SOC404 Highlighted Handouts

Pakistani Society and Culture (SOC404) VU
Lesson 01
PAKISTANI SOCIETY AND CULTURE | ORIENTATION
Topic 001 - 004
Topic 001: Pakistani Society and Culture | Orientation

Course objectives
1. To enable the students to understand the basic concepts of culture and society
2. This course will help to understand these basic concepts of culture and society in relation
to Pakistani Context
3. This will orient the students to Specific features, Typology, and sociological perspective
on Pakistani society and culture
Topic 002: Basic Sociological and Cultural Terms and Definitions

1. Society
“Society refers to people who interact in a defined territory and share a culture”.
2. Social Structure
Social structure the framework that surrounds us, consisting of the relationships of people
and groups to one another, which gives direction to and sets limits on behavior
3. Social Institutions
Social institutions—the standard or usual ways that a society meets its basic needs—vitally
affect your life. They not only shape your behavior but even color your thoughts. How can
this be?
4. Status
Status the position that someone occupies in a social group.
5. Culture
Culture the language, beliefs, values, norms, behaviors, and even material objects that
characterize a group and are passed from one generation to the next.
6. Roles
Role the behaviors, obligations, and privileges attached to a status
7. Values
Culturally defined standards of desirability, goodness, and beauty that serve as broad
guidelines for social living. What ought to be.
Examples of values: Equal opportunity, Achievement or success, Material comfort,
Activity and work. Science, Freedom, Physical fitness, Health, Punctuality. Wealth,
Education, Competition and Merit. Honesty, Dignity of labor, Patriotism. Justice and
Democracy. Environmental protection, Charity and Development.
8. Norms
Rules and expectations by which a society guides the behavior of its members. These are
the shared expectations of the people that govern their behavior.
Proscriptive norms: Mandating what we should not do. Forbidding from certain actions.
Prescriptive norms: What we should do.
9. Folkways
Society’s customs for routine, casual interaction. These are of less moral significance.
Examples can be: proper dress, appropriate greetings, and common courtesy. People
usually ignore the violation of folkways.
10. Mores
Society’s standards of proper moral conduct. Such standards have been considered as
essential to maintaining a way of life. These are the notions of right or wrong developed
by society. Violation of mores brings a strong reaction from others.
11. Taboos
A social or religious custom prohibiting or restricting a particular practice or forbidding
association with a particular person, place, or thing.
12. Symbols
Symbols: Anything that carries a particular meaning recognized by people who share
culture. Whistle, flashing light, thumbs up are all symbols.
Human beings have the capacity to create symbols with different meanings associated with
each. These symbols are used as means of communication and thereby become part of our
language. Even the buildings, dress, the flag, and a type of color may be taken as symbols
indicating some aspect of human behavior as well as society’s outlook. Red, green, white,
blue, pink, each of the colors stands for something in the society. Blue jeans are quite
commonly used in Pakistan. Can you find out that these are symbol of what?
13. Languages
System of symbols that allows members of a society to communicate with one another.
Symbols may be oral and these could be written words. We have oral cultural traditions.
Human beings have developed different alphabet as part of written language. Language is
the major means of cultural transmission. Is language uniquely human?
14. Diversity
There are many ways of life; hence there are differences in culture. In one society there
could be differences in patterns of marriage and family, patterns of education, patterns of
worship, and patterns of earning a living. One finds cultural difference within the province
and across the provinces in Pakistan. Countries like Canada, which are inhabited by
immigrants, display a big cultural diversity. People have migrated from all over the globe
to Canada and brought cultural differences with them and in many cases are trying to
continue with them.
15. Subculture
Cultural patterns that set apart some segments of a society’s population. Cluster of patterns
which both are related to the general culture of the society yet distinguishable from it. The
example could be: student sub-culture, business sub-culture.
16. Counterculture
It is a subculture, which is in active opposition to the dominant culture. Cultural patterns
that strongly oppose widely accepted patterns within a society. Example could be of
hippies, and drug users.
17. Assimilation
The process whereby individuals or groups of differing ethnic heritage are absorbed into
the dominant culture of a society. The process of assimilating involves taking on the traits
of the dominant culture to such a degree that the assimilating group becomes socially
indistinguishable from other members of the society.
18. Multiculturalism
A policy followed by some governments whereby they recognize cultural diversity in the
society and promote the equality of all cultural traditions. Canadian government is
following such a policy.
19. Ethnocentrism
The practice of judging other’s culture by the standards of one’s own culture. People
consider their own culture as superior to others and apply their standards for evaluating the
patterns of behavior of others. The whole judgment is centered on one’s own culture.
20. Cultural relativism
The practice of judging a culture by its own standards; a particular pattern of behavior is
right or wrong as it is declared by the people who follow it. Since those people are follow
a particular practice, supposedly it might be serving some useful function in that society.
Nevertheless, the same practice may be useful for one group and may be harmful for the
other in the same society.
21. Cultural Shock
Culture shock is the feeling of uncertainty, confusion, or anxiety that people experience
when visiting, doing business in, or living in a society that is different from their own.
Social norms can vary significantly across countries and regions. Culture shock can arise
from an individual's unfamiliarity with local customs, language, and acceptable behavior.
22. Tangible
Tangible things – material objects.
23. Intangible
Intangible (non-material) items like values, beliefs, norms, language, and ideas (ideologies:
perception of reality) that govern the way of life. The way we play our roles.
Topic 003: Do Non-human have a culture?

Culture is probably not rare in animals, although hard experimental evidence is lacking. The
strongest case for culture is found in the species most amenable to experimental manipulation,
rather than in nonhuman primates. Human culture is much more likely to be cumulative than
animal culture, but the reasons for this are not well established. At this point, there is no reason to
assume that cumulative culture depends critically on teaching, imitation, language, or perspective-
taking. Currently, animals are being judged according to stricter criteria than humans (Laland and
Hoppitt 2003).
Topic 004: Specific Feature of Cultures

The concept is sometimes easier to grasp by description than by definition. For example, suppose
you meet a young woman from India who has just arrived in the United States. That her culture is
different from yours is immediately evident. You first see it in her clothing, jewelry, makeup, and
hairstyle. Next, you hear it in her speech. It then becomes apparent by her gestures. Later, you
might hear her express unfamiliar beliefs about relationships or what is valuable in life.
All of these characteristics are indicative of culture—the language, beliefs, values, norms,
behaviors, and even material objects that are passed from one generation to the next.
Lesson 02
SPECIFIC FEATURE OF CULTURES
Topic 005 – 007
Topic 005: Components of Culture
1. Social Organization: Structured by organizing its members into smaller numbers to meet
the cultures specific requirements. Social classes ranked in order of importance (status)
based on the culture’s core values. In example: money, job, education, family, etc.
2. Customs and Traditions: Rules of behavior enforced by the cultures ideas of right and
wrong such as is customs, traditions, rules, or written laws.
3. Symbols: Anything that carries particular meaning recognized by people who share the
same culture.
4. Norms: Rules and expectations, mores and folkways.
5. Language: A system of symbols that allows people to communicate with one another.
6. Arts and Literature: Products of human imagination made into art, music, literature,
stories, and dance.
7. Artifacts: Distinct material objects, such as architecture, technologies, and artistic
creations.
8. Social institutions: Family, Religion, Economy, Politics, Media, Education
9. In France, I was surrounded by a culture quite different from mine. It was evident in
everything I saw and heard.
10. I also found myself immersed in an unfamiliar nonmaterial culture, that is, a group’s ways
of thinking (its beliefs, values, and other assumptions about the world) and doing (its
common patterns of behavior, including language, gestures, and other forms of interaction).
11. For example: Pakistani religious beliefs that for a woman it is mandatory to cover head and
not acceptable to wear bikini in public are examples of nonmaterial culture.
12. So are French assumptions that may assume otherwise. Like material culture, neither
custom is “right.”
Topic 006: Vocabulary of Culture and Society
Alienation:
A lack of power, control, fulfilment and satisfaction experienced by workers in a capitalist society
where the means of producing goods are privately owned and controlled.
Anarchism:
Belief in the abolition of all government and the organization of society on a voluntary, cooperative
basis without recourse to force or compulsion.
Anthropology:
The study of human biological and physiological characteristics and their evolution.
Art:
The expression or application of human creative skill and imagination, typically in a visual form
such as painting or sculpture, producing works to be appreciated primarily for their beauty or
emotional power.
Behaviour:
The way in which one acts or conducts oneself, especially towards others.
Bourgeois:
A term meaning capitalist employed by Karl Marx.
Bureaucracy:
A formal organization marked by a clear hierarchy of authority, the existence of written rules of
procedure, staffed by full-time salaried officials, and striving for the efficient attainment of
organizational goals.
Capitalism:
An economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private
owners for profit, rather than by the state.
Career :
an occupation undertaken for a significant period of a person's life and with opportunities for
progress.
Charity :
An organization set up to provide help and raise money for those in need.
City:
An inhabited place of greater size, population, or importance than a town or village We spent the
weekend in the city.
Civilization:
The process by which a society or place reaches an advanced stage of social and cultural
development and organization.
Class:
Most sociologists use the term to refer to socioeconomic differences between groups of individuals
which create differences in their life chances and power.
Collective:
A collection of things taken as a whole.
Commercialism:
Concern with the making of profit at the expense of artistic or other value.
Communication
The transmission of information from one individual or group to another.
Community
A group of people who share a common sense of identity and interact with one another on a
sustained basis.
Consensus:
Agreement on basic social values by the members of a group or society.
Consumer:
A person who purchases goods and services for personal use.
Conventional:
Based on or in accordance with what is generally done or believed.
Country:
A nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory.
Criticism:
The expression of disapproval of someone or something on the basis of perceived faults or
mistakes.
Culture:
The values, norms and material goods shared by a given group. Your instructor prefers to restrict
the term to refer to symbolic aspects (values and norms).
Democracy:
A form of government that recognizes the citizen as having the right to participate in political
decision-making, or to elect representatives to government bodies.
Determine:
Something to occur in a particular way or to have a particular nature.
Development:
Development is a process that creates growth, progress, positive change or the addition of physical,
economic, environmental, social and demographic components. ... The identification of these traps
enables relating to political – economic – social conditions in a country in an attempt to
advance development.
Dialect:
A particular form of a language which is peculiar to a specific region or social group.
Dialectic:
Relating to the logical discussion of ideas and opinions.
Doctrinaire:
Seeking to impose a doctrine in all circumstances without regard to practical considerations.
Ecology:
The study of the system of relationships between organisms and their environment.
Educated:
The transmission of knowledge to members of society. The knowledge passed on is in the form of
technical and cultural knowledge, technical and social skills, as well as the norms and values of
the society.
Elite:
A select group that is superior in terms of ability or qualities to the rest of a group or society.
Empirical:
Originating in or based on observation or experience empirical data.
Equality:
The state of being equal, especially in status, rights, or opportunities.
Ethnic:
relating to a population subgroup (within a larger or dominant national or cultural group) with a
common national or cultural tradition.
Evolution:
the process by which different kinds of living organism are believed to have developed from earlier
forms during the history of the earth.
Experience:
Practical contact with and observation of facts or events.
Expert:
A person who is very knowledgeable about or skilful in a particular area.
Exploitation:
The action or fact of treating someone unfairly in order to benefit from their work.
Family:
A group of individuals related to one another by blood ties, marriage or adoption. Members of
families form an economic unit, the adult members of which are responsible for the upbringing of
children. All societies involve some form of family, although the form the family takes is widely
variable. In modern industrial societies the main family form is the nuclear family, although a
variety of extended family relationships are also found.
Fiction:
Literature in the form of prose, especially novels, that describes imaginary events and people.
Folk:
People in general.
Formalist:
Rigorous or excessive adherence to recognized forms, as in religion or art. 2. An instance of
rigorous or excessive adherence to recognized forms. 3. A method of aesthetic analysis that
emphasizes structural elements and artistic techniques rather than content, especially in literary
works.
Generation:
All of the people born and living at about the same time, regarded collectively.
Genetic:
relating to genes or heredity.
Genius:
Exceptional intellectual or creative power or other natural ability.
Hegemony:
The dominance in society of the ruling class’s set of ideas over others, and acceptance of and
consent to them by the rest of society.
History:
The study of past events, particularly in human affairs.
Humanity:
The definition of humanity is the entire human race or the characteristics that belong uniquely
to human beings, such as kindness, mercy and sympathy. An example of humanity is all the people
in the world. An example of humanity is treating someone with kindness.
Idealism:
The unrealistic belief in or pursuit of perfection.
Ideology:
A system of ideas and ideals, especially one which forms the basis of economic or political theory
and policy.
Imperialism:
The process of empire-building associated with the colonial system.
Improve:
Develop or increase in mental capacity by education or experience.
Individual:
A single human being as distinct from a group.
Industry:
Economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in
factories.
Institution:
An organization founded for a religious, educational, professional, or social purpose.
Intellectual:
A person possessing a highly developed intellect.
Interest:
The feeling of wanting to know or learn about something or someone.
Isms:
A distinctive practice, system, or philosophy, typically a political ideology or an artistic movement.
Jargon:
Special words or expressions used by a profession or group that are difficult for others to
understand.
Labour:
Work, especially physical work.
Liberation:
The action of setting someone free from imprisonment, slavery, or oppression; release.
Literature:
Written works, especially those considered of superior or lasting artistic merit.
Man:
an adult male human being.
Management:
Management is the coordination of all resources through the process of planning, organising,
directing and controlling in order to attain stated goals.
Masses:
A large body of matter with no definite shap.
Materialism:
A tendency to consider material possessions and physical comfort as more important than spiritual
values.
Media:
The main means of mass communication (broadcasting, publishing, and the internet) regarded
collectively.
Mediation:
Mediation is a process of negotiation in a relationship to resolve differences.
Medieval:
The definition of medieval is relating to the Middle Ages.
Modern:
Relating to the present or recent times as opposed to the remote past.
Monopoly:
The exclusive possession or control of the supply of or trade in a commodity or service
Myth:
A traditional story, especially one concerning the early history of a people or explaining a natural
or social phenomenon, and typically involving supernatural beings or events.
Nationalist:
A person who strongly identifies with their own nation and vigorously supports its interests,
especially to the exclusion or detriment of the interests of other nations.
Native:
a person born in a specified place or associated with a place by birth, whether subsequently resident
there or not.
Naturalism:
The philosophical belief that everything arises from natural properties and causes, and supernatural
or spiritual explanations are excluded or discounted.
Nature:
The phenomena of the physical world collectively, including plants, animals, the landscape, and
other features and products of the earth, as opposed to humans or human creations.
Originality:
The ability to think independently and creatively.
Peasant:
A poor smallholder or agricultural labourer of low social status (chiefly in historical use or with
reference to subsistence farming in poorer countries).
Personality:
The combination of characteristics or qualities that form an individual's distinctive character.
Philosophy:
The study of the fundamental nature of knowledge, reality, and existence, especially when
considered as an academic discipline.
Popular:
Liked or admired by many people or by a particular person or group.
Positivist:
A philosophical system recognizing only that which can be scientifically verified or which is
capable of logical or mathematical proof, and therefore rejecting metaphysics and theism.
Pragmatic:
The branch of linguistics dealing with language in use and the contexts in which it is used,
including such matters as deixis, the taking of turns in conversation, text organization,
presupposition, and implicature.
Private:
Belonging to or for the use of one particular person or group of people only.
Progressive:
A social or political movement that aims to represent the interests of ordinary people through
political change and the support of government actions".
Psychological:
Affecting, or arising in the mind; related to the mental and emotional state of a person
Reactionary:
opposing political or social progress or reform.
Realism:
The attitude or practice of accepting a situation as it is and being prepared to deal with it
accordingly.
Reform:
Make changes in (something, especially an institution or practice) in order to improve it.
Representative:
Typical of a class, group, or body of opinion.
Revolution:
A forcible overthrow of a government or social order, in favour of a new system.
Romantic:
Conducive to or characterized by the expression of love.
Science:
Blaming, punishing, or stigmatizing a relatively powerless individual or group for wrongs that
were not of their doing.
Sensibility:
The quality of being able to appreciate and respond to complex emotional or aesthetic influences;
sensitivity.
Sex:
The biological categories of females and males.
Socialist:
A person who advocates or practises socialism.
Society:
A society is a group of people who live in a particular territory, are subject to a common system
of political authority, and share a common culture.
Sociology:
The study of human behavior and societies, giving particular emphasis to the industrialized world.
Standards:
A level of quality or attainment.
Status:
A social position within a society. The term can also refer to the social honor or prestige which a
particular individual or group is accorded by other members of a society.
Structural:
Sociological term to refer to all human institutions, groups and organizations.
Subjective:
Based on or influenced by personal feelings, tastes, or opinions.
Taste:
The sensation of flavour perceived in the mouth and throat on contact with a substance.
Technology:
The application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes, especially in industry.
Theory:
Summary statements of general principles which explain regularly observed events.
Tradition:
The transmission of customs or beliefs from generation to generation, or the fact of being passed
on in this way.
Unemployment:
Unemployment occurs when a person who is actively searching for employment is unable to find
work. Unemployment is often used as a measure of the health of the economy.
Utilitarianism:
The doctrine that actions are right if they are useful or for the benefit of a majority.
Violence:
Behaviour involving physical force intended to hurt, damage, or kill someone or something.
Wealth:
Accumulated money and material possessions controlled by an individual, group or organization.
Welfare:
Welfare refers to a range of government programs that provide financial or other aid to individuals
or groups who cannot support themselves. Welfare programs are typically funded by taxpayers
and allow people to cope with financial stress during rough periods of their lives.
Work:
The transfer of energy from one object to another, especially in order to make the second object
move in a certain direction.
Topic 007: Difference Between the two Cultural Terms

Contemporary sociologists' approach to culture is often divided between a "sociology of culture"
and "cultural sociology"—the terms are similar, though not interchangeable.
Sociology of culture: The sociology of culture is an older concept, and considers some topics and
objects as more or less "cultural" than others. It often reduces culture to a “dependent variable”
with society as the “independent variable.”
Cultural Sociology: By way of contrast, Jeffrey C. Alexander introduced the term cultural
sociology, an approach that sees all, or most, social phenomena as inherently cultural at some
level. It views society as already cultural; indeed, the social is in very significant ways culturally
constituted.
Lesson 03
TYPOLOGY OF SOCIETY
Topic 008 - 013
Topic 008: Definitions Old vs New

The largest and most complex group that sociologists study is society, which consists of people
who share a culture and a territory. Society, which surrounds us, sets the stage for our life
experiences. The sociological principle is that the type of society we live in is the fundamental
reason for why we become who we are. Not only does our society lay the broad framework for our
behavior, but it also influences the ways we think and feel. Its effects are so significant that if you
had grown up in a different society, you would be a different type of person.
• Thousands of years ago, societies were small, sparsely populated technologically limited.
With competition for scarce resources, larger and more technologically advanced societies
dominated smaller ones.
• Today, we have arrived at a global society. Characterized by highly evolved degrees of
social differentiation and inequality, notably along class, gender, racial, and ethnic lines
(Nolan and Lenski 2014).
Sociologists distinguish six types of societies based on the:
• complexity of their social structure
• the amount of overall cultural accumulation, and
• level of their technology.
• They are foraging, pastoral, horticultural, agricultural (called preindustrial soci-
eties), and
• then industrial and postindustrial societies.
Topic 009: Hunting and Gathering Societies

The members of hunting and gathering societies have few social divisions and little inequality. As
the name implies, in order to survive, these groups depend on hunting animals and gathering plants.
In some groups, the men do the hunting, and the women the gathering. In others, both men and
women (and children) gather plants, the men hunt large animals, and both men and women hunt
small animals. The groups usually have a shaman, an individual thought to be able to influence
spiritual forces, but shamans, too, must help obtain food.
Economic Base:
Economic sustenance dependent on hunting and foraging
Social Organization:
Gender is important basis for social organization although division of labor is not rigid little
accumulation of wealth Example: The African Pygmies.
Hunting and gathering societies are the earliest form of society. The members survive primarily
by hunting, trapping, fishing, and gathering edible plants. The majority of the members' time is
spent looking for and gathering food. A hunting and gathering society has five characteristics:
• Family is the society's primary institution. Family determines the distribution of food and
how to socialize children.
• These societies are small compared to the others. They generally have less than 50
members.
• Hunting and gathering societies are nomadic, which means that they move constantly in
order to find food and water.
• Members of hunting and gathering societies are mutually dependent upon each other.
• Although there is an equal division of labour among the members of hunting and gathering
societies, there is a division of labour based on sex. Men are typically responsible for
hunting, and women are typically gatherers.
Topic 010:Horticultural and Agricultural Societies

Horticultural societies
Horticultural societies emerged between 10,000 and 12,000 years ago in Latin America, Asia, and
parts of the Middle East. These societies rely on the cultivation of fruits, vegetables, and plants in
order to survive. Horticultural societies are often forced to relocate when the resources of the land
are depleted or when the water supplies decrease.
Pastoral societies began around 12,000 years ago. These societies rely on products obtained
through the domestication and breeding of animals for transportation and food. Pastoral societies
are common in areas where crops cannot be supported, for example in North Africa. Unlike
hunting and gathering societies, pastoral societies only have to move when the land in which the
animals graze is no longer usable. Pastoral societies also allow for job specialization, since not
everyone is needed to gather or hunt for food. For example, while some people breed animals,
others are able to produce tools or clothing, which allows for specialization in these areas.
1. Economic Base:
1. Society marked by relatively permanent settlement
2. production of domesticated crops
2. Social Organization:
1. Accumulation of wealth
2. elaboration of the division of labor
3. different occupational roles (farmers, traders, craftspeople , and so on)
3. Example: Societies of Village and Tribal regions of Pakistan
Agricultural Societies
The invention of the plow about five or six thousand years ago once again changed social life
forever. Compared with hoes and digging sticks, using animals to pull plows is immensely
efficient. As the earth was plowed, more nutrients were returned to the soil, making the land more
productive. The food surplus of the agricultural revolution was unlike anything ever seen in human
history. It allowed even more people to engage in activities other than farming. In this new
agricultural society, people developed cities and what is popularly known as “culture,” activities
such as philosophy, art, music, literature, and architecture. Accompanied by the inventions of the
wheel, writing, and numbers, the changes were so profound that this period is sometimes referred
to as “the dawn of civilization.”
The social inequality of pastoral and horticultural societies turned out to be only a hint of what
was to come. When some people managed to gain control of the growing surplus of resources in
agricultural societies, inequality became a fundamental feature of life in society. To protect their
expanding privileges and power, this elite surrounded itself with armed men. This small group
even levied taxes on others, who now had become their “subjects.” As conflict theorists point out,
this concentration of resources and power—along with the oppression of people not in power—
was the forerunner of the state.
Agricultural societies rely on the use of technology in order to cultivate crops in large areas,
including wheat, rice, and corn. The technological advances led to an increase in food supplies, an
increase in population, and the development of trade centers. This period of technological changes
is referred to as the Agricultural Revolution and began around 8,500 years ago. Agricultural
societies developed roughly in this order:
• Animals are used to pull plows.

• Plowing allows for the cultivation of larger areas of land.
• Soil aeration caused by plowing leads to higher crop yields over longer periods of time.
• High volumes of food production allow people to build permanent homes in a single
location.
• Towns develop, which eventually grow into cities.
1. Economic Base:
i. Livelihood dependent on elaborate and large scale patterns of agri-
culture
ii. increased use of technology in agricultural production
2. Social Organization:
i. Caste system differentiates the elite and agricultural laborers;
ii. may include system of slavery
iii. Example: Rural societies of Pakistan.
Topic 011: Industrial Societies

Industrial societies are based on using machines (particularly fuel‐driven ones) to produce goods.
Sociologists refer to the period during the 18th century when the production of goods in
mechanized factories began as the Industrial Revolution. The Industrial Revolution appeared first
in Britain, and then quickly spread to the rest of the world.
As productivity increased, means of transportation improved to better facilitate the transfer of

products from place to place. Great wealth was attained by the few who owned factories, and the
“masses” found jobs working in the factories.
Industrialization brought about changes in almost every aspect of society. As factories became the
centre of work, “home cottages” as the usual workplace became less prevalent, as did the family's
role in providing vocational training and education. Public education via schools and eventually
the mass media became the norm. People's life expectancy increased as their health improved.
Political institutions changed into modern models of governance. Cultural diversity increased, as
did social mobility. Large cities emerged as places to find jobs in factories. Social power moved
into the hands of business elites and governmental officials, leading to struggles between
industrialists and workers. Labour unions and welfare organizations formed in response to these
disputes and concerns over workers' welfare, including children who toiled in factories. Rapid
changes in industrial technology also continued, especially the production of larger machines and
faster means of transportation. The Industrial Revolution also saw to the development of
bureaucratic forms of organization, complete with written rules, job descriptions, impersonal
positions, and hierarchical methods of management.
1. Economic Base:
➢ Economic system based on the elaborate machinery and
➢ development of factory system
➢ economy based on cash and wages
ii. Social Organization:
➢ Highly differentiated labor force
➢ complex division of labor , and
➢ large formal organizations
➢ Example: Sub-urban societies of Pakistan (e.g. Faisalabad, Mardan, Lasbela etc)
Post-Industrial Societies
Sociologists note that with the advent of the computer microchip, the world is witnessing a
technological revolution. This revolution is creating a post-industrial society based on information,
knowledge, and the selling of services. That is, rather than being driven by the factory production
of goods, society is being shaped by the human mind, aided by computer technology. Although
factories will always exist, the key to wealth and power seems to lie in the ability to generate,
store, manipulate, and sell information.
Sociologists speculate about the characteristics of post-industrial society in the near future. They
predict increased levels of education and training, consumerism, availability of goods, and social
mobility. While they hope for a decline in inequality as technical skills and “know‐how” begin to
determine class rather than the ownership of property, sociologists are also concerned about
potential social divisions based on those who have appropriate education and those who do not.
Sociologists believe society will become more concerned with the welfare of all members of
society. They hope post-industrial society will be less characterized by social conflict, as everyone
works together to solve society's problems through science.
Economic Base:
➢ Information-based societies
➢ technology plays a vital role in social organization
Social Organization:
➢ Education increasingly important to the division of labor
➢ Example: Urban societies of Pakistan (Islamabad, Urban Lahore, Karachi)
Topic 012: Typology of Society Based on Solidarity: Mechanical vs Organic

Durkheim addresses the question that what holds societies together? To him, collective
consciousness gives groups social solidarity. Collective consciousness, defined as the body of
beliefs common to a community or society Create sense of belonging and a feeling of moral
obligation to its demands and values. Where does the collective consciousness come from?
Argued that it stems from people’s participation in common activities such as work, family,
education, and religion in short, society’s institutions.
According to Durkheim, there are two types of societies based on social solidarity:
1. Mechanical Society:
➢ Mechanical solidarity arises when individuals play similar-rather than different-roles

➢ share the same values and
➢ hold the same things sacred.
➢ This particular kind of cohesiveness is weakened when a society becomes more
complex.
2. Organic Society:
➢ In contrast, organic {or contractual) solidarity occurs when people play a great variety
of roles
➢ unity is based on role differentiation, not similarity.
Mechanical solidarity is the social integration of members of a society who have common values
and beliefs. These common values and beliefs constitute a “collective conscience” that works
internally in individual members to cause them to cooperate. Because, in Durkheim’s view, the
forces causing members of society to cooperate were much like the internal energies causing the
molecules to cohere in a solid, he drew upon the terminology of physical science in coining the
term mechanical solidarity.
In contrast to mechanical solidarity, organic solidarity is social integration that arises out of the
need of individuals for one another’s services. In a society characterized by organic solidarity,
there is relatively greater division of labour, with individuals functioning much like the
interdependent but differentiated organs of a living body. Society relies less on imposing uniform
rules on everyone and more on regulating the relations between different groups and persons, often
through the greater use of contracts and laws.
Topic 013: Typology of Society Based on Solidarity Gemeinschaft vs Gesellschaft

Ferdinand Tonnies classified two types of societies; gemeinschaft and gesellschaft.
Each involves a different type of solidarity or cohesiveness.
1. Gemeinschafts (communities)
➢ characterized by a sense of "we" feeling,

➢ a very moderate division of labor,
➢ strong personal ties,
➢ strong family relationships, and
➢ a sense of personal loyalty.
2. Gesellschaft, (societies)
➢ importance is placed on the secondary relationships
➢ less intimate and more instrumental relationships
➢ such as work roles instead of family or community roles.
In Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft (1887), Ferdinand Tönnies set out to develop concepts that
could be used as analytic tools for understanding why and how the social world is organized.
Gemeinschaft, frequently translated as “community,” refers to individuals bound together by

common norms, often because of shared physical space and shared beliefs. Familial ties represent
the purest form of gemeinschaft, although religious institutions are also a classic example of this
type of relationship. Such groupings based on feelings of togetherness and mutual bonds are
maintained by members of the group who see the existence of the group as their key goal.
Characteristics of these groups include slight specialization and division of labor, strong personal
relationships, and relatively simple social institutions.
Gesellschaft, frequently translated as “society,” refers to associations in which self-interest is the

primary justification for membership. A modern business is a good example of an association in
which individuals seek to maximize their own self-interest, and in order to do so, an association to
coordinate efforts is formed. The specialization of professional roles holds them together, and often
formal authority is necessary to maintain structures. Characteristics of these groups include highly
calculated divisions of labor, impersonal secondary relationships, and strong social institutions.
Such groups are sustained by their members’ individual aims and goals.
The equilibrium in Gemeinschaft is achieved through morals, conformism, and exclusion (social
control), while Gesellschaft keeps its equilibrium through police, laws, tribunals and prisons.
Amish and Hassidic communities are examples of Gemeinschaft, while state municipalities are
types of Gesellschaft. Rules in Gemeinschaft are implicit, while Gesellschaft has explicit rules
(written laws).
Tönnies’ distinction between Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft, like others between tradition and
modernity, has been criticized for over-generalizing differences between societies, and implying
that all societies were following a similar evolutionary path, which he has never proclaimed.
Topic 014: Factors Defining Society
1. Human society is a system of social interaction, typically within geographical boundaries,

that includes both culture and social organization.
2. Within a society, members have;
i. A common culture, even though there may also be great diversity within
it.
ii. Members of a society think of themselves as distinct from other societies,
iii. maintain ties of social interaction,
iv. high degree of interdependence.
v. interaction based on harmony or conflict
vi. Social interaction is how people relate to each other and form social
bonds.
3. Social interaction is the foundation of society, but
4. society is more than a collection of individual social actions
5. Like Emile Durkheim, described society as sui generis—meaning “a thing in itself, of its
own particular kind.
6. This central sociological idea, means that society takes on a life of its own. It is patterned
by humans and their interactions, but it is something that endures and takes on shape and
structure beyond the immediacy of any given group of people.
Lesson 04
TYPOLOGY OF CULTURE
Topic 015 - 020
Topic 015: Material Culture and Non-material Culture

Factors defining culture
i. Indigenization, tradition, history, language, social currents, dynamics,

ii. Changing factors,
iii. Different cultural traits, with variations
Material culture
i. Refers to physical things created by members of a society
ii. The objects or belongings of a group of people
iii. Examples; art, buildings, weapons, utensils, machines, hairstyles, clothing, and
jewelry
The material culture—such things as jewelry, art, buildings, weapons, machines, and even eating
utensils, hairstyles, and clothing—provided a sharp contrast to what I was used to seeing. There is
nothing inherently “natural” about material culture. That is, it is no more natural (or unnatural) to
wear gowns on the street than it is to wear jeans.
Nonmaterial culture
i. Consists of the ideas, attitudes, and beliefs of a society.
ii. Group’s ways of thinking and doing including its beliefs, values, and other
assumptions about the world and common patterns of behavior, including
language and other forms of interaction
iii. It is also known as symbolic culture
I also found myself immersed in an unfamiliar nonmaterial culture, that is, a group’s ways of
thinking (its beliefs, values, and other assumptions about the world) and doing (its common
patterns of behavior, including language, gestures, and other forms of interaction).
Topic 016: Ideal Culture and Real Culture

i. Refers to the values, norms, and goals that a group considers ideal, worth aiming
for
ii. For example, Success is part of ideal culture
iii. Academic progress, hard work, and the display of material goods as signs of
individual achievement
iv. In an ideal culture, there would be no traffic accidents, murders, poverty, or racial
tension.
Real Culture
i. Includes the values and norms that are followed by a culture.
ii. However, usually falls short of the cultural ideal compared with their abilities
iii. For example, most people don’t work as hard as they could or go as far as they
could in school
iv. In real culture, police officers, lawmakers, educators, and social workers constantly
strive to prevent or repair those accidents, crimes, and injustices.
“Ideal” Versus “Real” Culture

Many of the norms that surround cultural values are followed only partially. Differences always
exist between a group’s ideals and what its members actually do. Consequently, sociologists use
the term ideal culture to refer to the values, norms, and goals that a group considers ideal, worth
aiming for. Success, for example, is part of ideal culture. Americans glorify academic progress,
hard work, and the display of material goods as signs of individual achievement. What people
actually do, however, usually falls short of the cultural ideal. Compared with their abilities, for
example, most people don’t work as hard as they could or go as far as they could in school.
Sociologists call the norms and values that people actually follow real culture.
Topic 017: Subculture

➢ Group whose values and related behaviors distinguish its members from the general
culture
➢ Each subculture has its own values and norms giving them a common identity
➢ Subcultures can form around any interest or activity, such as an occupation, ethnicity,
language
➢ Develops specialized ways of communicating with one another
➢ People may belong to several subcultures
➢ Most subcultures are compatible with the mainstream culture
➢ Subculture provides its members distinctive ways of viewing the world
➢ Membership in subculture is not easily awarded
➢ Examples; Truck drivers, Models, Ironworkers
Topic 018: Counterculture

i. Values, beliefs, norms, and related behaviors place its members in opposition to the
broader culture
ii. An assault on core values is always met with resistance
iii. To affirm their own values, members of the mainstream culture may ridicule, isolate, or
attack members of the counterculture.
iv. Examples; motorcycle gangs; drug addicts, traffic rules’ violators, also value dirtiness
and contempt toward women, work, and education.
Topic 019: Elite Culture vs Popular Culture

1. Elite Culture
i. Cultural experiences and attitudes in the highest-class segments of a society
ii. High culture is often associated with:
➢ intellectualism
➢ aesthetic taste
➢ political power
➢ prestige
➢ Wealth
iii. It is also called high culture

iv. Events considered high culture can be expensive and formal—attending a ballet,
purchasing and collecting expensive paintings, or buying latest gadgets/vehicles etc.
2. Popular Culture
i. Refers to the pattern of cultural experiences and attitudes that exist in mainstream
society
ii. Examples of Popular culture events might include a parade, a cricket match, or a music
concert
iii. Popular culture is often expressed and spread via commercial media such as radio,
television, movies, the music industry, and corporate-run websites
iv. Unlike high culture, popular culture is known and accessible to most people
Topic 020: Cultural Universals

Cultural universals are patterns or traits that are globally common to all societies. One example
of a cultural universal is the family unit: every human society recognizes a family structure that
regulates sexual reproduction and the care of children.
In Pakistan, for example, family members from all generations commonly live together in one
household. In Pakistani culture, young female adults will continue to live in the extended
household family structure until they marry and join their spouse’s household, or they may remain
and raise their nuclear family within the extended family cercles.
In western society, by contrast, individuals are expected to leave home and live independently after
entering into the age of maturity and before forming a family unit consisting of their own offspring.
Lesson 05
FACTORS DEFINING CULTURE
Topic 021 - 022
Topic 021: Factors Defining Culture

Having established the broad working definitions of culture, the study went on to examine the
factors that shape culture and the elements that determine the values and behaviors which shape
cultures:
• Administrative System
• Traditions; long lasting, identifiable, recurrent ways of doing things
• History
• Languages; symbolic culture of a society
• Social Currents
Topic 021: Changing Factors

Changing Factors
It includes of different factor that impact the acculturation and variation of cultural traits.
Cultural changes are set in motion in three ways;
➢ Invention
➢ Discovery
➢ Diffusion
Invention is the combination of existing elements of culture into something new. Inventions
produce new objects, ideas, and social patterns. Invention of ideas, objects and social patterns bring
social change.
Discovery occurs when people take note of existing elements of the world. Medical advances, for
example, offer a growing understanding of the human body. Human body has been there but
perhaps in the olden times humans did not know much about its functioning and dis-functioning.
Discoveries about the functioning of human body have added to the scientific knowledge. Beyond
the direct effects on human health, medical discoveries have stretched life expectancy. Increase
in life expectancy is change in society.
Diffusion is the transference of cultural traits from place and/or group to another. Diffusion creates
change as products, people, and information spread from one culture to another. Many of the
familiar elements of culture may have come from other cultures. For purposes of diffusion to take
place, it is necessary to have contact between two cultures. In the past contact used to be physical
contact through whatever means i.e. exchange of visits of people belonging to different cultures;
one way visit of travelers, traders; conquerors who may invade, plunder, and leave with booty;
other invaders who conquer and stay as rulers; colonizers who rule their colonies. All these
situations demonstrate diffusion situations where the establishment of contact leads to borrowing
of cultural traits from each other. The invaders and colonizers may bring their own culture and
impose it on the local people. Nevertheless, these very rulers may have picked up some elements
from the local culture. In the present times, for purposes of diffusion, the two different societies
don’t have to have a physical contact with each other. Presently mass media of communication
has demolished the physical boundaries for contacting other cultures. Now perhaps you have to
have a control over the “mouse” and reach anywhere in the world, know about its culture,
understand it, and if like may borrow its cultural traits. Look at borrowing of fashions from
outside, mixing of cultures, and exchange of communication across the cultures.
➢ Different cultural traits with variations in a culture

➢ These cultural traits are the characteristics of human actions that is acquired by people
socially and transmitted to one another via various modes of communication
➢ It also includes the objects created by different human behavior
Lesson 06
CHARACTERISTICS OF SOCIETY-I
Topic 023 - 028
Topic 023: Origins of the Concept of Society

The term society is most fundamental to sociology. It is derived from the Latin word socius which
means companionship or friendship. Companionship means sociability. According to George
Simmel it is this element of sociability which defines the true essence of society. It indicates that
man always lives in the company of other people. Man is a social animal said Aristotle centuries
ago. Man needs society for his living, working and enjoying life.
Society has become an essential condition for human life to continue. We can define society as a
group of people who share a common culture, occupy a particular territorial area and feel
themselves to constitute a unified and distinct entity. It is the mutual interactions and interrelations
of individuals and groups.
Definitions of Society
August Comte the father of sociology saw society as a social organism possessing a harmony of
structure and function. Emile Durkheim the founding father of the modern sociology treated
society as a reality in its own right.
According to Talcott Parsons Society is a total complex of human relationships in so far as they
grow out of the action in terms of means-end relationship intrinsic or symbolic. G.H Mead
conceived society as an exchange of gestures which involves the use of symbols.
Morris Ginsberg defines society as a collection of individuals united by certain relations or mode
of behavior which mark them off from others who do not enter into these relations or who differ
from them in behavior. Cole sees Society as the complex of organized associations and institutions
with a community. According to Maclver and Page society is a system of usages and procedures
of authority and mutual aid of many groupings and divisions, of controls of human behavior and
liberties. This ever changing complex system which is called society is a web of social relationship.
The origin of society in general, that is, of association among animals, and of human society in
particular, can no longer be regarded as purely a speculative question. During the seventeenth and
eighteenth centuries social philosophers gave so many and so varied answers to this question, from
the supernatural to the contract theory that it deservedly fell into disrepute. The advances of
nineteenth-century science have made it evident, however, that the problem of the origin of society
is no more insoluble than the problem of the origin of species. This is not saying, of course, that
there remain no unexplained elements in the problem, or that there is general agreement among all
sociologists upon this question. Life in general remains a mystery to science, and as long as it does
the origin of association as a phase of the life-process must remain also to a certain extent a
mystery. Fundamentally the problem of the origin of society is a biological question.' The
psychological sociologist, in his discussion of the problem, needs only to point out that the life-
process is essentially social from the start; that is, it involves from the first the interaction of
individual organisms. This interaction, while in its lowest phases purely physical, gives rise in its
higher stages to that psychical interaction which we call association or society. Life is not, and
cannot be, an affair of individual organisms. The processes of both nutrition and reproduction, in
all higher forms of life, involve a necessary interdependence among organisms of the same
species, which, except under unfavorable conditions, gives rise to group life and psychical
interaction.
Society is no more the result of the coming together of individuals developed in isolation than the
multicellular organism is the result of the coming together of cells so developed. Society, that is,
the psychical interaction of individuals, is an expression of the original and continuing unity of the
life-process of the associating organisms. Looked at from the standpoint of the whole evolution of
life, it is really the result of the breaking-up of the life-process into several relatively independent
centers while the process itself remains a unity. The functional interdependence on the psychical
side which constitutes a group of organisms a society is a mark at once of their original unity in a
common life-process and of the fact that they now constitute a higher, more complex unity. In this
view, the social process is strictly a phase of the life-process, even in the biological sense.
The social process, then, grows spontaneously out of the life- process. It grows out of both of the
fundamental phases of the life-process-the food-process and the reproductive process. The food-
process, or the activities connected with nutrition, seems to act chiefly in a negative way upon the
earliest beginnings of association. As a rule, organisms of one species remain together as long as
food is abundant, and they scatter only when the conditions of nutrition become unfavorable. The
thing to be explained in the organic world is not the living together of large numbers of one species,
but rather the scattering and separation of individuals. As has already been said, separation usually
takes place on account of lack of food supply; while where food supply is abundant and sufficiently
concentrated the individuals of a species remain together in large numbers. Now, where living
forms remain in close proximity to each other they tend to take on functional interrelations both in
the food-process and in the reproductive process. The conditions of food supply thus become the
physical basis of the inter relations among organisms, interrelations which later become psychical.
When the conditions of food supply become unfavorable, the tendency to scatter, moreover, may
be overcome by new adaptations on the part of organisms which give rise to superior ways of co-
operating, so that an adequate supply of food shall be assured. Or when scattering does take place
it may be by bands, and those bands whose members co-operate best in finding a food supply
would have the best chance of survival.
The position already implied is that the processes involved in human association are fundamentally
the same as in animal association; in other words, that animal society is the precursor of human
society, and that, strictly speaking, human society is but a form of animal society. Human society
is, however, so different from animal society that it is considered by many to be sui generis. But
the whole difference between the two, it can readily be shown, is in the forms and definiteness of
the psychical interaction between individuals. What especially distinguishes human society from
animal groups is the possession of articulate language. It is this which makes possible the
communication of definite ideas, giving a far greater degree of definiteness to the whole process
of social interaction and making possible among human beings many higher forms of co-operation.
Articulate speech, of course, rests in some degree upon the power of forming abstract or general
ideas, though it in turn reacts to develop that power. Upon these two great differences between
man and the other animals-articulate speech and the power of abstract thought-rest the chief
differences between animal and human society; for the other great distinctive marks of human
society, such as the rationality and self-consciousness of its individual members, religion, and
government, all go back to, or are intimately associated with, language and the power of abstract
thought.
Topic 024: Characteristics of Society

Maclver believes that society means likeness. Hence one of the characteristics is likeness. Though
the meaning of likeness has changed from traditional to modern societies whereas in traditional
societies, family, kinship or blood relationship defined the attribute of likeness. In modern
societies, social likeness has broadened its attribute to the principle to one world. Though likeness
is the basic feature of society, the feature of difference cannot be ignored. Difference here means
diversity or reciprocity in relations. It is a society all are alike then their will be very less interaction
and society would not be diverse. The difference or diversity compliment opposite or reciprocal
relationships. There are various differences of diversity on the basis of sex, interest, nature etc.
Such difference brings diversity to society and hence gives different aspect to society.
In a society one unit depends upon another hence all are interdependent. One institution of society
cannot fulfill all the requirement of society. It is the interdependence that fulfills the need of society
and its goal. In modern society not only countries but also several countries are interdependent on
another. For a society to be in harmony and proper functioning cooperation is required. No society
can exist in isolation. Harmonious relations are must for smooth functioning of the society. Society
is a complex system of social relationship. Various institutions of society interact with each other
to maintain cordial relations.
Grouping of individuals
No doubt society consists of individuals. But mere collection of individuals is not society. It is
something more than that and something beyond the individual. Durkheim is right when he
remarked that society is more than the sum of its parts i.e. individuals.
Common interest
Likeness is the most important characteristic of society. Famous sociologist Maclver opines that
society means likeness. Without a sense of likeness, there could be no mutual recognition of’
belonging together’ and therefore no society. This sense of likeness was found in early society on
kinship and in modern societies the conditions of social likeness have broadened out into the
principles of nationality. Society consists of like bodied and likeminded individuals. Friendship
intimacy and association of any kind would be impossible without likeness. It also helps in the
understanding of one by the other. That is why F.H. Giddings opines that society rests on the
‘Consciousness of Kind’. Along with likeness, differences is another important characteristic of
society. Because society involves differences and it depends on it as much as on likeness. That is
why MacIver opines that “primary likeness and secondary differences create the greatest of all
institutions-the division of labour”. Because, differences is complementary to social relationship.
If people will be alike in all respect society could not be formed and there would be little reciprocity
and relationship became limited. Family as the first society based on biological differences and
differences in aptitude, interest and capacity. Though differences is necessary for society but
differences by itself does not create society. Hence differences are sub-ordinate to likeness.
System of social interaction

Social interaction is a dynamic sequence of social actions between individuals (or groups) who
modify their actions and reactions due to actions by their interaction partner(s). A social interaction
is a social exchange between two or more individuals. These interactions form the basis for social
structure and therefore are a key object of basic social inquiry and analysis. Social interaction can
be studied between groups of two (dyads), three (triads) or larger social groups.
Shared/distinctive culture
Culture is another important characteristic of society. Each and every society has it’s own culture
which distinguishes it from others. Culture is the way of life of the members of a society and
includes their values, beliefs, art, morals etc. Hence culture is comprehensive because it fulfills the
necessities of social life and is culturally self-sufficient. Besides each and every society transmits
its cultural pattern to the succeeding generations.
Social institutions are the core organs

Five basic institutions are called the family, government, economy, education and religion. The
five primary institutions are found among all human groups. They are not always as highly
elaborated or as distinct from one another but in rudimentary form at last, they exist everywhere.
Their universality indicates that they are deeply rooted in human nature and that they are essential
in the development and maintenance of orders.
Usually same geographic boundaries

Social boundaries occur where social differences lead to unequal access to resources and
opportunities. Some of these boundary issues include race, gender, religion, and physical abilities.
Interdependence
Interdependence is another important characteristic of society. This fact of interdependence is
visible in every aspect of present day society. Famous Greek Philosopher, Aristotle remarked that
‘Man is a social animal’. As a social animal he is dependent on others. The survival and well being
of each member is very much depended on this interdependence. No individual is self sufficient.
He has to depend on others for food, shelter and security and for the fulfillment of many of his
needs and necessities. With the advancement of society this degree of interdependence increases
manifold. Family being the first society is based on the biological interdependence of the sexes.
Not only individuals are interdependent but also the groups, communities and societies.
Cooperation, conflict and division of labour

Both co-operation and conflict are two another important characteristics of society. Because
famous sociologist Maclver once remarked that “Society is Cooperation crossed by conflict”. Co-
operation is essentially essential for the formation of society. Without co-operation there can be
no society. People can’t maintain a happy life without co-operation. Family being the first society
rests on co-operation. Co-operation avoids mutual destructiveness and results in economy in
expenditure. Like co-operation conflict is also necessary for society. Conflict act as a cementing
factor for strengthening social relations. In a healthy and well developed society both co-operation
and conflict co-exist. Because with the help of these two universal process society is formed.
Conflict makes co-operation meaningful. Conflict may be direct and indirect. However both are
necessary for society.
Different works of society is allotted to individuals on the basis of efficiency. Every society has a
clear division of labour among its population on the basis of age, sex and efficiency. It will also
leads to progress.
Dynamism
The very nature of society is dynamic and changeable. No society is static. Every society changes
and changes continuously. Old customs, traditions, folkways, more values and institutions got
changed and new customs and values takes place. Society changes from it’s traditional nature to
modern nature. Hence it is one of the most important characteristic of society.
Topic 025: Social structure

• Social structure refers to the organized pattern of social relationships and social
institutions that together compose the society.
• Social structures are not immediately visible to untrained observers.
• Nevertheless, they are present, and they affect all dimensions of human experience in
society
• philosopher Marilyn Frye (1983) aptly uses the metaphor of birdcage to describe the
concept of social structure
• Social structure, like the birdcage, confines people; their motion and mobility are
restricted; and their lives are shaped by social structures
Society
Institutions Roles Statutes Groups
Example; Social class distinctions

• Class shapes the access that different groups have to the resources of society.
• It shapes many interactions people have with each other.
• People may form sense of belonging with those who share similar class standing.
• They may identify with certain values associated with a given class.
• Class then forms a social structure—one that shapes and guides human behavior at all
levels.
Topic 026: Diversity

In society on one hand people have shared culture; on the other hand there is great diversity.
Diversity…the wide range of differences among people, families, and communities based on their
cultural and ethnic backgrounds as well as physical and academic abilities.
Diversity among groups of people and individuals is based on:
Race/Ethnicity
Race and ethnicity are linked but are not the same thing. Race is not accepted as a scientific
concept, but it is a social construction for identifying differences. Skin color is a signifier of race,
but many states declared a person nonwhite historically if they had any percentage of nonwhite
heritage. Whites seldom think of color for themselves. White has become the “norm.” So many
whites have trouble understanding “white privilege”. National origin is the primary determinant
of ethnicity.
Socioeconomic Status
Social stratification…levels of social class ranking based on income, education, occupation,
wealth, and power in society. High or low rankings not just based on SES criteria. Race, age,
gender, religion, disability also are contributors. Class structure…working class, middle class,
upper middle class, upper class.
Gender
The major difference between boys and girls is the way adults respond to them.”
Language
Language can be considered a particularly human invention. People need language to
communicate with one another in order to survive. Language is a systematic form of
communication that can take a variety of forms. Systematic refers to the fact that language is
composed of rules. Language is an important part of culture, elements of knowledge, ideas, beliefs,
etc., that are passed along from one generation to the next. Language is a great vehicle for
knowledge because people use it to tell their children stories and other lessons that will guide them
through life. As an element of culture, language helps people with the proper knowledge to
communicate with others. This communication can be performed for a variety of reasons, but the
important thing about language is that it helps people to work in groups.
Linguistic diversity is sometimes a specific measure of the density of language, or concentration
of unique languages together. This diversity covers varied types of traits including language
family, grammar, and vocabulary. The linguistic diversity of a place, like a country or locale,
Religion
This type of diversity refers to the presence of multiple religions and spiritual beliefs.
Geographical Area
Geographic area is based on urban and rural population.
Topic 027: Social Mobility

The term “social mobility” refers to the process by which individuals move from one position to
another in society—positions which by general consent have been given specific hierarchical
values.
When we study social mobility we analyze the movement of individuals from positions possessing
a certain rank to positions either higher or lower in the social system.
In every complex society there is a division of labor and a hierarchy of prestige. Positions of
leadership and social responsibility are usually ranked at the top, and positions requiring long
training and superior intelligence are ranked just below. The number of leaders and highly
educated individuals constitutes everywhere a small minority. On the other hand, the great majority
is made up of persons in the lower strata who perform manual and routine work of every sort and
who command scant rewards and little prestige. In keeping with this division between “the few”
and “the many” the stratification of society has often been pictured as a pyramid or a diamond; in
the first analogy, society consists of a series of strata that become larger and more populous as we
move down the hierarchy of reward and prestige, and in the second, it has small numbers at the
top and bottom, with the mass of the population concentrated between. However it may be
depicted, the point is that men grapple with the problems of determining the number of people at
each rank in their society, and that through history various methods for doing this have been
devised.
Topic 028: Social Influence

Social influence is the change in behavior that one person causes to another, intentionally or
unintentionally, as a result of the way the change is perceived by the person himself in relationship
to the influencer, other people and society in general.
1. The social influence of brand/ community
2. Social influence effects the online product ratings
3. Social influence on risk perception during adolescence
4. Social influence on pleasurable or hedonic experiences
5. On belief, Attitudes, or behavior
Reference:
Basic concepts, retrieved from: https://ddceutkal.ac.in/Syllabus/MA_SOCIOLOGY/Paper-1.pdf

Ellwood, C. A. (1909). The origin of society. American Journal of Sociology, 15(3), 394-404.
Lesson 07
CHARACTERISTICS OF SOCIETY-II
Topic 029 - 034
Topic 029: National Characteristics of Society

Society is generally analyzed at a national level. Despite the degree of commonality across national
borders, national history and the natural history of the region within the national borders binds the
citizens of a country into an integrated unit that we commonly think of as a society.
National laws, a constitution, and central national government, all reinforce the country as being
the primary unit of a modern society.
1. Despite sociology's origin as a collectivistic social philosophy, its founders were too concerned
with progress and the regeneration of humanity to pay much attention to national character in a
society. (The Sociology of National Character, Don Martindale)
2. Society as encompassing the population of a single country does tend to spill across national
borders, with cultural and ethnic influences between countries, but at present there does still appear
to be a relatively strong sense of the social order of a country as being relatively distinct from even
adjacent and relatively similar countries. Maybe someday that will change, but for the indefinite
future it seems to be the operative mode for how a society organizes itself.
Sociological orientations to national character

Sociology arose as a form of nineteenth-century collectivism closely akin to those traditions
bearing the reified concepts of “group minds” and “folk spirits”. However, the early sociologists
were largely indifferent to the problem of national character. Later, when various theoretical and
methodological problems led to the emergence of a variety of social theories, the proponents of
some of these positions showed considerable interest in national characteristics. There have been
a number of classifications of sociological theories. If one takes as a basis for classification the
general assumption of the theories about the nature of social reality, theories can be divided into
two major types: those reasoning from the presumed primacy of the large complexes of social
interaction (holism) and those reasoning from the presumed primacy of some unit factor such as
social action, social relation, social form (elementarism). However, one may also subdivide social
theories in terms of their reliance on methodological models derived from the physical sciences
(positivism) in contrast to those relying on models of procedure derived from the humanistic
disciplines ( nonpositivism ) . One may then trap the various types of theories in terms of a cross-
tabulation of general theoretical and methodological procedure. Historically, the major forms of
social theory appeared in the sequence: positivistic organicism, conflict sociology, sociological
formalism, social behaviorism, and functionalism. These theories have been unequally receptive
to the concept of national character. While the positivistic organicists held a point of view similar
to those which were bearers of reified concepts of group mind, folk spirit, people’s genius, and the
like, the early sociologists were under the spell of progress evolutionism and the ideal of the
reconstruction of humanity. By the time later forms of holism developed interests that pointed
toward national character, the positivistic impulse in sociology had begun to bring these types of
reifications into question. The conflict theorists also approached social life from the standpoint of
the whole. However, they were impressed not by its harmony, but by its tensions. It almost always
split into warring factions. This notion automatically thrust into the foreground of interest the
properties displayed by individuals when they confront one another in opposed groups. The
conflict theorist thus automatically tended to that selective point of view of the traits individuals
display as members of groups which was earlier described as appearing at an “intermediate
distance”. Walter Bagehot, for example, observed that one of the primary effects of binding men
into communities (polities) was to impress on them “a certain set of common images” and a
“national character”.
Toward a Sociology of National Character

Despite repeated approaches, a sociology of national character remains to be developed. If
sociologists are to address themselves to the critical problems of our age, it is unavoidable. The
suppositions that they bring to the task are clear. Sociologists locate the peculiarity of man’s social
and individual life in his capacities for learning and invention, which expanded as the instinctive
predetermination of behavior declined. Individually and socially, man’s fate lies to an extensive
degree in his own hands. Moreover, groups cannot simply be visualized as opposed to individuals.
Group actions are always individual actions, and when individuals experience themselves as in
tensions with groups this tension in some measure may be of one as opposed to another part of
their own activities. Moreover, while individuality is sacrificed to groups, there are forms of self-
realization possible only in and through groups. National characteristics are a category of traits
that individuals come to display in national groups. Their importance derives from the place of the
nation in the contemporary world. Though the old heartland of nationalism, western Europe, may
possibly be collapsing into a transnational community, nationalism has never been more world-
wide. Former colonial areas are aflame with its passions; minorities everywhere tend to cast their
aspirations in national form. The course of the great national confrontations rests in large measure
on the properties that individuals see in themselves and in other nationals. The fact that the traits
which members of one group assign to another tend to harden into stereotypes does not render the
notion of national character unimportant. The stereotypes are themselves bases for action which
may have a formative influence on national characteristics.
Sociologists could, potentially, contribute much to the understanding of nationalism, the
parochialism of our age, and the traits men display as they confront one another across national
boundaries.
Topic 030: Geographic Characteristics

Territorial boundaries of society that have shared culture. The term "society" is generally used to
cover both a number of political and scientific references as well as a variety of other features. E.g.
Western Society, Asian Society, American Society, Indian Society, etc.
Thousands of years ago, societies were small, sparsely populated, and technologically limited.
In the competition for scarce resources, larger and more tech-nologically advanced societies
dominated smaller ones.
Today, we have arrived at a global society with highly evolved degrees of social differentiation
and inequality, notably along class, gender, racial, and ethnic lines (Nolan and Lenski 2014).
Topic 031: Difference between National & Geographic Characteristics

• National: It is marked by specific political territory, and national culture, and institutions.
e.g. Pakistani Society
• Geographical: It is marked by geographical boundaries of specific culture, regardless of
the political boundaries. e.g. Western Society, Asian Society etc.
Topic 032: Culture as Learned Behaviour

Culture is an acquired quality or behaviour. It is not biologically inherited but learnt socially by
individuals. In other words any behaviour or quality which is socially acquired or learned is called
culture. Behaviour’s learned through socialization habits and thoughts are called culture. Human
being learns or acquires culture by living in group. He learns it from society through education.
• Much of learning culture is unconscious.
• We learn culture from families, peers, institutions, and media
• The process of learning culture is known as enculturation.
• Humans have basic biological needs such as food, sleep, and sex, the way we fulfill those
needs varies cross-culturally.
Topic 033: Culture is Shared

• Culture is not individual but social in nature
• As a social product culture develops through social interaction
• People share culture with other members of group
• Culture is inclusive of the expectations of the members of the groups.
• Makes individuals able to act in socially appropriate ways
• Makes possible to predict how others will act
• Despite the shared nature of culture, doesn’t mean that culture is homogenous
Topic 034: Culture is based on Symbols

• A symbol is something that stands for something else.
• Symbols only have meaning when people in a culture agree on their use.
• Vary cross-culturally and are arbitrary.
• Examples: Language, money and art are all symbols.
• Language is the most important symbolic component of culture.
Man makes and uses symbol. He also possesses capacity of symbolic communication. Culture is
based on symbol and it communicates through different symbols. Common ideas and social
heritage etc. are communicated from one generation to another. In Indian culture red colour
symbolizes danger. Hence, culture is communicative in nature.
Reference
Martindale, D. (1967). The sociology of national character. The Annals of the American
Academy of Political and Social Science, 370(1), 30-35.
Lesson 08
CHARACTERISTICS OF SOCIETY-III
Topic 035 - 038
Topic 035: Culture is Integrated

Parts of a culture are interconnected. All aspects of a culture are related to one another. To truly
understand a culture, one must learn about all of its parts, not only a few. Culture helps hold
society together, giving people a sense of belonging.
Topic 036: Culture is Dynamic and Adaptive
Culture possesses adaptive capacity. It is not static. It undergoes changes. Different aspects of
culture adapt with new environment or challenges posed by social and physical environment.
Adaptation refers to the process of adjustment. And culture helps man in this process of
adjustment. After biological adaptation, humans increasingly rely upon cultural adaptation. Not all
adaptation is good, and not all cultural practices are adaptive. Some features of a culture may be
maladaptive. Because culture is adaptive and dynamic, once problem is recognized, culture can
adapt again, in a more positive way, to find solutions. Examples of maladaptive culture: fast food,
pollution, nuclear waste and climate change.
Topic 037: Culture is Trans-missive

Culture is transmitted from one generation to another. It passes from parents to children and so on.
This transmission is a continuous and spontaneous process. It never remains constant. Man inherits
or learns culture from his ancestors and passes it to his successors. In this way culture constantly
accumulate. Physical and biological characteristics of human beings. They are influenced by the
cultural environment. Food, Shelter, and Nutrition, for instance, are greatly influenced.
Topic 038: Culture is Idealistic

Culture is idealistic in nature. It embodies the ideals, values and norms of the group. It sets ideal
goals before individuals which is worth attaining. In other words culture is the sum of ideals and
values of individuals in society.
Lesson 09
CHARACTERISTICS OF SOCIETY-IV
Topic 039 – 042
Topic 039: Culture is Gratifying

Culture fulfills many social psychological, needs of individuals. Culture is created and maintained
because of different needs. It fulfils needs of both society as well as individuals. For example,
religion used to fulfill the solidarity and integrative needs of society. Our need for food, clothing,
shelter, name, fame, status and position are fulfilled as per our cultural ways.
Topic 040: Culture Shapes Reality

Humans rely on culture to meet their needs and ensure our survival. People’s morals and beliefs
are also the construct of culture. Culture defines what is perceived as beautiful and ugly, right and
wrong, good and bad. Culture instructs on how to behave, and what to think in particular situations.
Topic 041: Culture is Taken for Granted

No way of life is “natural” to humanity. Human beings, join to create their own way of life.
However most people around world take their culture for granted. It can be difficult for people
within a culture to see their culture as anything but “the way the things are.” Seen from outside,
everyday habits and practices can seem bizarre. We take our own culture for granted to such a
degree that it can be difficult to view other cultures without making judgments based on one’s own
cultural views.
Topic 042: Culture as Complex Whole

Culture is the complex system of meaning and behavior. That defines the way of life for a given
group or society. It includes beliefs, values, knowledge, art, morals, laws, customs, habits,
language, and anything acquired by man as member of society. Culture includes ways of thinking
as well as patterns of behavior. Observing culture involves studying what people think, how they
interact, and the objects they use.
Lesson 10
SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES ON CULTURE AND SOCIETY-I

Topic 043 - 047
Topic 43: Understanding Sociological Perspectives

Framework/ ideology /worldview/ lens /outlook. Ability to see societal patterns that influence
individual and group life. How society influences different people’s experiences within it.
• C. Wright Mills (1916–1962) was one of the first to write about the sociological
Imagination
• To him, the task of Sociology is to understand the relationship between individuals and
the society in which they live
Beginnings of the sociological perspective can be as simple as the pleasures of watching people or
wondering how society influences people’s lives. Then Sociologists convert this curiosity into the
systematic study of how society influences different people’s experiences within it. Sociology
should be used, Mills argued, to reveal how the context of society shapes our lives.
Topic 044: Private Trouble vs Public Issue

• Personal Troubles: Difficulties that are in individual biographies
• Public issues: Difficulties or problems that affect lager population are linked to the
Social structure
• Sociologists using sociological imagination “translate private troubles into public
issues”.
• Look for general patterns in the behavior of particular people.
• Application of imaginative thought to the asking and answering of sociological
questions
Personal troubles have their origins in societal arrangements. People are shaped by social forces
larger than their individual lives. People feel the impact of social forces in their personal lives,
even though they may not always know the full dimensions of those forces. This is where sociology
comes into play—revealing the social structures that shape the different dimensions of our day-
to-day lives.
Examples: Translating personal troubles into public issues

• The boomerang generation” or “accordion families”
• Refer to the pattern whereby many young people, after having left their family home
to attend college, are returning home after graduation.
• Although this may seem like an individual decision to save money on housing or live
“free” while paying off student loans,
• When a whole generation experiences this living arrangement, there are social forces
at work that extend beyond individual decisions.
• In other words, people feel the impact of social forces in their personal lives, even
though they may not always know the full dimensions of those forces.
Example of unemployment: cannot find work—he or she has a personal trouble.

The personal trouble unemployment brings may include financial problems as well as the person
feeling a loss of identity, becoming depressed, or having to uproot a family and move. The problem
of unemployment, however, is deeper than the experience of any one person. Unemployment is
rooted in the structure of society; this is what interest’s sociologists. What societal forces cause
unemployment? Who is most likely to become unemployed at different times? How does
unemployment affect an entire community?
Topic 045: Functionalism Perspective on Society and Culture

How social order is possible and how society remains relatively stable. Functionalism interprets
each part of society in terms of how it contributes to the stability of the whole. Society constituted
with component parts. Each part is “functional” for society- contributes to the stability of the
whole. The different parts are primarily the institutions of society. Each of which is organized to
fulfill different needs and each of which has consequences for the society. When one part of society
is not working (or is dysfunctional, as they would say), it affects all the other parts and creates
social problems. Disorganization in the system, such as leads to negative change. Change may be
for better or worse. Changes for the worse stem from instability in the social system. Institution
no longer meeting people’s needs. Functionalism emphasizes cohesion within society- stability
and shared public values/consensus.
Topic 046: Manifest , Latent Functions and Dysfunctions

• Manifest functions: stated and intended goals of social behavior.
• Intended function of social policies, processes, or actions that are consciously and
deliberately designed to be beneficial in its effect on society
• Latent functions are neither stated nor intended.
• Latent function is one that is not consciously intended, but that, nonetheless, has a
beneficial effect on society
• Dysfunctions, type of unintended outcome that is harmful in nature.
Topic 047: Criticism on Functionalism

• Understates the roles of power and conflict in society.
• Disagree with the explanation of inequality offered by functionalism
• Social inequality creates a system for the fair and equitable distribution of societal
resources
• Inequality serves a purpose in society:
• It provides an incentive system for people to work and promotes solidarity among
groups linked by their common social standing.
• Functionalism is too accepting of the status quo.
Lesson 11
SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES ON CULTURE AND SOCIETY-II

Topic 048 – 052
Topic 048: Conflict Perspective on Society and Culture

Emphasizes the role of conflict and power in society and the ability of some to influence and
control others. Society as comprised of groups that compete for social and economic resources.
Social order is maintained not by consensus but by domination with power in the hands of those
with the greatest political, economic, and social resources. When consensus exists, people being
united around common interests, often in opposition to other groups.
Conflict and inequality in Society

Inequality exists because those having resources actively defend their advantages. Those with the
most resources exercise power over others creating inequality and power struggles see inequality
as inherently unfair. Persisting only because groups who are economically advantaged use their
social position to their own betterment. Shaping the beliefs of other members of the society by
controlling public information holding power in institutions such as education and religion that
shape what people think and know.
Topic 049: Conflict and Change in Society

Conflict and power struggles between groups are the source of social change. Those with the
greatest power are typically able to maintain their advantage at the expense of other groups.
Topic 050: Criticism on Conflict Perspective

• Neglects the importance of shared values and public consensus in society while
overemphasizing inequality
• Reductionistic approach to view society and individuals as in permanent conflict.
• Conflict theorists generally see power as the central feature of society, power isn’t
necessarily bad: it is a primary factor that guides society and social relations.
• Too politicized by its association with Karl Marx and its reductionistic approach to
view human interrelationships.
• It downplays unity in society while taking a negative view of society, full of conflicts,
tension and coercion.
Topic 051: Symbolic Interactionism Perspective on Society and Culture

Analyzes society by addressing the subjective meanings that people impose on objects, There is
no objective reality events, and behaviors. Creation of meaning is how they interpret the different
behaviors, events, or things that happen in society.
• People, institutions, and events are viewed subjectively and labeled either good or evil
according to the interpretation of the evaluator.
• Symbolic meaning that people develop and employ in the process of social interaction
• Symbolic interaction sees society as socially constructed through human interpretation
• Social meanings are constantly modified through social interaction.
• In observing society, symbolic interactionists see not simply facts but “social
constructions,” the meanings attached to things.
• Can help explain why people do things that seem contrary to expectations
The symbolic interaction paradigm provides a micro-level orientation, meaning a focus on social
interaction in specific situations.
The symbolic-interaction paradigm sees society as the product of the everyday interactions of
individuals. “Society” amounts to the shared reality that people construct as they interact with one
another.
➢ Human beings are the creatures who live in the world of symbols, attaching meaning to
virtually everything.
➢ Symbols attached to reality (material or non-material).
➢ Meanings attached to symbols.
➢ Symbols are the means of communication. Therefore:
➢ Symbols as the basis of social life
➢ Without symbols we would have no mechanism of perceiving others in terms of
relationships (Aunts and uncles, employers and teachers). Only because we have these
symbols like aunts and uncles that define for us what such relationships entail. Compare
these symbols with symbols like boyfriend or girlfriend; you will see that the relationships
change quite differently.
➢ Without symbols we cannot coordinate our actions with others; we would be unable to plan
for a future date, time, and place. Without symbols there will be no books, movies, no
schools, no hospitals, and no governments. Symbols make social life possible.
➢ Even self is symbol, for it consists of the ideas that we have about who we are. May be
changing. As we interact with others we may constantly adjust our views of the self, based
on how we interpret the reactions of others. We define our realities. The definitions could
vary. The definitions could be subjective. For example who is a homeless? Who is a police
officer – a provider of security or creator of anxiety? It has a subjective meaning.
Topic 052: Feminist Perspective on Society and Culture

• Feminist theory is developed to understand the status of women in society
• With the purpose of using that knowledge to better women’s lives.
• Feminist theory takes gender as a primary lens through which to view society
• Focused on highlighting gender inequality and discrimination
• Cannot understand society without understanding how gender is structured in society and
in women’s and men’s lives.
Lesson 12
INTRODUCTION TO PAKISTANI SOCIETY AND CULTURE-I
Topic 053 - 058
Topic 053: Introduction to Pakistani Society and Culture

Daily life and social customs in Pakistan:
– Family organization is strongly patriarchal
– People live with large extended families the same house or family compound
– Eldest male is the family leader and makes all significant decisions regarding the
family and its members
– Woman’s place in society has been secondary to that of men
Women are responsible for performance of domestic chores and to fulfilling the role of a
dutiful wife and mother. In the Punjab, cotton picking is exclusively a woman’s job. Houses
of those who practice purdah have a men’s section (mardānah) at the front of the house, so
that visitors do not disturb the women.
Among the wealthiest Pakistanis, Western education and modes of living have eliminated
purdah. In wealthy peasant and landowner households and in urban middle-class families, the
practice of keeping women in seclusion (purdah) is still common. Among the rural poor,
women have duties on the farm as well as in the house and do not customarily observe purdah.
Change has occurred most rapidly among the urban middle-income group because of
increasing exposure to western values and women’s entry into workforce In middle class,
education of women has been encouraged. Many women are gaining distinctions in their
professional lives.
Topic 054: Religion & Beliefs
Muslim 97% (Sunni 77%, Shi'a 20%), Christian, Hindu, and other (inc. Sikh) 3%. Islam is
practiced by the majority of Pakistanis and governs their personal, political, economic and legal
lives. Among certain obligations for Muslims are to pray five times a day - at dawn, noon,
afternoon, sunset, and evening. Friday is the Muslim holy day. Markets, Institutes are supposed to
be closed during prayer time. During the holy month of Ramadan all Muslims must observe fasting
from dawn to dusk and are only permitted to work six hours per day Fasting includes no eating,
drinking, cigarette smoking, or chewing gum.
Topic 055: Social Organization and Family System

In traditional parts of Pakistan, social organization revolves around kinship rather than around the
caste system. The baradari (berādarī; patrilineage, literally “brotherhood”) is the most important
social institution Endogamy is widely practiced. Extended family is the basis of the social structure
and individual identity. It includes the nuclear family, immediate relatives, distant relatives, tribe
members, friends, and neighbors.
Loyalty to the family comes before all other social relationships, even business. The family is more
private than in many other cultures. Families are quite large by western standards, often having up
to 6 children. The preferred marriage for a man within many Pakistani communities is with his
father’s brother’s daughter, and among many other groups marriages are invariably within
the baradari.
Nepotism is viewed positively, since it guarantees hiring people who can be trusted, which is
crucial in a country where working with people one knows and trusts is of primary importance
Female relatives are protected from outside influences. It is considered inappropriate to ask
questions about a Pakistani's wife or other female relatives.
Topic 056: Languages in Pakistan

• Seventy-three languages spoken in Pakistan
• Urdu is the only national language of Pakistan
• English is the official language and often the lingua franca of the Pakistani elite and most
of the government ministries
DR Tariq [Abdur] Rahman’s research says that there are 74 languages spoken in Pakistan. Dr
Atash Durrani puts the figure at 76. But the latest edition of Ethnologue, a web-based publication
that carries out research on over 7,000 languages of the world
(www.ethnologue.com, www.ethnologue.com/country/PK), says there are 73 languages spoken in
Pakistan. Ethnologue’s 19th edition, published in 2016, names 7,457 languages of the world and
of these 360 are “dead languages”. The remaining 7,097 languages are listed by Ethnologue as
“living languages”. But many of these living languages are ‘endangered’ and something must be
done to save them, otherwise many would become extinct.
Many other languages are spoken in Pakistan including:
• Punjabi,
• Siraiki,
• Sindhi,
• Pashtu,
• Balochi,
• Hindko,
• Brahui,
• Burushaski,
• Balti, Khawar, Gujrati and other languages with smaller numbers of speakers.
Urdu is closely related to Hindi but is written in an extended Arabic alphabet rather than in
Devanagari. Urdu also has more loans from Arabic and Persian than Hindi has.
Some of the endangered languages are spoken in Pakistan. In fact, Pakistan’s linguistic diversity
is amazing and in the northern areas alone 30 languages are spoken
These languages belong to Indo-Aryan family of languages, some are Indo-Iranian, and others are
Sino-Tibetan.
But one language, namely Burushaski, has not been classified by the linguists because of its unique
characteristics. It is considered a “language isolate”, as linguists have not been able to find its
“demonstrable genetic relationship” with other languages.
Topic 057: Dressing Patterns

Pakistani clothing styles are similar in many ways to those found in India. The shalwar-
kamiz combination—a long knee-length shirt (kamiz, camise) over loose-fitting pants (shalwar)—
is the most common traditional form of attire. As a more formal overgarment, men wear a knee-
length coat known as a sherwani; women frequently wear a light shawl called a dupatta.
Among conservative Muslim communities, women sometimes wear the burqa, a full-length
garment that may or may not cover the face.
In earlier generations, the fez hat was popular among Muslim men, but more often the woolen,
boat-shaped Karakul hat (popularized by Mohammed Ali Jinnah) is associated with Pakistan
However, many other hat styles are worn, especially in tribal areas. Western clothes are popular
among the urban young, and combinations of Western and Pakistani styles can be seen in the
streets.
Topic 058: Pakistani Cuisine and Dining

Pakistani cuisine also has affinities with that of India. Curry dishes are common, as are a variety
of vegetables, including potatoes, eggplant, and okra. In more rural areas, it is still common to eat
meals from a knee-high round table while sitting on the floor. Eat only with the right hand
Each region (and, often, each household) has its own preferred mixture of spices—the
term masala is used to describe such a mixture. In addition to the many spices that are also
associated with other countries of South Asia, yogurt is a common ingredient. Favourite meats
include chicken, mutton, and lamb.
Lentils are a standard dish, and various types of wheat bread are the national staple. The most
common breads are chapati (unleavened flat bread) and naan (slightly leavened). Pakistanis drink
a great deal of hot tea (chai), and lassi (a type of yogurt drink), sherbet, and lemonade are popular.
As in most Muslim countries, alcoholic beverages are considered culturally inappropriate, but
there are several domestic breweries and distilleries
Many people in urban areas do not use eating utensils, although more westernized families do.
Guests are served first. Then the oldest, continuing in some rough approximation of age order until
the youngest is served. Do not start eating until the oldest person at the table begins.
Lesson 13
INTRODUCTION TO PAKISTANI SOCIETY AND CULTURE-II
Topic 059 – 064
Topic 059: Major Celebrations and Festivals

Muslim Pakistanis celebrate the two major Islamic holidays:
– Eid al Fitr (which marks the end of Ramadan) and
– Eid al Adha (which marks the end of the hajj
The most famous festival in Pakistan is undoubtedly the seasonal kite flying festival
of ‘Basant’ which marks the beginning of Spring and falls late January or early February
Another much loved festival is the annual ‘Utchal’ festival which is held on the 15th – 16th July
to celebrate the harvesting of wheat and barley
The national Horse and Cattle Show is a five-day festival held in Lahore during the third week of
November
This is an exciting pageant of Pakistani culture and involves activities such as folk dancing, music,
folk games and activities, cattle racing and cattle dancing.
Pakistan also has 6 formal national holidays which fall on:
23rd March (Pakistan Day), 1st May (May Day), August 14th (Independence Day), 6th
September (Defence of Pakistan Day), 11th September (Death of Ali Jinnah) and 25th
December (Birthday of Ali Jinnah)
Unfortunately however, this festival has been banned in many areas for the immediate future due
to accidents and deaths associated with the festival. It is hoped that the implementation of relevant
safety measures will enable this much loved festival to resume.
Topic 060: Arts and Music

Pakistan’s cultural heritage dates to more than 5,000 years ago, to the period of the Indus
civilization. However, the emphasis on Islamic ideology has brought about a
strong romantic identification with Islamic culture—not only that of the Indian subcontinent but
of the broader Islamic world.
• Literature, notably poetry, is the richest of all Pakistani art forms; music and,
especially, modern dance have received less attention
• The visual arts too play little part in popular folk culture
• Painting and sculpture, however, have made considerable progress as expressions of an
increasingly sophisticated urban culture
• Pakistan shares with the other parts of South Asia the great Mughal heritage in
art, literature, architecture, and manners
• The ruins of Mohenjo-daro, the ancient city of Taxila, and the Rohtas Fort of Shīr Shah
of Sūr are but a few of the places in Pakistan that have been named UNESCO World
Heritage sites
• The Mosque of the Pearls, Badshahi Mosque, and Shalimar Garden, all in Lahore, are
among the country’s architectural gems
• Popular traditional folk dances include the bhangra (an explosive dance developed in
Punjab)
• khatak is a martial dance of the tribal Pashtuns
• There are a number of traditional dances associated with women: Giddha, Kikli, Luddi
Traditional dances associated with women include a humorous song and dance called the giddha,
a whirling dance performed by girls and young women called the kikli, and a form in which
dancers snap their fingers and clap their hands while bounding in a circle. The luddi is a Punjabi
dance usually performed by males, typically to celebrate a victory—formerly victory in a
military conflict but now in a sports contest.
Pakistan has a rich culture of arts and crafts which have in some cases been traced back to the
artistic culture of the Indus Valley civilization
• Arabic calligraphy – Arabic calligraphy (This beautiful art form, has its roots in Islam)
can be found adorning most celebrated places such as mosques and important buildings
• This art form also extends to calligraphy on copper pieces, which are widely used as
ornaments in homes and public buildings
• Naqashi - This art form is essentially a form of papier mache, which was much loved by
the Mughal Emperors. Naqashi artisans are typically use a fine and intricate form of
decoration which is said to impact vision in the long term if practiced over too long a
time scale
• Pottery – The production of handcrafted and artistically decorated pottery is just one of
the arts with its roots in the Indus Valley civilization.
• Blue Pottery is a specialist craft which is particularly influenced by Kashgar in China and
celebrated for being a unique and unparalleled art form
Topic 061: Cultural institutions
• Pakistan’s long and rich history is reflected in the number of fine museums found there
• The Lahore Museum (1894) has a splendid collection of arts and crafts, jewelry, and
sculpture from various historical periods
• The National Museum of Pakistan, in Karachi (1950), has several galleries, which
include displays of objects from the Indus civilization and examples of Gandhara art
• There are several archaeological museums and several private museums with specialized
exhibits
• In 1967 Quaid-i-Azam University (QAU), Islamabad, was authorized by Ministry of
Education, Government of Pakistan, to establish a Centre for the Study of the
Civilizations of Central Asia in order to cooperate with UNESCO as a participating
member representing Pakistan in its program on Central Asia.
• The Taxila Institute of Asian Civilizations (previously Centre for the Study of the
Civilizations of Central Asia) at Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad with cooperation of
UNESCO established to promote archaeological and ethnographical research in the Asian
region, and to search out convergences and divergences in Pakistani culture in the
framework of continuity and change.
• The National College of Arts (founded in 1872 as the Mayo School of Industrial Art) in
Lahore is the only degree-granting institute of fine arts in the country.
• There are several private art galleries located in larger cities
•
Topic 062: Sports and Recreation
• Cricket is a national favorite, and the country has produced some of the world’s best
players, including Asif Iqbal and Imran Khan
• The Pakistani national team won the World Cup in 1992 and has a number of victories in
one-day international competitions
• Cricket is governed by the Pakistan Cricket Board
• Among team sports, only field hockey compares to cricket in popularity
• The country has won World Cup and Olympic championships in field hockey several
times
• Squash is one of the most popular individual sports; Pakistan dominated world
competition during the 1980s and ’90s, when Jahangir Khan and Jansher Khan (who are
not related) won a combined 14 World Open Championships
Topic 063: Gender Roles

Gender roles are cultural and personal. They determine how males and females should think,
speak, dress, and interact within the context of society. Learning plays a role in this process of
shaping gender roles. These gender schemas are deeply embedded cognitive frameworks
regarding what defines masculine and feminine. While various socializing agents—parents,
teachers, peers, movies, television, music, books, and religion—teach and reinforce gender roles
throughout the lifespan, parents probably exert the greatest influence, especially on their very
young offspring. Sociologists know that adults perceive and treat female and male infants
differently. Parents probably do this in response to their having been recipients of gender
expectations as young children. Traditionally, fathers teach boys how to fix and build things;
mothers teach girls how to cook, sew, and keep house. Children then receive parental approval
when they conform to gender expectations and adopt culturally accepted and conventional roles.
All of this is reinforced by additional socializing agents, such as the media. In other words,
learning gender roles always occurs within a social context, the values of the parents and society
being passed along to the children of successive generations.
• Traditional gender roles in Pakistan are fairly marked

• Women are far more likely to stay in the home than go out to work
• Although women have the right to work in any profession or to manage their own
businesses, the majority that do work are typically employed in roles such as nursing or
teaching
• Women are very well represented in government as demonstrated by the appointment of
Benazir Bhutto to prime minister in 1988
• Women are also represented as ministers and ambassadors and a number of female judges
preside within the high courts
• Pakistani women also have the same rights to vote and receive an education as men
• Unfortunately, crimes against women appear to be on the increase but government
interventions are being put in place to try and reverse this issue.
Topic 064: Taboos in Pakistani Society

Human behaviour is governed by many social factors such as affiliations, norms, practices, beliefs
and actions (Strong, 2005). Societies have often shared values and standards which are recognized
as acceptable norms for the members of the society to practice (Zia, 2012). A society or culture
basically guides the behaviour of the individuals through these norms and practices. Social taboos
are specific beliefs of people about various dimensions of life (Colding & Folke, 2001). These
beliefs are developed over many years and provide strong guidelines to the people to adopt or
avoid certain habits or practices in a particular society. Social taboos have a deeper effect on social
development of people. People behave, dress, eat and pattern their lives according to the prevailing
social norms. Actually social norms are the driving forces behind the functioning of societies and
individuals (Fehr & Fischbacher, 2004). Social norms play a key role in developing the patterns
of human personality and behaviour called socialization or humanization (Young, 2011).
Socialization is a process of development of individuals in which they come in contact with other
members of the society, practices and beliefs. This interaction forms the foundation of the ideology
or social temperament of the individuals which in turn plays a vital role in the development of
personality of a person. There is a close relationship between social norms and socialization
(Fershtmen, Gneezy, & Hoffman, 2011). Almost in very society of the world social taboos exist.
However, it is believed in Pakistani society the prevalence of social taboos have deeply affected
the academic development of students. The social taboos exist in the form of jargons, terms,
euphemisms and different metaphoric expressions. (Hussain & Khan, 2008).
• Homosexuality; being sexually attracted solely to people of one's own sex

• Dating: go out with one in whom one is romantically or sexually interested
• Challenging Islamic beliefs
• Alcohol
• Casinos
Lesson 14
TYPES OF PAKISTANI SOCIETY-I
Topic 065 - 066
Topic065: Types of Pakistani Society

Types of societies are categories of social groups that differ according to;
➢ Subsistence strategies
➢ Way that humans use technology to provide needs for themselves.
➢ Degree to which different groups within a society have unequal access to advantages
such as resources, prestige or power.
➢ Process of social stratification
Pakistani society comprises of numerous ethnic groups
➢ Major divisions are:
Punjab, Sindh, KPK, Balochistan
➢ Each of them on one hand similarities while on the other hand their own unique cultural
characteristics
➢ There are differences in culture among the different ethnic groups in matters such as
dress, food, and religion, especially where indigenous pre-Islamic customs differ from
Islamic practices.
Topic 066: Punjab| Society and Its Culture

Punjabi Culture is the culture of the Punjab region. It is one of the oldest in world history, dating
from ancient antiquity to the modern era. The scope, history, sophistication and complexity of the
culture are vast. Some of the main areas include: Punjabi Philosophy, poetry, spirituality,
education, artistry, music, cuisine, architecture, traditions and values and history. Punjab derives
from the Persian words Panj (Five), and Āb (Water), i.e. (the) Five Waters. Punjab is Pakistan's
second largest province, with about 56% of the country's total population. The Punjabis found in
Pakistan are composed of various social groups, castes and economic groups. Muslim Rajputs, Jat,
Tarkhans, Dogars, Gujjars, Gakhars, Khatri or Punjabi Sheikhs, Kambohs, and Arains.
The western Punjab was assimilated into new country of Pakistan while the east Punjab joined
India. This led to massive rioting as both sides committed atrocities against fleeing refugees. The
undivided Punjab, of which Punjab (Pakistan) forms a major region today, was home to a large
minority population of Punjabi Sikhs and Hindus unto 1947 apart from the Muslim majority. At
the time of independence in 1947 and due to the later horrendous exchange of populations, the
Punjabi Sikhs and Hindus migrated to India. Punjabi Muslims were uprooted similarly from their
homes in East Punjab which now forms part of India. Approximately 7 million plus who moved
to Pakistan, over 6 million settled in Punjab. In 1947 the Punjab province of British India was
divided along religious lines into West Punjab and East Punjab.
Its land is the land of five rivers namely River Sindh, River Ravi, River Sutlej, River Jehlum, and
River Chenaab. Punjabi language has its originating source in Sanskrit Punjab has always been
land of great Saints and Fighters. Lahore has traditionally been the capital of Punjab for a thousand
years; it is Punjab main cultural, historical, administrative and economic center.
Characteristics of Punjabi Culture
Languages: The main languages are Punjabi and Saraiki. Punjabi is the most spoken language of
Pakistan. Punjabi is spoken as first language by over 44.15% of Pakistanis. Punjabi's are dominant
in key institutions such as business, agriculture, industry, government, army, navy, air force, and
police which is why about 70% of Pakistanis can understand or speak Punjabi. Major Punjabi
dialects are Pothwari, Pahari, Hindko, Maji, Seraiki, Potohatri, Dhanni and Rachnivi.
Food: Punjab is famous for its food. Punjabi people are known for spicy food. One of the main
features of Punjabi cuisine is its diverse range of dishes. There are certain dishes which are
exclusive to Punjab, such as Makay di roti and Saron Da Saag. The main spices in a Punjabi dish
consist of onion, garlic and ginger. Typical Punjabi foods include Lahori Pulao, Chicken Karahi,
Kaju Aloo, Sarso Ka Saag, Archari Bhindi, Aloo Ghost, Paya, Gol Gappay, Special Punjabi Salad,
Murgh Channa, Tilmilli Tali Machli, Lassi, Jalebi, Habshi Halwa, Rasgoole, Gajrela, Sohan
Halwa, Kulfi, Lauqi ka halwa, Pherni, Kheer, Moti Chur ke Ladoo and many more. Wheat is the
main food of Punjabis; however, they do enjoy eating rice on festivities and other special
occasions. The philosophy of life for most of the Punjabis is to eat, drink and make merry.
Dressing:
Costumes of Punjab are indicative of the bright and vibrant culture and lifestyle of the people. The
costumes are a mix of colour, comfort and beauty. It may be noted here that the state of Punjab is
well known for the use of phulkari in its costumes. Other commonly worn clothes by people in
Punjab are pagri, dhoti, lacha, kurta, khusa, gharara, paranda, choli and shalwar kameez.
Casts: people live in Punjab have different cast like some of which are Rajput, Gujjar, Syed,
Sheikh, Ara
Heritage: The main site of Indus valley civilization in Punjab was the city of Harrapa. Punjab has
been the cradle of civilization since times immemorial. The ruins of Harappa show an advanced
urban culture that flourished over 8000 years ago. Taxila, another historic landmark also stands
out as a proof of the achievements of the area in learning, arts and crafts in previous ages.
Music: of Punjab famous all over the world specially the Bhangra – the most eminent feature of
culture. Classical music forms are an important part of the cultural wealth of the Punjab. The
Muslim musicians have contributed a large number of ragas to the repository of classical music.
The most common instruments used are the Tabla, Sitar, Bansuri and Harmonium. Dhol is the
major musical instrument of Punjab. For the popular taste however, light music, particularly
Ghazals and folk songs, which have an appeal of their own, the names of Mehdi Hasan, Ghulam
Ali, Nur Jehan, Malika Pukhraj, Farida Khanum, Roshen Ara Begum, and Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan
are well-known.
Dances: Punjabi are very hardworking, love to hear music and dance. Due to the long history of
the Punjabi culture and of the Punjabi people, there is a large number of dances. These dances are
normally performed at times of celebration. These dances are normally performed at times of
celebration the most prominent being at Punjabi weddings. Punjabi dances are designed for either
men or women. Common female Punjabi dances are: Sammi, Giddha, Jaago, Kikli and Luddi.
Common male Punjabi dances are: Bhangra, Malwai, Giddha, Jhumar, Luddi, Julli, Dankara and
Dhumal.
Crafts: The crafts in the Punjab are of two types: the crafts produced in the rural areas and the
royal crafts that flourished in the urban centre particularly in Lahore. The former include cotton
textiles, basketry, embroidery etc. while the latter are tile and woodwork skills, silver and gold
work, naqqashi and architectural crafts. Lahore is the centre of hand-made carpets. The hand-
woven cotton cloth like khaddar of Kamalia, are popular. Multan is famous for beautiful hand-
woven bed covers. Women weave durries (a pile less cotton spread, which can be used on a bed
or on the floor). Mud works, weaving, embroidery, wood works, folk toy making, parandis and
miscellaneous crafts are also included.
Fairs and Festivals: The fairs and festivals of Punjab reflect the entire range of its folk life and
cultural traditions. These mainly fall in following categories. The fairs held at the shrines of Sufi
saints are called Urs. They generally mark the death anniversary of the saint. The most important
urs are: urs of Data Ganj Buksh , Hazrat Sultan Bahu , Hazrat Shah Jewna , Hazrat Mian Mir ,
Baba Farid Ganj Shakar and many more. Punjabis celebrate seasonal and harvest festivals which
include Lohri , Basant , Baisakhi and Teej . Others include Basant, Lok Mela, National Horse
and Cattle Show, Defence Day parade, Mela Chiraghan
Architecture: Pakistan’s architecture is a feast for the eyes. The breathtaking architecture
includes: Taxila is an archaeological site including buildings, fortifications and settlements,
showing architectural influences. Symbolizing the beauty, passion and grandeur of the Mughal
era, Lahore's Badshahi mosque is a famous landmark and a major tourist attraction. Wazir Khan
Mosque has been described as ' a mole on the cheek of Lahore'. The Lahore Fort, Mochi Gate,
Minar-e-Pakistan, Bhong Mosque and Katasraj Mandir are various other architectural attractions
of Punjab, Pakistan, Sialkot and Faisalabad clock tower.
Lesson 15
TYPES OF PAKISTANI SOCIETY-II
Topic 067 - 069
Topic 067: Sindh | Society and Its Culture

Sindh is one of the four provinces of Pakistan and historical home to Sindhi people. Also known
as “Mehran” and has been given the title of “Bab-ul-Islam” (The Gateway of Islam), and also
called as “Indus Valley”. Sindh is bounded to the west by Indus River and Balochistan, to the north
by Punjab, the east by the Indian states of Gujrat and Rajasthan and to south by the Arabian Sea.
The capital of Province is Karachi, the largest city of the Pakistan and financial hub. Most of the
population in province is Muslim, with sizeable Hindu minorities. Geographically it is the third
largest province of Pakistan. Sindh was home to one of the world's oldest civilizations, the Indus
Valley civilization. It is hot in the summer and mild in winter. People of Sindh love to wear Sindhi
toppi(cap), that is the most eminent feature of sindh culture. Karachi is the largest city, main
seaport and the as well as the capital of the province of Sindh
Characteristics of Sindhi culture
Language: Sindhi is the most spoken language
Dressing: The people of Sindh wear Sindhi dresses i.e. loose Kameez and the Shalwar, Ajrak,
Sindi topi. In Sindhi culture men usually wear the shalwar and Kameez along with the Sindhi Topi
and Ajrak. Sindhi women are fond of wearing heavy worked dresses along with the Sindhi Ajrak
as a security of women. Now a days it compulsory for girls to wear Ajrak with their uniform of
collages and Schools.
Food: In typical Sindhi weddings, the food Is mostly Sindhi mutton, curry, Palak, Channa daal,
Dilpasand Curry. Sindh has its own unique foods which are totally different from other provinces
of Pakistan. There are some vegetables only cultivated in few areas of Sindh and mostly used there.
E.g., Pali Maani, Sindhi Biryani, The Meal (Roti) made up from floor of rice.
Handicrafts: Sindi handicrafts have a unique and a different style.
Sports: There are many regional sports that are played in Sindh. “Malakhiro” is one the famous
sports of Sindh. Malakhiro is traditional sindhi wrestling competition. Other sports include “Wanjh
Watti” “Kodi Kodi” etc.
Sindhi Music: Sindhi music has its own unique quality, it is performed in many different ways.
Sufi music is performed at shrines and other simple music is performed at studios and gatherings.
Most famous Sindhi music is Shah Jo Raag over all in Sindh in which 30 basic Surr are included
and all these Surr are derived from Shah Jo Rissalo. All Surr are sung when Shah Abdul Latif
Bhittai’s verses are being sung by singers. Instruments used in Sindhi Music are Yaktaro, Tanpura,
Alghoza, Narr, Dhol.
Sindhi Dance: Ho Jamalo, This dance is done on the verses of song “Ho Jamalo” wearing Sindhi
topi and Ajrak. All sindhi makes the circle and dance together, also called as Sindhi dance.
Dhammal Performed at Sufi shrines/dargahs in Sindh and Punjab. Sindhi Jhumar, It is slower and
rhythmic dance.
Festivals: There are so many cultural festivals in Sindh but the most popular is “Ekta Day” or also
called as “Topi Ajrak Day” which is celebrated in worldwide by Sindhi people. On this festival all
Sindhi wears the Sindhi Topi, Ajrak and shows the unity with each other. On this festival Sindhi
sings the songs verses “Jeay Sindh Jeay Sindh wara jean Sindhi topi ajrak wara Sindh Jeay Sindh
wara jean Sindhi topi ajrak wara Jean” or “Ho Jamalo” and dances on these verses to show their
love with their culture.
Sindhi Poetry: like the poetry of Shah Abdul Latif Bhattai, Sheikh Ayaz, Ustaad Bhikhari,
Sachal Sarmost is very famous in Pakistan.
Sindh’s People: are quite hardworking, hospitable, open minded and peaceful in their nature.
Topic 068: Balochistan | Society and Its Culture

Balochistan is the largest province (by area) of Pakistan. Approximately 48% of Pakistan area is
covered by this province and scarcely populated.
The history of Balochistan covers thousands of years from the first century to the third century
with Iranian and Afghanistan. Before partition of the subcontinent Baluchistan was an independent
state but when Pakistan came into being then Mir Ahmed khan who was the king of Baluchistan
decided to affiliate with the government of Pakistan. Balochistan is the largest province of Pakistan
by area. Its capital city is Quetta which is the beautiful hill station. There are 30 districts and 6
divisions in Baluchistan. Our province is rich in mineral and held international importance due to
Gawadar sea port.
Characteristics of Baluch Culture
• Baloch culture is primarily tribal and more close to traditional values.

• Food: Their special food item Sajji is liked and loved by a lot. They also eat roasted lamb
sand mutton. Balochi dry fruits are very famous all over the world.
• Dressing pattern: Their dress code is very special i.e Shalwar Qameez and Turbun.
Women like to wear Frocks and Shalwar. Their jewelry is made of metal which has a great
attraction for them. Most of the women do embroidery on clothes.
• Balochi leather work has gained much popularity in the world. Now shoes, sandals,
prayers mats, matting for stone shelter are getting popular.
• Dance and music: Dance in a circle (chaap). Baluchi folk violin and drums are played.
• Festivals: Sibi mela is social festival that is traces its roots to ancient human civilization.
This festival attracts people from across the country. It is attended by the common folk,
ministers and other government officials.
• Balochi culture is also rich in poetry and literature.
Topic 069: Khyber Pakhtunkhawa | Culture and Society

• Previously known as the North-West Frontier Province
• It is divided in to seven divisions and tribal areas know as FATA (Federal Administered
Tribal Areas)
Characteristics of KPK Culture
• Main ethnic group: Pashtuns. Others are Hazarewalas & Chitralis.

• Language: The principal language is Pashto, other languages like Hindko, Kohistani
• It was named as NWFP by the British administration during the colonial period as this
was the last frontier of the British Empire.
• The mighty river Indus that starts from Himalayas and flows down through Pakistan up
to the Ariban Sea is natural boarder of KPK with the Punjab province.
• Landscape: surrounded by high beautiful mountains with snow clad peaks decorated by
nature with wonderful pine forest and orchards of apples, apricots, peaches, plums and
oranges at the foothills
• Most beautiful lakes of the world situated in these mountains like the Saif-ul-Malook a
legendry lake in the Hazara division, the Mahodand in Swat, Lulusar, Pyala, and the Siri
lake to name a few
• There are glaciers in Kalam, Swat, and Kaghan, and a unique variety of Trout fish in the
Swat area.
• Gender Roles: Pukhtoon society has always given great protection and respect to their
females. The mother, sisters and wife take care of the house hold and children. And no one
expects any financial support from the female. The head of a family who is always a male
takes care of the family’s needs of cloths, food and education etc
• The people of KPK are very hospitable, loving, caring and brave. They are known for their
love and respect to their guests.
Reference:
Ahmad, I., Said, H., & Mansor, S. S. S. (2015). The Influence of Social Taboos on Socialization
of Students: Evidence from a Developing Country. Mediterranean Journal of Social
Sciences, 6(2), 514-514.
Lesson 16
CHARACTERISTICS OF PAKISTANI CULTURE AND SOCIETY

Topic 070 - 076
Topic 070: Heterogeneity

The society and culture of Pakistan comprises numerous diverse cultures and ethnic groups: the
Punjabis, Kashmiris, and Sindhis in east, Muhajirs, Makrani in the south; Baloch and Pashtun in
the west; and the ancient Dardic, Wakhi and Burusho communities in the north. These Pakistani
cultures have been greatly influenced by many of the surrounding countries' cultures, such as the
Turkic peoples, Persian, Afghan, and Indians of South Asia, Central Asia and the Middle East.
Pakistan has a cultural and ethnic background going back to the Indus Valley Civilization, which
existed from 2800–1800 B.C., and was remarkable for its ordered cities, advanced sanitation,
excellent roads, and uniquely structured society. Pakistan has been invaded many times in the past,
and has been occupied and settled by many different peoples, each of whom have left their imprint
on the current inhabitants of the country. Some of the largest groups were the 'Aryans', Greeks,
Scythians, Persians, White Huns, Arabs, Turks, Mongols, Afghans, Buddhists and other Eurasian
groups, up to and including the British, who left in the late 1940s.
Pakistani society is largely multilingual, multi-ethnic and multicultural. The newly born Pakistan
had to have a sub continental leaning, having been a part of for last 5000 years of its civilization.
However, the Indus Valley, present day Pakistan, culture was different from the rest of North India
or South India”.
Muslim society of Pakistan took great influence from Hindu and British culture after long and
intimate association. Influence is prominent from the language, literature, art, painting, music,
dress and diet.
• Languages: Pakistan is a large country which comprises of four provinces. All of these
component parts have their own regional languages. As such Punjabi, Pashtu, Sindhi, Balochi,
Barohi and Kashmiri are regional languages. However, Urdu is the national language which is
spoken and understood in all parts of the country.
• Literature: Pakistani culture is rich in the literatures of Urdu, Punjabi, Sindhi, Pashtu, Baruhi,
Baluchi and Kashmiri languages. Urdu literature boasts of the masterpieces of Maulana Azad,
Iqbal, Shibli, Hali, Ghalib, Agha Hashar, Manto and Faiz whereas the Punjabi literature stands
out with great names like Waris Shah, Sultan Bahu, Ghulam Farid, Bulhay Shah and Shah
Hussain etc. Similarly, Sindhi literature glitters with the masterpieces of Shah Abdul Latif,
Sachal Sarmast, Shah Qadir Bakhsh, and Faqir Nabi Bakhsh. The Pushto literature also boasts
of names like Sheikh Saleh, Raghoon Khan, Akhund dardeeza, Khushal Khan Khattak and
Rahman Baba. The Baluchi literature comprises of masterpieces of Jam Durk, Muhammad Ali,
Zahoor Shah Hashmi, Ghani Parvez, Hasrat Baluch, Abbas Ali Zemi and Aziz Bugti etc.
• Dress: Pakistani culture is rich in variety of dresses: The people of Punjab, the Pathans of
KPK, the Baluchi people and the Sindhis wear their own distinct dresses. These dresses are
very colourful and prominent and give attractive look during national fairs and festivals.
• Cuisine: Culinary art in Pakistan comprises a mix of Middle Eastern, Iranian, Afghan, north
west Indian, and Turkish cuisine that reflects the country's history as well as the variation of
cooking practices from across the surrounding regions. Urban centers of the country offer an
amalgamation of recipes from all parts of the country, while food with specific local
ingredients and tastes is available in rural areas and villages. Besides the main dishes of salan,
with or without meat and cooked with vegetables or lentils, there are a number of provincial
specialties such as karahi, biryani and tikka, in various forms and flavors, eaten alongside a
variety of breads such as naan, chapati and roti. There are also local forms of grilled meat or
kebabs, desserts, and a variety of hot and cold drinks.
• Music: Pakistani music is represented by a wide variety of forms. It ranges from traditional
styles such as Qawwali and Ghazal to more modern forms that fuse traditional Pakistani music
with Western music. Popular forms of music also prevail, the most notable being film music
and Urdu and Punjabi pop music. There are also the diverse traditions of folk music, as well
as modern styles, with rock bands.
• Crafts: Pakistani truck art is not the only world-famous example of craftsmanship. Passed
down through generations, Pakistani craft includes a plethora of styles, materials and
aesthetics. Calligraphy in Arabic is one of the most prominent skills found in many local
buildings and sites and wall hangings, like copper work, paintings and carved wood. Pottery,
especially blue pottery, typical of Sindh and Multan, is loved all over the world for its look.
Naqashi, or the art-making of camel-skin lamps, is another example of local craft, along with
colourful tile work, which is a Mughal legacy.
Topic 071: Religious Uniformity and Core Values

Pakistan is an ideological Islamic state. Pakistan came into existence to provide its people with a
system based on Islam. The people, in spite of some language differences, customs and traditions
commonly follow one religion. Islam is practiced by all Pakistanis.
• Majority of population comprises of Muslims
• Social customs and traditions are very simple and reflect Islamic touch
• Major Islamic Values prevalent in the country are:
➢ Belief in one Allah
➢ Prophethood of Hazrat Muhammad (SAW)
➢ Brotherhood
➢ Equality and social justice
➢ Safety of life, honor and property of the nation
➢ Respect for parents, teachers and religious leaders
➢ Chastity and modesty of women
➢ Cleanliness; truth; wearing national dress; and respect for the Holy Quran and
Arabic writing.
➢ Pakistani society is very cooperative. National calendar is marked by religious
days which are observed with great devotion
Topic 072: National and Regional Languages

Language is one of the basic factors in culture. Pakistani society is largely multilingual. Pakistan
is a multilingual country and its official language is Urdu. It, indeed, plays an important role in
creating and maintaining collective identity, as it unites the people of all the four provinces because
of its neutrality. Despite this, regional languages are equally important. Keeping this in view, it
has been theorized that a strong relationship exists between language and ethnicity, since a
language represents the culture of a country or region.
Against this backdrop, Pakistan is a country with six major and more than 57 small languages. It
is also a multicultural country, where people from different ethnic identities live together. Most of
them belong to one of the five major ethno-linguistic groups; Punjabis, Sindhis, Pashtuns, Mohajirs
and Balochis. Needless to say, Punjabi is the regional language that is widely spoken (mainly in
Punjab) and, in fact, understood by a large segment of the population across Pakistan.
Pushto is the second largest regional language spoken in the country. Likewise, Sindhi and Balochi
are the two other major languages that give a different ethnic and racial identity to the people who
speak them.
• The regional languages of Pakistan are:
➢ Sindhi,
➢ Punjabi,
➢ Baluchi,
➢ Pushto, Saraiki, Brahvi, Gojri and Hindku
➢ Balti, Shina, Wakhi, Burushaski, Khowar, Domaki,
➢ Urdu was adopted as a national language
➢ English Language is official language in the country
These major languages, along with many other small regional languages, can be used as a tool to
integrate or disintegrate the people.
More so, all the four provinces have different cultures. In Pakistan, culture diversity is reflected
through language, literature, art and architecture. All these manifestations together become a part
of its cultural heritage. But, as said earlier, language is a natural and direct expression of any region
or culture. So, regional languages can be the best source of cultural cohesion.
National language: Urdu is the national language of Pakistan. Derived from Persian, Arabic and
a combination of local dialects, it is the language of the Subcontinent along with Hindi. Long
before it was declared the national language, it was the lingua franca of Mughal kings and
courtesans, and spoken in the literary as well as social circles. It was declared the national language
after the emergence of Pakistan and is spoken and understood widely in the region now.
Topic 073: Fairs and Festivals in Pakistan

The culture of Pakistan has great tradition of Fairs and festivals. These fairs are held in all parts of
the country. Moreover, annual urs of great saints are held to commemorate their anniversaries. On
these occasions, fairs are also held in which people take part in great numbers. Out of these the
Horse and Cattle shows of Lahore, Mianwali and Sibi are famous whereas the Polo festival of
Gilgit is prominent at national and international level. Moreover annual urs of Hazrat Daata Ganj
Bakhsh, Madhu Lal Hussain, Baba Bulhay Shah, Baba Farid Gunj Shakar, Baba Gulu Shah, Pir
Jamaat Ali Shah, Abdul Latif Bhitaii, Hazrat Noshah Ganj Bakhsh, Bari Imam, Lal Shahbaz
Qalandar, and Bahauddin Zakriya are celebrated with great fervor.
• The customs of the Muslims of Pakistan are mainly the same every where
• Religious festivals
➢ Eidul-Fitar
➢ Eidul Azha
➢ Eid Milad-un-Nabi
➢ and Urs at the shrines of the Saints are held every year.
• Cultural festivals
➢ Sibi Festival
➢ Sindh horse and cattle show
➢ Basnat
➢ Shandor polo festival

➢ Lok Mela
➢ National horse and cattle show Lahore
➢ Saints Mela
Topic 074: Cultural Heritage and Art in Pakistan

Pakistan has been one of the countries known as homes to archeological sites around the globe.
The remains of civilizations and their living patterns depict the image back to thousands years ago.
Significance Archaeological and Historical sites of Pakistan are:
➢ Archaeological Ruins at Moenjodaro
Moenjodaro is situated on the right bank of Indus River, Larkana, Sindh province. Looking back
to the start of 3rd millennium BC, Moenjodaro is 5000-year-old city found as one of the largest
settlements in South Asia. This earliest urbanized place of living was first discovered in 1922 and
further exploration of ruins was conducted on large scale in 1930’s. Then a decision was taken to
stop further excavation with respect to the sensitivity of ruins after 1965.
➢ Buddhist Ruins of Takht-i-Bahi and Neighbouring City Remains at Sahr-i-Bahlol
Buddhist monastic complex named, Takht-i-Bahi dating to the 1st century BC. The ruins are
situated on 152 m high hill, 16 km from Mardan. The hill can also be accessed by Peshawar at the
distance of 80 km. Court of Stupas, a monastic complex, a temple complex, and a tantric monastic
complex are those 4 groups which are the part of this Buddhist monastery.
➢ Fort and Shalamar Gardens in Lahore
The masterpieces of Mughal era, the Lahore Fort and Shalamar Gardens are two royally built
complexes in Lahore, Punjab. The Fort is located at the northwest corner of the city and is now a
part of greater Iqbal Park. The Shalamar Gardens commissioned by the great Mughal emperor
Shah Jahan in 1642. The gardens occupy 16 hectares of land area and its design is inspired by
Persian and Islamic architecture.
View of Shalimar Gardens, a Mughal garden complex situated in Lahore, in Punjab Province,
Pakistan. It is the only survived Mughal garden of several built in Lahore. The Gardens are now
rather run-down and a far cry from their former glory, but still popular with locals.
➢ Historical Monuments at Makli, Thatta
In archaeological city of Thatta, Makli is a metropolis. The ruins of city date back to 14th century.
The uniqueness of architecture made with quality bricks, stones and tiles advocate the quality
construction of that era.
➢ Rohtas Fort
A centre of tourism attraction, Rohtas Fort which is located about 16 km from Jhelum, Punjab.
Rohtas fort was built by Sher Shah Suri and is standing like a remarkable Islamic military
architecture. To control the Ghakkars, the construction strategy was there to built it on the hill
alongside the Kahan River.
➢ Harapa
Harappa is one of the most famous archaeological sites of the Pakistan which is located 24
kilometres west of Sahiwal city in Punjab province. Harappa and Moenjo-daro are supposed as the
most ancient civilizations of Indus valley. Harappa has prominent significance among all the
ancient civilizations because the harappans was more civilized than other and they started making
effort to read and write priory. Harappans were used to live life with discipline and proper
planning. The remains of this ancient city indicate about the tremendous infrastructure which is
the proof of their commendable living style.
➢ Mehrgarh
Mehrgarh is an ancient archeological site is on the Western part of River Indus, on the Kacchi
Plain, Balochistan. The Mehrrgarh civilians were amongst the first ones who started practicing
agricultural values. The people who lived here had a connection with the old ancient Harappan
Civilization. The archeologists found so many indications that pointed out the Harappan lifestyle.
➢ Buddhist Remains in Swat
A fairly large number of Buddhist sites preserving stupas, monasteries, viharas, settlements, caves,
rock-carvings and inscriptions are scattered all over the Swat Valley.
➢ Katas Raj Temple
The Katas Raj Temples near Chakwal in Punjab province of Pakistan are attributed to the eras of
the Hindu Shahis (kings) dating from about 615-950 CE and are dedicated to Lord Shiva. As such
they constitute one of the most important Hindu pilgrimage sites in Pakistan and are still in use to
this day by members of the Hindu community both in the country and those who make the journey
there every year from abroad.
➢ Derawar Fort
The history behind the beautiful Derawar Fort is that it was initially created in the 9th century by
a Hindu ruler, its original name being ‘Dera Rawar’ which lead to the current version of its name:
‘Derawar.’ This huge fort was made to commemorate the king of current day Jamshedpur and
Bahawalpur, Raja Deoraj Bhatti. It was then captured by Abbasi rulers in the 18th century, after
which it was rebuilt. Eventually, a fight ensued over ownership of the fort between the Abbasi
ruler Nawab Sadiq Muhammad and Bahawal Khan in the late 1700s till 1804, when the son of
Nawab Muhammad took control of the fort. By then, it had been heavily damaged. The fort has
since been on the verge of collapse with no restoration in sight.
Pakistan has a rich literature and culture of arts
➢ Classical literature reflects more or less common background
➢ Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai from Sindh, Rehman Baba from KP, Bhulley Shah from
Punjab and Gul Khan Naseer from Baluchistan have much in common
➢ Popular poets: Amir Khusro, Allama Iqbal, Ghalib
Popular writers
➢ Sir Syed,
➢ Deputy Nazir Ahmed,
➢ Maulanai Hali,
➢ Maulana Shibli,
Popular folklores
➢ Arif Lohar,
➢ Noor Jehan,
➢ Lata
Art
Muslim period was the great era of painting and history writing
• The art of Music has been served a lot by the Muslim
• Pakistan is famous in art of naqashi, Papier-mâché and pottery that is typically use for
decoration
Topic 075: Variety of Dressing Patterns

• Pakistani culture is rich in variety of dresses
• The people living in the provinces of country Punjab, KP, Baluchistan and the Sindh
wear their own distinct dresses
• These dresses are very colorful and prominent and give attractive look during national
fairs and festivals
Topic 076: Food

Every major city is known for its special dishes; apart from cities, villages that host the majority
of the population of Pakistan, have their own food culture. The food culture in these areas is so
deep and vast.
• Pakistani cuisine is known for its richness and flavor
• It has been partly influenced by Arab, Persian, and Indian Cuisine, it retains its own distinct
Pakistani flavor
• Due to regional and climate variations in Pakistan, variety of food is available in Pakistan.
The main branches of food cultures can be defined with the geographical areas, as every
province of Pakistan has their own branch of food culture.
• Punjab: that is famous not only in Pakistan but all around the world. This food has its
own fan base. A special type of beverage made from milk called “Lassi’’ is the most
famous thing here. Apart from that Paye, Gol Gappy, Murgh Chany, Biryani and different
types of Kebabs are the favorite food here.
• Sindh: Sindh is as diverse as Punjab is; a lot of amazing dishes are famous here. Biryani,
Haleem, Nihari, Fish, Sea foods etc are favorites among the people here.
• Balochistan: Balochistan, the biggest province of Pakistan but least populated one among
other provinces. Because it is a dry mountains and desert type area. People who live here
are tough so they prefer to eat food rich with proteins like dry fruits, Pulses, chicken. Saji
that is a whole chicken roasted on coals, and khadi kabab that is roasted goat buried under
coal for almost half a day.
• KPK, the province of Pathan Tribes, one of the most cherishing communities of Pakistan,
are unique with their food too. One of the famous things from here is Chapli Kababs that
are made from beef or mutton; people all around the world love to eat this special dish.
Also curry, Afghan Karahi that is made with chicken, beef or mutton is the specialty of this
area.
• People Eat only with the right hand
• Pakistani dishes are known for having spicy flavours, and some dishes often contain
liberal amounts of oil which contributes to a richer flavour. Cumin seeds, chilli powder,
turmeric, Garam Masala is a very popular blend of spices used in many Pakistani dishes
References:
Archaeological Sites in Pakistan- Face of the Historical Remains: Retrieved from:
https://pakistantravelplaces.com/archaeological-sites-pakistan/
Parhlo, Retrieved from:

https://www.parhlo.com/traditions-of-pakistan-you-need-to-know/
Handicrafts in Pakistan. Retrieved from: https://hap.org.pk/handicrafts-in-pakistan/
Food Culture of Pakistan. Retrieved from: https://medium.com/@FreshStore.pk/food-culture-
of-pakistan-60443b08dec2
Lesson 17
LINGUISTIC FEATURES OF PAKISTANI CULTURE-I
Topic 077 – 080
Topic 077: Languages of Pakistan

• Language plays an important role in creating and maintaining collective identity
• Pakistan is a multi-lingual country
• People from different ethnic identities live together a country with 6 major and more than
57 small languages.
• National language of the country is Urdu and English as co-official language.
• People speak as many as 74 languages in Pakistan, according to Ethnologue, a website on
languages. Sixty-six languages are local and eight are foreign
• English language is also used as a medium of instruction in the educational institutions.
• Majorly there are five regional languages
• Punjabi, Sindhi, Pushto, Baluchi and Kashmiri.
• These languages have greatly contributed in Pakistani culture through rich literature,
poetry, folk songs, spiritual quotes of their respective saints regional languages are
distinct from each other in their forms and expression of thoughts
Ethnic/Linguistic composition of Pakistan
https://www.britannica.com/place/Pakistan/People
Topic 078: National Language-Urdu

• Urdu language is member of the indo-Aryan group of languages
• Urdu is the national language of Pakistan
• It is a mixture of Persian, Arabic, Turkish and various local languages
• Around 1,000 AD, the modern Indo-Aryan era began and with the arrival of Muslims Arabic,
Persian and, to a lesser extent, Turkish vocabulary began assimilating into local dialects. One
of those dialects later evolved further and became an early version of Urdu/Hindi.
• It is the official state language of Pakistan and is also officially recognized, or “scheduled,” in
the constitution of India
• Significant speech communities exist in the United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom, and
the United States as well. Notably, Urdu and Hindi are mutually intelligible.
• The modern period in Urdu literature coincides with the mid-19th-century emergence of a
middle class that saw in Western thought and science a means to needed social reform
• It is quite like Hindi but written in Arabic script
• Most of the Urdu verbs have their roots in Sanskrit
• Predominantly spoken in Pakistan and India
• Urdu language originated during the Mughal period (early 16th to mid-18th century), Urdu is
the youngest of the regional languages
• Urdu is spoken as a first language by nearly 70 million people and as a second language by
more than 100 million people
• Modern period in Urdu literature coincides with the mid-19th-century emergence of a middle
class
• Naẓīr Aḥmad wrote novels about the conflicts of Muslim middle-class people
• The more famous novelists of the later period are Ratan-Nāth Sharshār, ʿAbd-ul-Ḥalīm
Sharar, and Mīrzā Ruswā
• The fathers of modern Urdu poetry were Ḥālī and Muḥammad Ḥusayn Āzād, the latter
particularly characterized by a fine sensitivity for the past
• The greatest modern poet is Iqbāl
Topic 079: Regional Languages-Punjabi
• Punjabi is the regional language that is widely spoken (mainly in Punjab)

• Punjabi is the most widely spoken language in Pakistan
• Fifty Two (52) percent of the population speaks Punjabi
• Punjabi is rich in mystical and romantic poetry
• It has its links with the Aryan language Prakrit. Before partition it was spoken in Delhi, Dhirpur,
Peshawar and Jammu too. However as time rolled on the vocabulary of Punjabi language
became a mixture of Persian, Arabic and Turkish words. It has different dialects in different
parts of Punjabi like Saraiki and Potohari but the basic language remains the same.
•The 11th most widely spoken in India and the third most spoken native language in the Indian
Subcontinent
•It also has a significant presence in the United Arab Emirates, United States and Australia
•Punjabi is written in both the Shahmukhi and the Gurmukhi scripts
•Some of the famous poets of Punjabi language include Baba Farid Shakar Ganj, Mian M. Baksh,
Madhu Lal Hussain, Sultan Bahu, Bullay Shah and Waris Shah
•These all have done excellent literary work in Punjabi language
Topic 080: Regional Languages-Pashto

• Pashto also spelled Pashtu, also called Pakhtu, member of the Iranian division of the Indo-
Iranian
• Originally spoken by the Pashtun people
• It is spoken by more than 35 million people, most of whom reside in Afghanistan or Pakistan
• Scholars have found it difficult to reach consensus regarding specific claims about Pashto’s
origins. Nonetheless, it is clear that the speech community’s location in a contested part of
the ancient world instigated extensive contact with, and borrowing from, other languages,
including varieties of ancient Greek, Saka, Parthian, and Persian. Pashto also converged
with the northwestern Indian languages, especially the Prakrits, Balochi, and Sindhi. From
these languages, Pashto acquired retroflex sounds (sounds produced with the tip of the
tongue curled against the roof of the mouth) and approximately 5,550 loanwords.
• The Pashto language has also borrowed words from Tajik (a form of Persian) and Uzbek (a
Turkic language);
• Southern, which preserves the ancient /sh/ and /zh/ sounds, and the northern, which uses
/kh/ and /gh/ sounds instead.
• Became national language of Afghanistan in 1936
• Smaller communities exist in Iran, Tajikistan, the United Arab Emirates, and the United
Kingdom
• Difficult to reach consensus regarding Pashto’s origins
• The dialects of Pashto fall into two main divisions: the southern and the northern
• The sentence construction of Pashto is akin to that of Hindi
• Pashto is written with a modified Arabic alphabet
• earliest literary form is poetry; Mohammad Hotak’s Pata Khazana (1728–29; “The Hidden
Treasure”
• Other well known poets of Pushto language are: Amir Karoro, Rehman Baba, Sher Shah Soori,
Saif ullah, Kazim Khan
Lesson 18
LINGUISTIC FEATURES OF PAKISTANI CULTURE-II
Topic 081 - 085
Topic 081: Regional Languages-Sindhi

• Sindhi regional language of sindh province
• Sindhi was spoken in the Indus Delta from ancient times
• The grammatical structure of Sindhi is heterogenous
• The noun and branches belong to Sanskrit
• Verbs and adverbs are formed from Persian models
• Thareli or Dhatki, Kachi, Lari, and Lasi are dialects of Sindhi
• The script of Sindhi is Arabic in character, principally Kufic
• The 52 sounds in Sindhi are represented by the 30 letters of Arabic
• The Sindhi language possesses a voluminous literature in both poetry and prose.
• Famous poets of sindh are: Shah Karim of Burli (1537-1628), Shah Latif Bhitai (1698-
1750) and Sachal Sarmast (1739- 1828), Makhdoom, Noor Shah Inayat , Bedil
• During British period Sindhi poetry tended to adopt Persian verse forms, and this trend
continues to date
• 12 percent of the people speak Sindhi, 10 percent Seraiki and English.
• Saraiki is not the dialect of Sindhi, It’s claimed as the dialect of Punjabi, though It’s
claimed to be oldest than punjabi
Topic 082: Regional Languages -Baluchi

• Balochi language, also spelled Baluchi or Beluchi
• One of the oldest living languages of the Indo-Iranian group of the Indo-European
languages
• Balochi is spoken by about five million people as a first or second language in Pakistan,
Afghanistan, Iran, India, and Baloch diaspora communities
• Eastern Balochi has been influenced by Sindhi, while Western Balochi has been
influenced by Persian. Pronunciation varies depending upon dialect group. For
example, ph is generally pronounced /f/ in the east but is pronounced /p/ in the west.
• Balochi is the regional language of Balochistan Province of Pakistan
• Balochi is generally divided into eastern, southern, and western dialect groups
• Three percent people in Pakistan speaks Balochi
• There are two types of Balochi namely; Sulemani and Makrani
• Balochi called Makrani or Southern Balochi, is spoken in Makran, the southern region of
Balochistan, which borders Iran
• Balochi poetry dates to at least the middle of the 15th century CE
• During the mid-18th century, Jam Durrak, the chief poet of the court of Mir Muhammad
Nasir Khan of Kalat, wrote songs and poems that are still sung by Balochs.
• Some of the most literacy figures are: Azad Jamaldini, Ulfat Naseem, Abdul Qadir
Shahwani, Malik Mohammad Ramzan and Mir Aaqil Maingal
• Well known poets of Balochi language are Jam Darag, Shah Murid, Shahdad
Topic 083: Regional Languages-Kashmiri

• Kashmiri is the language of the people of inhabiting the occupied Kashmir and Azad
Kashmir
• This language has been derived from Sanskrit
• Kashmiri is generally spoken in Muslim families of the valley
• It contains many Turkish, Arabic and Persian words and is written in the Persian Script
• Kashmiri is spoken by 7 million people.
• Rambani, Kashtawari, and Poguli dialects.
• Began with the literature by Rajanka Shiti Kantha during 1250s.
• Poetry was first done in Kashmiri by Lalleshvari during 14th century in four-line couplet
style.
• Kashmiri like all the regional languages of Pakistan had its own early literature in the
form of poetry, which began with the composition of folk songs and ballads.
• Famous authors of Kashmiri language are; Sh. Nooruddin, Khatoon Lillah Anifa, and
Baba Nasiruddin
Topic 084: Regional Languages of Pakistan-Balti

Balti is a Tibetan language spoken in Baltistan district of the Northern Areas of Pakistan. It is
closely related to Ladakhi, the majority language of the adjacent Ladakh district of Jammu and
Kashmir in Indian-held territory.
Baltistan is generally said to be comprised of five major valleys:
• Skardu,
• Rondu,
• Shigar,
• Khaplu,
• Kharmang
Balti is the dominant language throughout Baltistan, there are settlements of Shina speakers in
several of the valleys as well. Shina-speaking villages may be found in Rondu, Kharmang, and in
some of the smaller side valleys near Skardu. Balti speakers refer to these people as Brokpa, and
to their language as Brokskat. It is reported that most of the Shina speakers living in Baltistan can
also speak Balti.
Three of these, Kharmang, Skardu, and Rondu, are actually separate sections of the Indus Valley
which runs the length of Baltistan from southeast to northwest. Skardu is the central section, and
the town of Skardu is the district headquarters of Baltistan. Rondu is located downstream, to the
northwest of Skardu, while Kharmang lies in the opposite direction, and extends up to the
international cease-fire line. The Shigar Valley lies to the north of Skardu, and Khapalu to the east,
on the Shyok River. In addition to the five major valleys, there is also the high, sparsely populated
Gultari Valley in the south, separated from the rest of Baltistan by the famous Deosai Plains.
• In 1866, H.H. Godwin Austen, the famous surveyor of the Karakoram mountains, became
the first European to publish a vocabulary of Balti
• George Grierson included a somewhat more precise, though small, vocabulary and some
notes on the grammar of both Balti and Purki in Volume III of his Linguistic Survey of
India (1908:32-50)
• Balti speakers refer to both themselves and their language as Balti
• The origin of this name is unknown, but it is apparently of great antiquity
• Ptolemy, the second century Alexandrian astronomer and geographer, recorded and
preserved the name as Byltae
• The people of Baltistan, like those of Ladakh, are originally of Mongolian/Tibetan stock
• The Baltis have intermarried extensively with the Aryan Dard population who came to the
area from the south and west, so that modern Baltis are a mixed race
• In ancient times, Buddhism was the common religion of both Baltis and Ladakhis
• It later spread to Baltistan and was widely practiced there by A.D. 400
• The Baltis are believed to have been first converted to Islam by one Syed Mohammad Noor
Bukhsh around the middle of the fifteenth century (Afridi 1988:26)
• Some fifty years later, Mir Shamsuddin Iraqi converted many Baltis to the Shiah faith,
which the majority of them still profess
Balti shows a surprising degree of uniformity in its vocabulary throughout Baltistan. There is some
regional variation, to be sure, but in general, it consists more of slight pronunciation or usage
differences than of actual lexical differences. These differences are very rarely significant enough
to hamper communication between Balti speakers.
Topic 085: Regional Languages of Pakistan-Burushaski

• Burushaski is spoken in the central Hunza Valley as well as in the valley of the Nagar
river,
• One of the primary tributaries of the Hunza river
• The language is also spoken in a slightly different form in the Yasin Valley, located in
the extreme northwest of Gilgit district
• Since Yasin is separated from Hunza and Nagar by many miles of very rugged mountain
terrain, the language has developed rather differently there
• The Yasin variety of Burushaski is sometimes called Werchikwar
• In Nagar, Burushaski speakers are found in the Nagar Valley itself and on the south side
of the Hunza river
• In Minapin, and most of the villages below it, Shina is the predominant language, with
the exception of Sikandarabad, where Burushaski is spoken
In Hunza, Burushaski is found in the central, westward flowing, section of the river, between
the Shina-speaking area on the south, and the Wakhi-speaking area on the north. In addition,
there are a few settlements of Burusho (Burushaski speakers) farther north in the valley,
interspersed among the Wakhi villages. These include Khudaabad, Nazimabad, and Misgar, as
well as the mixed language of Khaibar
• Contemporaries Dr. G. W. Leitner and Colonel John Biddulph were the first Europeans to
investigate and write about Burushaski after separate visits to Hunza and Nagar in the late
19th century
• Biddulph recorded a sizeable vocabulary and a brief grammatical description in his 1880
work, Tribes of the Hindoo Koosh
• Leitner’s vocabulary and other notes on the language were published in The Hunza and
Nagyr Handbook in 1889
• Both works refer primarily to the Nagar dialect
• The next significant contribution was the landmark work by Lt. Col. D.L.R. Lorimer, The
Burushaski Language, published in three volumes from 1935 to 1938
• It contained a number of texts and a large vocabulary, in addition to a grammar which has
remained the standard for over 50 years
• Georg Morgenstierne, in his Notes on Burushaski Phonology (1945), the first attempt at a
systematic description of the Burushaski sound system
• Burushaski-speaking people refer to themselves as Burusho and their language as
Burushaski or Mishaski
• The label Hunzakut is also used to refer to persons from Hunza
• In Nagar, Khajuna was given as an alternate name for their language
• In Yasin, Werchikwar [wVrcIkwar] was given as a name which outsiders have used for
their language
• This name is Khowar in derivation and was used by most of the early linguists when
referring to the Yasin dialect
Lesson 19
SPORT IN PAKISTANI CULTURE
Topic 086 - 087
Topic 086: Sport in Pakistani Culture

Sports in Pakistan are a significant part of Pakistan culture. Sports are an important social
phenomenon having a large impact on key areas of social life. It affects national relations, business
life, social status, fashion forms, ethical values, and people’s lifestyle. Sports is a continuous social
experiment, in which mankind shows it’s potential, accumulating and improving human capital,
expanding its potential. Sports, by performing developmental, educational, patriotic,
communicative function, integrate and coordinate individuals and social groups, help the nation to
develop. It is directly connected to the subsystems of health, science, culture, upbringing and
education. Sport has a significant impact on the socio-economic and political processes of any
modern society.
Over recent years there has been an increase in sporting activity in Pakistan, with Pakistani
sportsmen and women participating at many national and international events. The Pakistan Sports
Board was created in 1962 by the Ministry of Education as a corporate body for the purposes of
promoting and developing uniform standards of competition in sports in Pakistan comparable to
the standards prevailing internationally, and regulating and controlling sports in Pakistan on a
national basis.
The Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism, now has control over the Pakistan Sports Board. The
PSB controls all 39 sporting federations. The Pakistan Sports Board is supported by the Pakistan
Sports Trust which assists players and associations so that they can continue participating in sports
despite meager resources. Numbers of events they participate are Olympic Games, Asian
Games, World Games and Commonwealth Games. Squash, Hockey, Cricket, and Football are the
most popular sports in Pakistan.
Topic 087: Sport in Pakistani Culture: Cricket/Hockey/ Kabaddi/ Squash

Cricket is one of the most popular sports in Pakistan. Cricket is played in most districts of
Pakistan. Pakistan has won various international events like ODI World Cup (1992) and the T20
World Cup (2009) as well as being runner-ups in the 1999 ODI World Cup and in 2007 T20 World
Cup. Some of the best cricketers in the world like Waqar Younis, Wasim Akram, Javed Miandad,
Imran Khan, Ramiz Raja and many more are from Pakistan. Pakistan started to play test cricket in
1952, when they toured India. Like Cricket, hockey is also played widely across the country. It is
national sport of Pakistan.
Hockey was introduced in Pakistan by the Britishers. Raja Ghazanfar Ali Khan was the first
President of the Hockey Federation of Pakistan. Hockey in Pakistan is administered by the Pakistan
Hockey Federation that was founded in the year 1948. Pakistan has won the Hockey World Cups
(Mens) four times in the year 1960, 1968, 1984, 1994 Hockey championship trophies during the
year 1978, 1980 and 1994. Pakistan won three gold medals at the Olympics in Field Hockey. Some
of the all time favorite hockey stars of Pakistan are: Sohail Abbas, Mohammad Saqlain, Hassan
Sardar, Shahbaz Ahmed, Shahid Ali Khan.
Kabaddi is the most popular traditional sport in Pakistan. It is a form of contact sport that came
from South India. It is native sport of Punjab and is actually the national sport of other countries
like Bangladesh and Nepal. Kabbadi in Pakistan is mainly organized by the Pakistan Kabaddi
Federation. Mostly countries of South Asia and South East Asia play Kabbadi. Pakistan is a
powerful contender in Kabaddi, the country is yet to make its presence known in the international
arena.
Squash is a popular sport that has a large following in Pakistan. Pakistan has been dominating this
sport for a long period of time. Pakistani Squash players who have made a mark internationally
include Jansher Khan and Jahangir Khan. Jansher Khan won the World Open eight times and the
British Open six times. He was ranked number 1 in the world for six years
Jahangir Khan is the greatest professional squash player of all time with a record of having a 555-
game winning streak.
Lesson 20
FESTIVALS IN PAKISTANI CULTURE
Topic 088 - 090
Topic 088: Religious Festivals in Pakistani Culture

Religious festival celebrated at end of fasting month Rammadan, on 1st of Shawwal. It is a three
days celebration. Exchange of sweet dishes, visits family and friends gather for long meals and
chitchat. Eid-ul-Fitar day starts with the special Eid prayers. People exchange gifts and give alms
to the poor and the needy. Ramadan is the 9th month of the Islamic calendar observed throughout
the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. Fasting is one of the five pillars of Islam. Adults fast of both
food and water from sunrise to sunset for the duration of the 30 days. During Ramadan, more than
a billion Muslims around the world observe one of the Five Pillars (duties) of Islam: Fasting.
Fasting is the fourth pillar of Islam, which Allah made obligatory on Muslims in the second year
of the Prophet’s migration (Hijrah) to Madina with the statement: “O you who believe, fasting is
prescribed for you as it was prescribed for those before you, so that you may gain Taqwa (piety).
Pakistani Muslims devote this month to salat (prayer), recitation of the Quran, and the doing of
charitable deeds. Suhoor occurs just before dawn and is followed by the first prayer of the day
while Iftar is eaten at the sunset, at the time of Maghreb prayer.
Religious festival commemorating the great sacrifice offered by Prophet Abraham. Celebrated on
10 Zilhaj, 12th month of Islamic Calendar. Eid-ul-Azha is a three days celebration. Muslims from
all over the world offer a sacrifice by slaughtering a sheep, cow, or goat following the traditional
Islamic customs. It is also called the Festival of Sacrifice. The meat from the sacrifice is shared by
friends, neighbors, relatives, and also distributed to the poor and needy.
Shab-e-Barat is a religious festival celebrated on 14th of Shaaban. The festival of Shab-e-Barat
is celebrated with the passion and enthusiasm by Muslims all over the world. Muslims believe that
on the night of Shab-e-Barat Allah writes the destinies of all people for the coming year by taking
into account the deeds committed by them in the past. On this day, prayers, fireworks, exchange
of sweet dishes and visits to friends and families are held.
Eid Milad-un Nabi is the birthday of our beloved Prophet Muhammad (PBUH). It is celebrated
by all the Muslims with religious enthusiasm and solemnity across the world. It is celebrated on
the 12th of Rabi'-ul- Awwal every year. This is a day of remembrance for Muslims, marked by
prayers and reading of the Holy Quran.
Topic089: National Festivals in Pakistani Culture

Pakistan Day is a momentous milestone in the history of Pakistan movement. This event is held
to mark the anniversary of Pakistan Resolution passed by the Muslims of South Asia on March
23, 1940 at Minto Park (now Iqbal Park), Lahore. The nation commemorates this day with great
zeal and enthusiasm, to honor the most outstanding achievement of the Muslims of South Asia
Passed the historic Pakistan Resolution resulting in the creation of Pakistan under the dynamic
leadership of Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah.
Independence Day is celebrated with zeal and fervor on August 14. Special programmes are
arranged in all big and small towns and rural areas. On this day, meetings, processions and rallies
are held all over the country. The whole country is decorated with the national flags on this day.
Defence day 6th of September is a golden chapter in the history of Pakistan when Pakistan people
and its military stood united in 1965 against the oppressive move by India to attack Pakistan. This
historic day is commemorated through parades and exhibitions of military equipment at

Rawalpindi, Lahore, Peshawar, Quetta and Karachi. Air shows and other programs mark the PAF’s
heroic role in defending the nation. This day is celebrated by the display of latest aircrafts,
ammunition and military equipment of Pakistan army.
Topic090: Cultural Festivals in Pakistani Culture

Mela Chiraghan (festival of lamps) is a mega event for the people of Punjab. Mela Chiraghan is
a 3-day festival commemorating the death of Shah Hussain, a Sufi saint and poet who lived in
Lahore during the 16th century used to be the largest Punjabi festival, but now ranks second. While
it used to take place in the famed Shalimar Gardens, it was moved to the shrine in 1958. Mela is
one of the oldest continuing celebrations of the Subcontinent, and the story of Shah Hussain is
quite a compelling one. Shah Hussain was the pioneer of Punjabi Kafi poetry. The festival takes
place at Hussain’s shrine in the Baghbanpura, Lahore. The festival attracts a large number of
performing artists who mostly sing Shah Hussain's kafees and dance to the drum beats.
With the arrival of spring, Basant Festival is celebrated with pomp and show in the mid February
every year in Lahore. People traditionally fly kites on the roofs of their houses. Moreover some
five-star hotels also arrange this function on their roof top for foreigners and other high-class
gentry and also arrange variety of dishes with musical concert.
The Shandur Polo Tournament is played every year in the month of June. One of the biggest
tourist attractions to Chitral and Gilgit in Northern Pakistan. It is held on the highest polo ground
of the world (11,000 ft above sea level) - The Shandur Pass (Chitral district). Pakistan Polo
Association (PPA) organizes the sport, and the national side takes part in the Polo World Cup.
Polo is played professionally with a number of Argentine players, who specially come to Pakistan.
Allied activities include folk music, folk dances and variety of food. A tent village along Shandur
Lake is set up in cooperation with the local administration.
The four-day annual Kailash Spring Festival — known as Chilam Joshi — is held every summer
in the scenic Kailash valley. The Kailashi people celebrate the four-day spring festival across all
three of Kailash valleys of Rumbur, Bumburet and Birir. A large number of domestic and foreign
tourists attend the festival. Chilam Joshi begins with "milk distribution” among the family
members on the opening day, and then this continues for the next ten days among the villagers.
On the day of the festival, the Kailash people offer their respect to the tourists. The festival reflects
their unique culture, the harmony in their society and the message of peace to the world. They ask
for blessings from God and pray for a prosperous year of agriculture, and health and safety of their
herds. The main objective of the festival is that Kailashi men and women can find partners and get
married. The women wear traditional attire decked in lively colours and a striking headgear
decorated with flowers on it. They wear beaded necklaces which compliments their dresses and
headgears. Men wear traditional Shalwar Kameez with a waistcoat made of wool. Much of the
dancing takes place in large circles around a bonfire and people chant with mesmerizing repetitions
- with just a drumbeat accompanying the voices. The girls wear intricate dresses made of cowry
shells, coins and beads with beautiful hair braiding and headwear. Each headdress weighs several
kilogrammes and is presented to a girl by her uncle. The jewelry includes necklaces made of
apricot kernels, a traditional gift during the festivals.
Lesson 21
DRESSING PATTERNS IN PAKISTAN-I
Topic 091 - 093
Topic 091: Dressing Patterns in Pakistan

Dressing/ Clothing is an important component of culture. Traditional and cultural dresses provide
important information and knowledge about the cultural and historical heritage of a society.
Pakistan is a country with multiple traditions, cultures, religions and customs. There are four
provinces and each province contains different culture and lifestyle. Regional dressing represents
the dressing patterns of various ethnics of Pakistan. Regional Cultures include Punjabi culture,
Sindhi culture, Balochi culture, Pashtun culture and Kashmiri culture. Dress in each regional
culture reflect weather conditions, way of living and distinctive styles. Pakistani dressing has
similarities with Indian dressing because of pre-partition culture. However the religious factor was
always there which makes a difference. Shalwar kameez is the national dress of Pakistan and is
worn by men and women in all four provinces. Pakistani clothes range from exquisite colors and
designs to the type of fabric (silk, chiffon, cotton, etc.)
Topic 092: Regional Dressing of Pakistan-Punjab

In Punjab, mostly both genders wear cotton/lawn clothes that normally reach to the knees of the
people. Females mostly have a scarf/dopata over tops which is wrapped over left shoulder.
Punjabi women prefer light embroidery on simple Shalwar Kameez or Kurta. Traditional Lacha
and Bangles are also used. Paranda is the special traditional, colorful and unique Punjabi item for
women which is used to tie the hair. In rural areas, Punjabi women wear Pothohari shalwar, Patiala
shalwar, laacha, grara, kurti, lehenga and phulkari. Punjabi men wear straight cut Punjabi shalwar
kameez, kurta, dhoti and lungi. Other Punjabi shalwar styles include Pothohari Shalwar, Multani
Shalwar and Bahawalpuri Shalwar which is very wide and rich in many layers. Turban of a thin
cloth is also used with Shalwar Kameez especially in rural areas of Punjab where it is called Pagri
Khussa is also used with Dhoti Kurta.
Topic 093: Regional Dressing of Pakistan-Balochistan

Balochi people wear shalwar kameez of thick cloth with very wide shalwar. Balochi men wear
shalwar kameez with long and loose sleeves and loose shalwar. Men wear Balochi turban made of
a very long cloth, often in white color. Turban is perceived as sign of respect. Pakistani dresses for
Balochi women are truly exquisite. Balochi women wear heavy embroidered Shalwar Kameez and
Dupatta. They wear Kameez full of heavy embroidered Shisha work. Beautiful needlework done
on the front and a large pocket of the dress. Needlework is done by the women themselves and the
Balochi women are well-known for it.
Lesson 22
DRESSING PATTERNS IN PAKISTAN-II
Topic 094 - 096
Topic 094: Regional Dressing of Pakistan- Sindh

Lifestyle of Sindhis is quite different. Women in Sindh usually wear shalwar kameez or saris and
men wear shalwar kameez or kurta pajama. Sindhi women also wear lehnga and choli called gaji
which is a mountain shirt wear in hilly areas of Sindh. Gaji consists of small, square panels,
embroidered on silk and sequins. Sindhi dress shows embroidery using a mirror. Sindhi costumes
have different styles of embroidery. Some women use Ajrak as Dupatta. Ajrak is a piece of cloth
with a unique print on it with specific colors (Brown and maroon with black combination mainly).
Women also wear Bangles in their Traditional way. Men wear shalwar kameez with traditional
Sindhi cap and Ajrak of beautiful designs which are made locally. Sindhis wear a version of the
shalwar called “Suthan” which had a shirt called Cholla. Men also traditionally wear a dhoti.
Sindhi Topi is hat which is a significant part of sindhi Culture. Needle and mirror work done on
Sindhi topi is popular all over Pakistan.
Topic 095: Regional Dressing of Pakistan- KP

KPK is one of the four administrative provinces in Pakistan located in the northwestern region.
Traditional clothing of the province is the Khat partug(which is shalwar kameez combination and
is worn by men and women).
Traditional clothing for the lower region is the khat partug which is a shalwar kameez combination
and is worn by men and women. The khat also called khattaki or in marwat pashtun,kemis) is the
shirt which fits closely to the body to the waist and then flares out either to the knees, the
partug(also called pardig) is a loose shalwar which has many folds and is lossely brought
together at the ankles. Men also wear turban and scarf called patkai.
Perahan tunban is male dress worn in khyberpakhtunkhwa and eastern afghanistan. The perahan
tunban version of the shalwar kameez is made up of the perahan (the top) which is wide and
loose with sleeves also worn loose and pendent from the arm. The perahan worn in khyber
pakhtunkhwa generally falls to the knees. The traditional perahan buttons on either shoulder, is
collerless, and is meant to be loose.
FIRAQ PARTUG:
The female khet is also known as the firaq which forms the firaq partug outfit. The female khet is
of two types. The jalana khet and giradana khet.the jalana khet is worn by unmarried women which
is losse and traditionally of print design.the giradana khet is worn by married women and is of
dark colors, especially red. The female khet has many pleats. The style is of the type also worn in
Afghanistan. https://aboutpakistanidresses.blogspot.com/2019/04/khyber-pakhtunkhwa-culture-
dress.html
It is a type of shalwar kameez traditionally worn in Afghanistan and the mostly Pashtun dominated
parts of western and northwestern Pakistan. It is worn by the both genders tradition male pashtun
dress other than khat partug, is perahan turban, Male usually wear the kufi, peshwari cap, turban
sindhi cap, or pakol as tradition headgear.
Pakol (pakul or khapul ) which is rounded topped hat made up of soft wool. The traditional female
dress is the firaq partug.
Women typically wear solid-coloured trousers, a long shirt with a belt. Sometimes they wear an
encompassing burqa over this outfit on their head. Kashmiri phiran style kameez has heavy
embroidery on the front neck of the kameez and is often made of wool.
Topic 96: Regional Dressing of Pakistan- Gilgit Baltistan

Balti culture is the culture of Tibetan people of Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan. Men generally dress in
woolen stuffs of home manufacture, their garments being the coat (anga), trousers(pyjama) of
dark thick cloth, cap(topi) and long frock coat (bakhu).
The cap has different names in the major local languages. In Shina and Khowar languages the cap
is called Khoi, in brushaski it is called Phartsun or Pharsen and in Wakhi it is called sekeed. It is
made by local artisan and is available in various colors. White caps are most popular in the region
and considered as a part of formal local dress. In many areas people especially the older generation
still wear their traditional cap all the time with pride. They consider it a sign of honor.
Women dress consists of Pyjama and a lady’s gown, kameez like a Punjabi kurta is worn as an
under cloth. A sash is worn round the waist over the gown. The lining on the gown is sometimes
embroidered along the margins. Ahead-gear which goes one to one and half yards down the back
and with which the face can be covered.
In winters sometimes ladies wear thick shawl like woolen Chadders. Traditional kameez is loose
fitted and heel long. The collar of the kamiz are high. For bridal dresses colorful embroidered
bands are stitched around collars and the lower end of the shirt and sleeves. Dopata or shawl is an
integral part of the traditional ladies dress. Different color of dopata is used. Young ladies wear
bright colors while elder ladies prefer dark colors.
The Traditional shalwar of Gilgit Baltistan is very similar to Turkish shalwar. It is loose, long,
baggy trouser but narrow and fitted around the ankles. Traditionally, silk, cotton and velvet fabric
was used. Men wear traditional cap that is soft round toped woolen hat. Various types of caps are
used. The most popular cap is the beautiful embroidered iraghi cap with traditional piece of jewel
called silsila.
Lesson 23
Regional Cuisine of Pakistan-I
Topic 097 - 099
Topic 097: Regional Cuisine of Pakistan

Pakistani cuisine represents various regional cooking traditions cuisine vary greatly depending on
geography. As majority of population is Muslim and follow certain rituals. Meat is halal and has
been slaughtered in line with Islamic requirements.
The basis of Pakistani cuisine comes from the spreading of the Islam religion, starting in 700
A.D. The arrival of Islam within South Asia greatly influenced local cuisine. Since Muslims (who
practice the Islam religion) are forbidden to eat pork or consume alcohol, Pakistanis focus on other
areas of food such as chicken, lamb, beef, fish, vegetables, fruit, and dairy.
Spices are used liberally to enhance flavor, but not to disguise the original taste. Common spices
are chili powder, cardamom, nutmeg, mace, saffron or turmeric, curry, cloves, garlic, coriander,
and bay leaves. Ready-made masalas – mixed and ready to use spices, are becoming increasingly
popular.
Pakistan is a major exporter and consumer of rice, with Basmati as the most popular. Kebabs are
also a staple of Pakistani cuisine, with countless varieties in each region. Biryani is another
common dish in Pakistan, and has many variations including Lahori, Sindhi, and Tahiri – a
vegetarian version. All of the main dishes are eaten with bread, which is used to scoop up the
food. Pickles made from mangoes, carrots and lemon are often used to spice up the meal. Pork is
forbidden in Islam and, as such, you are unlikely to come across it during your travels. Pakistani
cuisine is well-known for its richness, spices and flavor. Cuisine in Pakistan is not as spicy as in
India, but still reflects the Moghul influence. Kofte , Korma , Biryani , Pulao , Lentils, Roti or
Naan
Topic 098: Regional Cuisine of Pakistan-Punjab

Punjabi Culture is one of the oldest in world history, dating from ancient antiquity to the modern
era. Agriculture is the chief source of income and employment in Punjab. Cuisine of Punjab can
be vegetarian and non-vegetarian. Much of the province once consisted of desert wastes that were
unfavourable for settlement, but its character changed after an extensive network of irrigation
canals was built in the early 20th century using the waters of the Indus tributaries.
Lassi is a dahi-based drink that originated in India. Lassi is a blend of yoghurt, water, spices and
sometimes fruit. Namkeen lassi is similar to doogh, while sweet and mango lassis are like
milkshakes.
Wheat and cotton are the principal crops. Other crops grown include
rice, sugarcane, millet, corn (maize), oilseeds, pulses, fruits, and vegetables. Livestock and poultry
are raised in large numbers. One commonality between all Punjabi dishes is the liberal usage of
ghee or clarified butter spices. Most Punjabi food is eaten with either rice or roti. There are some
dishes that are exclusive to Punjab such as Dal Maash, Paratha, Makai ki rotti, Sarson ka Saag. In
cities Cholay, Haleem, Baryani and other spicy dishes are popular. In beverages, tea is consumed
in all seasons and as a custom. Lassi is a popular traditional drink of Punjab. Punjabis are also fond
of Zarda, Gulab-Jamuns, Kheer, Jalaibi,Samosy, Pakorey etc. During summers people drink lassi,
doodh-soda, aloo bokharey ka sharbat, lemonade etc.
Tandoori Cooking: Tandoori cuisine centres on cooking food in the tandoor which is traditional
in the Punjab, Pakistan. In India, tandoori cooking is traditionally associated with Punjab as
Punjabis embraced the tandoor on a regional level and became popular in the mainstream after the
1947 partition when Punjabis resettled in places such as Delhi. In rural Punjab, it is common to
have communal tandoors, which are also called tadoors in Punjabi.
Staple Foods: Punjab is a major producer of wheat, rice and dairy products which form the staple
diet of Punjabi people. The dairy products form an important component of Punjabi diet. Roti and
paratha also form part of the Punjabi staple diet.
Dairy Products: Clarified butter, sunflower oil, paneer and butter are used in Punjabi cooking.
Clarified butter is most often used as the variant ghee
Food Additives: Food additives are usually added to enhance the flavor of food. The most
common additives are vinegar, monosodium glutamate (sometimes known as Chinese salt) and
soy sauce. Food coloring as additive is used in sweet dishes and desserts. For example in a sweet
rice dish, a color known as zarda is added. Starch is used as a bulking agent. The typical additives
include black pepper, coriander, cumin and dried maithi leaves. South Asian cuisine has typical
mixes known as chutneys.
Typical Breakfast
Chana masala, Chole, Paratha, Halwa poori, Beef Nehari, Sri Paye, Bhatoora, Falooda, Makhni
doodh, Masala chai, Tea, Dahi, Khoya
Traditional Meals
Biryani: lamb, chicken, and beef variations.
Kebab: braised minced lamb or beef meat, commonly served with naan.
Keema: Braised minced lamb or beef meat, commonly served with naan.
Lamb: Bhuna Gosht, Kadhai Gosht, Raan Gosht, Dal Gosht, Saag Gosht, Nihari Gosht,
RaraGosht, Paye da Shorba
Shami Kebab, Chicken karahi, Tandoori Chicken, Punjabi Karhi (The Chicken yogurt curry of
Punjab)
Fish: Since Punjab is the land of five rivers, freshwater fish is an important part of its cuisine.
Rohu is the most commonly prepared fish. Other fish types include thela machi, recently shrimp
and prawn have been introduced
Vegetarian Food
Khichdi is made of millet floor, mung beans and moth lentils. However, khichdi made of rice and
lentils is also consumed
Punjabi Kadhi Pakora (traditional curry with pakoras) and rice. Kadhi is a type of curry made by
cooking garamflour with curd or buttermilk. Fried lumps (pakoras) of gramflour with salt and
chillies are also added
Sarson da saag (a dish prepared from green mustard leaves) and with makki di roti, a bread made
by corn flour
Zeera rice: cooked rice with cumin seeds
Sweets and Desserts
Punjabi cuisine includes various types of desserts and Mithai which include:
• Jalebi
• Barfi
• Gurh: made out of sugarcane juice.
• Kheer
• Kulfi, an ice-cream-like dessert
• Laddu
• Rabri
• Halva
• Sheer korma
Topic 099: Regional Cuisine of Pakistan-Balochistan
Balochi cuisine is popular for its extraordinary taste in food. It has a very distinctive way of
cooking. Locals of this region love meaty dishes. Most of their dishes are made of beef, lamb and
goat meat. Balochistan shares borders with Punjab and the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa to the northeast,
Sindh to the east and southeast. It shares a border with the Arabian Sea to the south, Iran to the
west and Afghanistan to the north and northwest. The name “Balochistan” means “the land of the
Baloch”. The main ethnic groups in the province are the Baloch people and also the Pashtuns.
They constitute 52% and 36% of the population respectively. The remaining 12% comprises
smaller communities. Largely underdeveloped, its provincial economy is run by natural resources.
Its natural gas fields are estimated to have sufficient capacity to supply Pakistan’s demands over
the medium to long term. Aside from Quetta, the second-largest city of the province is Turbat in
the south. While another area of major economic importance is Gwadar Port on the Arabian Sea.
The climate of the upper highlands is characterized by very cold winters and hot summers. In the
lower highlands, winters vary from extremely cold in northern districts to milder conditions closer
to the Makran coast. The tourism in this region is mostly due to either its landscapes or its food.
Famous Balochi dishes are:
• KHADDI KEBAB
• SAJJI
• DUMPUKHT
• KAAK
• ABGOOSHT
• Fried fish
• Kabuli Pulao
• Laandhi
KHADDI KEBAB
The name suggests that it’s a kebab dish but it’s not. It is a whole lamb barbecue dish. The cook
marinates a whole lamb with very few spices and stuffed with rice. Then it is covered and cooked
in an underground oven. The result is very succulent and flavorful meat that you eat along with
the rice and yogurt chutneys. Though it sounds very simple, only the locals are professionals in
making this dish perfectly as it requires skillful cooking techniques.
SAJJi
Another lamb dish that is famous throughout the world. Sajji is a whole lamb dish that the locals
cook over charcoal scattered on the ground. The marinade is of very few spices and also includes
a layer of raw papaya paste around the meat. This helps cook meet quicker and also keeps it
succulent and juicy.
Kaak
It is a type of Balochi bread. The locals wrap flour dough around rocks and cook it over a fire.
Although it is harder than most types of roti-bread, the locals love to have it with freshly prepared
meat dishes such as khaddi kebab and sajji. the Combination of kaak with delightful meaty dishes
of Balochistan is simply magical.
Laandhi
It is one of the rarest food items in Baluchistan. Laandhi is what you get after you preserve
seasoned meat for over 5-6 months, so it dries itself out – then ready to be cooked with anything
Kabuli Pulao
Kabuli Pulao was blessed to people of Baluchistan from Afghan refugees. This delicacy gives a
sweet and spicy flavor to the very common pulao.
Fried fish
The Baluchi fish barbecue or better known as fish sajji comes from the Gwadar, Turbat region of
Baluchistan. People prefer eating it with Kaak or Chawal ki roti.
Khrud
It is used in a number of dishes in Balochistan, usually with Tereeth. It is actually dry salty yogurt,
used to salt up dishes.
Desserts
BALOCHI SEH COLOR JELLY KHEER, A popular Balochi dessert, loved by elders and children
alike. This fabulous dish comprises layers of kheer pudding, colorful jelly, fruits, nuts, and cream.
Because of its bright and colorful appearance, it is quite famous among children and is a prominent
Balochi dessert. Chilaanch is a two or three colored dessert item, made up of kheer and jelly. The
fun bit is that it’s eaten with roti and onions.
Lesson 24
Regional Cuisine of Pakistan-II
Topic 100 - 102
Topic 100: Regional Cuisine of Pakistan-Sindh

Food is very important in Sindhi culture. Sindhi food is influenced by Central Asian culinary
traditions, certainly has strains of Mughal cuisine. It is characterized by deep frying and stunning
variety of greens. The Sindhi staple, sai bhaji, for instance, is a mix of lentils and at least three
types of greens: palak, methi, dill and sometimes khata palak Sindhi biryani, palla, Sai Bhaji,
Seyal Machi etc. are famous delicacies.
A lot of attention is given to how the food is prepared and what combination of dishes is best. Over
the years these combinations have become established and today when one mentions the
combination, for example: Sai bhaji Pulao, all the side dishes that go with it automatically come
to mind. In this instance, fried potatoes or fried bhindi, dahi
Palla (Fish)
A popular Sindhi delicacy cooked in numerous ways. One method, according to Kausar, is to
marinate the fish in a dry spice rub and fresh ginger and garlic and pan fry it till the skin is crispy.
The other is to prepare it in a flavourful gravy and serve it alongside cumin rice, green chutney
and kachumber salad.
Kata-Kat:
Originating from the Pakistani city of Karachi, kata-kat is a traditional dish made with a
combination of different parts of meat, typically offal, such as kidneys, brain, testicles, hearts,
liver, and lungs. The meat is combined with various spices such as coriander, ginger, mint, chilis,
and garam masala, along with tomatoes, garlic, and onions. It is then cooked on a griddle and
served with paratha or roti bread on the side.
Sindhi Karhi
It is native to the cuisine of the Sindhi people from Sindh, Pakistan, due to migration, Sindhi karhi
is commonly found throughout India. Unlike other karhi varieties, next to the common elements
of besan (gram flour), different vegetables, and a variety of spices such as mustard and coriander
seeds, chilis, ginger, and turmeric, this Sindhi staple adds tomatoes and tamarind water to the base
of the dish. The choice of vegetables depends on the taste, preference, and availability, but often
includes potatoes, okra, carrots, or green beans. This flavor-packed tomato curry is typically
accompanied by rice and served garnished with fresh coriander.
• Sindhi biryani
It is one of the most popular Pakistani dishes originating from the province of Sindh, hence the
name. It is prepared with a huge variety of ingredients, including basmati rice, tomatoes, yogurt,
potatoes, onions, prunes, spices (red chili powder, ginger, cardamom, turmeric, cloves, cumin,
cinnamon, coriander, mint, and bay leaves), and either chicken, goat, or lamb meat. This layered
rice dish is usually served with raita on the side.
Sai bhaji
It is a specialty of Sindhi cuisine that combines greens, vegetables, dal or split pulses, and spices,
and it is usually served with rice and bread. The name of the dish is made up of two words: sai,
which translates to green, and bhaji, meaning vegetables.
Topic 101: Regional Cuisine of Pakistan-KPK

KPK is famous for Pashtun style cuisine. Pashtun cuisine is largely based on a large of meat dishes
that include lamb, beef, chicken, and fresh fish as well as rice and some other vegetables.
Accompanying these staples are also dairy products (yogurt, whey, cheeses). Various nuts, as well
as fresh and dried fruits.
The list of popular the famous cuisines of KPK province are mentioned below:
• Chappal Kabab
• Kabuli pulao
• Sohbat (Painda)
• PESHAWARI KARAHI, DUM PUKHT
• Seekh Kebab
• Peshawari Naan
• Kahwa
Chapli Kabab:
A specialty of Pashtun cuisine, this spicy meat patty is prepared with a combination of minced
beef or mutton. The unique taste of chapli kabab comes from spices such as dried coriander and
pomegranate seeds, green chillis, and mint. Its name is derived from a Pashto word chaprikh,
meaning flat, and even though chapli kabab is often said to have originated in Peshawar.
Today it stands as a favorite throughout Pakistan, Afghanistan, and India. Chapli kababs are
traditionally served with yogurt sauce, salads, and naan bread.
Sohbat:
It is a traditional Pakistani dish that is consumed in the provinces of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and
Punjab. The dish is made with pieces of meat, usually chicken, but sometimes also mutton or beef,
which are cooked in a rich broth of fried onions, tomatoes, garlic, ginger, and spices before getting
deep-fried. The flatbread used in the dish is a local chapati variety known as maaney, which isn’t
rolled and is traditionally baked on circular stone slabs. Sohbat is the Saraiki name of the dish,
while its Pashtun name is painda, meaning a group of people sitting together, referring to the
practice of communal sharing of the dish.
Kabuli Pulao
Kabuli Pulao is a type of Pulao famous not only in Pakistan but also in Afghanistan, Uzbekistan,
and Tajikistan. The origin of Kabuli Pulao is Afghanistan and it is named after the nation’s capital,
Kabul. Ingredients for Kabuli Pulao include Basmati rice, lamb, raisins, carrots, and broth. Upon
reading this might sound like an odd combination but trust us, it is an amazing rice dish. Kabuli
Pulao recipe uses long-grained Basmati rice in a broth which gives it its beautiful brown texture.
Although traditional Kabuli Pulao uses lamb, chicken can also be used for the preparation. Unlike
most rice-based recipes, this delectable dish employs the method of baking. In the end, it is topped
with julienne carrots and raisins. Depending upon the taste, people also like to add fine cut orange
peel strips and chopped nuts and dry fruits like cashews, walnuts, and almonds. The hot, aromatic
soup is then evenly distributed over bits of chapati flatbread, while the pieces of meat are usually
placed on top of the torn, broth-drenched chapatis. The whole dish is served on a large serving
platter locally known as thaal, because it is meant to be shared and eaten with the hands.
Peshawari Namkeen Karahi:
Peshawari Karahis are famous from Peshawar with different names including Namkeen Karahi,
Shinwari Karahi, Namak Mandi Karahi (Namak Mandi is a famous eating place in Peshawar) and
Peshawari Karahi. All have a somewhat similar flavor and employ akin cooking methods. The
specialty of this Karahi, like other Pashtun dishes, is that it uses animal fat instead of oil. Although
health-conscious people can use oil as well. The main ingredients are lamb or mutton, oil or animal
fat, tomatoes, ginger, salt, crushed black pepper, and fresh coriander. That is it! Peshawari Karahis
are famous throughout Pakistan and are a prominent desi food type. People usually enjoy it with
Afghani-style naan or regular naan-bread and fresh salad along with yogurt chutney.
Dum Puhkt
It is a cooking technique in which meat and vegetables cook over a low flame, generally in dough-
sealed pots. Due to long cooking time and low flame, the contents of the dish turn out to be very
succulent and full of flavor. In Peshawar, locals cook mutton with various vegetables such as whole
potatoes, tomatoes, ginger, salt, and whole spices. People enjoy it on its own or with naan bread
and rice.
Doday
It Is round naan/flat bread. Doday, as it’s called in Pashto, is huge and it’s usually oval with all
sorts of designs.
Topic 102: Regional Cuisine of Pakistan-GB

Food in Gilgit-Baltistan involves the use of mild aromatic spices and less oil. The origins of Balti
cooking are wide ranging and owe as much to China, Tibet, the tastes of the Moghul emperors and
the aromatic spices of Kashmir. List of popular the famous cuisines of GB is given below:
• Harissa
• Chapshuro, Shopan, Mamtu
• Go-Lee, Balay , Prapu, Marzan
• Boiled Goat (skinless), Potato Stew (w/Goat Meat)
Harissa
It is amongst the acclaimed dishes for Hunza. The dish will be arranged perusing wheat, meat, oil.
Similarly, as oil, they can use dry apricot seeds Likewise an oil with Harissa. This dish is served
on special occasions, including wedding works, dining experiences, and celebrations.
Chapshuro
It is the adaptation of pizza here. ChapShuro may be a bread filled for a mixture of hacked Beef.
meat, onion. Chapshuro may be loaded with hacked meat, onions, Chile peppers, tomato scourge
and new coriander leaves.
Shopan
It is a traditional one from Gilgit-Baltistan especially ready on the event of Nasalo/Nos (Death fact
barbarian king, shariBadat). Clinched alongside Scotland, they bring it haggis also will be their
national dish.
Mamtu
It is an exceptional rather what’s more precise, a divine dish to Gilgit Baltistan. Mamtu is
extremely heavenly quick sustenance initially went starting with China. Done Pakistan, you had
the best figure Mamtu clinched alongside Gilgit Baltistan. Its cooking methodology is exceptional
as its taste. Mamtu is heavenly cubes supper with flour centrally filled for mutton/Beef and hot
parts.
Go-Lee
It will be should make your breakfast exquisite. It may be as a rule served on breakfast for ordinary
events as well as on exceptional events also. Regularly it may be best for a Namkeen Chai.
Giyaling will be a neighborhood incidental dish of a Hunza valley. It is extraordinarily constructed
on the event of Gianni, Also Ginani is an occasion which may be performed following the
development of a crop particularly the wheat. In the month about May and June, when wheat
started to prepare, every last one of the holders of a land try with their fields with revel in the
Ginani off chance with Giyaling. It is level bread, constructed with entirety grain flours. It is served
by spreading butter on bread.
Balay: (Noodle Soup w/Goat Meat)
Being a cold mountainous region, there are few things more warming and satisfying when it’s cold
outside, than soup. And soup in Baltistan in not a watery affair, but rather the balay as it’s known,
is thick and hearty and eats almost like a gravy. Along with the goat meat broth that formed the
flavor and base, there were hearty gummy textured noodles and smalls bits of meat mixed within.
It was a great way to begin our traditional Baltistan food meal in Skardu.
Prapu
It is a noodle dish thickened with almonds that have been ground to a powder. The noodles are
hand-made using wheat flour, then boiled until soft. When ready, they are covered in a thick paste
which includes ground walnuts and pressed apricot oil, and the whole pot is then seasoned with
local herbs. The seasoning includes locally grown high-plateau herbs, several of which I’ve never
seen anywhere else. Recipes are very hard to find, but I could definitely taste fenugreek seeds, and
there may also be potato in the thick sauce as well. Most of the dishes here are made entirely from
local ingredients, many parts of the recipe made from scratch by the families
You can immediately see that Balti cuisine is unique, very different from food in Pakistan’s low-
land and river-basin areas.
Marzan
Soaking in water before being milled, the wheat grains take about two weeks before they are ready
to be ground. This gives the flour a sweeter taste, and this is a great food to have in the middle of
winter when the weather is extremely cold outside. This is a rare dish that will usually be eaten on
special occasions, as the wheat is prepared in such a specific and timely way. A bowl of pure
apricot oil is served on a small mound of Marzan, gooey, but slightly dry wheat dough. The
consistency of the wheat is very similar to how it looks, almost like dumpling or cookie dough.
Marzan is very simple, yet filling and satisfying, almost like a cold-weather version of this amazing
meal in Ethiopia. This dish provides a lot of energy to people who traditionally work outdoors
year-round in the mountain environments of Baltistan.
Potato Stew (w/Goat Meat)
Considered to be one of the most inaccessible and remote areas in the entire world, Gilgit-Baltistan
has only recently had road access even to its own country and capital (roads built in 1978). This
has allowed many traditional practices to continue until today, food as well as culture, and a stew
like this is one is eaten regularly now, but not a traditional Balti dish.
This is a curry in that the ingredients are fried to make a heavily spiced sauce before adding water,
but then it is served as a very thick stew. It is full of large chunks of goat meat, potatoes, and a
seasoning blend much more spicy than what we saw in more traditional food of Baltistan. In the
curry you can taste the masala spices including cumin, black pepper, turmeric powder, and dried
ginger, yet the spices are often milder than in other parts of Pakistan, like in Punjab.
Butter Tea
One of the backbones of Balti cuisine is actually a drink. This is not your average tea however,
and it is much more than simply preparing green or black leaves in hot water. This tea contains
salt, butter, milk, and is made with pre-brewed green tea leaves. It is served with a side of fresh
ground wheat flour, and a small dish of pure apricot oil which you add to personal taste. Mix in a
spoon each of the brown flour and the golden apricot oil, and enjoy a warming and thick mixture
of some of the richest liquid imaginable. In some places it is traditional even for several cups of
butter tea to be an entire breakfast, and solid food would not be eaten until one has already begun
work for the day. Across this entire mountain region from Tibet to Bhutan, butter tea is enjoyed
and it’s so well-loved by these mountain dwelling peoples that you can’t possibly visit without
having at least a few cups together.
Lesson 25
Religions of Pakistani Society
Topic 103 - 107
Topic 103: Religions of Pakistani Society

Islam is the major religion of Pakistan. 96% of the population is Muslim in the country. Freedom
of religion is guaranteed by the constitution of Islamic Republic of Pakistan. It is also the official
religion of the Pakistan. Mosques are located in every nook and corner of the country. Sunni is the
major sect that counts for 76% of the population. Shiites are estimated to be 10-15% of the
population. There is no different segment for any of the said sects Both sects live in harmony in
every rural and urban areas of the country. 4% of the population belongs to religious minorities
These minorities include:
• Christians
• Hindus
• Sikhs
• Zoroastrians
Beginnings of the sociological perspective can be as simple as the pleasures of watching people or
wondering how society influences people’s lives. Then Sociologists convert this curiosity into the
systematic study of how society influences different people’s experiences within it. Sociology
should be used, Mills argued, to reveal how the context of society shapes our lives.
Topic 104: Religions in Balochistan

Balochistan is the largest province of Pakistan according to area. It constitutes 44% of the total
area in Pakistan. Balochistan is the largest producer of copper and gold in the country. Balochistan
is the largest producer of gas in the country. Muslims comprise of 98.75% of the population in
Balochistan. Christians comprise of 0.40% of the population in Balochistan. Hindus comprise of
0.49% of the population in Balochistan. Qadianis comprise of 0.15% of the population in
Balochistan. Scheduled castes comprise of 0.10% of the population in Balochistan
Others comprise of 0.10% of the population in Balochistan
Religious Minorities in Balochistan
0%
0%
1%
Muslims
Hindu
Christians
Ahmadia
Scheduled Casstes
Others
99%
Source:
http://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files//tables/POPULATION%20BY%20RELIGION.pdf
Zikris are an offshoot of Mahadavis in Balochistan. USCFR claims that the population of Zikris
in Balochistan is up to 200,000. Chaughan is a religious festival celebrated by Zikris.
All the sects in Balochistan are peacefully coexisting. The processions of Shiite sect are carried
out each year in peace Eid-Mailad-un-Nabi is celebrated each year peacefully. Religious
missionaries (Tableeghi Jamahat) works in peace. Choghan is celebrated every year. Hindus,
Christians, Ahmadis, etc are peacefully coexisting.
Topic 105: Religious Orientation in Sindh

It is located in the southeast of the country. It is the third largest province by area, and second
largest by population. Sindh is known as the Bab-ul-Islam. Muhammad Bin Qasim defeated Raja
Dahir Sen in 712 AD and brought Sindh in the contact with Islam. Sindh was created as a separate
province in 1937.
The Muslims are 91.31% of the total population of Sindh. The Hindu residents make up 6.51% of
its overall population. Christians are 0.97% of its total population. Ahmadis are 0.15% of the total
population of Sindh. The scheduled castes are 0.99% of its total population, while 0.10% of its
total population belongs to other religious orientation.
Major Religious Orientations in Sindh
7%1%
0%
1%
0%
Muslim
Hindu
Christians
Ahmadi
91% Scheduled Castes
Others
Sufism in Sindh
The first Sufi in Sindh was Haji Turab (9th century). The first branch of Sufism Suhrwardia was
found in 13th century in South Punjab. Qadria and Naqshbandia branches of Sufism were created
in Sindh in 16th century.
Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai (1689-1752)
Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai was a Sindhi philosopher, mystic, sufi, saint, and poet. His statue is
installed on Tambura Chowk. His urs commences every year from 14th of Safar and lasts for three
days.
Sachal Sarmast (1739-1827)
His original name is Abdul Wahab Farooqi . He is a Sufi Sindhi poet. His three days Urs is
celebrated in Daraza Sharif beginning from 13th of Ramazan. Lietracy conferences and musical
concerts based on his poetry are also held.
Topic 106: Religious Orientation in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa was formerly known as NWFP. It is the third largest province in terms of
population and economy. It has a population of 35.53 million according to the census of 2017.
80% of the people in this province speak Pashto language, while Urdu serves as the Lingua franca
for inter-ethnic communication. 99.44% of its population is Muslim. Christians make up only
0.21% of its population, Hindus make up 0.03% of its population, 0.24% of its population is
Ahmadi, and others are 0.08% of its population.
Major Religious Orientations in KPK
0%
100%
Muslims Christians Hindus Ahmadis Others
Major Religious Orientations in KPK
Sufism in KPK
Renowned Sufi saint of Chishti order Khawaja Syed Abdul Sattar Shah introduced Sufi music in
KPK. He introduced modern Qawali in KPK. He also introduced modern Sufi thoughts
Kailash Tribe in KPK
Kailash tribe lives in Chitral district of KPK. They Speak Kalasha language. Chilam Joshi, Uchau,
and Caumus are the main festivals of Kailash Tribe. They are divided equally between the
adherents of Islam and traditional Kailash religion
Religion and Society in KPK
Religious harmony in KPK is of amazing nature. Peshawar is witnessing of peaceful coexistence

movement known as Peshawar’s Peace Promoters. Kailash Tribe being a non-Muslim community
is highly regarded and respected throughout KPK.
Topic 107: Religious Orientations in Punjab

Punjab is the largest province in terms of Population with a population of 110millions as per the
census of 2017. Punjab makes up 24% of the GDP. 97.21% of its population is Muslim.
3%
00%
%
Muslims
Christians
Hindus
Ahmadis
97% Scheduled Castes
Others
As the graph clearly reflects, Muslims make up 97.21% of its total population, Christians make up
2.31% of its total population, Hindu make up 0.13% of its total population, Ahmadis make up
0.25% of its total population, scheduled castes make up 0.03% of its total population, and other
religions make up 0.07% of its population.
Sufism in Punjab
Sufism has played an influential role in the history of Punjab. Partition of 1947 pushed most of the
Sufi Pirs to migrate to west Punjab. The number of shrines in Punjab continues to thrive. It is home
to a number of SILSILAS.
Religion and Society in Punjab
Promotion of harmony and tolerance in society is stressed in Punjab. “Punjab Inter-Faith Harmony
Policy” is launched by the government of Punjab in 2020. The annual processions of minorities
are highly respected in the province.
Lesson 26
Characteristics of Urban Society in Pakistan
Topic 108 - 109
Topic 108: Characteristics of Urban Society in Pakistan

Characteristics of Urban Society in Pakistan encompass the following points.
• Size and Density of Population
The size of the urban community is much larger than the rural community. Not only this, in
urban areas, there is high density of population. Density increases the number of short-term,
impersonal and utilitarian social relationships a person is likely to have.
• Family Marriage
In case of urban community there is a preponderance of love marriages and inter-caste
marriages. One also comes across a greater number of divorces. Sons and daughters enjoy
considerable freedom in choosing their life partners.
• Occupation
In the urban areas, the major occupations are industrial, administrative and professional in
nature. Divisions of labour and occupational specialization are very much common in
towns/cities/metropolises.
• Class extremes
In the words of Bogardus, “Class extremes characterize the city.” A town and a city house the
richest as well as the poorest of people. In a city, the slums of the poor exist alongside the
palatial bungalows of the rich, amidst the apartments of the middle class members. The most
civilized modes of behaviour as well as the worst racketeering are found in the cities.
• Social Heterogeneity
If villages are the symbol of cultural homogeneity, the cities symbolize cultural heterogeneity.
The cities are characterized by diverse peoples, races and cultures. There is great variety in
regard to the food habits, dress habits, living conditions, religious beliefs, cultural outlook,
customs and traditions of the urbanites.
• Social Distance
Social distance is the result of anonymity and heterogeneity. Most of one’s routine social
contacts in a town or city are impersonal and segmentary in character. In the urban community
social responses are incomplete and half-hearted. There is utter lack of personal involvement
in the affairs of others.
• Systematic interaction
Georg Simmel held that the social structure of urban communities is based on interest groups.
The circles of social contact are wider in the city than in the country. There is a wider area of
interaction system per man and per aggregate. This makes city life more complex and varied.
The city life is characterized by the predominance of secondary contacts, impersonal, casual
and short-lived relations. Man, at any rate, the man in the street, virtually loses his identity
being treated as a “number” having a certain “address”
• Mobility
The most important feature of urban community is its social mobility. In urban areas the social
status of an individual is determined not by heredity or birth but by his merit, intelligence and
perseverance. Urbanity and mobility are positively correlated.
• Materialism
In the urban community the social existence of man revolves round wealth and material
possessions. The worth of an urbanite today is being judged not by what he is but by what he
has. Status symbols in the form of financial assets, salaries, costly home appliances count a lot
for the urbanites.
• Individualism
The urbanites attach supreme importance to their own welfare and happiness. They hesitate to
think or act for the good of others.
• Rationality
In urban community there is emphasis on rationality. People are inclined to reason and argue.
Their relationship with others is governed, for the most part, by the consideration of gain or
loss. Relationship takes place on a contractual basis. Once the contract is over, human
relationship automatically comes to a close.
• Anonymity
As Bogardus observes, the “Urban groups have a reputation for namelessness.” By virtue of
its size and population, the urban community cannot be a primary group. Here nobody knows
anybody and nobody cares for anybody. The urbanites do not care for their neighbours and
have nothing to do with their miseries or pleasures.
• Norm and social role conflict
The urban community is characterized by norm and social role conflict. Factors such as the
size, density and heterogeneity of the population, extreme occupational specialisation and the
class structure prevalent in the urban context lead to such a state of affairs.
In the absence of uniform and fixed social norms, individuals or groups often seek divergent
ends. This has a considerable share in causing social disorganization.
• Rapid Social and cultural change
Rapid social and cultural change characterize urban life. The importance attached to traditional
or sacred elements has been relegated to the background. The benefits of urban life have
effected changes in respect of norms, ideologies and behaviour patterns.
• Voluntary Association
The urban community is characterized by impersonal, mechanical and formal social contacts
occurring among the people. Naturally they have a strong desire for developing genuine social
relationships to satisfy their hunger for emotional warmth and sense of security. They form
associations, clubs, societies and other secondary groups.
• Formal Social Control

Social control in urban community is essentially formal in nature. Individual’s behaviour is
regulated by such agencies as police, jails, law courts etc.
• Secularization of Outlook
In cities ritual and kinship obligations are diluted. Caste and community considerations yield
to economic logic. This results in secularization of outlook.
Topic 109: Urban Migration in Pakistan
Infrastructure and services in both rural and urban areas are deficient. Substantial improvements
are needed in both areas. The rural areas continue to lag behind in the availability of physical
infrastructure. Education and health facilities, safe drinking water supply and sanitation and other
social services are also missing. Rural-urban migration is fueling problems like pollution.
Congestion and over population giving rise to numerous socio – economic issues. Estimated at
153.45 million in 2005, 101.22 million lived in rural areas (65.96 per cent) and 52.23 million lived
in urban areas (34.04 per cent). By 2010, the population is expected to reach 167.37 million at an
annual growth rate of 1.8 per cent, with the rural and urban populations at 106.55 million (63.66
per cent) and 60.82 million (36.34 per cent) respectively.
There are about 50,000 villages with populations below 10,000. Around 448 small towns with
population less than 100,000, and 40 medium size towns with population above 100,000. Seven
metropolitan cities of Faisalabad, Multan, Gujranwala, Hyderabad, Peshawar, Rawalpindi and
Quetta with population in excess of one million, and the two megacities of Karachi and Lahore.
Lesson 27
Rural Society of Pakistan
Topic 110 - 114
Topic 110: What is Rural Society?
The term “Rural”, refers to area located outside towns and cities. It has characteristics like
agricultural landscapes, isolation, small towns, and low population density. It can be defined as a
society with low ratio of inhabitants to open land. Most important economic activities in rural
societies are the production of foodstuff, fiber, and raw material. It is difficult to define with greater
precision, specifically post industrialization it becomes more difficult to pinpoint the boundaries
of rural places from cities. Second, related problem, governments do not use the same statistical
criteria for rural and urban populations. For instance, in Japan any cluster of fewer than 30,000
people is considered rural, whereas in Albania a group of more than 400 inhabitants is regarded as
an urban population.
National definitions of urban and rural areas differ from one country to another, it was difficult to
compare these areas across national borders. This issue was highlighted in 2020 because of the
issue of meaningful comparison of United Nations SDGs indicators for rural and urban areas
across countries. Therefore to facilitate international comparisons six international organizations
(EU, OECD, World Bank, FAO, UN-Habitat, ILO) developed new global definitions of cities,
towns and rural areas. This method of defining is termed as “Degree of Urbanization”.
In its 51st session, the united nation statistical commission endorsed this method of delineation of
urban and rural areas. The Degree of Urbanization identifies three types of settlements:
1. Cities, which have a population of at least 50,000 inhabitants in contiguous dense grid cells
(1,500 inhabitants per km2).
2. Towns and semi-dense areas, which have a population of at least 5,000 inhabitants in
contiguous grid cells with a density of at least 300 inhabitants per km2.
3. Rural areas, which consist mostly of low-density grid cells.
The labor force participation in rural regions is higher than urban regions.
Topic 111: Social Theorists Explaining Rural Urban Continuum
1. Louis Wirth
Louis Wirth distinguished rural urban society in terms of three fundamental features:
a) Size
b) Density and
c) Heterogeneity.
To him city dweller experience more human contacts than rural, but feel isolated because of
‘emotionally empty’ nature of them. Social interaction in cities is impersonal, superficial, purely
practical/ instrumental kind. He called them secondary contact in contrast to primary contacts in
rural community. Rural communities are more homogeneous where as urban are heterogeneous.
People in rural areas are close to nature while urban are isolated from nature.
2. Ferdinand Tonnies
Ferdinand Tonnies used the terms Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft respectively for rural urban
continuum. Former is characterized by close primary relationships, emphasis on traditional values,
consensus and informality. Social bonds base on kinship and friendship Latter is type of urban
society where social relationships are formal, contractual and specialized. Week family
organization, stress on utilitarian goals and competitive nature of social relationships.
3. Emile Durkheim
Emile Durkheim while highlighting the differences in traditional and industrial society used the
concept of mechanical solidarity and organic solidarity. To him rural community has mechanical
solidarity characterized by homogeneity of values and Behaviour. In rural society there is strong
social constraint (acceptance towards change), loyalty to tradition and kinship, simple division of
labor, little specialization of functions, collective approach, little tolerance for individuality. While
urban community is based on organic solidarity. It is characterized by greater interdependence in
terms of highly specialized roles, complex division of labor that require co-operation, and lesser
unity.
Topic 112: Rural Society of Pakistan
According to the 2017 census report, nearly 63 per cent of Pakistan’s population lives in the rural
areas. Pakistan is basically an agricultural country. Its rural areas and the population continue to
be the mainstay of economy Agriculture is the largest sector in the economy contributing 25
percent of the GDP and providing 70% of the total value of exports. The sector at present employs
17 million workers, representing 44% of the country’s labor force.
In rural society of Pakistan, the social homogeneity, and unity exists. There is similarity in patterns
of thinking behaving, dressing, and actions. They have consensus on morals, customs values, and
religious beliefs. There is dominance of primary relations. It is characterized by face to face
interaction, small size, frequent meetings, sense of belongingness, and interference in matters. In
rural society, community interest prevails over individual interest,
Topic 113: Characteristics of Rural Society
Characteristics of rural society are mentioned below:
i. Predominant occupation is agriculture.
ii. Segregated gender roles are found in rural society.
iii. Strong family and kinship bonding exists in rural society.
iv. Joint family system is one of the prominent characteristics of rural society.
v. In rural society, people bound by customs values.
vi. Individual accept authority of family in rural society.
vii. In rural society neighborhood shares joys and sorrows.
viii. They enjoy common functions, festival and ceremonies.
ix. They have strong faith in religion.
x. They have lesser acceptance towards social change.
xi. Social mobility (village to city) exists in rural society.
xii. Territorial mobility higher in rural areas.
xiii. In rural society, informal social control is exists. They give importance to societal
pressure and tradition instead of formal means of social control law and police e.g.,
Jirga system.
xiv. Moreover, pottery, basket making, weaving, carpentry, bricks making, barbering or
small-scale businesses are done.
Topic 114: Issues and Challenges of Rural Development in Pakistan

Today’s concept of rural development concerns not only with improvements in growth, income,
and output, but it also includes an assessment of changes in the quality of life such as improvement
in health and nutrition, education, and reduction in gender and income inequalities. Rural
development issues are often equated with poverty reduction. Although the definition of poverty
varies, Poverty is multidimensional and includes factors other than income (such as education,
health, politics, and society, vulnerability etc.). Poverty has remained Pakistan’s legacy and its
quantum has deepened over the years. The country’s poverty crisis is largely concentrated in its
more than 45,000 villages. The real challenge of alleviating poverty, therefore, lies in developing
the rural sector.
Rural belt in primarily consists of the land of small farmers and landless laborers who are
categorized among the rural poor. About 35 percent of the rural population lives below the
subsistence level where social services are extremely inadequate. Arable land is scarce, agriculture
potential is low; drought, and environmental degradation are common features. Moreover access
to basic human needs i.e. basic human rights such as potable water and sanitation, education and
healthcare are far less available in rural areas. The problems of malnutrition, low life expectancy
and high infant mortality are more prevalent in rural areas Pakistan’s economy, security, solidarity
and integrity are based on its rural sector. However, there are multiple issues and challenges faced
by people in rural areas of Pakistan that are also a hinder in overall development of the country.
Major issues and challenges to rural development are:
• Poverty
• Ill-health
• Alarmingly low rates of literacy
• Malnutrition
• High population growth
• Poor social and physical infrastructure
• Low production and productivity
• Unemployment
• Massive exploitation and the abuse of the poor by landowners
Lesson 28
SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
Topic 115 - 119
Topic 115: What is Social Institution?

Social institution can be defined as structure and machinery through which a human society
organizes, directs and executes the multifarious activities required to satisfy human needs. An
institution is a relatively permanent structure of social patterns of roles and relations that people
enact in certain sanctioned and unified ways.
Social institutions consist of the ordered relationships that grow out of the values, norms statuses,
roles, organize the activities that fulfill society’s fundamental needs. Every organization is
dependent upon certain recognized and established set of rules, traditions and usages. These usages
and rules may be given the name of institutions. These are recognized and accepted by society and
govern the relations between individuals and groups.
Definitions of Social Institutions:
To H.L Barners, “ Social institution represent the social structure and machinery through which
human society organize, direct, execute the multifarious activities, required to satisfy human
needs”.
To Anthony Giddens says, “Institutions by definition are the more enduring features of social life.”
Elements of Social Institutions
• A Group of People
• United by common interests
• Having material resources
• Having norms
• Fulfill some social need
Topic 116: Characteristics of Social Institutions
1. Social institutions are universal.
2. They vary from time to time and across cultures, in terms of complexity, specialization,
scope, formality and organization. But their basic nature and purpose are similar
everywhere.
3. Social institutions are centered upon the needs of human beings in society
4. They function as units identifiable from each other though not completely separable
(interlinked).
5. Institutions are connected through status and role of the members.
6. Each institution is laden with values, prescribed roles and codes of conduct, some written
in laws, but most unwritten and subconsciously exerting social pressure on members of
society.
7. These roles are interrelated and form a network of obligations and rights.
8. Institutions define procedures of action and reasons for action.
9. Institutions are the most important agencies in the formation of personality.

10. Social institutions are the great conserve and transmitters of cultural heritage.
11. An institution never dies and is relatively permanent.
12. New institutional norms may replace the old norms, but the institution goes on.
13. Many institutions are rigid and enduring do not undergo sudden or rapid changes.
14. Institutions are the controlling mechanisms exerting social control on individuals who are
a part of them.
15. Institutions like religion, state, government, law etc. control the behavior of people.
16. Institutions may be closely or loosely structured depending upon whether authority is
highly centralized or highly decentralized.
17. Preserve the social order and give stability to it.
18. Institutions have cultural symbols.
19. A country has a flag, an emblem, a national anthem as its symbol
20. A school may have its own flag, uniform dress etc
21. The institutions being group of people have national resources and material objects
Topic 117: Functions of Institutions

Each institution performs two types of social functions.
1. Primary Functions
2. Secondary Functions
1. Primary Functions, which are also called manifest, explicit, or direct functions. These are
intended and main functions, i.e. functions for which the institution primarily exists. E.g.
The primary functions of education are the development of literacy, training for
occupational roles and the inculcation of basic social values.
2. Secondary Functions, which are also called indirect, hidden, or latent functions. These
are unintended functions. They are not primary functions but only by the products. E.g.
secondary function may be development of friendship.
Topic 118: Types of Social Institutions in Pakistan
Like every society, in Pakistan there are five areas of society in which basic needs have to be
fulfilled. These five types of social institutions are mentioned below:
1. Family sector
2. Education sector
3. Economic sector
4. Religious sector
5. Political sector
For each of these areas, social groups and associations carry out the goals and meet the needs of
society. The behavior of people in these groups and associations is organized or patterned by the
relevant social Institutions. Thus, economic institutions organize the ways in which society
produces and distributes the goods and services it needs. Educational institutions determine what
should be learned and how it should be taught; and so forth.
weebly.com
Topic 119: Difference between Group and Institution
A group is a collection of specific, identifiable people. An institution is a system for organizing
standardized patterns of social behavior. In other words, a group consists of people, and an
institution consists of actions. For example, when sociologists discuss a family, they are referring
to a particular group of people. They are referring to the family as an institution. When sociologist,
refer family as an institution they mean that it is a cluster of statuses, roles, values, and norms that
organize the standardized patterns of behavior that we expect to find within family groups.
Lesson 29
Family Institutions
Topic 120 - 123
Topic 120: What is Family Institution?
Introduction
Man is a gregarious animal. Family is the core in social life of Pakistan. It is a micro unit of social
system. It is an institute of social system. It is a key to social system.
Definition
Family has been defined by different authors and theorists in different manners.
According to Ember and Ember, “A family is a social and economic unit consisting minimally
of one or more parents and their children.”
According to Mardock , “A family is a social group characterized by common residence,
economic cooperation, and reproduction.”
Basic Nature of Family in Pakistan
The basic nature of family in Pakistan is extended family in the rural and most of the urban areas.
Mostly family are of patriarchal and somewhat egalitarian in nature. In patriarchal nature, male
spouse make all the external decisions. While in egalitarian approach, female spouse has a say in
domestic decisions.
Family in Islam
“O mankind! We have created you from a male and female, and made you into nations and
tribes, that you may know one another” - Quran:49-13
Islamic law and practice recognizes different role for male and female in the family system.
Protection and nurturing, caring for the elderly, and parenting the children are main mandates of
family in the Islam.
Role of Family in Pakistani Society
Family is the basic unit in Pakistani society. Family produces children. It takes care of the children.
It works as a socializing agent. It also works as an economic support for the children.
Cultural Orientation to Family Institution
The family is a highly regarded institution in Pakistani. The prestige of family system is in the
common values of the country. The normative approach to family is somewhat similar in the entire
country. The cultural orientation to family is quite supportive.
Topic 121: Marriage Patterns in Pakistan
Introduction
• Farley (1994) defined, “marriage as a socially approved arrangement, usually

between a male and a female that involves an economic and sexual relationship.”
• Beattie (1980), defined “marriage as a union between a man and a woman such that the
children to the woman are the recognized legitimate offspring of both partners.”
Functions of Marriage in Pakistani Society
There are lots of functions that marriages play in Pakistani society. Some of the functions are
mentioned below:
1. Marriage ensures regulation of sexual relations.
2. Marriage insists couples to establish a family by procreation
3. Marriage provides economic cooperation
4. Marriage develops intense love and affection towards each other.
5. Marriage minimizes the distances between social groups.
Types of Marriage in Pakistan
1. Monogamy: In monogamy, one man marries one woman.
2. Polygamy: In polygamy, man and women can have multiple marriages.
3. Polygyny: In polygyny, one man marries two or more than two women.
4. Watta-Satta: A type of marriage in which spouse selection is based on the reciprocity.
Marriage Patterns in Pakistan
1. Spouse selection: In spouse selection, role of groom, bride, parents, tribal chief are found.
2. Marriage proposal: In marriage proposal, message of marriage proposal to the house of
bride by the parents of boy.
3. Engagement: It is a ceremony in which the bond is set yet not completed.
4. Wedding ceremonies: These are series of ceremonies for the final marriage bond.
Post-marital Residential Patterns in Pakistan
1. Patrilocal residence: In patrilocal residence, couple lives with or near husband’s parents.
2. Matrilocal residence: In matrilocal residence, couple lives with or near wife’s parents.
3. Neolocal residence: In neolocal residence: couple lives in an independent residential
structure.
Division of Labor in Family of procreation
The division of labor in the family of procreation in Pakistan is so complex. Man has the entire
economic responsibilities and deals on the public sphere. While, woman has the entire domestic
chores responsibilities, and deals on the domestic front.
Topic 122: Functions of Family in Pakistan
Introduction: The family institution plays most of the social economic and emotional roles for
the siblings. It is of paramount significance when it comes to social identity. Family provides us
with numerous social and psychological supports.
1. Regulation of Sexual Behavior and Reproduction:

Family regulate sexual behavior of the adults by getting them married and prevent prostitution to
emerge. By regulating sexual behavior, marriage gives birth to a family. Family contributes in the
continuity of human race by giving birth to new humans for this universe.
2. Protection of Infants:
Family not only gives births to new humans for this universe but also protects them from getting
vulnerable in this chaotic world. It provides them shelter and save them from heatstroke in the
summer and freezing in the winter. It also provides them with clothes to protect them from skin
diseases of direct rays of sun in the wake of depletion of ozone layer. It protects the infants from
dangerous happenings.
3. Provision of Emotional Support
Family provides emotional support to their infants. It protects them from getting isolated. It
impedes them from hurting themselves in the wake of depression. It showers on them immense
emotional support in every age.
4. Socialization of Children
Family is the most powerful agent of socialization. It teaches them the norms and values of society.
It teaches them morality and religion. It teaches them the language to communicate. It teaches
them patterns of clothing and eating.
5. Economic Patronage of Children
Family provides their children with economic support when they are young. It provides them with
educational expenses. It provides them enough money to eat, drink, and stay healthy. It provides
children with a social status in the society.
6. Social security of children
Family provides children with a social status. It provides them with an identity to distinguish them.
It gets them married to form a new family. It helps them coexist in the society.
Topic 123: Impacts of Globalization on Pakistani Family System
Introduction
The indigenous family system has gone numerous changes in the wake of globalization. The
influence of Media is quite manifest on the family system of Pakistan. In the wake of fast
transportation, the local culture of Pakistan is being influenced while interacting with other
cultures.
Source:WordPress.com
What is Globalization?
Globalization refers to the process of international integration arising from the interchange of
worldviews, products, ideas, and other aspects of culture. It is the process that increases
worldwide exchanges of national and cultural resources. It has interconnected the world through
internet, information technology, and transportation.
The basic nature of Pakistani Family System
1. Extended family system
2. Polygamous in nature
3. Endogamous marriage patterns
4. Patrilocal residence
5. Patriarchal in nature
6. Early age at marriage
7. Mechanical solidarity
Impacts of Globalization on family system of Pakistan

All the world is in the impact of globalization. Case of Pakistan is not exceptional. The impacts of
the globalization on family system of Pakistan are mentioned below:
1. Extended family system has replaced by Nuclear Family system.
2. Monogamy is practiced in more cases instead of Polygamy.
3. Exogamous marriage patterns are being practiced along with endogamous marriage
patterns.
4. Neo-local residential patterns are being adopted along with patrilocal residence.
5. The family is growing more egalitarian in nature.
6. The concept of early age at marriage is condemned widely throughout the country.
7. Organic solidarity is being observed instead of mechanical solidarity.
Lesson 30
Government Institution of Pakistan-I

Topic 124 - 126
Topic 124: What is Government?
The term "Government" generally refers to the organizational structure that, makes laws, sets
policies, and runs executive, judicial, and legislative affairs of country. Government is a
representative institution that works for the collective good.
Definition
A Government is an institution entrusted with making and enforcing the rules of a society as well
as with regulating relations with other societies.
In order to be considered a government, a ruling body must be recognized as such by the people
it purports to govern.
Types of Government:
1. Monarchy
2. Oligarchy
3. Democracy
4. Aristocracy
5. Authoritarianism
6. Autocracy
7. Dictatorship
Characteristics
1. Government follows a constitution which guides it in the administration of the state.
2. No government is permanent. It is subjected to periodic change.
3. It raises revenue to enhance its administration.
4. I must possess political power which is a tool of rooting orderliness in a state
5. It controls the use of physical force and coercion within the political society.
6. If stable, it is characterized by political legitimacy.
7. Every decision/action of the government is the legitimate concern of the public.
8. Government of a political society differs from the other institutions.
9. Decisions of the government are authoritative.
Nature of Pakistan’s government
Government of Pakistan (GOP) is a “federal government”. It was established by the constitution
of Pakistan. It has the governing authority of four provinces, two autonomous territories, and one
federal territory. Constitutionally, it is called Islamic Republic of Pakistan.
Tiers in Pakistan government
Pakistan republic with three tiers of government:
• Federal
• Provincial
• Local
Source: pakpedia
Topic 125: Functions of Government
Government owe allegiance to the state itself and its citizens as well. If a government fails to do
its functions in a state, the Citizens can request for the replacement of such government in as
much Democracy is in practice. The functions of the government are mentioned below:
1. Law Making
2. Military defence of the country
3. Provision of employment
4. Maintenance of law and order
5. Promotion of economic growth and development
6. Maintaining good relations with other sovereign states
7. Protection of lives and properties
8. Administration of justice
9. Formulation and implementation of policies
10. Provision of social-welfare services
11. Provision of housing and community amenities
12. Preserve culture and provision of recreation
13. To promote social solidarity.
14. To ensure justice to all.
15. To ensure the defense of the state.
16. To promote the welfare of citizens.
17. To ensure the liberty of the citizens.
18. To provide basic facilities like; education, and health.
19. To Maintain social order
20. To ensure economic affairs
Source: WordPress.com
Topic 126: Pakistan Federal Government Branches
Pakistan federal government is made up of three branches which are the executive, legislative and
the judiciary. It is rrepresented by the prime minister, the parliament and Supreme Court. Duties
and powers of branches are defined by the amendments and acts of Parliament.
Source: National Democratic Foundation
1. Executive Branch
The executive branch of the Pakistani government is the one solely responsible and authorized to
perform the daily administration of the state bureaucracy. It is composed of the Prime Minister
and the federal cabinet.
A. The Prime Minister

Prime Minister of Pakistan is Head of Government of Pakistan. It leads the executive branch of
government. He/she is elected by the members of National Assembly. The duration of his/her
tenure is 5 years. He is responsible to appoint federal council of ministers who assists in running
the operations of the government.
B. The Cabinet
The cabinet can have maximum 50 members including the PM. Each Cabinet member must be a
Member of Parliament. Once appointed by the Prime Minister, all Cabinet Ministers are officially
confirmed to their appointment offices by President in a special oath of ceremony.
2. Legislative Branch
A. The Parliament
Federal legislature consists of the Senate (upper house) and National Assembly (lower house)
According to Article 50 of the Constitution;
1. The National Assembly
2. The Senate and
3. The President
Together make up a body known as the Majlis-e-Shura (Council of Advisers).
B. The President
The president of Pakistan is ceremonial head of state. He is the civilian commander of chief of
the Pakistan armed forces as per the constitution of Pakistan.
Constitution of Pakistan vest the president:
1. Power of granting pardon
2. Reprieves
3. The control of Military
C. Senate
Senate is a permanent legislative body with equal representation from each of the four provinces,
representatives from the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) and from Islamabad Capital
Territory. Both the Senate and the National Assembly can initiate and pass legislation except for
finance bills. The Senate cannot be dissolved by the President.
D. National Assembly
Members of the National Assembly are elected by universal adult suffrage. Seats are allocated to
each of the four provinces, the Federally Administered Tribal Areas, and Islamabad Capital
Territory. National Assembly members serve for the parliamentary term, which is five years. Vast
majority of the members are Muslim,
About 5% of the seats are reserved for minorities, including Christians, Hindus, and Sikhs. 50 plus
special seats for women now. Women are selected by their respective party heads.
3. Jurisdiction Branch
Judiciary includes;
1. Supreme Court
2. Provincial High Courts
3. District & Sessions Courts
4. Civil and Magistrate Courts
Some Federal and Provincial Courts and tribunals such as,
1. Services Court,
2. Income Tax & Excise Court,
3. Banking Court and
4. Boards of Revenue's Tribunals
A. Supreme Court
Supreme Court has original, appellate, and advisory jurisdiction. Judges are appointed by the
President after consultation with the Chief Justice. Chief Justice and other Judges of the Supreme
Court may remain in office until age of sixty-eight years.
B. Federal Sharia Court of Pakistan
Federal Sharia Court has the power to examine and determine whether the laws of the country
comply with Sharia law. Decisions of the court are binding on the High Courts. It subordinates
judiciary. The court appoints its own staff, and frames its own rules.
It consists of 8 Muslim judges. 3 are required to be Ulema who are well versed in Islamic law.
Judges hold office for a period of 3 years, may extended by the President
Provincial and High Courts

Currently all four provinces; Punjab, Sindh, KPK and Baluchistan have High Courts. After the
approval of 18th Constitutional Amendment in April 2010, a new High Court is established at
Federal Capital Islamabad with the name of Islamabad High Court. Special courts and tribunals to
deal with specific kinds of cases, such as drug courts, commercial courts, labor courts. Appeals
from special courts go to high courts except for labor and traffic courts, which have their own
forums for appeal. Appeals from the tribunals go to the Supreme Court.
Ombudsman / Mohtasib
Institution is designed to
1. Bridge the gap between administrator and citizen,
2. To improve administrative processes and procedures and
3. To help curb misuse of discretionary powers
It is the further feature of the judicial system. Office of Mohtasib was established in many early
Muslim states to ensure that no wrongs were done to citizens. Ombudsman/Mohtasib is appointed
by the president. The Mohtasib holds office for four years.
Lesson 31
Government Institution of Pakistan-II
Topic 127 - 129
Topic 127: Pakistan Provincial Government
In Pakistan provincial government there are four provincial governments of four provinces. These
provinces are;
• Baluchistan
• Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
• Punjab
• Sindh
Source: South Asia Journal

1. Punjab
Punjab Assembly is composed of 297 elected members. In which 66 seats reserved for women,and
8 seats reserved for non-Muslims. There are 48 departments in Punjab government. Sardar Usman
Buzdar is the current Chief Minister of Punjab, while Muhammed Sarwar is the current Gorvernor
of Punjab.
2. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
The Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province has a Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Assembly with 145 elected
members. It constituent of 115 Regular seats, 26 seats reserved for women and 4 seats for non-
Muslims. Current Chief Minister of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa is Mahmood Khan.
3. Balochistan
Balochistan assembly with members 51, where 11 seats are reserved for women, 3 seats are
reserved for non-Muslims. It consists of 26 Departments. Amanullah Khan Yasinzai is the
Governor of Balochistan, and Jam Kamal Khan is the Chief Minister of the Balochistan.
4. Sindh
The Provincial Assembly of Sindh is composed of 168 Members. In which, 30 seats are reserved
for women, while 8 seats are reserved for non-Muslims. Syed Murad Ali Shah is the Chief Minister
of Sindh, and Imran Ismail (PTI) is the Current Governor of Sindh.
Topic 128: Local government of Pakistan
Local governments of Pakistan are protected by the constitution in Articles 32 and 140-A. Local
government is a form of public administration which in a majority of context, exist as a lowest
level of administration within a given state. Local government ordinance (2001) provides
devolution of government to district administration. Each district administration is headed by a
DCO and Zila Nazim.
The new system provided a three tier local government structure:
1. District Government
2. Tehsil Government
3. Union Administration
Source: ResearchGate
1. District
District is the first tier of local government. There are total there are 149 districts. They are
consisted of zila nazim and district administration. District administration consisted of district
offices including sub offices of tehsil level.
2. Tehsil
Tehsil is the middle tier of the local government. Tehsil Municipal administration consisting of
tehsil council. It is headed by Tehsil Nazim, Chief Officer and other officials of local council It is
used in all over the Pakistan except Sindh province where the word "Taluka" is used instead,
although the functions and authorities are same.
3. Union council
It is the lowest tier of the local government. It is a corporate body covering rural, urban areas in
district. It is consisted of union Nazim, Naib Nazim, three union Sectaries and other Auxiliary
staff. Union Nazim head of union administration
There are 129 district councils across the four provinces. 619 urban councils made up of one city
district, four Metropolitan corporations, 13 municipal corporations, 96 municipal committees, 148
town councils, 360 urban union committees, and 1,925 rural councils.
Roles and Responsibilities of Local Government in Pakistan
1. Promotion of social, economic, environmental well being.
2. Provision of education, culture and sports.
3. Provision of housing and utilities.
4. Maintenance of Infrastructure.
5. Spatial planning and construction.
6. Fire frightening and rescue services.
7. Water supply waste management.
8. Roads and transport
Topic 129: Autonomous Territories
Autonomous territories have the degree of self-governance under the national government. These
autonomous territories are the areas which are distinct from the constituent units of a federation.
They possess unique powers for their given circumstances. They are geographically populated by
a national minority.
Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan are self-governing territories associated with Pakistan They
have not formally been annexed to Pakistan. As the Kashmir conflict has not yet been resolved,
and it claimed by India.
Federally Administered Tribal Areas
FATA is a semi-autonomous tribal region in northwestern Pakistan. Territory is almost exclusively

inhabited by the Pashtun. It is Existed from 1947 until being merged with neighboring
province Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in 2018. It is consisted of seven tribal agencies(districts) and
six frontier regions. It is directly governed by Pakistan's federal government through a special set
of laws called the Frontier Crimes Regulations. They are mostly Muslim.
Lesson 32
Religious Institution of Pakistan-I
Topic 130-133
Topic 130: What is Religion?
Religion consists of beliefs and practices that separate sacred from profane and unites its adherents
into a moral community. Religion is one of the most important social institutions responsible for
providing masses with a vibrant moral system. Religion is the only viable source of morality.
Elements of religion: Belief and practices are the main elements of religion.
1. Belief that some things are sacred (forbidden, set apart from the profane.
2. Practices (rituals) centering on the things considered sacred.
3. A moral community which results from a group’s belief and practices.
Definition
• According to Emile Durkheim, “Religion is a unified system of beliefs and practices
relating to sacred things, that is to say, things set apart and forbidden -beliefs and
practices which unite people into one single moral community.”
• According to Ogburn, “Religion is attitudes towards superhuman powers.”
Forms of religion
There are three common forms of religion, which are mentioned below:
1. Theism: Theism is the belief in the existence of one or more divinities or deities which
exist within the universe and yet transcend it.
2. Monotheism: Monotheism refers to the belief in the existence of one God.
3. Pantheism: Pantheism refers to the belief that God is equivalent to Nature or the physical
universe, or that everything is of an all-encompassing immanent abstract God
Religion in Pakistan
Almost 96% of the people of Pakistan are Muslims or at least follow Islamic traditions, and Islamic
ideals and practices. Most Pakistanis belong to the Sunni sect, (the major branch of Islam). There
are also significant numbers of Shīʿite Muslims. In addition to the two main groups, there is a very
small sect called the Aḥmadiyyah.
Topic 131: Functionalist View of Religion
Functionalists stress that religion is universal. It meets the universal needs of human being. It is a
social fact. It performs certain functions and dysfunctions for the smooth running of society. It is
one of the important functional social institutions
Functions of religion
1. Meaning and Purpose
Religion provides answers to perplexing questions about ultimate meaning. The answer to these
questions gives followers a sense of purpose, a framework for living. Believers see their lives as
fitting to divine plans.
2. Emotional Comfort
Religion provides comfort to the people by providing answers to their questions. The religious
rituals that cover crucial events such as illness and death assure the individuals that others care.
The comfort it provides is the source of life for millions of people on earth.
3. Religion Provides us with Morality
Religion helps us in the judgment of right and wrong. It helps us determine what is considered
acceptable behavior and what is not. Islam divides actions into two categories; the right acts that
lead to heaven, and the wrong acts that lead to hell.
4. Social Solidarity
Religious teachings and practices unite believers into a community that shares values and
perspectives. Five times prayers unite us together and we discuss our social life. Religious festivals
bring us on the same page and spread bliss.
5. Guidelines for everyday life
The teaching of religion is not all abstract. Religion provides practical guidelines for everyday life.
Follower religion abstain alcohol and bad jobs. Religion provides us with a sense of cleanliness.
Religion teaches us to be good with other human beings
6. Social Control
Religious guidelines also bring nonmembers into conformity. Religious teachings are incorporated
in criminal law. Alcohol consumption is against the teaching of religion hence is prohibited in the
country of Pakistan.
7. Adaptation
Religion can help people adapt to new environment. Religion serves as a bridge between the old
and the new environments.
8. Support for the government
Religion guides people to abide by the laws of government. Government reciprocates by
supporting the religious institutions. It also provides financial support for the construction of
mosques. Religion provides justification to the writ of government
Topic 132: Symbolic interactionist perspective of religion
Symbolic interactionists focus on shared meaning. Emile Durkheim was of the view that we do
not worship the GOD, we worship the collectivity. Religion is an abstract concept represented only
through some symbols. Holy Kabba is a symbol used for Islamic religion. Green color is
considered as a religious color.
Symbols of Religion
Suppose that it is two thousand years ago. You have just joined a new religion. You have come to
realize that a recently crucified Jew named Jesus is Messiah. The roman leaders are persecuting
the follower of Jesus. They hate your religion because you and your fellow believer do not take
Caesar as God. Christians are less in number and you want fellowship with your fellow believers.
The government has sworn to destroy this new religion. You cannot openly describe yourself to
be a Christian. You use a clandestine symbol to represent your religion that only a fellow believer
can understand
All religions use symbol to provide identity and create solidarity for the members of their faith.
For Example:
➢ Crescent moon and star is the symbol of Islam.
➢ The star of David is the symbol of Judaism
➢ Cross is the symbol of Christianity
Rituals
Rituals, ceremonies, and other repetitive events are symbol that work as a guiding force to form a
moral community. Eid festivals unite people in a happy tone. Five times prayers also unite people
and provide them with an opportunity to discuss each other’s problem and contribute to one
another's efforts.
Beliefs
Symbols including rituals develop beliefs. Belief may be abstract or very specific to the worldly
affairs. Religious beliefs not only consist of values but also of cosmology. Belief tells us that there
is a hereafter following this world. Religious also provides us with the metaphysical explanation
of the beginning of universe.
Religious experience
Religious experience refers to the feeling of being aware of supernatural or a feeling to coming in
contact with God. Some people undergo a mild situation such as feeling closer to god. It is also
considered to be a life transforming religious experience. Sufism is widely referred to as a
movement of bringing God and men together.
Community
The shared meaning that come through symbols, rituals, and belief unite people together into a
moral community. Their beliefs and ritual bind them together. Religion also separates other people
from the community. Community establishes compelling norms so as to prohibit non- believers
from deviance.
Topic 133: Conflict Perspective on religion

In general, conflict theorists are highly critical to religion. They consider religion as a tool of
suppressing masses. Conflict theorists also assume religion to be system of enslaving people to
dance on the tunes of capitalism. Religion is also considered to be a strong justification for the
existence of capitalism. Protestant ethics and the spirit of capitalism is an example.
Opium of the People
“Religion is the sigh of oppressed creature, the sentiment of a heartless world…. It is the opium of
people.” (Marx 1844/1964)
Marx believed that religion is like a drug that helps addicts forgets their misery. By diverting
thoughts to a prosperous hereafter, religion pushes people to continue being oppressed.
Legitimizing social inequalities
Conflict theorists believe that religion legitimizes social inequalities in the world. It is done by the
concept of pre-established harmony. Religion also supports hierarchy that is the very basic
example of inequality. The concept of heaven is also hierarchal in all the religion.
Religion and the spirit of capitalism
Weber argued that the religious focus on afterlife is a source of profound social change. Religion
worked as a guiding tool to transform the traditional life to modern life. To accumulate capital as
an end in itself was supported by religion. Calvinism was a major go through in it. Weber was of
the view that it is the religion that supported the capitalism and worked for its promotion. Conflict
perspective is of the view that capitalism uses religion to set out things in its favor. Religion
provides justification to the capitalist maneuvers by legitimizing them.
Lesson 33
Religious Institution of Pakistan-II
Topic 134-136
Topic 134: Impacts of religion on social life
1. Impacts on Economy:
Religion has following impacts on the economy.
i. Religion promotes economic equality.
ii. Religion encourages economic activities.
iii. Religion uplifts the poor segments of society.
iv. Religion imposes tax on the rich segment of society to distribute them among the poor.
v. Religion promotes charity and alms.
2. Impacts on Education
Religion has following impacts on the education.
i. Religion promotes education for both male and female.
ii. Religion promotes both scientific and religious education.
iii. Religious education has a wide chain in Pakistan with numerous institutions.
3. Impacts of Crime
Religion has following impacts on the crime.
i. Religion teaches its followers not to involve in crimes.
ii. Crime is a sin in the religious context.
iii. Religion promotes peace and harmony.
iv. Religious persons are less involved in criminal activities.
4. Impacts of Family relationship

Religion has following impacts on the family relationship.
i. Religion teaches cordial relationship with family members.
ii. Religion explains the rights of the parents and promotes good relationship with them.
iii. Religion also explains the rights of husband and wife.
5. Impacts of Health
Religion has following impacts on the health.
i. Religious encourages healthy diet.
ii. Five times prayers set a good and healthy routine.
iii. Prayers help us stay clean and tidy.
iv. Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) was one of the prime examples of health conscious.
6. Impacts on individual
Religion has following impacts on the individual.
i. Provides answers to critical questions

ii. Provides comfort
iii. Raises self-esteem
iv. Soothes anxiety
v. Protects against depression
Topic 135: A Sociological Analysis of Religion
Durkheim and functionalism
Durkheim viewed religion within the context of entire society. He found religion as an influential
aspect of society, and observed that people separate religious symbols as sacred from other
symbols. Sacred objects/symbols have divine characteristics. Religion binds people together in a
moral community.
Weber and social change
Weber examined the impacts of religion on western thoughts and culture. He saw the roots of
capitalism in Protestant Work Ethics. He believed that it was the religion that gave way to
capitalism and at the same time modernization.
Characteristics of religion
All religions have certain rules of worship.
Religion seeks purity of lineage.
Religion flourishes art and architecture.
Religion defines what is sacred and what is profane.
Religion upholds social norms.
Religion is a strong binding institution. According to Durkheim, religion binds.
Components of religion
1. Place of Worship
2. Purity of lineage
3. Sacred v profane
4. Methods of Salvation
5. Reverence towards supernatural being
Element of religion
1. Religious Beliefs
2. Religious Rituals
3. Religious Practices
4. Religious Symbols
5. Sacred objects
6. Sacred History
7. Sacred Spaces
8. Renewal observance
Functions of religion
Religion plays certain functions in the society, some of which are mentioned below:
1. Religion spread education.

2. Religion reduces frustration.
3. Religion encourages welfare.
4. Religion creates sense of self importance.
5. Religion encourages social values.
6. Religion instills tolerance.
Religion and culture

Religion and culture are closely joined together. They are often producing peaceful environment,
promote civilization, integration and solidarity with one another.
Topic 136: Religion and Morality
Theologians and philosophers have faced issues while debating religion and morality. For
example:
1. Is religion a good source of morality?
2. Are there other better sources of morality?
3. Is the utilitarianism a good source of morality?
Utilitarianism and Morality
Utilitarianism focuses on the greater good for greater number of people. Morality should be based
on the principle of utilitarianism. The morality would be right if it provides greater happiness for
the greater number of people. The morality would be wrong if it provides less happiness for the
greater number of people.
Criticism on Utilitarian Morality
Following are the criticism on the utilitarian morality.
1. The principles of utilitarian are not inclusive.
2. Utilitarian ignores justice.
3. Utilitarianism lacks a sense of integrity and commitment to justify morality.
4. Not all people pursue happiness, some people pursue virtue.
Deontological Ethics and Morality
Actions are considered good because of the characteristics of actions not because the product of
action is good. Duty for the sake of duty is an example of deontological ethics.
Criticism on Deontological Ethics
The “good action” is contextual and cannot be universalized. It lacks a vibrant inspiration for the
performance of “good act”. No clear way to resolve moral duties when they come into conflict
with one another.
Virtue Ethics
Virtue ethics lays emphasis on virtue or moral character. For example, there is someone who is in
dire need. Utilitarian would help the needy if it maximizes the happiness. Deontologist would
emphasize on the action if it is in accordance with moral laws. Virtue ethics would hold that
helping other would be benevolent.
Lesson 34
ECONOMIC INSTITUTION OF PAKISTAN
Topic 137-141
Topic 137: Economic Institutions of Pakistan
Pakistan is 23rd largest in the world in terms of Purchasing Power Party PPP, and 42nd largest in
terms of nominal Gross Domestic Product GDP. It has a Per Capita Income of $1357 as per 2019.
Pakistan is a semi-industrialized country. Its primary export commodities are textiles, leather
goods, sport goods, chemicals and carpets.
Major Imports of Pakistan
Following are the important imports of Pakistan:
i. Petroleum and Petroleum products
ii. Plastics and articles
iii. Transportation equipment
iv. Paper and paperboards
v. Organic Chemicals
vi. Iron and Steel
Major Exports of Pakistan

Following are the important export of Pakistan:
i. Textile Articles
ii. Cotton
iii. Apparel
iv. Leather Products
v. Oil and Mineral Fuels
vi. Beverages
vii. Natural Minerals and Stones
Gross Domestic Product

GDP (Gross Domestic Product) is an economic indicator which records the level of goods and
services produced within any given nation’s economy. $264billion is the GDP of Pakistan as per
2020.
➢ Components of measuring GDP
i. Consumption
ii. Investment
iii. Government
iv. Net Export
Gross National Product
Gross National Product refers to the cumulative wealth produced in the country including both
gross domestic product and remittance.
➢ Components of Gross National Product
i. Consumption
ii. Government Spending
iii. Capital Spending by Business
iv. Net Exports
Topic 138: Industrial Sector and Economy of Pakistan
Pakistan relies on industrial sector to reduce its trade deficit and strengthen its foreign exchange
reserves. Industrial sector provides 20.88% share in our Gross Domestic Product. It plays a critical
role in job creation and socio-economic advancement. Pakistan’s major export-oriented industry
is Cotton-Textile Industry.
Subsectors of Industry in Pakistan
1. Manufacturing
2. Mining and Quarrying
3. Textile Industry
4. Automotive Industry
1. Manufacturing
It is the second largest sector of economy. Overall manufacturing contributes to 16.02% of Gross
Domestic Product, large-scale manufacturing counts for 12.5% of the GDP, and low-scale
manufacturing counts for 3.8% of the GDP. This sector generates the biggest number of industrial
employment.
2. Mining and Quarrying
Out of 92 known minerals 52 are commonly explored in Pakistan. This subsector of industry
contributes 2.51% to the Gross Domestic Product. Mining and Quarrying sector is a significant
section of Pakistan National Account. Gypsum, limestone, chromite, iron ore, rock salt, silver and
gold are some of the main minerals found in Pakistan.
3. Textile Industry
Textile exports counts for 59.94% of total exports. This industry contributes nearly one-fourth of
industrial products. It provides 40% of industrial labor force, and it counts for 59% of national
exports. The cotton spinning sector comprises 517 textile units
4. Automotive Industry
Automotive industry counts for 4% of the GDP of Pakistan. It generates 3.5 million of labor force.
There are over 3200 automotive manufacturing plants in the country. This sector contributes
PKR50 million to national exchequer. Pakistan has world renowned brands like Honda, Toyota,
Suzuki, Proton, Morris Garages, KIA etc.
Topic 139: Agriculture Sector and the Economy of Pakistan

Agriculture is the fundamental part of the economy of Pakistan. Agricultural contribution to Gross
Domestic Product is 21% with an annual growth of 2.7%. It provides employment to 44% of labor
force. 62% of rural population depends on this sector for livelihood. 47% of the total population
is based on agriculture. 70% of foreign exchange reserves of Pakistan is achieved by this sector.
Major Crops of Pakistan
1. Wheat
Wheat is the largest grain crop. It is the main country’s staple food. Its contribution to GDP is
3.1% and 14.4% to the value-added in agriculture. The crop of wheat increases by 11.7% annually.
It is widely demanded in the country and world together.
2. Rice
Rice is the second largest food staple in Pakistan after wheat. It is a major source of foreign
exchange for the country. Rice has a share of 0.6% in the GDP and 3.1% in the value-added in
agriculture. Pakistan is famous for Basmati non-basmati rice in the world. Pakistan is the fourth
largest producer of rice in the world.
3. Cotton
Pakistan is the 4th largest producer and 3rd largest consumer of cotton in the world. Its contribution
to the GDP of Pakistan is 2%. Pakistan is the 3rd largest exporter of raw cotton and 9% of the
global textile industry share. As the backbone of textile industry, it constitutes to 46% of the total
manufacturing and 40% of employment.
4. Sugarcane
Sugarcane is of high value cash crop and vital for sugar related industries. It is the 2nd largest cash
crop in the country. It contributes 3.6% to the Gross Domestic Product of the country. Pakistan is
the 5th largest producer of sugarcane in the world. Sugarcane takes 12-18 months to ripe and hence
a laborious crop in the country
5. Maize
Maize is a significant food grain and a lot of products are produced by it. It is the most important
commercial crop in the country. Its contribution to the Gross Domestic Product is 0.4% and 2.2%
to the value-added in agriculture. Pakistan is the 4th largest producer of maize in the world
Topic 140: Services Sector and the Economy of Pakistan
Services sector is the fastest growing sector in the world economy
➢ The share of services sector
Its contribution to the GDP of the Pakistan is 38.3%.
➢ The share of services sector in total GDP is:
• 47% in low income countries
• 53% in middle income countries
• 73% in high income countries
Classification of services sector
1. Distributive Services
Distributive Services move commodities, information, and people. Some of these services are final
consumption in their own right but most are ancillary to final consumption. It brings satisfaction
and utility to the customer and individual. It also brings earning to the producer.
2. Producers Services
Producer services are intermediate inputs to further production activities that are sold to other
firms. Producer sector include of monetary sector. It benefits the customers. It also delivers capital
to the Manufacturer and commercial community.
3. Personal Services
A personal service is any business enterprise with the primary purpose of providing personal
services. These services include:
• Law
• Medicine
• Engineering
• Design
Social Services
Social service is the provision of services to the community. Social services sector can be
subdivided in:
• Public administration (judiciary, police, civil servants)
• Health and Education facilities
Services sector and the economy of Pakistan
The contribution of services sector has grown from 37.2% in 1980s to 58.82 in 2010s. Ahmed &
Ahsan (2011) found that the economy of Pakistan has transformed from agricultural to services
sector. This sector employees people more than any other sector in Pakistan. People have shifted
from agricultural sector to Services sector in Pakistan.
Topic 141: Cottage Industry and the Economy of Pakistan

Cottage industries provide employment to 80% of industrial labor force. This industry holds an
important position in rural areas of Pakistan. Mot villages are self-sufficient in basic necessities of
life. They have their own carpenters, brassware, rugs, and cotton weavers. Some of the families in
rural societies depend on cottage industry for income
Advantages of Cottage industry

i. It is the major source of employment potential.
ii. It meets the demands of the local market.
iii. It is the source of foreign exchange income.
iv. It reduces rural-urban migration.
v. It reduces regional disparity.
Cottage industry and the economy of Pakistan

It provides employment to 80% of industrial labor force. The goods of cottage industry provide
30% of the export receipts of the manufacturing sector. Women are employed gainfully in the
cottage industries in villages. 95% of the needs of the High Quality Damascus Steel is produced
in Wazirabad.
Types of Cottage industry in Pakistan

1. Carpets
This industry makes a significant contribution to foreign earning. Carpets are generally hand-
woven and hand knotted. These carpets are made of wool, silk or a mixture of two
2. Textiles
Textiles are found throughout the country with a variety of designs and techniques. Most famous
textiles are:
• Khaddar
• Susi
• Khes
• Chunri
• Boski
• Karandi
• Shaal
• Ajrak
Lesson 35
EDUCATION INSTITUTION OF PAKISTAN-I
Topic 142-145
Topic 142: What is Education?
Education is a gradual process which brings positive changes in human life and behavior. It is a
social institution to which society’s children are taught basic academic knowledge, learning skills,
cultural norms and values. Education is acquisition of knowledge, skills, values, beliefs, and
habits. It is the protector of social order, political hegemony, and status quo.
Definition
1. Education process of receiving or giving systematic instruction, especially at a school or
university.
2. Education is a process of acquiring knowledge through study or imparting the knowledge
by way of instructions or some other practical procedure”.
Functions of Education
Following are the functions of the education.
i. Cultural transmission
ii. Social integration
iii. Future occupation
iv. Techniques of learning skills
v. Socialization
vi. Rational thinking
vii. Personal adjustment
viii. Family living
ix. Patriotism
x. Character building
Importance of education
Are those equal, those who know and those who don’t know. (al-zumr-09)
According to saying of last prophet (PBUH) for the sake of knowledge you can travel to longest
distance from Arabia to China. (Al-hadith)
i. Education gives us knowledge.
ii. Education teaches us lessons of humanity.
iii. Education tells men how to think, how to work properly and how to make decision.
iv. Education contributes to human development.
v. Education highlights the human talents.
Salient features of Education in Pakistan

• In Pakistan, education is universal, and provides free primary and secondary education.
• It promotes equity.
• It has relevance to labour market.
• It encourages private sector.
• It improves planning, management and implementation capacity.
Layers of educational institutions in Pakistan

i. Elite schooling
ii. Private
iii. Milatary
iv. Government / Public
v. Madrasah
Topic 143: Types of Education in Pakistan

Formal Education
Formal education is characterized by the full time education. It is chronologically graded education
system. It provides technical and professional training. It is running from primary schools through
the university. It is subject oriented. It provides learning in a classroom. It is based on grading,
certification, and degree. It provides easy access to jobs.
Informal Education
Informal education does not use any particular learning method. In formal education, conscious
efforts are not involved. It is taken from family, community, society with no hard and fast rules .
It is neither pre-planned nor deliberate. It may be learned at some marketplace, online or at home.
It does not require specific time span. It is less costly and time-efficient learning process. In
informal education, there is no need to hire experts. This education takes place outside of the school
setting. It has no regular curriculum. It is neither obligatory, nor provides any formal certification.
Non-formal Education
Non-formal education accounts for the adult basic education, adult literacy education. It provides
school equivalency preparation. It provides learning of basic skills or job skill. Boy Scouts, Girl
Guide, and Fitness Programs are the example of non-formal education. In non-formal education,
there is flexibility in age, curriculum and time. It is based on community-based adult education
courses. Some organizations develop free courses for the adult education.
The non formal education is planned and takes place apart from the school system. The timetable
and syllabus can be adjustable. It is practical and vocational education. It has no age limit.
Religious education
Religious education provides Islamic education. Institution has its own management system. They
run on aid provided by government or other party. Pakistan madrasah boards are established to
regulate madrasah activities. They provide free religious education with boarding and logging.
Diversification of education in Pakistan

Lots of diversification are found in Pakistani education system, which are mentioned below:
i. Vocational education
ii. Technical
iii. Commerce/ business
iv. Agriculture education
v. Medical
vi. Engineering
vii. Social Science
viii. Law
Topic 144: Levels of Education in Pakistan

Pakistan’s education system is divided into six levels:

1. Preschool (2 to 5 years old)
2. Primary (grades one to five);
3. Middle (grades six to eight);
4. High (grades nine and ten, leading to the Secondary School Certificate);
5. Intermediate (grades eleven and twelve)
6. University programs leading to graduate and advanced degrees.
1. Preschool
A preschool is also known as nursery school, pre-primary school, or play school. It is
an educational establishment or learning space offering early childhood education to children
before they begin compulsory education at primary school. It may be publicly or privately
operated, and may be subsidized from public funds.
2. Primary schooling
Stage of primary schooling consists of five classes (I-V). It enrolls children of age 5-9 years. The
constitution of Pakistan ensures free and compulsory primary education
3. Middle Schooling
The middle schooling is of three years duration. It is comprised of class VI, VII and VIII. The age
group is 10-12 years. According to 2017 census, there were 47 thousand middle schools in the
country, and 438 thousand teachers. There were overall 7.3 million enrolment as of 2016-17.
4. High schooling
In high schooling, children stay for two years in classes IX and X. The Board of Intermediate and
Secondary Education conducts the examination. A certificate awarded to the successful candidates.
There are a total of 31 thousand high schools in the country. There are 556 thousand teachers. High
school enrolment in Pakistan is around 3.9 million.
5. Higher secondary
Higher secondary is also called the “intermediate stage”. Higher Secondary Education consists of
classes XI to XII. A student at this stage can opt for general education, professional education or
technical education. There is a total of 5 thousand higher secondary schools/colleges. The total
number of teachers is 122 thousand. There is an enrolment of around 2 million students in these
colleges.
6. Higher education
Higher education encompasses 4 years of higher education. For higher education, 10 years of
primary and secondary schooling is required. Students who pass their first-degree stage are
awarded a Bachelor’s degree in arts or science, at the age of 19 years. In order to complete an
honors course at Bachelor’s degree level an additional one year’s study is required. Further, a two
years course is required for Master’s degree who has completed two years Bachelors’ degree. A
doctoral degree requires normally 3 years of study after the completion of a master’s degree course.
Vocational Education
Vocational Education is normally offered in high schooling. A variety of trades offered to the
students and after completion of the course. They get jobs as carpenters, masons, mechanics,
electrician, refrigeration and similar other trades.
Technical and Vocational Education

The duration of post secondary education varies in technical and professional fields.
i. The polytechnic diploma is a three-year course.
ii. A bachelor’s degree in medicine (MBBS) requires 5 years of study after intermediate stage
(12 years of schooling).
iii. A bachelor’s degree course both in engineering and veterinary medicine is of 4 years’
duration after the intermediate examination.
Deeni Madrassahs
There are also religious institutions in the country. These institutions have their own management
system without interference from either the provincial or federal governments. However, grants-
in-aid are provided to these institutions by the government. During 2000 there were 6761 religious
institutions with an enrollment of 934,000, of which 132,000 were female students in 448
institutions (Khan, 2002).
They also play a significant and important role in adult education and learning in Pakistan. Their
main emphasis is on Religious/Islamic education and learning. Currently there are 32,000 religious
schools working in Pakistan. Total enrolment in Deeni Madrassahs is 2.5 million; 3% is in public
sector, and 97% is in private sector. Total 68% males are in Madrassahs, and 32 % are females in
Madrassahs.
Higher education commission Pakistan

Higher education commission was established in 1974 as University Grants Commission (UGC).
Its current form is HEC 2002. Its head quarter is in Islamabad Pakistan. It is responsible for making
higher education policy. Focal point of higher learning of education is research development.
Pakistan produces about 445,000 university graduates annually.
Topic 145: Education System of Pakistan

Education expenditure of Pakistan
Expenditure on education in Pakistan is around 2% of Pakistan's GDP. In 2009, the government
committed to increase the allocation to education to 7% of GDP. Total expenditure on education
as a percentage to GDP was 2.9% in 2007 compared to 2.6% in 1998.
Constitution of Pakistan
Constitution of Pakistan obligates the state to provide free education to children of the age group
5 to 16 years. The state shall remove illiteracy and provide free and compulsory secondary
education within minimum possible period.
Current Legislative List

i. Curriculum
ii. Syllabus
iii. Planning
iv. Policy
v. Centers of excellence
vi. Standard of education
vii. Islamic education
Achievements of Education System of Pakistan

Achievements of Education System of Pakistan are mentioned below:
i. Established a digital library in Pakistan.
ii. Tripled university enrollment.
iii. Internationally recognized 4 years BS programs.
iv. Promoted research and research publications.
v. Today Pakistani universities are ranked among top 200 universities in Pakistan.
vi. Fifty one new universities established.
vii. The world largest Fulbright scholarship launched with joint funding (HEC/USAID).
viii. Introduction of online education facility.
Lesson 36
EDUCATION INSTITUTION OF PAKISTAN-II
Topic 146-148
Topic 146: Educational Institutes of Pakistan
Pakistan has both public and private institutes. The education system of Pakistan is comprised of
260,903 institutions and is facilitating more than 41 million students with the help of 1.5 million
teachers. The system includes 180,846 public institutions and 80,057 private institutions. 31%
educational institutes are run by private sector while 69% are public institutes.
Famous Elite schools of Pakistan
List of Pakistani famous elite school is mentioned below:
i. Beacon house school system
ii. Root school system
iii. Pak-Turk international school system
iv. City school system
v. Allied school system
vi. LaSalle school system
vii. American grammar school system
viii. St. joseph and St. marry school system
Famous colleges of Pakistan
List of Pakistani famous colleges is mentioned below:
i. King Edward Medical colleges
ii. FC charted
iii. Punjab Group of Colleges
iv. Atchison College
v. Allama Iqbal Medical College
vi. National College of Arts
vii. Government Colleges in all the cities
Universities
At the time of independence Pakistan had only 1 university. Now, HEC recognizes 132 institutions,
of which 73 are public universities and 59 are private. Pakistan produces about 4,45000 graduates
every year.
Universities in Islamabad
List of universities in Islamabad is mentioned below:
i. Capital university of science and technology
ii. Quaid-i-Azam University
iii. National Defense University
iv. International Islamic university
v. NUST
vi. COMSATS
vii. NUML
viii. Bahria University
Universities in Punjab
List of universities in Punjab is mentioned below:
i. King Edward medical University
ii. Government college University Lahore
iii. Forman Christian College
iv. University of Punjab
v. University of Agriculture Faisalabad
vi. Kinnaird College for Women
vii. LUMS
viii. Fatima Jinnah Women University
ix. Minhaj University
x. University of Sargodha
xi. BZU, Multan
Universities in Sindh
List of universities in Sindh is mentioned below:
i. Liaqat University of medical and health sciences
ii. Sindh Madressatul Islam University
iii. NED University of Engineering
iv. University of Sindh
v. University of Karachi
vi. Shah Abdul Latif University
vii. Hamdard University
viii. Muhammed Ali Jinnah University
ix. Aga Khan University
Universities in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
List of universities in KPK is mentioned below:
i. Islamia College University
ii. University of Peshawar
iii. Gomal University
iv. Hazara University
v. Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan
vi. Bacha Khan University
vii. Khyber Medical University
viii. Preston University
ix. Brain Institute Peshawar
Universities in Balochistan
List of universities in Balochistan is mentioned below:
i. University of Balochistan
ii. Al-hamd Islamic University

iii. Balochistan University of Engineering and Technology
iv. Sardar Bahadur Khan University for Women
v. Lasbela University of Agriculture
vi. University of Turbat
vii. University of Loralai
Universities in Gilgit Baltistan
List of universities in Gilgit Baltistan is mentioned below:
i. Karakoram International University
ii. Baltistan University
Universities in Azad Kashmir
List of universities in Azad Kashmir is mentioned below:
i. Mirpur University of Science and Technology
ii. University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir
iii. University of Poonch
iv. Al Khair University
v. Mohi-ud-din Islamic University
vi. Women University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Bagh
vii. University of Kotli
Universities ranking
During 1947 to 2003 not a single university of Pakistan could be ranked in top 600 university of
world. According to the Quality Standard World University Ranking for 2014, Ten Pakistani
Universities are ranked among top 100 universities in Asia.
Topic 147: Literacy in Pakistan
Literacy definition as in 2017 census
“Ability to read and understand simple text in any language from a newspaper or magazine, write
a simple letter and perform basic mathematical calculation (ie, counting and addition/subtraction).”
Pakistan has the highest number of out-of-school children worldwide after Nigeria:
Approximately 22.7 million Pakistani children age 5 to 16. 44 percent of this age group did not
participate in education in 2017. In 2017, Pakistan's total literacy rate was around 59 percent, with
less than 47 percent of women being literate and more than 71 percent of men. Literacy rate ranges
from 87% in Islamabad to 20% in Kohlu district, Baluchistan. In Pakistan, people of different ages
having the literacy rate as follows:
➢ Ages between 55-64 have 30%
Area wise Literacy rate
• Punjab-64.7%
• Sindh-62.2%
• KPK- 55.5%
• Balochistan -55.3%
• Islamabad 87%
• Azad Jammu and Kashmir 74
• Gilgit Baltistan 53%
• Tribal areas 22%
Factors Affecting Literacy
There are many factors which affect literacy in Pakistan. Some of which are mentioned below:
i. Poverty
ii. Bifurcated Education System
iii. Regional disparity
iv. Untrained teachers
v. Lack of technical/relevant education
vi. Corruption
vii. Management problems
viii. Quality of textbooks
ix. Academic issues ( quantitative rather than qualitative )
x. Low allocation of funds for education
xi. Pakistan allocates the lowest share of GDP (2.9%) in Asia, after Sri Lanka
Topic 148: Sociological Perspectives on Education

Functionalist Perspective:
Children must learn the knowledge and skills they will need as adults. Education generates new
knowledge, which is useful in adapting to changing conditions. Education serves to produce a
society of individuals who share a common national identity. Schools foster social integration and
national unity by teaching a core set of skills and values. For societies to survive, they must pass
on core values of their culture. Societies use education to support their communities’ social and
political system. Education screens and selects the members of society for the work they will do
as adults. Schools in industrialized countries identify students who show special talents and
abilities at an early age.
Conflict Perspective:
Education serves to sort students into social ranks and to limit the potential of certain individuals
and groups to gain power and social rewards. Students’ achievement or failure tends to reflect
existing inequalities. Tracking involves the assignment of students to different types of educational
programs. Classroom instructions used in the different tracks serve to reproduce the status quo.
According to conflict perspectives, opportunities for educational success are distributed unequally.
Students of Higher-status institutions have privilege over students of lower-status educational
institutions. Schools produce unquestioning citizens who accept the basic inequalities of the social
system.
Hidden curriculum: Schools’ transmission of cultural goals that are not openly acknowledged.
Interactionist Perspective:
Student-Teacher Interaction
Students labeled fast learners or slow learners without any data eventually took on the
characteristics of the label. A self-fulfilling prophecy is a prediction that leads to behavior that
makes the prediction come true. When teachers treat students as if they are bright and capable, the
students begin to think of themselves in this way, and vice versa.
Lesson 37
SOCIAL STRATIFICATION-I
Topic 149-152
Topic 149: What is Social Stratification?
The word stratification derives from the latin word, “stratum” (plural starta parallel, horizontal
layers). It is refers to a given society’s categorization of its people into rankings of socio economics
tiers. Society is divided based on economic, social, religious and other aspects Stratification is a
term used in social sciences to describe relative social position of persons in a given social group,
category, geographical region or other social unit. It is based on factors like wealth, income, social
status, occupation and power.
Definitions:
According to Raymond W. Murray,“Social stratification is horizontal division of society into
higher and lower social units”.
According to Ogburn and Nimkof, Social stratification is a, “process by which individuals and
groups are ranked in a more or less enduring hierarchy of status is known as stratification.”
Origin:
The origin of the social stratification is can be traced from the following societies, and factors,
which are mentioned below:
i. Hunting and gathering societies
ii. Horticulture, pastoral, and agriculture societies
iii. Industrial societies
iv. Post-industrial societies
v. The improvement of working conditions
vi. Division of labor and job specialization
Types of social stratification

Types of social stratification are mentioned below:
1. Social Stratification
Social stratification is based on caste system. For example Rajput, Sayyed, etc.,
2. Economic Stratification
Economic stratification is based on class system. For example; Upper class, Middle class, and
lower class.
3. Heredity Stratification
Heredity stratification is based on race system. For example; Asian, and etc.,
Characteristics of Stratification:
Following are the characteristics of the social stratification.
1. Stratification is ancient.
2. Stratification is universal.
3. Social stratification is in diverse forms.
4. Stratification is socially constructed.
5. Social stratification is consequential.
Topic 150: Functions of Social Stratification

Social stratification is useful for the progress and well being of society. We can take into account
two forms of stratification.
1. Ascribed Stratification
2. Achieved Stratification
1. Ascribed Stratification
In ascribed stratification, status fixed at birth time. In ascribed stratification different castes are
arranged in a hierarchy within the caste system:
➢ One who performs his/her role effectively occupies a high status.
➢ One who doesn’t play his/her role properly occupies lower status even from same cast.
Fixation of status of a caste group also facilitates better training of the members. As member are
made aware about the future roles. For these roles, child starts getting training from childhood.
There is also interdependence of caste because of the specialization of their roles.
2. Achieved Stratification
In achieved stratification, social status is assigned under the worth of individual. This status is
earned based on merit or one’s choice. An individual may become an athlete, lawyer, doctor
spouse, parent criminal professor.
Function for individual
No doubt system of stratification is applicable to whole society yet it serves some functions for
individual also. These functions are mentioned below:
1. Competition: Individuals based on their attributes compete with each other. Better
attributes get greater recognition. Competition is present in the fields of sports, education,
and occupation.
2. Recognition of Talent: Person with more training skills, experience, and education are
given better positions. Deserving candidates are encouraged and supported. They acquire
better talent.
3. Motivation: Social stratification motivates the individual to work hard to improve status.
It is more true in case of those societies statuses are achieved
4. Job satisfaction: Jobs are given according to their skills and education. Worker get job
satisfaction
5. Mobility: “Work hard and move up in social ladder”. Social stratification also provides
opportunity for upwards and downwards mobility. It provides the hope for the possibility
of change in position. It keeps the people alert and make them work hard.
Topic 151: Stratification in Pakistani Society by Class
Societies are separated into different tiers. Society is divided into a hierarchal structure due to
stratification. Each class has different access to power. Economic, cultural, and religious interests
exist between different classes.
1. Upper Social Class
Upper social class accounts around 2% of total society. They are highly paid professions and
businessmen. They live in the luxurious places of country.They include:
➢ Top management of the country
➢ Business Tycoons
➢ High Status Leaderships
➢ Celebrities
2. Middle class
Middle class accounts for 28% of total population. They have the highest social mobility. They
live comfortably than poor class, and financially lower than upper class. Norms of middle class
are similar to poor due to recent switching to middle class.
3. Working Class
Middle class accounts for 70% of total population. They have the lowest social mobility. Rate of
deviance is high in working class. They are usually drug or narcotics addicted. They are mostly
unemployed or get employment for short term. They lack of long term planning
Topic 152: Stratification in Pakistani Society by Caste
Type of social classification which divides people on the basis of inherited social status is caste
system. Castes are based on the profession in the community. Zamindar, or landowner, is the
highest; then lohar-thrukkhan, or blacksmith-carpenter; then poly, or weaver; mochi, or cobbler;
meerasi-naie, or entertainer-barber.
The caste system, in its feudal origins, reflected the importance of professions and occupations for
agricultural output. The Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan has a clause for castes
under the article "Schedule Castes." They are defined by birth, even if you change your profession
from cobbler to surgeon. To get rid of this stigma, a lot of so-called low-caste people migrate to
cities, and there they change their castes. Usually, they try to link their ancestry to the prophet
Mohammed and label themselves as Sayyed.
Blacksmith-carpenters were important because they produced tools for agriculture, thus their high
status. Pakistan is predominantly an underdeveloped agricultural society. While the caste system
has religious approval under Hinduism, it has no future in an industrializing Muslim society. In an
industrial era, castes are replaced by classes.
Lesson 38
SOCIAL STRATIFICATION-II
Topic 153-155
Topic 153: Impacts of Stratification in Pakistan
Social stratification in Pakistan leads to inequality regarding,
• Health sector
• Education
• Bounds individual action
• Specification of social roles
• Societal laws
1. Health sector: Health sector is characterized by the expensive health care facilities, and
VIP culture. There is different treatment quality, and discriminatory attitude of care
providers. There is also unequal distribution of clean water and unsafe environment in
different zones of a city.
2. Education: In Pakistan, there are different education systems, and discriminatory methods
of teaching. There are also language conflicts among different classes. This stratification
leads towards stigmatization, and job discrimination.
3. Bounds individual action: Different political affiliation limits our opportunities to work
and our cognitive abilities. It leads towards stereotyping, labeling, and stops one to ask
question.
4. Specification of social roles: It also specifies the different roles. Mother bound to care for
children. Father bound to be bread earner. Children are bound to respect their elders and
parents. Elder brother is supposed to be economically responsible for siblings. Preferred
specific professions like Doctors, Engineers and Bankers etc.
5. Societal laws: Stratification is also responsible for discrimination in justice system, like
punishment, traffic rules, and even bank policies.
Topic 154: Sociological Theories of Stratification
What Determines Social Class?
Karl Marx: To Karl Marx, “The Means of Production” determines the social class. To him,
there are just two classes of people:
i. the bourgeoisie (capitalists), those who own the means of production, and
ii. the proletariat (workers), those who work for the owners.
In short, people’s relationship to the means of production determines their social class.
➢ Class consciousness: Marx’s term for awareness of a common identity based on one’s
position in the means of production.
➢ False class consciousness: Marx’s term to refer to workers identifying with the interests
of capitalists.
Max Weber: To Max Weber, “Property, Power, and Prestige” determines the social class.
1. Property (or wealth), is significant in determining a person’s standing in society. However,
ownership is not the only significant aspect of property. For example, some powerful
people, such as managers of corporations, control the means of production even though
they do not own them.
2. Power is the ability to control others, even over their objections. For example, prestige can
be turned into power. Two well-known examples are cricket player Imran Khan, who
became politician and PM of Pakistan, and Celebrity Jawad Ahmad who also became
politician and head of a political party.
3. Prestige is often derived from property and power, since people tend to admire the wealthy
and powerful. Sports celebrities, for example, might not own property or be powerful, yet
they have high prestige. Those who are paid for endorsing a certain brand.
In other words, property and prestige are not one-way streets: Although property can bring
prestige, prestige can also bring property.
Functionalism: According to functionalism, stratification is responsible for motivating qualified
people. Patterns of behavior that characterize a society exist because they are functional for that
society. Because social inequality is universal, inequality must help societies survive:
➢ For society to function, its positions must be filled.
➢ Some positions are more important than others.
➢ The more important positions must be filled by the more qualified people.
➢ To motivate the more qualified people to fill these positions, they must be offered greater
rewards.
Topic 155: How Do Elites Maintain Stratification?
Elites maintain stratification in society through following tactics:
1. Controlling People’s Ideas
Why didn’t the peasants rebel and take over the land themselves?
Ideology (beliefs that justify the way things are) comes into play.They developed an ideology
known as the divine right of kings—the idea that the king’s authority comes directly from God
and must be obeyed. Schools teach that their country’s form of government is good. Leaders, must
also conform at least outwardly to the controlling ideas.
2. Controlling Information
Leaders have put tight controls on Internet cafes and search engines. Lacking such power, the
ruling elites of democracies rely on covert means. A favorite tactic of U.S. presidents is to withhold
information “in the interest of national security”.
3. Shifting Criticism
Like the rest of us, the power elite doesn’t like to be criticized. But unlike the rest of us, they have
the power to do something about it. Fear is a favorite tactic.
➢ Julian Assange – Wikileaks
➢ Edward Snowden – Whistleblower
Are the prominent examples of shifting criticism.
4. Big Brother Technology
The big brother technology is used to monitor citizens without their consent. Drones silently patrol
the skies. Software programs can read the entire contents of a computer in a second. Security
cameras, face-recognition systems, and laser scanners are some of the examples of big brother
technology. To maintain stratification, the elite try to dominate its society’s institutions.
Lesson 39
OVERVIEW OF DEMOGRAPHIC/POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS PAKISTANI
SOCIETY
Topic 156-159
Topic 156: Introduction to Demography
Pakistan is world’s 5th most populous country. The population of Pakistan is 207.8 million (Census
2017). The natural growth rate is 21 persons per thousand population. Pakistan is projected to
become the 4th largest population in the world by 2050.
Definition
• Population refers to a group of people that share one or more characteristics and from which
data can be gathered or analyzed
• A population is collection of individuals that both belong to same group or species and
live in the same geographical area
Population Size
Population size is defined as the number of individuals present in a subjectively designated
geographic range. Pakistan’s population size is estimated to be 220 million as of 2020. It is an
important characteristic of population with a significant implication for the dynamics of the
population. In Pakistan, small populations are at greater risk of extinction. National policy and
planning greatly depends on the population size and its dynamics.
Population Density
Population density refers to the size of population in relation to the amount of space it occupies.
Density is usually expressed as the number of individuals per unit area or volume. It is a dynamic
characteristic that changes overtime as individuals are added or removed from the population
Age Structure
Not all individuals contribute equally to a population. To characterize the different contribution by
different individuals, individuals are sored into age-specific categories called age-cohorts. A
profile of the size and age structure of the cohorts is created to determine the reproductive potential
of that population. Hence the current and future growth of population is estimated.
Fecundity
Fecundity refers to the number of offspring, and individual is able to produce during a given period
of time. It is calculated in age-specific birth rates. Fecundity rate of Pakistan is 3.425 births per
woman. Fecundity can be expressed in:
➢ The number of birth per unit of time.
➢ The number of birth per female per unit of time.
➢ The number of birth per 1,000 individuals per unit of time.
Mortality
Mortality is the measure of individual deaths in a population. The mortality rate in Pakistan is 6.9
per 1,000 people. Mortality rate is measured as the number of individuals that die in a given period.
The death rate in Pakistan has declined from 15.3 per 1,000 in 1970 to 6.9 per 1,000 in 2019.
Topic 157: Population Distribution of Pakistan
Pakistan has an estimated population of 220 millions in 2020. Various population distribution of
Pakistan is mentioned below:
➢ The number of households in the country is 32 million.

➢ The number of male population is 106 millions.
➢ The number of female population is 101 million.
➢ The number of transgender population is 300,000.

➢ The total rural population in Pakistan is 132 million.
➢ The total urban population is 75 million.
Population distribution in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

KP has a population of 30.5 million. Various population distribution of KPK is mentioned below:
➢ The number of households in the province is 3.85 million.

➢ The number of male population is 15.4 millions.
➢ The number of female population is 15 million.
➢ The number of transgender population is 913 individuals.
➢ The total rural population in Pakistan is 24.7 million.
➢ The total urban population is 5.7 million.
Population distribution in Punjab

Punjab has a population of 110 million. Various population distribution of Punjab is mentioned
below:

➢ The number of female population is 54.01 million.
➢ The number of transgender population is 6.7 thousands.
Population distribution in Sindh

Sindh has a population of 47.8 million. Various population distribution of Sindh is mentioned
below:

➢ The number of transgender population is 2.5 thousands.
Population distribution in Balochistan

Balochistan has a population of 12.3 million. Various population distribution of Balochistan is
mentioned below:

Population distribution in FATA

FATA has a population of 5 million. Various population distribution of FATA is mentioned below:
➢ The number of households in the region is 0.5 million.

Population distribution in Islamabad

Islamabad has a population of 2 million. Various population distribution of Islamabad is mentioned
below:
➢ The number of households in the capital city is 0.3 million.

Topic 158: Contextualizing Pakistani Population
Introduction
Pakistan is the 5th most populous country globally. It has a population of 220 million. The
population of Pakistan is equivalent to 2.83% of the total world population. The growth rate of
pakistan is 2.029% as of 2019. World population growth rate declined from 2.2% to 1.05% in last
50 years.
Population Growth
Global population grows at the rate of 1.05% annually.
➢ Population growth in South Asia is 1.17% annually.
➢ Indian population grows at the rate of 1.0% annually.
➢ The population of United States grows at the rate of 0.6% annually.
➢ The Chinese population grows at the rate of 0.5% annually.
➢ Population of Pakistan, however, grows at the rate of 2.1% annually.
Population Density
Global population density is 14.7 per square kilometer.
➢ Population density in Pakistan is 287 per Square Kilometer.
➢ Indian population density is 382 per square kilometer.
➢ United States population density is 36 per Square Kilometer.
➢ China has a population density of 153 per square kilometer.
➢ South Asian population density is 303 per square kilometer.
Population Size
➢ The population of China is 1398.03 million.
➢ The population of India is 1391.89 million.
➢ United States has a population of 329.15 million.

➢ Indonesia has a population of 268.42 million.
➢ Pakistani population is 216.57 million.
➢ Brazil has a population of 209.96 million.
➢ Nigeria has a population of 200.96 million.
➢ Bangladesh has a population of 163.67 million.
➢ Russia has a population of 146.73 million.
➢ Mexico has a population of 126.58 million.
Growth of population between 2000-2020

➢ The population of China grew by 13.4%
➢ The population of India grew by 37.1%
➢ The population of United states grew by 17.3%.
➢ Indonesian population grew by 27.7%.
➢ Pakistani population grew by 44.9%.
➢ Brazilian population grew by 21.9%.
➢ The population of Nigeria grew by 66.3%.
➢ The population of Bangladesh grew by 27.9%.
Topic 159: Comparison of Population of Pakistan Province Wise

➢ The population of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa is 35.5 million.
➢ The population of Punjab is 110 million.
➢ The population of Sindh is 47.9 million.
➢ The population of Balochistan is 12.34 million.
➢ The population of Islamabad Capital Territory is 1.12 million.
Urban population
➢ The urban population in Punjab is 31.3%.
➢ The urban population in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa is 16.9%.
➢ The urban population in Sindh is 48.8%.
➢ The urban population in Balochistan is 23.4%.
➢ Urban Population in FATA is 2.7%.
➢ The urban population in Islamabad is 65.7%.
Rural Population
➢ Rural population in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa is 83.1%.
➢ Rural population in FATA is 97.3%.
➢ Rural population in Punjab is 68.7%.
➢ Rural population in in Sindh is 51.2%.
➢ Rural population in Balochistan is 76.1%.
➢ Rural population in Islamabad is 34.3%.
Population Density
➢ Population density in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa is 238.1 per Sq. Km.
➢ Population density in FATA is 116.7 per Sq. Km.
➢ Population density in Punjab is 358.5 per Sq. Km.
➢ Population density in Sindh is 216 per Sq. Km.
➢ Population density in Balochistan is 18.9 per Sq. Km.
➢ Population density in Islamabad is 888.8 per Sq. Km.
Male Population
➢ The male Population in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa is 15.4 million.
➢ The male population in Punjab is 55.9 million.
➢ The male population in Sindh is 24.9 million.
➢ The male population in Balochistan is 6.4 million.
Female Population
➢ The population of female in Punjab is 54.05 million.
➢ The population of female in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa is 15.05 million.
➢ The population of female in Balochistan is 5.8 million.
➢ The population of female in Sindh is 22.9 million.
Lesson 40
FACTOR CONTRIBUTING TO SOCIO-CULTURAL CHANGE IN PAKISTAN
Topic 160 - 164
Topic 160: Introduction of Socio-Cultural Change
Socio-cultural change refers to the phenomenon describing how cultures and societies have change
over time. It refers to any significant alteration over time in behavior pattern, cultural values, and
norms. Examples of social change include:
➢ The industrial revolution
➢ The abolition of slavery
➢ The feminist movement
Definitions of Social Change
1. Social change means that large number of persons are engaging in activities that differ
from those in which they are their parents were engaged some times before. (F.F.Meril)
2. Social change is a term used to describe variations or modification of any aspect of a
social process, social pattern, social interaction, or social organization. – Jones
3. By social change is meant only such as secure in social organization that is, the structure
and functions of society.”- Davis.K
Characteristics of Social Change
1. Change is Social: Social change obviously means a change in the system of social
relationship. The change whose influence is felt in a community form can be called a social
change. The change that has significance for every segment of society can be considered
as a social change
2. Social change is universal: Change is the universal law of nature. The social structure,
social institutions, and social organizations are dynamic. Social change occurs in all
societies. No society remains static forever. Nothing is permanent except for change.
3. Social change occurs as an essential law: Social change is an unavoidable law of nature.
Our needs keep on changing to satisfy our desire for change. To satisfy these needs, social
change becomes a necessity.
4. Social change is continuous: Social change is an ongoing process. Society is continuously
changing since time immemorial. All societies undergo change. The present state of
societies is a product of continuous social change.
Topic 161: Models of Social Change
Social change has been described differently over the course of time. Some call it as a natural
process in the universe. While, some claim it to be a class conflict. Others call it a necessary
decline.
1. Evolutionary Theory: Societies move in specific directions. It is viewed as progressing

to higher levels. Our own cultural attitudes and behaviors were more advanced than those
of earlier societies. Evolutionary theories view society as in constant change
2. Unilinear Evolutionary theories: Auguste Comte saw society as progressing into positive
using scientific methods. Emile Durkheim saw societies as moving from simple to complex
social structure, and Herbert Spencer compared societies to a living organism with inter-
related parts moving towards a common end.
3. Multi-linear evolutionary theory: Gerhard Lenski views social change as multi-linear
rather than uni-linear. It holds that change can occur in several ways. Change does not
inevitably lead in the same direction. Human societies have evolved along differing lines.
4. Functionalist Theory: Functionalist sociologist emphasize on what maintains the society
not change it. Functionalists view society as being in a natural state of being stable and
balanced. According to equilibrium theory, change in one aspect of society requires
adjustment in other parts of the society. In the absence of these adjustments, equilibrium
disappears.
5. Conflict Theory: Conflict theory views society as being composed of bourgeoisie and
proletariat. Bourgeoisie ensures the status quo in which social practices and institutions
favorable to them continue. Change plays a critical role in remedying social inequalities
and injustices.
Karl Marx accepted to the evolutionary argument that societies develop along a specific
direction. He did not agree to its postulate of progress with each subsequent stage. Rather,
he argued that history proceeds in stages in which the rich always exploit the poor and
week as a class of people
Topic 162: Causes of Social Change
Social change occurs due to a variety of reasons. Each society experiences a new factor behind
this change. Some societies achieve it through political mobilization. Some societies experience it
due to technological advancements. Some of the important causes of social change are mentioned
below:
1. Technological advancement: Technological advancement change the way society

functions. It changes the means of communication. It also changes the ways people do
economic transactions. Technological advancement also engineers the change in the
patterns of conflicts and wars. Agricultural advancement and industrialization are common
examples of technological advancement oriented changes.
2. Modernization: Modernization has brought about with itself standardization as towards
modern tools, new norms of clothing and attires, new ways of conducting social interaction,
new set of norms, values, and laws.
3. Bureaucratization: Bureaucratization emphasizes on rules and regulations. It Introduced
new values of professionalism, and prefers impersonality.
4. Urbanization: Urbanization is moving societies from rural areas to urban areas. It refers
to change in the pattern of living. Complex division of labor, and less frequent interaction
are the characteristics of urbanization.
5. Conflict and Competition: War, ethnic tensions, competition for resources, gender and
women’s movement, equal pay, and property are also causes of social change.
6. Ideology: Religious beliefs, and political ideologies also causes social change.
Topic 163: Goals of Social Change
Why do people make efforts for social change? What are the particular goals of social change?
Why is social change necessary? This topic tends to provide brief sociological answers to these
questions.
Goals of Social Change
1. Resistance: Resistance refers to the actions intended to defend or protect established

everyday life from new outside oppression. A society where people are safe from any
outside oppression is considered more “free”. Groups that have thrown off their oppressors
resist any change that might restrain their freedom. Resistance can be quite reactionary.
Resistance from outside oppression is one of the goals of the social change.
2. Liberation (Empowerment): Liberation refers to actions to overcome ongoing traditional
oppression. The purpose of liberation is to achieve full measure of everyday rights and
opportunities. A society is more “just” if all people in this society can obtain the freedom
that everybody else enjoys.
3. Democratization (Enfranchisement): Democratization refers to actions that aim to
spread decision making power broadly to everyone affected by those decisions. Provision
of decision making authorities to all the people in the society is one of the goals of the
social change.
4. Humanization: Humanization refers to the actions that society will defend or protect the
rights of everyone in the society. It also refers to the actions that are directed to the
protection of the rights of the lowest segments of the society and of those who cannot
protect their rights themselves.
5. Social Equilibrium: Social equilibrium refers to the process in which each subsystem will
adjust to change in other subsystems and will continue to do so until equilibrium retained.
Social equilibrium is one of the goals of the social change. Change in one aspect of the
society requires change in the other parts of the society.
Topic 164: What is Cultural Change?
According to Horton and Hunt, “Culture is everything which is socially shared and learned by the
members of the society.” It refers to a group or community which shares common experiences that
shapes the way its member understand the world. It is a word for people’s “way of life”
Cultural change: Cultural change refers to the modification of a society through innovation,
invention, discovery, or contact with other societies. In its nature, culture is a dynamic and fluid
phenomenon that oversees change across time
Ways of Cultural Change: Cultural changes are set in motion in three ways, which are mentioned
below:
1. Invention: Invention can be defined as the process of creating new cultural elements. It
adds something in the culture either through material invention or non-material one.
2. Diffusion: Diffusion refers to the spread of cultural traits from one society to another.
Factors of Diffusion: Following are the factors of the diffusion;
i. Occupation/ Conquest
ii. Immigration/ emigration
iii. Globalization
Changes in the natural environment: Environment also plays an important role in cultural
change. It changes our food pattern. It also changes our clothing pattern. It introduces change in
our daily routine. Environment also changes our ways of interaction with nature.
Lesson 41
SOCIAL ISSUES OF PAKISTAN
Topic 165 – 169
Topic 165: What are Social Issues?
Pakistan is a nation that consists of many civilizations with different cultures, languages, lifestyle
and background. These variations brings a huge challenge for government. Pakistan is confronted
with a number of social issues.
Definition
“A situation confronting a group or a section of society which inflicts injurious conseqenses
that can be handled only collectively.” (Reinhardt)
A social issue is an issue that has been recognized by society as a problem that is preventing society
from functioning at an optimal level.
Major Social Issues of Pakistan

1. Poverty 2. Illiteracy
3. Terrorism 4. Bad Governance
5. Child Labour 6. Smuggling
7. Population Growth 8. Social Class System
9. Gender Discrimination 10. Internal and External Migration
Characteristics of Social Issues

1. Social issues are interconnected.
2. Social issues are social in origin.
3. Social issues occur in all societies.
4. Social issues affect all section of society.
5. Social issues have harmful consequences to society.
6. Social issues are deviation from the normal situation.
7. Social issues have different impact on different individuals.
8. Social issues require a collective approach for their solution.
Topic 166: Major Social Issues of Pakistan

According to UN, there are 7.6 million drug addicts in Pakistan. An average of 36 thousand people
are killed on roads annually. 23.4% of the population lives below the poverty line. 40% of the
population is illiterate. Around 20 thousand civilians were killed in terrorist attacks during 2000-
20. Some of the major issues major issues prevalent in Pakistan are mentioned below:
1. Poverty: 24.3% of the population in the country lives below the poverty line. Per capita
income of Pakistan is 5,860. One in three Pakistanis live below the poverty line. 74% of
the poor people live on less than US$2 a day and 17% live on less than US$1.25. Under-
employment is one of the major causes of poverty.
2. Unemployment: Unemployment occurs when a person who is actively searching for a job
is unable to find work. Unemployment rate in Pakistan was 4.5% in 2019. Traditional
educational system is one of the causes of unemployment.
3. Illiteracy: Illiteracy can be defined as the inability to read and write. Person who is unable
to read and write is illiterate. 40% of the population in the country is illiterate. Only one in
three women can read and write. Pakistan has one of the lowest education budget in the
world. Only 2.3% of the GDP is spent on education.
4. Terrorism: Terrorism can be defined as the threatened use of force design to bring about
political change. It is unlawful use of force or violence against person or property. More
than 52,000 people have been killed in terrorist attacks during 2002-2013. The property
damage it has inflicted is very huge.
Topic 167: Poverty in Pakistan
As of 2015, 24% of Pakistani citizens live below the poverty line. Nearly 4% live below $1.90 a
day. An average of 7% of babies die before their 5th birthday. 40% of Pakistani population is
illiterate. Pakistan has a population growth rate of 2.1%. Poverty rate in the different provinces of
Pakistan is mentioned below:
1. Poverty in Baluchistan: 80% of the population in Baluchistan does not have access to
safe-drinking water. 75% of the villages have no electricity facilities. Infant mortality rate
in Baluchistan is 108 out of 1000. Only 6% of the lands is cultivable with low productivity.
2. Poverty in Sindh: 43.1% of the Sindh population lives below poverty line. The poorest
district in the country is in Sindh. Poverty rate in the rural areas of Sindh is 75%. 85% of
the residents of Umarkot district of Sindh lives below the poverty line. 78.5% of the
residents of Thatta lives below poverty line.
3. Poverty in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Poverty rate in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa stands at 49%.
2.5 million children in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa are out of school. 800 terrorist attacks took
place in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa between 2013-16. 42% of the population of Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa is illiterate. Neonatal death ratio is 18% in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.
4. Poverty in Punjab: 54.6% of the rural population in Punjab lives below the poverty line.
39% of the population of Punjab is illiterate. Only in 2020, 50 thousands of criminal cases
were registered throughout Punjab. 3631 murder cases were registered in the same time
duration.
Topic 168: Causes of Social Issue in Pakistan
Different causes can occur for different social issues in Pakistan. The causes of social issues are
as under:
Causes of Poverty
1. Overpopulation 2. Unemployment
3. Low National Income 4. Poor Industrial Standards
5. Lack of adequate governance 6. Inequality of Wealth distribution
Causes of Unemployment
There are several causes of unemployment. Some of which are mentioned below:
1. Terrorism 2. Energy Crisis
3. Bad Governance 5. Lack of Resources
4. Political Instability 6. Growth of Population
7. Entrenched Corruption 8. Lack of Modern Education
9. Deeply Embedded Poverty 10.
Causes of Illiteracy
1. Poor Education System 2. Learning Disabilities
3. Entrenched Poverty 4. Gender discrimination
5. Lack of infrastructure 6. Lack of schools in rural areas
7. Inadequate allocation of GDP to
education
Causes of Terrorism
1. Poverty 2. Illiteracy
3. Unemployment 4. Global Political Scenario
5. Global Political Scenario 6. Absence of law and order
7. Social and Political Injustice 8. Improper government set-up
Other Causes
1. Ideological conflicts 2. Internal migration
3. Lack of political will 4. Ineffective role of media
Topic 169: A Way Forward to Prosperous Country

There are various social, economic, political, educational and religious solutions, which can lead
to the prosperous Pakistan. These solutions are mentioned below:
1. Economic Solutions
i. Provision of quality education ii. Generation of job opportunities
iii. Provision of technical education iv. Controlling overpopulation
v. Promotion of agriculture vi. Equal access to markets
vii. Equal distribution of resources viii. Increasing the individual income
ix. Creation a safe working environment
2. Political Solutions
i. Formulation of vibrant policy ii. Elimination of terrorism
iii. Eradication of corruption iv. Eradication of energy crisis
v. Sufficient allocation of funds to vi. Establishment of training and technical
Education and Health skill center
vii. Encouragement of multinational
companies to invest
3. Social Remedies
i. Free and compulsory education ii. Social campaign against illiteracy
iii. Raising awareness about education iv. Betterment in school infrastructure
v. Raising awareness about water safety vi. Establishment of more schools in rural
areas
vii. Arrangement of seminars for making

people conformist
4. Religious Solutions
i. Promotion of interfaith harmony ii. Abolishment of hate literature
iii. Banning terrorist outfits iv. Elimination of extremism
v. Formulation of strict policy about hate vi. Taking madrassahs under direct
speech government control
vii. Indoctrination of the true spirit of Islam
among people
5. Educational Solutions
i. Adequate allocation of GDP to ii. Improving the infrastructure of
education education
iii. Establishment of a uniform education iv. Imparting professional training among
system teachers
v. Mobilization of community for
enrolling their children to schools
Lesson 42
POPULATION IN PAKISTAN
Topic 170 – 174
Topic 170: Introduction to Population
Word population refers to the group in general also to the size of population or the number of
individuals it contains. In simple words, population can be defined as the collection of humans, or
number of people in a city, town, region, country or world. It is usually determined by a process
called census.
Characteristics of Population
1. Population distribution
a) Dispersion: Spatial arrangement of organisms within an area.
b) Random: Haphazardly located individuals, with no pattern.
c) Uniform: Individuals are evenly spaced due to territoriality.
d) Clumped: Arranged according to availability of resources.
2. Sex ratio: Sex ratio can be defined as the proportion of males to females. In monogamous
species, a 50\50 sex ratio maximizes population growth.
3. Age structure: Age structure can be defined as the relative number of organisms of each
age within a population.
Factors of population change: There are four main factors of population change, which are
mentioned below:
1. Fertility: Fertility can be defined as the natural capability to produce offspring.
2. Mortality: Mortality refers to deaths within the population.
3. Immigration: Immigration is the arrival of individuals from outside the population.
4. Emigration: Emigration is departure of individuals from population.
Topic 171: Population Distribution in Pakistan
Ethnic groups
➢ Punjabi constitute 44.68% ➢ Sindhi constitute14.1%
➢ Baloch constitute 3.57% ➢ Pashtoon constitute 15.42%
➢ Saraiki constitute8.38% ➢ Muhajir constitute 7.57%
➢ Others 6.28%
Population growth rate: 2.1%
Birth rate: 24.81 births/ 1,000 population
Death rate: 6.92 deaths/ 1,000 population
Net migration rate: Net min-2.17 migrants/ 1,000 population
Languages spoken in Pakistan
➢ Punjabi 48% ➢ Sindhi 12% ➢ Saraiki 10%
➢ Pashtu 8% ➢ Urdu 8% ➢ Balochi 3%
➢ Hindko 2% ➢ Brahui 1%
Urbanization
Urban population of Pakistan is the 36 % of total population. Rate of urbanization is 3.1%.
Population density of Metropolitans:
➢ Karachi = 24000 per Km26 ➢ Lahore = 6300 per Km2

➢ Islamabad = 2089 per Km2
Topic 172: Causes of Overpopulation in Pakistan

One of the major issue of this planet is overpopulation. Population is growing continuously since
the end of Black Death. Significant increase has been witnessed in the last 50 years due to medical
advancement and increase in agriculture productivity. Some of the causes of overpopulation in
Pakistan are mentioned below:
1. Low standard of living: It is a widely assumed that people with low income have more
children. Poor persons are not afraid of a further fall in their standard of living as a result
of large number of children.
2. High population growth rate: Birth rate in Pakistan is very high. Rapid growth rate of
population is 2.1% in Pakistan.
3. Tropical climate: Tropical climate is also one of the reasons overpopulation in Pakistan.
Puberty is attained at early age in warmer climate. Pakistan has a considerably warmer
climate.
4. Drop in the death rate: Reduction in death rate is another cause of high population Date
rate in 1951 was 2.8% while it is just 0.73% in 2011.
5. Influx of refugees: An arrival of refugees from Afghanistan resulting in more population.
Pakistan is currently home to millions of Afghan refugees.
6. Son preference: Son preference is one of the causes of overpopulation. Son preference is
an accepted norm in Pakistan. Single person cannot support his large family in developing
countries. They think to have more children for more earning hands.
7. Absence of family planning: Effective family planning is not encouraged in Pakistan.
People are not sufficiently familiar with the method of family planning. Child birth is
considered a natural process and human intervention is fighting with the nature.
8. Early marriages: Early marriages are common feature in rural areas of Pakistan.
Marriages take place usually between 16 to 22 year of age in rural areas. Certain socio-
economic factors cause early marriages. Exchange marriage is also one of the causes of
early marriages in Pakistan.
9. Illiteracy: Illiteracy is one of the causes of overpopulation in Pakistan. 43% of the
population of Pakistan is illiterate. Illiteracy gives way to dogmatic narratives in the
society. Lack of research on the family planning and overpopulation further adds fuel to
the fire.
Topic 173: Impacts of Overpopulation in Pakistan
Overpopulation in affecting Pakistan in many ways, which are mentioned below:
1. Depletion of natural resources: Overpopulation gives way to the depletion of natural
resources. Earth can only produce a limited amount of and food which is falling short of
the current needs. Most of environmental damage being seen in last fifty odd years because
of growing population on earth. They are cutting down forests, hunting wild life in reckless
manner.
2. Environmental Degradation: Overpopulation also gives a way to the environmental

degradation by the over use of coal, oil and natural gas. It has started producing some
serious effects on our planet. Rise in number of vehicles and industries have badly affected
the quality of air. Rise in amount of CO2 emission leads to global warming, and changing
climate pattern.
3. Rise in Unemployment: High population in country gives rise to unemployment. Almost
5% of Pakistanis are unemployed. 14% are underemployed. Fewer jobs to support large
number of people. Rise in unemployment give rise to crime.
4. High cost of living: High living cost can be viewed as the difference between demand and
supply continues to expand. The rise in the prices of various commodities like food, shelter,
and clothing means that people have to pay more to survive and feed their families.
5. Less freedom more restrictions: Population density increases the restriction on freedom
of movement. It demands the need for more rules and restriction to regulate their
interactions. Democracy is threatened due to overpopulation and could give rise to
totalitarian style of governments.
6. Increased Crime Rate: Competitiveness for resources due to high population leads to
elevated crime rate. In order to survive, people adopt the illegal ways i.e., theft, and drug
cartels. Balanced population countries have low crime rate. Street Crimes have
significantly increased during recent years.
Topic 174: A Way Forward
Population control or management? High birth rate should be discouraged to reduce the population
size. Effective and successful family planning should be introduced. More contraceptives should
be introduced.
1. Better Education & Awareness

Effective awareness programs should be launched to sensitize the public. The US-based Population
Media Center gets creative to reach women. Its radio soap operas, which feature culturally specific
stories about reproductive issues, have been heard by as many as 500 million people in 50
countries. In Ethiopia, 63 per cent of women seeking reproductive health services reported tuning
in.
2. Tax Incentives
Various policies related to tax exemption to curb overpopulation. Lowering rate of income tax for
those married couples who have less children. UK charity Population Matters urges governments
to promote “responsible parenthood” and say subsidies should be limited to the first two children
unless the family is living in poverty.
3. Women Empowerment
Studies show that women with access to reproductive health services find it easier to break out of
poverty, while those who work are more likely to use birth control. Young women must be
educated to be advocates for their reproductive rights.
4. Promote Family Planning
Simply educating men and women about contraception can have a big impact. When Iran
introduced a national family planning programme in 1989, its fertility rate fell from 5.6 births per
woman to 2.6 in a decade. A similar effort in Rwanda saw a threefold increase in contraception
usage in just five years.
Lesson 43
POVERTY IN PAKISTAN
Topic 175 – 180
Topic 175: An Overview of Poverty in Pakistan
Globally, more than 736 million live below the poverty line. Around 10 percent of the world
population is living in extreme poverty. In 2018, almost 8 percent of the World’s workers and their
families lived on less than $1.90 a day. Most people living below the poverty line belong to
Southern Asian region and sub-Saharan Africa.
What is Poverty?
According to United Nations, “Poverty is the inability of having choices and opportunities, a
violation of human dignity”.
According to World Bank:
• Extreme Poverty is living on less than $1.90 per day in Purchasing Power Parity
• Moderate Poverty is earning less than $3.10 a day
Poverty in Pakistan
23.4% of the population in Pakistan lives below poverty line. 3.9% of employed people earn below
$1.90 a day. 20.3% of the population in the country is under-nourished. 37.6% of the children
below 5 years of age are stunted, while 140 maternal mortality ratio per 1000 live birth.
International Organizations Report about Poverty in Pakistan
According to UNDP, 65.5% of the population of Pakistan earns less than $2 per day
According to Social Policy Development Centre, 88% of Balochistan, 51% of KPK, 21% of
Sindh, and 25% of Punjab population is prey to poverty and deprivation
According to Asian Development Bank, 24.3% of population lives below the national poverty
line, 4.5% is the unemployment in the country, and 2.3% of the employed persons in the country
earn less than $1.90 a day.
Topic 176: Statistics of Poverty in Pakistan
National Poverty Statistics: The poverty rate in the country was 55.2% in 2004-05. The poverty
rate shrank to 52.5% in 2006-07. It further diminished to 49.3% in 2008-09. Poverty rate in 2010-
11 was 46.5% in the country. In 2012-13 it came down to 40.8%. The poverty rate in 2014-15 was
38.8%.
Poverty in Pakistan
70 65.8 66.12
60.5
60 57.13
49.15 49.1
50
40
30
20
10
0
2004-05 2006-07 2008-09 2010-11 2012-13 2014-15
Poverty in Punjab: The poverty rate in the province was 49.7% in 2004-05. The poverty rate
shrank to 46.4% in 2006-07. It further diminished to 43.2% in 2008-09. Poverty rate in 2010-11
was 40.0% in the province. In 2012-13 it came down to 34.7%. The poverty rate in 2014-15 was
31.5%.
Poverty in Punjab
80
70 65.866.12
60.5
60 57.13
49.1549.1
50
40
Series1
30
Linear (Series1)
20
10
0
200 200 200 201 201 201
4- 6- 8- 0- 2- 4-
05 07 09 11 13 15
Series1 65.866.160.557.149.249.1
Poverty in Sindh
Poverty ratio in Sindh was 57.3% in 2004-05. This ratio decreased to 53.7% in 2006-07. It further
shrank to 51.2% in 2008-09. By 2010-11, the poverty ratio in Sindh had diminished to 49.5%. In
2012-13, poverty ratio had been recorded to 44.6%. By 2014-15, the poverty rate in Sindh was
43.2%
POVERTY IN SINDH
70 65.8 66.12
60.5
60 57.13
49.15 49.1
50
40
30
20
10
0
2004- 2006- 2008- 2010- 2012- 2014-
05 07 09 11 13 15
Poverty in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Poverty ratio in KPK was 65.8% in 2004-05. This ratio
decreased to 66.1% in 2006-07. It further shrank to 60.5% in 2008-09. By 2010-11, the poverty
ratio in KPK had diminished to 57.0%. In 2012-13, poverty ratio had been recorded to 49.1%. By
2014-15, the poverty rate in KPK was 49.1%.
Poverty in KPK
70 65.8 66.12
60.5
60 57.13
49.15 49.1
50
40
30
20
10
0
2004- 2006- 2008- 2010- 2012- 2014-
05 07 09 11 13 15
Poverty in Balochistan: Poverty ratio in Balochistan was 83.4% in 2004-05. This ratio decreased
to 79.8% in 2006-07. It further shrank to 78.9% in 2008-09. By 2010-11, the poverty ratio in
Balochistan had diminished to 76.7%. In 2012-13, poverty ratio had been recorded to 71.9%. By
2014-15, the poverty rate in Balochistan was 71.0%.
Relative Change in the poverty 2004-15
Source: Finance.gov.pk
Topic 177: Sustainable Development Goals in Pakistan

Sustainable Development Goals include: No poverty, zero hunger, good health and well-being,
quality education, clean water and sanitation.
1. Goal 1| No Poverty
24.3% of population is living below national poverty line. 3.9% of population is living below $1.90
Purchasing Power Parity. 2.2% of the employed male population earn below $1.90 Purchasing
Power Parity. 2.7% of the female employed population earns below $1.90 a day in terms of
Purchasing Power Parity.
2. Goal 2|Zero Hunger
There is a prevalence of malnourishment among 20.3% of population in Pakistan. 37.6% of the
children below 5 years of age are stunted. 7.1% of the children below 5 years of age are wasted.
2.5% of the children under 5 years of age are overweight
3. Goal 3| Good Health and Well-being
Maternal Mortality Ration is 140 per 1000 live births in Pakistan. Neonatal Mortality Rate is 42
per 1000 in Pakistan. 265 per 100,000 people in Pakistan are suffering from Tuberculosis. 24.7%
of the mortality rate is attributed to cardiovascular diseases, cancer, Diabetes or other chronic
respiratory diseases.
4. Goal 4|Quality Education
87.3% of female population participate in Organized Learning 1 year before the official primary
entry age. 100% of the male population participate in Organized Learning 1 year before the official
primary entry age. 78% of the primary teachers have received at least the minimum Organized
Teaching Training. 58.2% of the lower secondary teachers have received at least minimum
Organized Teacher Training.
5. Goal 5|Clean Water and Sanitation
44% of population in Pakistan doesn’t have clean drinking water in Pakistan. 80 of rural population
lack access to clean drinking water in Pakistan. 53000 Pakistani children under 5 years of age die
annually from diarrhea due to poor water and sanitation (UNICEF). An estimated 70% of
households still drink bacterially contaminated water (UNICEF).
Topic 178: Causes of Poverty in Pakistan
There are a variety of causes of poverty in Pakistan. These causes include:
1. Lack of Education: The literacy rate in Pakistan is 59%. People do not have any concept
about modern earning sources. Most people are unable to adopt technology due to lack of
relevant skills.
2. Large Scale Import: Only in 2019 Pakistan’s imports include: $12.4 billion from China,
$6.33 billion from United Arab Emirates, $2.61 billion from United States, and $2.41
billion from Saudi Arabia. A huge revenue is consumed in imports each year.
3. Lack of Political Will: Political elite is not aware of the ground realities. The policies are
based on official surveys. These surveys lack in-depth understanding of poverty in the field.
The implementation of the policies lack efficiency.
4. Corruption: Transparency International 2017 Corruption Perception Index ranked
Pakistan 117th out of 180.
5. Privatization: Government is unable to manage the departments. Country has low reserve
assets. A number of companies are sold to foreign investors. Services provided by these
companies are costly.
6. Overpopulation: Pakistan has one of the highest population growth rate in South Asia
2.1%. The current population of country is 200.8 million. Since 1947, the population has
more than tripled. With limited resources, it is difficult to manage the growing population.
7. Unemployment: Pakistan has an unemployment rate of 4.45%. A huge chunk of
population is unemployed. Unemployment compliments poverty. There are no
opportunities for youth to utilize.
Other Causes of Poverty in Pakistan
➢ Inflation ➢ Nepotism
➢ Landlordism ➢ Backward Infrastructure
➢ Low Living Standards ➢ Low national income
➢ Increase in utility charges ➢ Non-Productive expenditures
➢ Imposition of unjustified taxes ➢ Worsening Law and order situation
Topic 179: Effects of Poverty in Pakistan

Many people in our country go to sleep without taking food every day. People below poverty line
are susceptible to chronic diseases. A huge chunk of population in the country has no access to
basic healthcare system. 44% of population has no access to clean drinking water in the country.
Effects of Poverty
1. Child Labour
More than 12.5 million children are involved in child labor. These children are between 10-14
years of age. 61% of these children are boys, and 88 % of the these children are from rural
backgrounds.
2. Crime and Violence
According to Pakistan Crime and Safety Report 2019, there were: 29,900 property crimes, 379
murders, 1220 assaults, 2650 kidnappings, 3230 burglary, 3115 robberies, 4300 vehicle theft, and
3700 motor bike theft.
3. Terrorism
Pakistan is facing serious issue of terrorism in 21st century. A strong relationship has been observed
between poverty and radicalization. Terrorism has affected foreign direct investment, domestic
investment, and government spending. There is a need to improve law and order for business
activities.
4. Health Problems
According to WHO 2019, Neonatal mortality rate is 49 per 1000 live births, while infant mortality
is 55 per 1000 live births.
5. Homelessness
There are 20 million homeless people in the country. Homelessness in Pakistan disproportionately
affects women and children. Multidimensional poverty is a factor for homelessness in Pakistan.
6. Shorter Lives
Poverty makes people susceptible to chronic diseases. Life expectancy rate in Pakistan is 67 years.
7. Juvenile Delinquency
Around 2000 juveniles are imprisoned in Pakistan. They tend to commit delinquency to feed
themselves and their families.
8. Hunger
Pakistan ranked 78th out of 113 countries in the Global Food Security Index of 2016. 43% of
Pakistani population face food security. 50% of children below 5 years of age in Sindh are stunted.
Pakistan ranked 106th out of 119 countries on the Global Hunger Index
Topic 180: Government Initiatives and the Way Forward
The poverty reduction in the country is in progress. The poverty in the country has reduced
drastically. Government of Pakistan has taken some successful steps to reduce poverty. Yet these
initiatives lack the potential to eliminate poverty from the country. There is a need for a holistic
solution.
Government Efforts to Reduce Poverty
1. Decentralization Plan 2003
It is an essential governance reform. It tends to replace existing power structure control to people.
It enacted a three tier local government plan.
2. Establishment of Khushali Bank 2000
Main aim of this bank was to support poor by making them economically active.
3. Pakistan Poverty Alleviation Fund 1997
It aimed to help poor through loan. It now works to increase the access of poor and micro-
enterprises to credit facilities.
4. The Zakat and Ushr Department 1980
It was an Islamic tradition. It tended to take Zakat from rich and distribute them among poor. 2.5%
of the zakat was imposed on the wealth of rich.
5. Pakistan Bait-ul-Mal 1992
It was established to work for poverty alleviation. Its focus is on widows, orphans, disabled, needy
and poor people. It provides: educational assistance, residential accommodation, free medical
treatment, and self-employment scheme. It is funded by Federal government
Suggestion/ Solutions
There are many solutions to eradicate the poverty of Pakistan. Some of which are mentioned
below:
➢ Control of Population ➢ Provision of Education
➢ Economic Growth ➢ Increasing agriculture
➢ Equal access to market ➢ Empowerment of Poor
➢ Provision of Micro-finance ➢ Development of Infrastructure
➢ Provision of Health care facilities
Lesson 44
SOCIAL ISSUE OF DRUG ABUSE IN PAKISTAN
Topic 181 – 185
Topic 181: Introduction to Drug Abuse in Pakistan
Around 4.77 million people use drugs in Pakistan. 0.96 Million people are addicts of heroin in
Pakistan. 40,000 people add up to the pool of drug users annually. Majority of drug users are
between 25-39 years of age.
What is Drug Abuse?
Drug abuse refers to the use of certain chemicals for the purpose of creating pleasurable effects on
the brain. There are 190 million drug users around the world. This menace is rising especially
among young adults under the age of 30.
Drug Categories:
1. Depressants: These cause depression of the brain’s faculties. Such drugs include: sleeping
pills, and heroine etc.
2. Stimulants: These cause stimulation of the brain, giving rise to alertness and an increased
burst of activity. Consequences of stimulants include: raised blood pressure, nausea or
vomiting, and behavioral changes.
3. Hallucinogens: These drugs cause a hallucinations and an “out of the world” feeling of
dissociation from oneself. Hallucinogens cause: distorted sensory perception, delusion, and
paranoia.
Topic 182: Types of Drugs
Classifying drugs by chemical similarities is useful because of their somewhat similar impacts and
risks. An individual who is addicted to a drug is more likely to abuse
Drug Classification based on Chemical Make Up
1. Alcohol: Alcohol is most widely abused substance across most of the world. It is legal in
a number of countries across globe. Alcohol creates feeling of euphoria and lower
inhibition. Beer, wine, and Liquor are common examples of alcohol.
2. Opioids: They are also called opiates. They are derived from the drug opium or chemicals
designed to mimic it. Opioids work by interacting with neurotransmitter in brain. It is also
used as a serious pain killer. Opioids are some of the most addictive of all known
substances. Common opioids are: Heroin, Fentanyl, and Oxycodone.
3. Benzodiazepines: Benzos are a class of drugs that function by interacting with
neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid-A (GABA-A). Each Benzo impacts the body
differently. Benzos are prescribed to treat a wide variety of psychiatric and sleep condition.
Benzos are highly addictive. Examples of benzos include: Ativan, Valium, and Xanax.
4. Cannabinoids: Cannabinoids create feeling of elation and ecstasy. Negatively impact
mental and physical functioning. It is most widely used drugs after alcohol. It is considered
less addictive than other drug classification. Examples of cannabinoids include: Hashish,
and Marijuana.
5. Barbiturates: Barbiturates act on central nervous system by slowing down its functioning,
it is used for anesthesia and treatment of epilepsy and headache. It is highly addictive
substance. Common examples include: Amytal, Luminal, etc.
Topic 183: Global Trends of Drug Abuse
183,000 annual drug related deaths were reported globally (UNODC). Globally, 35 million people
worldwide suffer from drug abuse disorder (World Drug Report 2019). An estimated 271 million
people use drugs.
United Kingdom
7,258 hospital admission for drug related mental and behavioral disorders in 2018. In 2018 alone,
17,031 people were poisoned by drug abuse. 2,503 people died because of drug abuse or drug
poisoning. In 2018 alone, 9.0% of adults (16-59) took an illicit drug.
Australia
3.4 million Australian reported using an illicit drug in 2019. Ecstasy pills and cannabis are widely
used drugs in Australian. 6.6 million People aged 14 and over used cannabis in their lifetime in
Australia. People aged between 20-29 are most likely to use drug substances in Australia.
India
India has a population of over a billion. 62.5 million people use Alcohol. 8.75 million people use
cannabis. Two million people use opiates. 0.6 million people use sedatives. About 25% of the users
of opiates and cannabis are likely to seek treatment.
Pakistan
6 million people use drugs. 4 million people use cannabis. 2.7 million addicts use opioids. 0.86
million people are heroin consumers. 1.5 million people sedatives. 0.4 million people use injecting
drugs. Women constitute 25% of all the drug addicts in Pakistan. Opiate dependents are 1% of the
total drug addicts in Pakistan.
Topic 184: Causes and Consequences of Drug Abuse
In low segments of society, use of opium, bhang, hashish, and alcohol was high in 1960. In 1983,
there were only five thousand hard drug addicts. The introduction of heroin increased the drug
addicts exponentially. By 2002, 4.1 million drug users reported in Pakistan.
Causes of Drug Abuse
Drugs such as Chars or Marijuana can be related to seek excitement, adventure, and thrill. Drugs
are also used to relieve tensions, pain and forget about frustration. Doctors also prescribe some
drugs for the purpose of treating some pain. The resultant state of euphoria is more enjoyable than
the pain it is prescribed to relieve.
People also use drugs due to traumatic situations. Poverty is also a contributing factor of drug
abuse. Lack of recreational opportunities also causes drug consumption. Unemployment is also
one of the causes of drug addiction. Peer pressure also pushes one to drug consumption
Impacts of Drug Abuse
Health related effects: It Damages immune system which increases susceptibility to infection.
Cardiovascular conditions, including heart attacks and collapsed veins, nausea, vomiting, and
abdominal pain, and liver failure.
Social Consequence: Social consequences of drug abuse include; loss of employment,

relationship loss, incarceration, financial trouble, homelessness, and risky sexual behavior.
Topic 185: A Remedial Approach to Drug Abuse
Drug addiction is a chronic disease. It is characterized by compulsive or uncontrollable drug
seeking behavior. It is a choice when you are doing it in the first time. Later it becomes a
compulsion and addict cannot help doing that. A holistic vision is need to do away with the
menace.
Objectives of the drug addiction treatment
1. It should enable the person stop using drugs.
2. It should enable person to stay drug-free.
3. It should help person to be productive in the family, at work, and in society.
Principles of Effective Treatment
1. Addiction is a complex but treatable disease.
2. No single treatment is right for everyone.
3. People need to have quick access to treatment.
4. Staying in treatment long enough is critical.
5. Treatment should address other possible mental disorders.
6. Treatment doesn’t need to be voluntary to be effective.
7. Drug use during treatment must be monitored continuously.
8. Treatment programs should test patients for HIV/AIDS.
9. Treatment plans must be reviewed often and modified to fit the patients’ changing
needs.
Treatment for drug addiction
1. Behavioral counselling, and medication.
2. Medical devices and application used to treat withdrawal symptoms or deliver skill
training.
3. Evaluation and treatment for co-occurring mental health issues such as depression and
anxiety.
4. Long-term follow up to re-indulge drug taking.
Lesson 45
MIGRATION IN PAKISTAN
Topic 186 - 191
Topic 186: Introduction to Human Migration
Migration is the temporary or permanent movement of people from one place to another. In-
migration is the arriving of people in an area from other places. Out-Migration is the leaving of
area to go to other areas. Migration can be internal within a country such as rural or urban.
Definition
Migration is the movement of people from one place in the world to another place in the world for
the purpose of taking up permanent or semi-permanent residence, usually across political
boundary
Types of Migration
1. Internal Migration: Moving to a new home within a state or continent
2. External Migration: Moving to a new home in a different state or continent
3. Emigration: Leaving one country to move to another country
4. Immigration: Moving into a new country
People who Migrate:
1. Emigrant: A person who is leaving a country to reside in another.
2. Immigrant: A person who is entering a country from another country to take a new
residence.
3. Refugee: A person who is residing outside his country due to fear of persecution for the
reasons race, religion, nationality, political or social orientation.
4. Internally Displaced People (IDP): A person who is forced to leave his home region
because of unfavorable conditions but does not cross any boundaries.
Topic 187: Theories on Human Migration
Migration is a very complex phenomenon. Migration is determined by a set of economic, political,
social, or environmental factors. It is also determined by the perception and behavior of individual
concerned.
Ravenstein’s Laws of Migration
There is an inverse relation between migration and distance. Majority of migrants move to short
distance only. Migration proceeds step by step. Inhabitants of rural areas have a greater mobility
for migration. Migration is highly age selective. Migration occurs mainly due to economic reasons.
Gravity Model
Migration between any two interacting centers is the function of their population size.
Overpopulation determines emigration. Under-population determines immigration. This model
was proposed by the exponents of Social Physics in nineteenth century.
Stouffer’s Theory of Mobility
Stouffer claimed that there is no necessary relationship between mobility and distance. Availability
of opportunities determines migration. Economic factors and the idea of their fulfilment are
forceful motivation behind migration.
Lee’s Theory
Migration is the net result of interplay between pull and push factors. Pull factors are the factors
that attract a migrant to come to a destination, such as economic opportunities etc. Push factors are
the factors that compel an individual to migrate to a new destination such as war etc.
The volume of migration varies with the degree of diversity in the area of destination. The volume
of migration varies with the fluctuation of economy. Migration tends to take place within the well
defined streams. Migrants responding to pull factors at destination tend to be positively selected.
Neoclassical Theory
It assumes that labor markets and economies move towards equilibrium. It considers migrants as
rational actors. Migrants move from societies where labor is abundant and wage is low. Decision
to migration are taken at individual level.
Migration Systems and Network
This theory focuses on the nexus between people at origin and destination. Migratory movements
are often connected to prior long-standing links between sending and receiving territories. These
connections give birth to migration systems. People move where they can rely on someone they
know.
World System Theory
World system theory emphasizes on migration from peripheral to core countries. Migrants move
from periphery to core while goods, capital and machinery flow from core to peripheral countries.
Migration occurs due to shortage of labor in the developed countries
Topic 188: Causes of Human Migration in Pakistan
An average of 4 million people migrate every year from and in the country. Top five countries of
destination for Pakistani migrants include:
1. Saudi Arabia
2. India
3. United Arab Emirates
4. United Kingdom
5. United States of America
Determinants of Migration
1. Economic Determinants: Economic determinants include;
➢ Poverty ➢ Unemployment
➢ Brain Drain ➢ Lack of incentives
➢ Prospects of Higher Wages ➢ Better Employment Opportunities
2. Socio-Political Determinants: Socio-Political determinants include:

➢ Warfare ➢ Exile
➢ Religious persecution ➢ Cultural persecution
➢ Threat of Conflict ➢ Racial persecution
➢ Low standard of life ➢ Ethnic Persecution
3. Ecological Determinants: Ecological determinants include:

➢ Floods ➢ Famine
➢ Earthquakes ➢ Global warming
➢ Climate change ➢ Constant heat-strokes
➢ Lack of sufficient rainfall ➢ Lack of agricultural products
Other Determinants: Other determinants of migration include;

➢ Education ➢ Marriage
➢ Business ➢ Tourism
➢ Communication Technology ➢ Idealization of other countries
➢ Exaggerated living conditions in other ➢

countries
Topic 189: Human Migration in Pakistan

Internal migration is roughly four times larger than the emigrant population. 13 percent of
Pakistani population is an internal migrant. Internal migration is undertaken by low skilled worker
who move to urban areas in search of job.
Determinants of Internal Migration
Rural-Urban wage differentials, and economic opportunities are the main determinants of internal
migrants. 35% of internal migration takes place for marriage purposes, 21% migrate with parents,
16.5% migrate for employment, and 9% migrants are seasonal migrants.
Migration from Punjab
According to Pakistan Bureau of Statistics, 1.05% of study migrants, 22.64% of marriage migrants,
38.00% moved with their parents, 8.72% are business migrants, 9.06% have migrated for
employment purposes, 1.17% are seasonal migrants, 0.07% have migrated for health purposes,
and others count for 19.29% of the migrants in Punjab.
Source: Pakistan Bureau of Statistics
Migration from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
2.02% of study migrants, 8.87% of marriage migrants, 57.51% moved with their parents, 7.14%
are business migrants, 16.53% have migrated for employment purposes, 0.76% are seasonal
migrants, 0.05% have migrated for health purposes, and others count for 7.12% of the migrants in
Punjab.
Migration from Khyber

Pakhtunkhwa
OTHERS 12.25
HEALTH 0.03
SEASONAL MIGRANTS 0.57
EMPLYMENT 24.15
BUSINESS MIGRANTS 12.34
MOVED WITH PARENTS 43.85
MARRIAGE 5.33
EDUCATION 1.47
0 10 20 30 40 50
Migration from Sindh
migrants, 0.12% have migrated for health purposes, and others count for 15.21% of the migrants
in Punjab.
MIGRATION from SINDH
02%
12% %
5%
0%
1%
24%
44%
12%
Education Marriage Moved with Parents

Business Migrants Emplyment Seasonal Migrants
Health Others

Migration from Balochistan
migrants, 0.03% have migrated for health purposes, and others count for 12.25% of the migrants
in Punjab.
Topic 190: Impacts of Human Migration

Human migration affects the human life in several ways. Street crime is more likely in diversified
areas. It has a major impact on morality. Urban migration provides a relativist approach to the
migrant. Urban areas contribute 80% in the GDP.
1. Impacts on individual level
➢ Irrelevant skill sets
➢ Stress/depression
➢ Uprooted from Family
➢ Educated and skilled people leave first
➢ Skilled farmers end up in unskilled labor
➢ Urban diseases
➢ English Medium Schooling
➢ No space for children to play
2. Impacts at Family Level
➢ Diminishing professions
➢ Changes in relation
➢ Uprooted from tribe
➢ Nuclear Family
➢ Hazardous urban slum places
➢ Weal Social Networking
➢ Ageing Urban Population
3. Effects at societal level
➢ Industrially produced goods are available
➢ Weakening of feudal hold
➢ Change in rural infrastructure
➢ Social and ethnic tensions between migrants and indigenous population
➢ Urban poverty
➢ “Ruralization” of urban areas
➢ Traffic congestion and road accidents
➢ Terrorism and crime
➢ Gender based violence
➢ Katchi abadis and informal settlements
➢ Loss of cultural heritage
➢ Decline in fertility and mortality
4. Economic Effects
➢ Uncertain income of daily wage labors
➢ Expenses on disease
➢ Costly social services for slum dwellers
➢ Increase in travel time
➢ Transportation expenses
➢ Irrelevant rural skills in urban areas, leaving gap behind
5. Socio-political impacts
➢ Unavailability of affordable housing
➢ Changing electoral constituencies
➢ Competition for power and resources
➢ Ethno-political tensions
➢ Emergence of new political players
➢ Conversion of agricultural land in housing colonies
Topic 191: Merits and Demerits of International Migration

$23.10 billion of remittances received in the fiscal year 2020. It helped the country a great deal
during Covid-19. Every Year, near 10,000 student visas are granted in Pakistan. Transnational
marriages attract a lot of Pakistanis to migrate abroad.
Merits of International Migration for Source Country
1. Reduction in unemployment as more jobs become available
2. Remittances are sent home from migrants living abroad
3. Migrants my return home with new set of skills
4. Increased political ties with migrants host country

5. Reduced pressure on education and healthcare system
Merits of International Migration for Host Country
1. Brain gain: Receiving educated and skilled workers
2. Trained migrants as source of cheap migrants
3. Increased cultural diversity
4. Growth of local market with increase of population
5. Increase in tax revenue for the host country
Demerits of International Migration for Source Country
1. Brain Drain: Losing your most educated skilled workers
2. A shortage of workers
3. An increase in the dependency ratio as economically active migrate
4. Separation of families
5. Creates dependency on remittance
Demerits of International Migration for Source Country
1. Increase in racial tensions between migrants and local population
2. Increased population will cause greater pollution and overcrowding
3. A rise in unemployment when migrants accept lower paid positions
4. An increase pressure on schools and hospitals
5. Growth of black markets

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Pakistani Society and Culture (SOC404) VU

Topic 001: Pakistani Society and Culture | Orientation

Topic 002: Basic Sociological and Cultural Terms and Definitions

Topic 003: Do Non-human have a culture?

Topic 004: Specific Feature of Cultures

Topic 005: Components of Culture

Topic 006: Vocabulary of Culture and Society

Topic 007: Difference Between the two Cultural Terms

Topic 008: Definitions Old vs New

Topic 009: Hunting and Gathering Societies

Topic 010:Horticultural and Agricultural Societies

• Animals are used to pull plows.

Topic 011: Industrial Societies

As productivity increased, means of transportation improved to better facilitate the transfer of

Topic 012: Typology of Society Based on Solidarity: Mechanical vs Organic

➢ Mechanical solidarity arises when individuals play similar-rather than different-roles

Topic 013: Typology of Society Based on Solidarity Gemeinschaft vs Gesellschaft

➢ characterized by a sense of "we" feeling,

Gemeinschaft, frequently translated as “community,” refers to individuals bound together by

Gesellschaft, frequently translated as “society,” refers to associations in which self-interest is the

Topic 014: Factors Defining Society

1. Human society is a system of social interaction, typically within geographical boundaries,

Topic 015: Material Culture and Non-material Culture

i. Indigenization, tradition, history, language, social currents, dynamics,

Topic 016: Ideal Culture and Real Culture

“Ideal” Versus “Real” Culture

Topic 017: Subculture

Topic 018: Counterculture

Topic 019: Elite Culture vs Popular Culture

iii. It is also called high culture

Topic 020: Cultural Universals

Topic 021: Factors Defining Culture

Topic 021: Changing Factors

➢ Different cultural traits with variations in a culture

Topic 023: Origins of the Concept of Society

Topic 024: Characteristics of Society

System of social interaction

Social institutions are the core organs

Usually same geographic boundaries

Cooperation, conflict and division of labour

Topic 025: Social structure

Institutions Roles Statutes Groups

Example; Social class distinctions

Topic 026: Diversity

Topic 027: Social Mobility

Topic 028: Social Influence

Basic concepts, retrieved from: https://ddceutkal.ac.in/Syllabus/MA_SOCIOLOGY/Paper-1.pdf

Topic 029: National Characteristics of Society

Sociological orientations to national character

Toward a Sociology of National Character

Topic 030: Geographic Characteristics

Topic 031: Difference between National & Geographic Characteristics

Topic 032: Culture as Learned Behaviour

Topic 033: Culture is Shared

Topic 034: Culture is based on Symbols

Topic 035: Culture is Integrated

Topic 036: Culture is Dynamic and Adaptive

Topic 037: Culture is Trans-missive

Topic 038: Culture is Idealistic

Topic 039: Culture is Gratifying