42) Time and —’ Temperature ‘Students will be able to learn: * reading and writing clock time in hours and minutes. * clock time in am. and p.m. * the relation between 24-hour clock time and 12-hour clock time. * the conversion of days, hours and minutes (bigger to smaller units and vice versa). ‘* how to calculate elapsed time by using forward or backward counting/addition and subtraction, ‘* measurement of temperature. We have already learnt in the previous class that clocks and watches are used to read and tell time. A clock face has markings with numbers from 1 to 12 which denote the hours. The smaller marking between any two hour markings denote the minutes. * Anhour hand takes 12 hours to complete one round. © Aminute hand takes 1 hour, i. 60 minutes to complete one round. * Asecond hand takes 1 minute, i.e., 60 seconds to complete one round. Time in Hours, Minutes and Seconds We know that time is measured in units of hours, minutes and seconds. The short form of hours, minutes and seconds are h, min and s, respectively. 1 day = 24 hours 1 hour = 60 minutes 1 minute = 60 seconds To read and tell time, we divide the clock into two halves as shown by the dotted line. © When the minute hand is on the right side of the dotted line, we read the time as number of minutes Tesie| ore past a given hour. @ 3 * When the minute hand is on the left side of the areas dotted line, we read the time as number of minutes to the next hour.Time in a.m. and p.m. Since we know that there are 24 hours in a day, the hour hand takes two rounds of the clock. The time between the first round from 12 midnight to 12 noon is expressed in terms of a.m. The time between the second round from 12 noon to 12 midnight is, expressed in terms of p.m. We do not write a.m. or p.m. with 12 otclock. We simply write 12 noon or 12 midnight. 1, Draw hands on the clock to show the given time. () 12h 40 min 9h33 min 2. Write the time shown by the given clocks.4, Write the time for the following. (a) 4 hours before 10:20 a.m. (b) 3 hours after 9:45 a.m. (c) 15 minutes after 12 midnight (d) 45 minutes before 12 noon (e) Shours 20 minutes after 4:10.a.m. (f) 2 hours 15 minutes before 7:35 p.m. 5. Express the following as a.m. or p.m. according to your routine. (a) Breakfast time (b) Lunchtime — (c) Play time (d) Dinner time (e) Wake up time in the morning (f) Sleeping time at night 24-Hour Clock We know that railway stations, airports and hospitals do not use 12-hour clock to express time in a.m. and p.m. Instead, they use a 24-hour clock that runs from midnight to midnight and is divided into 24 hours. Look at the given 24-hour clocks. ‘Analog clock Digital clock The format of time in a 24-hour clock is hours : minutes or hours : minutes : seconds. This format is also used in computers and digital watches. Conversion of 24-Hour Clock Time to 12-Hour Clock Time * If the given time is between 0000 hours and 0059 hours, add 1200 hours and a.m. toit. For example, 0045 hours = 0045 hours + 1200 hours = 1245 hours = 12:45 a.m. If the given time is between 0100 hours and 1159 hours, just add a.m. to it. For example, 1140 hours = 11:40 a.m. and 0950 hours = 09:50 a.m. If the given time is between 1200 hours and 1259 hours, just add p.m. to it. For example, 1230 hours = 12:30 p.m. and 1255 hours = 12:55 p.m. If the given time is between 1300 hours and 2359 hours, subtract 1200 hours and add p.m. to it. For example, 2305 hours = 2305 hours — 1200 hours = 1105 hours = 11:05 p.m. Conversion of 12-Hour Clock Time to 24-Hour Clock Time * If the given time is between 12:00 midnight and 12:59 a.m., subtract 12 hours (12:00) from it. For example, 12:45 a.m. = 1245 hours — 1200 hours = 0045 hours or 00:45 * Ifthe given time is between 1:00 a.m. and 12:59 p.m., write it as it is. For example, 10:50 a.m. = 1050 hours or 10:50* Ifthe given time is between 1:00 p.m. and 11:59 p.m., add 12 hours (12:00) to it. For example, 6:20 p.m. = 0620 hours + 1200 hours = 1820 hours or 18:20 1. Convert the given 24-hour time to 12-hour time. (a) 1720hours — (b) 0945 hours —(c) 1330hours — (d). 2235 hours (e) 1450hours —(f) 1025hours —(g) 1905 hours (h) 2340 hours 2. Convert the given 12-hour time to 24-hour time. (a) 6:20a.m. (b) 4:30 p.m. (c) 1:35 p.m. (d) 8:10 p.m. (e) 1:05 a.m. (f) 10:55am. (g)-3:25 p.m. (h) 11:10 a.m. Converting Days to Hours and Vice Versa We know that 1 day = 24 hours or 24 h, so we can write 1 hour = J. day. Let’s learn how to convert days to hours and vice versa. 24 Conversion of Days to Hours © To convert days to hours, we multiply the days by 24, * To convert days and hours to hours, we multiply the days by 24 and add the hours to it. Example 1: Convert (a) 9 days (b) 5 days 16 h to hours. Solution: (a) 9days=9x 24h=216h (b) 5 days 16h = (5 x 24)h+ 16 h=120h+16h=136h 12 months 365 days Conversion of Hours to Days * To convert hours to days, we divide the hours by 24, * To convert hours to days and hours, we divide the hours by 24. Write the quotient obtained as days and the remainder obtained as hours. Example 2: Convert 428 hours to days and hours. 17 — days Solution: We know that 1h = 3 day 24) 428 428 =24 Thus, 428 h = 428 days 188 2h 168 So, 428 h = 17 days 20h. —— 150) bsConverting Hours to Minutes and Vice Versa We know that 1 hour = 60 minutes or 1h = 60 min, so we can write 1 min =— ah Let’s learn how to convert hours to minutes and vice versa. Conversion of Hours to Minutes ‘© To convert hours to minutes, we multiply the hours by 60. © To convert hours and minutes to minutes, we multiply the hours by 60 and then add the minutes to it. Example 3: Convert 9 hours 12 minutes to minutes. Solution: 9h 12 min = (9 x 60) min + 12 min = 540 min + 12 min = 552 min Conversion of Minutes to Hours * To convert minutes to hours, we divide the number of minutes by 60. * To convert minutes to hours and minutes, we divide the minutes by 60. Write the quotient obtained as number of hours and the remainder obtained as minutes. Example 4: Convert 932 minutes to hours and minutes. _15 = hours a 1 60) 932 Solution: We know that 1 min= => h Z olution: je know a ‘eal Thus, 982 min = 222 332 -300 So, 932 min = 15 bk 32 min. 32 — minutes Converting Minutes to Seconds and Vice Versa We know that 1 minute = 60 seconds or 1 min = 60 s, so we can write 1s = —~ min. Let’s a learn how to convert minutes to seconds and vice versa. Conversion of Minutes to Seconds © Toconvert minutes to seconds, we multiply the number of minutes by 60. * To convert minutes and seconds to seconds, we multiply the minutes by 60 and then add the seconds to it. Example 5: Convert the following to seconds: (a) 15 min and (b) 12 min 40 s Solution: (a) 15 min=15x 60s=900s (b) 12 min 40s = (12 x 60)s + 40s =720s+40s=760s (a) 120s (b) 2h (c) 1hSmin Convert the following to minutes. Conversion of Seconds to Minutes * To convert seconds to minutes, we divide the seconds by 60. To convert seconds to minutes and seconds, we divide the seconds by 60. Write the quotient obtained as minutes and the remainder obtained as seconds. iy (as1Example 6: Convert 156 seconds to minutes and seconds. 2 + minutes Solution: We know that 1s = min. 60) 156 60 156 -120 Thus, 156 ==> min. 36 — seconds So, 156 = 2 min 36 s. Example 7: Convert 6,296 seconds to hours, minutes and seconds. __ __104 -» minutes Solution: Step 1: Convert seconds to minutes. 60/ ail —60) 1s=2 min 29 - 00 Thus, 6,296 s = 9298 min, 296 So, 6,296 s = 104 min 56 s. 240 Step 2: Convert minutes to hours. SG=> seconds 1min= 4 h 1 hour Thus, 104 min = 2% h 60) 104 - 60 So, 104 min = 1h 44 min Step 3: Write the hours, minutes and seconds together. So, 6,296 s = 1h 44 min S6 s. 44 — minutes Convert the following to hours. (a) 9 days (b) 14 days 16 hours (c) 1 week 2 hours Convert the following to days and hours. (a) 96 hours (b) 106 hours (c) 169 hours (d) 248 hours Convert the following to minutes. (a) S hours (b) 8 hours 10 minutes (c) 21 hours 30 minutes Convert the following to hours and minutes. (a) 245 minutes (b) 528 minutes (c) 714 minutes (d) 1,296 minutes Convert the following to seconds. (a) 5 minutes (b) 16 minutes 20 seconds (c)_ 45 minutes 58 seconds (4) 10 minutes 12 seconds