This document discusses the morphology and classification of various types of bacteria. It describes the shapes of spherical bacterial cells like streptococci, staphylococci, and micrococci. It also discusses the shapes of rod-shaped bacteria including bacilli, spore-forming, and non-spore forming rods. Other bacterial shapes covered include vibrios, spirilla, spirochetes, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. The document provides details on the characteristics and structures of these different bacterial groups.
This document discusses the morphology and classification of various types of bacteria. It describes the shapes of spherical bacterial cells like streptococci, staphylococci, and micrococci. It also discusses the shapes of rod-shaped bacteria including bacilli, spore-forming, and non-spore forming rods. Other bacterial shapes covered include vibrios, spirilla, spirochetes, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. The document provides details on the characteristics and structures of these different bacterial groups.
This document discusses the morphology and classification of various types of bacteria. It describes the shapes of spherical bacterial cells like streptococci, staphylococci, and micrococci. It also discusses the shapes of rod-shaped bacteria including bacilli, spore-forming, and non-spore forming rods. Other bacterial shapes covered include vibrios, spirilla, spirochetes, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. The document provides details on the characteristics and structures of these different bacterial groups.
This document discusses the morphology and classification of various types of bacteria. It describes the shapes of spherical bacterial cells like streptococci, staphylococci, and micrococci. It also discusses the shapes of rod-shaped bacteria including bacilli, spore-forming, and non-spore forming rods. Other bacterial shapes covered include vibrios, spirilla, spirochetes, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. The document provides details on the characteristics and structures of these different bacterial groups.
Morphology (shape) Chemical composition (often detected by staining reactions) Nutritional requirements Biochemical activities Source of energy (sunlight or chemicals) Arrangement of Spherical Bacterial Cells
Streptococci tetracocci staphylococci Micrococcus - aerobic, gram-positive, catalase positive, cell arranges mainly in pairs, tetrads, or irregular clusters, nonmotile. They are often yellow, orange or red in color
usually form irregular clusters, nonmotile, catalase positive but oxidase negative, ferment glucose anaerobically. Streptococcus facultatively anaerobic or microaerophilic, catalase negative, gram-positive, Cell arranges in pairs or chains, usually nonmotile, A few species are anaerobic rather than facultative. Rod-shaped Bacteria Bacilli divide only by across Sort axis, so there are fewer groupings Of bacilli than Of cocci.
(c) Spore-forming rod shaped bacteria Almost all Spore-forming bacteria are Gram+ Nonspore — forming rod shaped bacteria Most nonspore - forming rod shaped bacteria are Vibrio, Spirillum and Spirochete Some bacteria are shaped like long rods twisted into spirals orhelices; they are called vibrios (like commasor incomplete spirals) spirilla if rigid and spirochetes when flexable. Actlnomycetes Actinomycetes are filamentous bacteria. Their morphology resembles that of the filamentous fungi; however, the filaments of actinomycetes consist of procaryotic cells. Some actinomycetes resemble molds by forming externally carried asexual spores. Various type of the Sporebearing structure on the streptomyces to
ne Substrate :- Various types of spore— bearing structures on the str pto ces Ecology and isolation of Streptomyces: • Alkaline and neutral soils are more f Favorable for the development of Streptomyces than are acid soils. o Streptomyces require a lower water potential for growth than many other soil bacteria. The streptonycetes are a large group Of filamentous, gram positive bacteria that form spores at the end of aerial filaments. They have the highest GC percentagein the DNA base composition of any bacteria known. Many clinically important antibiotics have come from Streptomycetes species 3.3 yano actena
The cyanobacteria have typical prokaryotic cell
structures and a normal gram-negative cell wall.
They range in diameter from about I - 10 pm and
may be unicellular or form filaments. They have chlorophyll and carry out oxygenproducing photosynthesis, much as plants and the eukaryotic algae do. Heterocysts have intercellular connections with adjacent vegetative cells, and there is mutual exchange of materials between these cells, with products of photosynthesis moving from vegetative cells to heterocysts and products of nitrogen fixation moving from heterocysts to vegetatige ceiF. Main function of Cyanobacteria
Photosynthesis Nitrogen fixation
The cyanobacteria are the largest and most
diverse group of photosynthetic bacteria. The structure and physiology of the heterocyst ensures that it will remain anaerobic; it is dedicated to nitrogen fixation. It should be noted that nitrogen fixation also is carried out by cyanobacteria that lack heterocysts. cteria are capable of 3.4 The Archaebacteria Although archaebacteria are classified as procaryotes, these cells appear to be fundamentally different from typical bacteria or cyanobacteria. In fact, they represent a cell type that seems to be neither eucaryotic nor eubacterial. The archaebacteria have the following unique combination of traits:
Prokaryotic traits:
• They are about 1 micrometer (um) in diameter, the size of typical
procaryotes. • They lack membrane-bound organelles. • They have nuclear bodies (nucleoids) rather than true, menbranee bound nuclei. • Their ribosomes are 70 S, the size Of those found in typical prokaryotes. Eukaryotic traits: • Their cell walls completely lack peptidoglycan. • Their protein synthesis machinery is sensitive to inhibitors that typically affect only eukaryotes and is resistant to many inhibitors that affect prokaryotes. • Some Of their proteins, pigments, and biochemical processes closely resemble those found in eukaryotic cells.
Archaebacteria include three
groups 1. The methanogens, strict anaerobes that produce methane (CHA) from carbon dioxide and hydrogen.
2. Extreme halophiles, which require high concentrations of
salt for survival. 3. Thermoacidophiles, which normally grow in hot, acidic environments. Methanogenic bacteria are strict anaerobes that obtain energy by converting C02, 1-12, formate, acetate, and other compounds to either methane or methane and C02 CH4 C02 + 4 CH4+ 2 H20 CH3 COO C02 + Other prokaryotes Rickettsia Chlamydia Mycop/asma Bdel/ovirio Rickettsia
. 0.2-0_5pm in diameter. obligate intracellular parasites. The
majority of them are gram-negative and multiply only within host cells. 2. Binary fission within host cells.They lack the enzymatic capability to produce sufficient amounts Of ATP to support their reproduction. They obtain the ATP from host cells.
3. Many species of them cause disease in humans and other
animals. Chlamydia
Obligate intracellular parasites, unable to generate sufficient ATP
to support their reproduction. Gram-negative and cell divides by binary fission
Cause human respiratory and genitourinary tract disease, and in
birds they cause respiratory disease. Mycoplasma
Diameter= They lack cell wall, are bounded by a
single triple-layered membrane.
They are the smallest organisms capable of self-reproduction.
The colony is "fried egg" appearance.
Several Of them cause diseases in humans. (pneumonia,
respiratory tract disease) Bdellovirio d system of Phylogenetic Tree derived from comparative sequen 6S or 18S RNA. Note the three major domains of living organism LCB-STAIN
The lactophenol cotton blue (LPCB) wet
mount preparation is the most widely used method Of staining and observing fungi and is simple to prepare. The preparation has three components: phenol, which will kill any live organisms; lactic acid which preserves fungal structures, and cotton blue which stains the chitin in the fungal cell walls. Procedure for corneal scrape material: Place a drop of 70% alcohol on a microscope slide. Immerse the specimen/material in the drop of alcohol. Add one, or at most two drops Of the lactophenol/cotton blue mountant/stain before the alcohol dries out. Holding the coverslip between forefinger and thumb, touch one edge of the drop of mountant with the coverslip edge, and lower gently, avoiding air bubbles. The preparation is now ready for examination.
