ❙❛❞♦✇s❦✐✱ ❉✳ ❆✳ ✭✷✵✵✷✮ ❙✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ✇✐t❤ ❆r❡♥❛✱ ✱

▼❝●r❛✇✲❍✐❧❧ ✳

❬✺❪ ❑♦❜❛②❛s❤✐✱ ❍✳ ✭✶✾✼✽✮ ▼♦❞❡❧✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❆♥❛❧②s✐s✿ ❆♥ ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ t♦ ❙②st❡♠ P❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡

✱

❊✈❛❧✉❛t✐♦♥ ▼❡t❤♦❞♦❧♦❣②✱ ❆❞❞✐s♦♥✲❲❡s❧❡② P✉❜❧✐s❤✐♥❣ ❈♦♠♣❛♥② ✳

❬✻❪ ▲❛✇✱ ❆✳ ▼✳ ✫ ❑❡❧t♦♥✱ ❲✳ ❉✳ ✭✷✵✵✵✮ ❙✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ▼♦❞❡❧✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❆♥❛❧②s✐s✱ ▼❝●r❛✇✲❍✐❧❧

✱ ✳

❬✼❪ ▲❥✉♥❣✱ ▲✳ ✫ ❚♦r❦❡❧✱ ●✳ ✭✶✾✾✹✮ ▼♦❞❡❧✐♥❣ ♦❢ ❉②♥❛♠✐❝ ❙②st❡♠s✱ Pr❡♥t✐❝❡✲❍❛❧❧

✱ ✳

❬✽❪ ▼♦♥t❣♦♠❡r②✱ ❉✳ ❈✳ ✭✷✵✵✶✮ ❉❡s✐❣♥ ❛♥❞ ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ♦❢ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥ts✱ ❏♦❤♥ ❲✐❧❡② ✫ ❙♦♥s✱
✱

❯❙❆ ✳

❬✾❪ P❡❞❣❡♥✱ ❈✳ ❉✳✱ ❙❤❛♥♥♦♥✱ ❘✳ ❊✳ ✫ ❙❛❞♦✇s❦②✱ ❘✳ P✳ ✭✶✾✾✺✮ ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ t♦ ❙✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥

✱

❯s✐♥❣ ❙■▼❆◆✱ ▼❝●r❛✇✲❍✐❧❧✱ ❯❙❆ ✳

❬✶✵❪ ❋✐s❤♠❛♥✱ ●✳ ❙✳ ✭✶✾✼✶✮ Pr✐♥❝✐♣❧❡s ♦❢ ❉✐s❝r❡t❡ ❊✈❡♥t ❙✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥✳ ❏♦❤♥ ❲✐❧❡②✳ ◆✉❡✈❛ ❨♦r❦✳
✱

❯❙❆
❬✶✶❪ ❑♥✉t❤✱ ❉✳ ❊✳ ✭✶✾✼✸✮ ❚❤❡ ❆rt ♦❢ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡r Pr♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣✳ ❱♦❧✳ ✸✿ ❙♦rt✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❙❡❛r❝❤✐♥❣✳
✱

❆❞❞✐s♦♥✲❲✐❧❡②✳ ❘❡❛❞✐♥❣✱ ▼❛ss✱ ❯❙❆ ✳

❬✶✷❪ ❋✐s❤♠❛♥ ●✳❙✳✱ ✭✶✾✼✽✮ ❈♦♥❝❡♣t♦s ② ♠ét♦❞♦s ❡♥ ❧❛ s✐♠✉❧❛❝✐ó♥ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧ ❞❡ ❡✈❡♥t♦s ❞✐s❝r❡t♦s✱
✱

▲✐♠✉s❛✱ ▼é①✐❝♦ ✳

❬✶✸❪ ❙❤❛♥♥♦♥ ❘✳❊✳✱ ✭✶✾✽✽✮ ❙✐♠✉❧❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❙✐st❡♠❛s✳ ❉✐s❡ñ♦✱ ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧♦ ❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❝✐ó♥✱ ❚r✐✲
✱

❧❧❛s✱ ▼é①✐❝♦
✳

❬✶✹❪ ❉♦♠í♥❣✉❡③ ❈❤✳ ❏♦r❣❡✱ ✭✶✾✽✵✮ ❊❧ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ tr❡s ❝✉❡r♣♦s ✭❡❝✉❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❙t✉r♠✲▲✐✉✈✐❧❧❡✮✱
✱

❘❡✈✐st❛ ❙♦❝✐❡❞❛❞ ▼❡①✐❝❛♥❛ ❞❡ ❋ís✐❝❛✱ ▼é①✐❝♦ ✳

❬✶✺❪ ❉♦♠í♥❣✉❡③ ❈❤✳ ❏♦r❣❡✱✭✶✾✾✻✮ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ■♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥ ❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦ ❛ ❖❜❥❡t♦s✱ ■❊❆❙❙✱

✱

❊❞✐t♦r❡s✱ ❱❡♥❡③✉❡❧❛ ✳

✸✺✼
❬✶✻❪ ❉✐❥❦str❛✳ ❲✳ ❊❞s❣❡r✱ ✭✶✾✼✶✮✱ ❆ ❙❤♦rt ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ t♦ t❤❡ ❆rt ♦❢ Pr♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣✳❯❙❆ ✱

❬✶✼❪ ❈✉r✐❡❧✱ ▼❛r✐❡❧❛✱ ✭✷✵✵✶✮✱ ❈✉rs♦ ❛✈❛♥③❛❞♦ ❡♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❝✐ó♥ ❡♥ ❈✱ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞ ❙✐♠ó♥

❇♦❧í✈❛r✱ ❱❡♥❡③✉❡❧❛✳

❬✶✽❪ ❑❛✐s❡r✱ ❘❛❧♣❤✱ ✭✷✵✵✺✮✱ ❈ ♣r♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣ ✉♥❞❡r ▲✐♥✉①✱ ❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳♣❤②s✐❝s✳❣❧❛✳❛❝✳✐❦✴♣✷t✴❝✲

❧❡❝t✉r❡✲✵✽✳♣❞❢✳

❬✶✾❪ ❍❛♥s❡♥✱ ❆✳ ✭✶✾✽✽✮✳ ➼❆♣r❡♥❞❛ ❈ ②❛✦✳ ❆♥❛②❛✳ ▼é①✐❝♦ ✳

❬✷✵❪ ❑❡r♥✐❣❤❛♥✱ ❇✳ ② ❘✐t❝❤✐❡✱ ❉✳ ✭✶✾✼✽✮✳ ❚❤❡ ❈ Pr♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣ ▲❛♥❣✉❛❣❡✳ Pr❡♥t✐❝❡✲❍❛❧❧ ❙♦❢t✲

✇❛r❡ ❙❡r✐❡s✳ ❯❙❆✳

❬✷✶❪ ▲❛❢♦r❡✱ ❘✳ ✭✶✾✾✵✮✳ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛❝✐ó♥ ❡♥ ▼■❈❘❖❙❖❋❚ ❈✳ ■♥tr♦❞✉❝❝✐ó♥ ② té❝♥✐❝❛s ❛✈❛♥③❛❞❛s

❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❝✐ó♥✳ ❆♥❛②❛✳ ▼é①✐❝♦ ✳

❬✷✷❪ ●❛r❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❏❛❧ó♥✱ ❏✳ ② ♦tr♦s ❛✉t♦r❡s✱ ✭✶✾✾✺✮✱ ❆♣r❡♥❞❛ ❆◆❙■ ❈ ❝♦♠♦ s✐ ❡st✉✈✐❡r❛ ❡♥

Pr✐♠❡r♦✱ ❊❙■■❙❙✱ ❊s♣❛ñ❛✳

❬✷✸❪ ●r❛❤❛♠✱ ◆✳✱ ✭✶✾✾✷✮✱ ▲❊❆❘◆■◆● ❈✰✰✱ ▼❝●r❛✇ ❍✐❧❧✱ ❯❙❆ ✳

❬✷✹❪ ❙❝❤✐❧❞t✱ ❍✳✱ ✭✶✾✾✺✮✱ ❈✰✰✿ ●✉í❛ ❞❡ ❆✉t♦❡♥s❡ñ❛♥③❛✧✱ ▼❝●r❛✇✲❍✐❧❧✱ ✷❛ ❡❞✐❝✐ó♥✱ ▼é①✐❝♦ ✳

❬✷✺❪ ▼❛rs❤❛❧❧ P✳❈✳ ❛♥❞ ▲♦♠♦✇ ❈✳✱ ✭✶✾✾✹✮✱ ❈✰✰ ❋❆◗❙✱ ❆❞❞✐s♦♥✲❲❡s❧❡② P✉❜❧✐s❤✐♥❣ ❈♦♠✲

♣❛♥②✱ ❯❙❆✳

❬✷✻❪ ❙tr♦✉str✉♣✱ ❇✳✱ ✭✶✾✾✼✮✱ ✧❚❤❡ ❈✰✰ Pr♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣ ▲❛♥❣✉❛❣❡✧✱ ❆❞❞✐s♦♥✲❲❡s❧❡②✱ ✸❛ ❡❞✐❝✐ó♥✱
❯❙❆✳

❬✷✼❪ ❊❧❧✐s✱ ▼✳❆✳ ② ❙tr♦✉str✉♣✱ ❇✳✱ ✭✶✾✾✹✮✱ ▼❛♥✉❛❧ ❞❡ ❘❡❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛ ❈✰✰ ❝♦♥ ❆♥♦t❛❝✐♦♥❡s✱

❆❞❞✐s♦♥✲❲❡s❧❡②✴❉í❛③ ❞❡ ❙❛♥t♦s✱ ▼❛❞r✐❞✱ ❊s♣❛ñ❛ ✳

❬✷✽❪ ❈❡❜❛❧❧♦s✱ ❋✳❏✳✱ ✭✶✾✾✼✮✱ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛❝✐ó♥ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛ ♦❜❥❡t♦s ❝♦♥ ❈✰✰✱✷❞❛✳ ❊❞✐❝✐ó♥✱ ❘❆▼❆✱
▼é①✐❝♦✳

❬✷✾❪ ❍❛r❧♦✇✱ ❊✳ ✭✶✾✾✾✮✱ ❉❡s❛rr♦❧❧♦ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❝✐♦♥❡s ▲✐♥✉① ❝♦♥ ●❚❑✰ ② ●❉❑✱ Pr❡♥t✐❝❡ ❍❛❧❧

■❜❡r✐❛✱ ❊s♣❛ñ❛✳

❬✸✵❪ ▼❛rt✐♥✱ ❉✱ ✭✷✵✵✵✮✱ ❙❆▼❙ ❚❡❛❝❤ ❨♦✉rs❡❧❢ ●❚❑✰ Pr♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣ ✐♥ ✷✶ ❉❛②s✱ ❙❛♠s P✉❜❧✐s✲

❤✐♥❣✱ ❯❙❆✳

❬✸✶❪ ❉♦♠í♥❣✉❡③✲❆❞❛♠❡✱ ❋✳✱ ✭✷✵✵✵✮✱ ❋ís✐❝❛ ❞❡❧ ❊st❛❞♦ ❙♦❧✐❞♦✿ ❚❡♦r✐❛ ② ▼❡t♦❞♦s ◆✉♠❡r✐❝♦s✱

❊❞✐t♦r✐❛❧ P❛r❛♥✐♥❢♦✱ ❊s♣❛ñ❛✳

❬✸✷❪ ●♦tt❢r✐❡❞✱ ❇✳ ✭✶✾✾✼✮ P❘❖●❘❆▼❆❈■Ó◆ ❊◆ ❈✳ ▼❝ ●r❛✇ ❍✐❧❧✱ ▼é①✐❝♦

❬✸✸❪ ❍✐❧❧❛r✱ ●✳❈✳ ✭✷✵✵✵✮ ❊❙❚❘❯❈❚❯❘❆ ■◆❚❊❘◆❆ ❉❊ ▲❆ P❈✳ ✸r❛✳ ❊❞✐❝✐ó♥✳ ❊❞✐t♦r✐❛❧ ❍✐s✲

♣❛♥♦ ❆♠❡r✐❝❛♥❛ ❙✳❆✳✲❍❆❙❆✱ ❆r❣❡♥t✐♥❛

❬✸✹❪ ❑❡r♥✐❣❤❛♥✱ ❇✳ ❘✐t❝❤✐❡✱ ❉✳ ✭✶✾✽✽✮ ❊▲ ▲❊◆●❯❆❏❊ ❉❊ P❘❖●❘❆▼❆❈■Ó◆ ❈✳ ✷❞❛✳

❊❞✐❝✐ó♥✳ Pr❡♥t✐❝❡✲❍❛❧❧ ❍✐s♣❛♥♦❛♠❡r✐❝❛♥❛✱ ▼é①✐❝♦

❬✸✺❪ ❙❝❤✐❧❞t✱ ❍✳ ✭✶✾✽✺✮ P❘❖●❘❆▼❆❈■Ó◆ ❊◆ ▲❊◆●❯❆❏❊ ❈✳ ❖s❜♦r♥❡✴▼❝●r❛✇ ❍✐❧❧✱ ▼é①✐❝♦

✸✺✽
❬✸✻❪ ❙❝❤✐❧❞t✱ ❍✳ ✭✶✾✾✸✮ ❚❍❊ ❆◆◆❖❚❆❚❊❉ ❆◆❙■ ❈ ❙❚❆◆❉❆❘❉✳ ❖s❜♦r♥❡✴▼❝●r❛✇ ❍✐❧❧✳

❯❙❆

❬✸✼❪ ❙❝❤✐❧❞t✱ ❍✳ ✭✶✾✾✺✮ ❈ ●❯❮❆ ❉❊ ❆❯❚❖❊◆❙❊Ñ❆◆❩❆✳ ❖s❜♦r♥❡✴▼❝●r❛✇ ❍✐❧❧✱ ❊s♣❛ñ❛

✸✺✾
❆❝❡r❝❛ ❞❡❧ ❛✉t♦r
●r❛❞✉❛❞♦ ❡♥ ❋ís✐❝❛✱ ❋❛❝✉❧t❛❞ ❞❡ ❈✐❡♥❝✐❛s✱ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞
◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❆✉tó♥♦♠❛ ❞❡ ▼é①✐❝♦ ✭❯◆❆▼✮✱ ❉♦❝t♦r ❡♥
❈✐❡♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ ❧❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐ó♥✱ ■♥st✐t✉t♦ ❞❡ ■♥✈❡st✐❣❛✲
❝✐♦♥❡s ❡♥ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛s ❆♣❧✐❝❛❞❛s ② ❙✐st❡♠❛s ✭■■▼❆❙✮
❯◆❆▼✳ ❊s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐st❛ ❡♥ ❊❝♦♥♦♠í❛ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✱ ❈❡♥tr♦
❞❡ ■♥✈❡st✐❣❛❝✐ó♥ ② ❉♦❝❡♥❝✐❛ ❊❝♦♥ó♠✐❝❛✱ ❈■❉❊✱ ▼é①✐❝♦✳
❈✉rs❛♥t❡ ❞❡❧ ❉♦❝t♦r❛❞♦ ❡♥ ▼✐♥❡rí❛ ❞❡ ❉❛t♦s✱ ▼♦❞❡❧♦s
② ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❊①♣❡rt♦s ♣♦r ❧❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞ ❞❡ ■❧❧✐♥♦✐s ❡♥
❯r❜❛♥❛✲❈❤❛♠♣❛✐♥❣s ✭❯❙❆✮✳
❍❛ s✐❞♦ ♣r♦❢❡s♦r ❡♥ ❧❛ ❋❛❝✉❧t❛❞ ❞❡ ◗✉í♠✐❝❛ ② ❡♥ ❧❛ ❋❛❝✉❧t❛❞
❞❡ ■♥❣❡♥✐❡rí❛✱ ❯◆❆▼✳ ❋✉❡ ♣r♦❢❡s♦r ❡♥ ❡❧ ❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡
❈✐❡♥❝✐❛s ❇ás✐❝❛s✱ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞ ❞❡ ▲❛s ❆♠ér✐❝❛s ❡♥ ❈❤♦❧✉❧❛✱
✭❯❉▲❆P✮✱ P✉❡❜❧❛✱ ▼é①✐❝♦ ②✱ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ s❡✐s ❛ñ♦s✱ ♣r♦❢❡s♦r
✈✐s✐t❛♥t❡ ❡♥ ❧❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❘✐♦ ●r❛♥❞❡ ❞♦
❙✉❧ ✭❇r❛s✐❧✮✱ ♣r♦❢❡s♦r ② ❥❡❢❡ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ♣♦st❣r❛❞♦s ❞❡
❛❣r♦♥♦♠í❛ ② ✈❡t❡r✐♥❛r✐❛✱ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞ ❈❡♥tr❛❧ ❞❡ ❱❡♥❡③✉❡❧❛
✭❯❈❱✮✱ ❛❝t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡s ♣r♦❢❡s♦r ❞❡❧ ❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡
✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛ ② ❞❡❧ ❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ P♦st❣r❛❞♦✱ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞
P♦❧✐té❝♥✐❝❛ ❚❡rr✐t♦r✐❛❧ ❞❡ ❆r❛❣✉❛ ✭❯P❚ ❆r❛❣✉❛✮✱ ❱❡♥❡③✉❡✲
❧❛✳
❊①♣♦s✐t♦r ② ❝♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝✐st❛ ❛ ♥✐✈❡❧ ♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❡ ✐♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✳
❊s ❛s❡s♦r ❡♥ ♠❡❥♦r❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡s♦s✱ ❣❡st✐ó♥ ❞❡ ♣r♦②❡❝t♦s✱
❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❝♦r♣♦r❛t✐✈♦ ❡♥ ❧♦s s❡❝t♦r❡s ❞❡
s❡r✈✐❝✐♦s✱ ❜❛♥❝❛✱ ✐♥❞✉str✐❛ ② ❣♦❜✐❡r♥♦✳
❊❧ ❉r✳ ❉♦♠í♥❣✉❡③ ❡s ✉♥ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐st❛ r❡❝♦♥♦❝✐❞♦ ❡♥ ❜❛s❡
❞❡ ❞❛t♦s✱ ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ② s❡r✈✐❞♦r❡s ❡♥ ❡❧ ár❡❛ ❞❡❧
s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❧✐❜r❡✱ ❛sí ❝♦♠♦ ✉♥ ❡①♣❡rt♦ ❡♥ ▲■◆❯❳ ❉❊❇■❆◆✳
❊♥ ❧❛ ❛❝t✉❛❧✐❞❛❞ ♦r✐❡♥t❛ s✉ tr❛❜❛❥♦ ❛ ❧❛ ❝r❡❛❝✐ó♥ ② ❞❡s❛✲
rr♦❧❧♦ ❞❡ ❡q✉✐♣♦s ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❞❡ ❛❧t♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡ñ♦✳ ❆✉t♦r ❞❡
♠ú❧t✐♣❧❡s ❛rtí❝✉❧♦s ② ❧✐❜r♦s s♦❜r❡ ❧❛ ♠❛t❡r✐❛✳