School

School in the modern time is treated as the most suitable, active and formal
agency of education. As per the changing need of the hour, school develops and grows
with its specific goals. It is emerged out of the demand for education and pressure on
the parents regarding their educational pursuit.
The word ‘School’ has been derived from the Greek word ‘Skhole’ that means
leisure. It was before in the ancient Greece to utilize leisure time in a systematic way.
But now this concept has changed to prime-time activity. It is an essential investment
field now on which the entire superstructure of life of the individual and nation will build.

Main Functions of School

(1) Conservation and promotion culture:
The school conserves the valuable culture, tradition, values of the society and
helps in promoting and developing these with the rolling of the time. It also spreads the
store of culture to the next generation.
(2) All-round development of the individual:
For all-round development of the individual school has a package of programs.
Through its different activities, it draws out the hidden potentialities of the child and
develops them in a proper way.
(3) Development of higher values of life:
School helps in developing and cultivating good and higher values like truth,
sympathy, love, cooperation, etc. in child. Through different social interactions and
moral teachings, it spreads the message of righteous living in a society.
(4) Development of social responsibility:
School is called a society in miniature. Because in schoolchild shares his feelings
with various children coming from different strata. So he learns the lessons of social
duty, responsibilities and understanding the feelings of others. So school helps in social
change and social control.
(5) Citizenship training:
School creates the first civic society for the child. So child learns the duty and civic
rights for the country as a responsible citizen. So school trains the lessons of citizenship
to a child.
(6) Adjustability in society:
School prepares child to face the problems of the society. So proper adjustment
and application of learned knowledge can be checked and guided by school. So the
main function of the school is to develop adjustment capacity of an individual.
(7) Vocational training:
Through different activities, school provides training in different vocations. It also
cultivates the values of dignity of work and labor. It prepares children to face any
challenge in the future to solve their bare necessities.
The role of school cannot be confined with these lines. In modern days, the role of
school has been increasing day by day. It is called the hub of learning. Every developed
state gives first priority to the schools for total national development. Really, school is
now a prestigious institution in the society, which can be called a man-making factory.
Besides parents, perhaps the biggest influence on a child's socioemotional development
is the school environment. This is not surprising. After all, children spend the majority of
every day at school, so of course it will influence how they develop.

Family

https://i.pinimg.com/originals/7b/4a/c5/7b4ac58aaeb95fc3b032cb062e83a136.jpg

Family is the basic unit of the society. It is the fundamental unit of the social
institution whereby it is the common unit of the society. The social institution includes
also the economy, religion, education, politics or government health care or medicine.
The family is the basic unit of social institutions. The family unit has specific functions
with relation to its members and to the total society.
It is the most important social institution, serving as the means of transferring
culture from one stage to another. Sharing of works among the members of the family is
a strong influence in keeping the family together. Sometimes we are applying the word
clan to a family or group of family that are related to each other. Family, basic social
group united through bonds of kinship or marriage, present in all societies. Ideally, the
family provides its members with protection, companionship, security, and socialization.
The structure of the family and the needs that the family fulfils vary from society to
society. The nuclear family—two adults and their children—is the main unit in some
societies. In others, it is a subordinate part of an extended family, which also consists of
grandparents and other relatives. A third family unit is the single-parent family, in which
children live with an unmarried, divorced, or widowed mother or father.
(https://phdessay.com/family-is-the-basic-unit-of-the-society/)
The family is a kinship group that consists of two or more people who consider
themselves related by blood, marriage, or adoption.
A family is a group of persons directly linked by kin connections, the adult
members of whom assume responsibility for caring for children. The family is kin based
cooperative unit.
The family is a group of persons united by ties of marriage, blood or adoption
constituting a simple household interacting and intercommunication with each other in
their respective social roles of husband and wife, father and mother, son and daughter,
brother and sister creating a common culture.

TYPES OF FAMILY
By Size and Structure:
1. A nuclear family is a family composed of one or two parents and their dependent
children, all of whom live apart from other relatives.
2. An extended family is a family unit composed of relatives in addition to parents
and children who live in the same household.

By Marriage:
1. Endogamy -- marriage between people of the same social category
2. Exogamy -- marriage between people of different social groups.
3. Polygamy -- marriage uniting three or more people.
There are two types of polygamy:
 Polygyny, in which a man may be married to more than one woman at the same
time.
 Polyandry, much less common, in which a woman may have two or more
husbands simultaneously.

By Residential Patterns
1. Patrilocal -- married couple live with their husband’s family
2. Matrilocal --married couple live with their wife’s family
3. Neolocal -- married couple lives apart from both spouses’ families.

By Power and Authority

1. A patriarchal family is a family structure in which authority is held by the eldest
male (usually the father).
2. A matriarchal family is a family structure in which authority is held by the eldest
female (usually the mother).
3. Blended family: spouses and their children from former marriages live as a single
nuclear family
4. Stem family: only one child after marriage continues to live with his parents. His
siblings must leave after they marry.

FUNCTIONS OF FAMILY INSTITUTION

1. Sexual Regulation: Families regulate the sexual activity of their members and
thus control reproduction so that it occurs within specific boundaries.
 Marriage is a legally recognized relationship, established by a civil or
religious ceremony, between two people who intend to live together as
partners.
 There is no society which leaves people to express their sexual behaviors
as they want, but there are a whole set of written and unwritten
rules/norms that prohibit certain ways of sexual behavior.
2. Reproduction: In order to develop, each society needs new generations of young
people to replace the old people and this can be merely in three ways: by
reproduction, migration or conquest of other societies.
 However, in the absence of biological reproduction, any society is
sentenced to disappearance.
 This essential function is also performed by the family.
3. Socialization: Family is responsible for primary care and early learning
 It is not just a producer of biological kind, but has a fundamental role of
socializing the children (language, learning a set of values, beliefs, skills,
etc.)
 Parents and other relatives are responsible for teaching children the
necessary knowledge and skills to survive.
4. Economic Support: Families are the basic unit of economic support. Financial
support is provided to the dependent members of the families.
 Assigning assets
 important economic production and consumption unit
5. Providing Care and Protection: every human being needs food and shelter. In
addition, we all need to be among people who care for us emotionally, who help
us with the problems that arise in daily life, and who back us up when we come
into conflict with others. Undoubtedly, the family often is the one group in society
that meets these needs.
6. Providing social status/ Social Placement: Simply by being born into a family,
each individual receives both material goods and a socially recognized position
defined by ascribed statuses.
 These statuses include social class, caste membership and ethnic identity.
 Our family background is the most important social factor affecting our
lives in society.
7. Education: Family provides formal and informal education to its members, so
that they become useful members of the society.
8. Recreation: Family provides recreational activities within the family and outside
the family to its participating members.
Education

Education is the social institution through which a society teaches its members
the skills, knowledge, norms, and values they need to learn to become good, productive
members of their society. As this definition makes clear, education is an important part
of socialization. Education is both formal and informal. Formal education is often
referred to as schooling, and as this term implies, it occurs in schools under teachers,
principals, and other specially trained professionals. Informal education may occur
almost anywhere, but for young children it has traditionally occurred primarily in the
home, with their parents as their instructors. Day care in industrial societies is an
increasing venue for young children’s instruction, and education from the early years of
life is thus more formal than it used to be.

The Functions of Education

1. Socialization. If children need to learn the norms, values, and skills they need to
function in society, then education is a primary vehicle for such learning. Schools
teach the three Rs, as we all know, but they also teach many of the society’s
norms and values. (Global sociology: Introducing five contemporary societies (5th ed.). New
York, NY: McGraw-Hill.)
2. Social integration. For a society to work, functionalists say, people must
subscribe to a common set of beliefs and values. As we saw, the development of
 such common views was a goal of the system of free, compulsory education that
developed in the 19th century.
3. Social placement. Beginning in grade school, students are identified by
teachers and other school officials either as bright and motivated or as less bright
and even educationally challenged. Depending on how they are identified,
children are taught at the level that is thought to suit them best. In this way they
are prepared in the most appropriate way possible for their later station in life
4. Social and cultural innovation. Our scientists cannot make important scientific
discoveries and our artists and thinkers cannot come up with great works of art,
poetry, and prose unless they have first been educated in the many subjects they
need to know for their chosen path.

Figure 3: Schools ideally perform many important functions in modern society. These include socialization, social
integration, social placement, and social and cultural innovation.

Religion
What is Religion? 
 recognition of belief in some source or power that transcends humans and is
capable of assessing or harming them. 
 a kind of human behavior which can be classified as belief and ritual concerned
with supernatural beings, powers, and forces 
 response to man’s needs for an organized conception of the universe, for
mechanism that will allay his anxieties concerning his inability to predict and
understand events that do not conform to natural law. 
 the control of the universe; means by which man maintains himself in the scheme
of things 

From the foregoing definitions, certain characteristics of religion are evident: (1)
belief in the supernatural, which is powerful (2) an influence on human behavior, (3) an
explanation for what is unexpected.
Examples of situations that cannot be explained by science where religion is used to
provide the answer: 
 a healthy individual who had no previous history of heart disease suddenly has a
heart attack and dies. 
 a person who has cancer as shown by x-ray suddenly shows no trace of the
disease after a visit to the Lourdes shrine in France. 
 an out-of-reason typhoon in April destroys a crop 
 a very good husband, rich and good-looking is deserted by his wife. 
Instruments of Religion
1. Ritual
2. Ceremony
3. Taboos

Religious Leaders or Officials

• Catholic – Pope, cardinals, archbishops, bishops and priests.
• Protestants – bishops, superintendents, ministers or pastors.
• Tibet – Dalai Lama
• Buddhism - monks

Classification of Religions According to the Number of Gods Worship

1. Monotheistic
2. Polytheistic
3. Animistic

Varieties of Religion 
Religions of different kinds abound in the world today. The Christian religions are
composed of Roman Catholics, Protestants, and Orthodox, and Judea-Christianity. The
non-Christian religions consist of; Islam, Buddhism, Confucianism, Hinduism,
Zoroastrianism, Jewish, Shintoism, Animism. All religions have many things in common
rather than differences. The golden rule is part of most religions.

Beliefs in Most Societies Regarding Religion 

Whatever religion people to, different societies have common beliefs as follows:
a) religion does things for people, b) it has to do with the power of the universe, the
range and intensity of these powers, and the manner in which they influence the lives of
people, c) and there are methods by which these powers may be enlisted in behalf of
man, not only has benevolent guardians, but also as agents that may help man achieve
certain ends.
Uses/Functions of Religion 
 explain events or situation that defy comprehension 
 provide comfort in times of stress and anxiety 
 set guidelines for conduct of human affairs and furnish a sense of common
purpose for members of a social group. 
 Provide an organized picture of the universe and establish orderly relationship
between man and his surroundings. 
 reduce fears and anxiety and give man not only a feeling of security in the
uncertain present, but the hope as well as tolerable future. 
 reflect close and intimate relations with the world of the supernatural and also
with animals, plants, and other aspects of nature. 
 reinforce and maintain cultural values 
 support and emphasize particular culturally defined standards of behavior. 
 preserve knowledge through rituals and ceremony 
 rituals and ceremonies together with uniform beliefs contribute to social
participation and solidarity. 
Economic Institutions

When economists use this term, they mean: property rights, honest government,
political stability, dependable legal system, and competitive and open markets.
 Economic institutions are companies or organizations that deal with money or
with managing the distribution of money, goods, and services in an economy. Banks,
government organizations, and investment funds are all economic institutions.
Essentially, institutions are durable systems of established and embedded social
rules and conventions that structure social interactions’ (Hodgson 2001 p.295) ‘A social
institution is a regularity in social behavior that is agreed to by all members of society,
specifies behavior in specific recurrent situations, and is either self-policed or policed by
some external authority.’ (Schotter 1981, quoted in Langlois 1986 p.11) ‘Institutions are
rules, enforcement characteristics of rules, and norms of behavior that structure
repeated human interaction.’ (North 1989) ‘Institutions are ‘repetitive patterns of
interaction through which society undertakes certain functions.’ (King 1976) ‘Wide
sense: persistent groups of norms of behavior which serve collectively valued purposes;
or in narrow sense of , a set of rules to facilitate co-ordination via allowing expectations
to form.’ (Nabli & Nugent 1989)
The term “Economic Institutions” refers to two things:
1. Specific agencies or foundations, both government and private, devoted to
collecting or studying economic data, or commissioned with the job of supplying
a good or service that is important to the economy of a country.
2. Well-established arrangements and structures that are part of the culture or
society, e.g., competitive markets, the banking system, kids’ allowances,
customary tipping, and a system of property rights are examples of economic
institutions. (https://www.econlib.org/library/Topics/HighSchool/EconomicInstitutions.html)

What is the role of economic institutions?

Institutions determine the costs of economic transactions: they spur development
in the form of contracts and contract enforcement, common commercial codes, and
increased availability of information, all of which reduce the costs of transactions, risk,
and uncertainty. (19 Sep 2012)
Almost every country exports and imports products to benefit from the growing
international trade.
 The growth of international trade can be increased, if the countries follow a
common set of rules, regulations, and standards related to import and export. These
common rules and regulations are set by various international economic institutions.
These institutions aim to provide a level playing field for all the countries and
develop economic cooperation.
These institutions also help in solving the currency issues among countries
related to stabilizing the exchange rates. There are three major international economic
institutions, namely, WTO, IMF, and UNCTAD.

World Trade Organization

WTO was formed in 1995 to replace the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
(GATT), which was started in 1948. GATT was replaced by WTO because GATT was
biased in favor of developed countries. WTO was formed as a global international
organization dealing with the rules of international trade among countries.
The main objective of WTO is to help the global organizations to conduct their
businesses. WTO, headquartered at Geneva, Switzerland, consists of 153 members
and represents more than 97% of world’s trade.

The main objectives of WTO are as follows:

a. Raising the standard of living of people, promoting full employment, expanding
production and trade, and utilizing the world’s resources optimally
b. Ensuring that developing and less developed countries have better share of
growth in the world trade
c. Introducing sustainable development in which balanced growth of trade and
environment goes together.

International Monetary Fund

IMF, established in 1945, consists of 187 member countries. It works to secure
financial stability, develop global monetary cooperation, facilitate international trade, and
reduce poverty and maintain sustainable economic growth around the world. Its
headquarters are in Washington, D.C., United States.
The objectives of IMF are as follows:
a. Helping in increasing employment and real income of people
b. Solving the international monetary problems that distort the economic
development of different nations
c. Maintaining stability in the international exchange rates
d. Strengthening the economic integrity of the nations
e. Providing funds to the member nations as and when required
f. Monitoring the financial and economic policies of member nations
g. Assisting low developed countries in effectively managing their economies

WTO and IMF have total 150 common members. Thus, they both work together
where the central focus of WTO is on the international trade and of IMF is on the
international monetary and financial system. These organizations together ensure a
sound system of global trade and financial stability in the world.

United Nations Conference on Trade and Development

UNCTAD, established in 1964, is the principal organ of United Nations General
Assembly. It provides a forum where the developing countries can discuss the problems
related to economic development. UNCTAD is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland
and has 193 member countries.
The main objectives of UNCTAD are as follows:
a. Eliminating trade barriers that act as constraints for developing countries
b. Promoting international trade for speeding up the economic development
c. Formulating principles and policies related to international trade
d. Negotiating the multinational trade agreements
e. Providing technical assistance to developing countries especially low developed
countries (https://www.economicsdiscussion.net/international-economics/4-major-international-
economic-institutions/4249)
Government

A government is the system or group of people governing an organized

community, generally a state.

In the case of its broad associative definition, government normally consists of

legislature, executive, and judiciary. Government is a means by which organizational
policies are enforced, as well as a mechanism for determining policy. Each government
has a kind of constitution, a statement of its governing principles and philosophy.
Government is the political system by which a country or community is
administered and regulated.

What is the role of government?

A government is responsible for creating and enforcing the rules of a society,
defense, foreign affairs, the economy, and public services. While the responsibilities of
all governments are similar, those duties are executed in different ways depending on
the form of government. (24 Jul 2020)
What are the 5 forms of government?

a. Democracy
b. Monarchy
 c. Dictatorship
d. Republic
e. Communism

The Philippines is a republic with a presidential form of government wherein

power is equally divided among its three branches: executive, legislative, and judicial.
The government seeks to act in the best interests of its citizens through this system of
check and balance.
One basic corollary in a presidential system of government is the principle of
separation of powers wherein legislation belongs to Congress, execution to the
Executive, and settlement of legal controversies to the Judiciary.

The Legislative branch is authorized to make laws, alter, and repeal them
through the power vested in the Philippine Congress. This institution is divided into the
Senate and the House of Representatives.

The Legislative Branch enacts legislation, confirms or rejects Presidential

appointments, and has the authority to declare war. This branch includes Congress (the
Senate and House of Representatives) and several agencies that provide support
services to Congress.
 The Senate is composed of 24 Senators who are elected at large by the qualified
voters of the Philippines.

The House of Representatives is composed of about 250 members elected

from legislative districts in the provinces, cities, and municipalities, and representatives
elected through a party-list system of registered national, regional, and sectoral parties
or organizations.

The party-list representatives shall constitute twenty per cent of the total
number of representatives including those under the party list. For three consecutive
terms after the ratification of this Constitution, one-half of the seats allocated to party-list
representatives shall be filled, as provided by law, by selection or election from the
labor, peasant, urban poor, indigenous cultural communities, women, youth, and such
other sectors as may be provided by law, except the religious sector.

The Executive branch is composed of the President and the Vice President who
are elected by direct popular vote and serve a term of six years. The Constitution grants
the President authority to appoint his Cabinet. These departments form a large portion
of the country’s bureaucracy.
 The executive branch carries out and enforces laws. It includes the President,
Vice President, the Cabinet, executive departments, independent agencies, boards,
commissions, and committees.
The President leads the country. He or she is the head of state, leader of the
national government, and Commander-in-Chief of all armed forces of the Philippines.
The President serves a six-year term and cannot be re-elected.
The Vice President supports the President. If the President is unable to serve,
the Vice President becomes President. He or she also serves a six-year term.
Cabinet members serve as advisors to the President. They include the Vice
President and the heads of executive departments. Cabinet members are nominated by
the President and must be confirmed by the Commission of Appointments.

The Judicial branch holds the power to settle controversies involving rights that
are legally demandable and enforceable. This branch determines whether or not there
has been a grave abuse of discretion amounting to lack or excess of jurisdiction on the
part and instrumentality of the government. It is made up of a Supreme Court and lower
courts.
The judicial branch interprets the meaning of laws, applies laws to individual
cases, and decides if laws violate the Constitution. The judicial power shall be vested in
one Supreme Court and in such lower courts as may be established by law.
Each branch of government can change acts of the other branches as follows:
a. The President can veto laws passed by Congress.
b. Congress confirms or rejects the President's appointments and can remove the
President from office in exceptional circumstances.
c. The Justices of the Supreme Court, who can overturn unconstitutional laws, are
appointed by the President.

The Constitution expressly grants the Supreme Court the power of Judicial
Review as the power to declare a treaty, international or executive agreement, law,
presidential decree, proclamation, order, instruction, ordinance or regulation
unconstitutional.
(https://www.gov.ph/philippine-government)

Figure 4: Interrelation of the School and Social Institutions

 3. Education 4.0 Responding to the demands of Society

In order to prepare future graduates for work, universities must align their teaching and
processes with technological advancements.
In the new millennium, technology began to infiltrate the education process, and
both students and teachers started to utilize technology in basic ways (otherwise known
as Education 2.0).
As this technology advanced, including the mass infiltration of a more user-
generated internet, Education 3.0 was formed.
Students now had their own access to information, the option to learn virtually,
and platforms to easily connect with faculty and other students.
Education was no longer centered upon a back and forth between students and
teachers, but instead took on a more networked approach, with students having their
own direct connection to a variety of different information sources.
This encouraged the development of a more personalized way of learning where
the student’s independence and unique approach to study was celebrated.
However, we’re now on the cusp of a new phase; Education 4.0.

What is Education 4.0?

Education 4.0 is a desired approach to learning that aligns itself with the
emerging fourth industrial revolution.
 This industrial revolution focuses on smart technology, artificial intelligence, and
robotics; all of which now impact our everyday lives.
For universities to continue to produce successful graduates, they must prepare
their students for a world where these cyber-physical systems are prevalent across all
industries.
This means teaching students about this technology as part of the curriculum,
changing the approach to learning altogether, and utilizing this technology to better
improve the university experience. (https://www.qs.com/everything-you-need-to-know-education-
40/)
Education 4.0. is paralleled with the birth of industry 4.0. The latter demands
more to former to sustain its revolution. Breakthroughs in technology that are variably
absorbed in the Philippines in becoming an industry 4.0 posed great challenge in the
current education system to produce a different Filipino in modern world.

The way Industrial Revolution 4.0 is transforming the world, technologies like
the Internet of Things, Big Data, and Artificial Intelligence are impacting major
industries, and in turn, jobs. It can be considered similar to the replacement of manual
jobs by machine-handled tasks that occurred as a revolution in the 21st Century. This
implies that Industry 4.0 will not only affect industries but consequently will transform the
way jobs and education will be seen. This will result in the evolution of education 4.0.
Thus, it can be said that the fourth industrial revolution will affect the roles for
which today’s students will be prepared. This will require educational institutions to
produce a workforce for working in this technologically transformed era. Further, it will
also require the current workforce to upgrade their skills and knowledge to match these
newly created job roles. For this, a revolution in education is essential to enable people
worldwide to harness the opportunities created by the advent of these technologies.
This transformation of the education industry will make it more personalized,
peer-to-peer, and a continuous process.
Some pointers that can describe the future of education (Education 4.0).
1. It will cater to the need of Industry 4.0 enabling the workforce and machines to
align to explore new possibilities.
2. It will deploy the potential of digital technologies, open-sourced content and
personalized data of this globally connected and tech-driven world.
3. It will create a blueprint for the future of learning – from school-based learning to
learning at the workplace. (https://www.futurereadyedu.com/what-is-education-4-0-how-you-
can-adapt-this-in-the-learning-environment/)

A. Educational Reforms: The K to 12 Curriculum Example

WHAT IS K TO 12 PROGRAM?
The K to 12 Program covers Kindergarten and 12 years of basic education (six
years of primary education, four years of Junior High School, and two years of Senior
High School (SHS) to provide sufficient time for mastery of concepts and skills, develop
lifelong learners, and prepare graduates for tertiary education, middle-level skills
development, employment, and entrepreneurship.
SALIENT FEATURES
1. Strengthening Early Childhood Education (Universal Kindergarten)
2. Making the Curriculum Relevant to Learners (Contextualization and
Enhancement)
3. Ensuring Integrated and Seamless Learning (Spiral Progression)
4. Building Proficiency through Language (Mother Tongue-Based Multilingual
Education)
5. Gearing Up for the Future (Senior High School)
6. Nurturing the Holistically Developed Filipino (College and Livelihood Readiness,
21st Century Skills)

Strengthening early childhood education (universal kindergarten)

Every Filipino child now has access to early childhood education through
Universal Kindergarten. At 5 years old, children start schooling and are given the means
to slowly adjust to formal education.
Research shows that children who underwent Kindergarten have better
completion rates than those who did not. Children who complete a standards-based
Kindergarten program are better prepared, for primary education.
Education for children in the early years lays the foundation for lifelong learning
and for the total development of a child. The early years of a human being, from 0 to 6
years, are the most critical period when the brain grows to at least 60-70 percent of
adult size.
In Kindergarten, students learn the alphabet, numbers, shapes, and colors
through games, songs, and dances, in their Mother Tongue.

Making the curriculum relevant to learners (contextualization and enhancement)

Examples, activities, songs, poems, stories, and illustrations are based on local
culture, history, and reality. This makes the lessons relevant to the learners and easy to
understand.

Students acquire in-depth knowledge, skills, values, and attitudes through

continuity and consistency across all levels and subjects.
Discussions on issues such as Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR), Climate Change
Adaptation, and Information & Communication Technology (ICT) are included in the
enhanced curriculum.

Building proficiency through language (mother tongue-based multilingual

education)
Students are able to learn best through their first language, their Mother Tongue
(MT). Twelve (12) MT languages have been introduced for SY 2012-2013: Bahasa Sug,
Bikol, Cebuano, Chabacano, Hiligaynon, Iloko, Kapampangan, Maguindanaoan,
Meranao, Pangasinense, Tagalog, and Waray. Other local languages will be added in
succeeding school years.

Aside from the Mother Tongue, English and Filipino are taught as subjects
starting Grade 1, with a focus on oral fluency. From Grades 4 to 6, English and Filipino
are gradually introduced as languages of instruction. Both will become primary
languages of instruction in Junior High School (JHS) and Senior High School (SHS).
 After Grade 1, every student can read in his or her Mother Tongue. Learning in
Mother Tongue also serves as the foundation for students to learn Filipino and English
easily.

Ensuring integrated and seamless learning (spiral progression)

Subjects are taught from the simplest concepts to more complicated concepts
through grade levels in spiral progression. As early as elementary, students gain
knowledge in areas such as Biology, Geometry, Earth Science, Chemistry, and Algebra.
This ensures a mastery of knowledge and skills after each level.

For example, currently in High School, Biology is taught in 2nd Year, Chemistry
in 3rd Year, and Physics in 4th Year. In K to 12, these subjects are connected and
integrated from Grades 7 to 10. This same method is used in other Learning Areas like
Math.

Gearing up for the future (senior high school)

Senior High School is two years of specialized upper secondary education;
students may choose a specialization based on aptitude, interests, and school capacity.
The choice of career track will define the content of the subjects a student will take in
Grades 11 and 12. SHS subjects fall under either the Core Curriculum or specific
Tracks.

Core curriculum
There are seven Learning Areas under the Core Curriculum. These are
Languages, Literature, Communication, Mathematics, Philosophy, Natural Sciences,
and Social Sciences. Current content from some General Education subjects are
embedded in the SHS curriculum.

Tracks
Each student in Senior High School can choose among three tracks: Academic;
Technical-Vocational-Livelihood; and Sports and Arts. The Academic track includes
three strands: Business, Accountancy, Management (BAM); Humanities, Education,
Social Sciences (HESS); and Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics (STEM).

Students undergo immersion, which may include earn-while-you-learn

opportunities, to provide them relevant exposure and actual experience in their chosen
track.

Nurturing the holistically developed Filipino (college and livelihood readiness,

21st century skills)
After going through Kindergarten, the enhanced Elementary and Junior High
curriculum, and a specialized Senior High program, every K to 12 graduates will be
ready to go into different paths – may it be further education, employment, or
entrepreneurship.

Every graduate will be equipped with:

1. Information, media and technology skills,
2. Learning and innovation skills,
3. Effective communication skills, and
4. Life and career skills.