What Is Climate Change?

Climate change refers to long-term shifts in temperatures and weather patterns. Such shifts can be natural, due to changes in the sun’s

activity or large volcanic eruptions. But since the 1800s, human activities have been the main driver of climate change, primarily due to the

burning of fossil fuels like coal, oil and gas.

Burning fossil fuels generates greenhouse gas emissions that act like a blanket wrapped around the Earth, trapping the sun’s heat and
raising temperatures.
The main greenhouse gases that are causing climate change include carbon dioxide and methane. These come from using gasoline for
driving a car or coal for heating a building, for example. Clearing land and cutting down forests can also release carbon dioxide. Agriculture,
oil and gas operations are major sources of methane emissions. Energy, industry, transport, buildings, agriculture and land use are among

the main sectors causing greenhouse gases

Humans are responsible for global warming

Climate scientists have showed that humans are responsible for virtually all global heating over the last 200 years. Human activities like the

ones mentioned above are causing greenhouse gases that are warming the world faster than at any time in at least the last two thousand
years.
The average temperature of the Earth’s surface is now about 1.1°C warmer than it was in the late 1800s (before the industrial revolution) and

warmer than at any time in the last 100,000 years. The last decade (2011-2020) was the warmest on record, and each of the last four

decades has been warmer than any previous decade since 1850.
Many people think climate change mainly means warmer temperatures. But temperature rise is only the beginning of the story. Because the
Earth is a system, where everything is connected, changes in one area can influence changes in all others.
The consequences of climate change now include, among others, intense droughts, water scarcity, severe fires, rising sea levels, flooding,

melting polar ice, catastrophic storms and declining biodiversity.

People are experiencing climate change in diverse ways

Climate change can affect our health, ability to grow food, housing, safety and work. Some of us are already more vulnerable to climate
impacts, such as people living in small island nations and other developing countries. Conditions like sea-level rise and saltwater intrusion
have advanced to the point where whole communities have had to relocate, and protracted droughts are putting people at risk of famine. In
the future, the number of “climate refugees” is expected to rise.

Every increase in global warming matters

In a series of UN reports, thousands of scientists and government reviewers agreed that limiting global temperature rise to no more than

1.5°C would help us avoid the worst climate impacts and maintain a livable climate. Yet policies currently in place point to a 2.8°C

temperature rise by the end of the century.

The emissions that cause climate change come from every part of the world and affect everyone, but some countries produce much more

than others.The seven biggest emitters alone (China, the United States of America, India, the European Union, Indonesia, the Russian

Federation, and Brazil) accounted for about half of all global greenhouse gas emissions in 2020.
Everyone must take climate action, but people and countries creating more of the problem have a greater responsibility to act first.
We face a huge challenge but already know many solutions
Many climate change solutions can deliver economic benefits while improving our lives and protecting the environment. We also have global

frameworks and agreements to guide progress, such as the Sustainable Development Goals, the UN Framework Convention on Climate

Change and the Paris Agreement. Three broad categories of action are: cutting emissions, adapting to climate impacts and financing

required adjustments.
Switching energy systems from fossil fuels to renewables like solar or wind will reduce the emissions driving climate change. But we have to

act now. While a growing number of countries is committing to net zero emissions by 2050, emissions must be cut in half by 2030 to keep

warming below 1.5°C. Achieving this means huge declines in the use of coal, oil and gas: over two-thirds of today’s proven reserves of fossil

fuels need to be kept in the ground by 2050 in order to prevent catastrophic levels of climate change.

Adapting to climate consequences protects people, homes, businesses, livelihoods, infrastructure and natural ecosystems. It covers current

impacts and those likely in the future. Adaptation will be required everywhere, but must be prioritized now for the most vulnerable people
with the fewest resources to cope with climate hazards. The rate of return can be high. Early warning systems for disasters, for instance,
save lives and property, and can deliver benefits up to 10 times the initial cost.

We can pay the bill now, or pay dearly in the future

Climate action requires significant financial investments by governments and businesses. But climate inaction is vastly more expensive. One

critical step is for industrialized countries to fulfil their commitment to provide $100 billion a year to developing countries so they can adapt
and move towards greener economies.

Causes of Climate Change

Generating power
Generating electricity and heat by burning fossil fuels causes a large chunk of global emissions. Most electricity is still generated by burning
coal, oil, or gas, which produces carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide – powerful greenhouse gases that blanket the Earth and trap the sun’s
heat. Globally, a bit more than a quarter of electricity comes from wind, solar and other renewable sources which, as opposed to fossil fuels,
emit little to no greenhouse gases or pollutants into the air.
Manufacturing goods
Manufacturing and industry produce emissions, mostly from burning fossil fuels to produce energy for making things like cement, iron, steel,
electronics, plastics, clothes, and other goods. Mining and other industrial processes also release gases, as does the construction industry.
Machines used in the manufacturing process often run on coal, oil, or gas; and some materials, like plastics, are made from chemicals
sourced from fossil fuels. The manufacturing industry is one of the largest contributors to greenhouse gas emissions worldwide.
Cutting down forests
Cutting down forests to create farms or pastures, or for other reasons, causes emissions, since trees, when they are cut, release the carbon
they have been storing. Each year approximately 12 million hectares of forest are destroyed. Since forests absorb carbon dioxide, destroying
them also limits nature’s ability to keep emissions out of the atmosphere. Deforestation, together with agriculture and other land use
changes, is responsible for roughly a quarter of global greenhouse gas emissions.
Using transportation
Most cars, trucks, ships, and planes run on fossil fuels. That makes transportation a major contributor of greenhouse gases, especially
carbon-dioxide emissions. Road vehicles account for the largest part, due to the combustion of petroleum-based products, like gasoline, in
internal combustion engines. But emissions from ships and planes continue to grow. Transport accounts for nearly one quarter of global
energy-related carbon-dioxide emissions. And trends point to a significant increase in energy use for transport over the coming years.
Producing food
Producing food causes emissions of carbon dioxide, methane, and other greenhouse gases in various ways, including through deforestation
and clearing of land for agriculture and grazing, digestion by cows and sheep, the production and use of fertilizers and manure for growing
crops, and the use of energy to run farm equipment or fishing boats, usually with fossil fuels. All this makes food production a major
contributor to climate change. And greenhouse gas emissions also come from packaging and distributing food.
Powering buildings
Globally, residential and commercial buildings consume over half of all electricity. As they continue to draw on coal, oil, and natural gas for
heating and cooling, they emit significant quantities of greenhouse gas emissions. Growing energy demand for heating and cooling, with
rising air-conditioner ownership, as well as increased electricity consumption for lighting, appliances, and connected devices, has
contributed to a rise in energy-related carbon-dioxide emissions from buildings in recent years.
Consuming too much
Your home and use of power, how you move around, what you eat and how much you throw away all contribute to greenhouse gas
emissions. So does the consumption of goods such as clothing, electronics, and plastics. A large chunk of global greenhouse gas emissions
are linked to private households. Our lifestyles have a profound impact on our planet. The wealthiest bear the greatest responsibility: the
richest 1 per cent of the global population combined account for more greenhouse gas emissions than the poorest 50 per cent.

 
Based on various UN sources

Effects of Climate Change

Hotter temperatures
As greenhouse gas concentrations rise, so does the global surface temperature. The last decade, 2011-2020, is the warmest on record.
Since the 1980s, each decade has been warmer than the previous one. Nearly all land areas are seeing more hot days and heat waves.
Higher temperatures increase heat-related illnesses and make working outdoors more difficult. Wildfires start more easily and spread more
rapidly when conditions are hotter. Temperatures in the Arctic have warmed at least twice as fast as the global average.
More severe storms
Destructive storms have become more intense and more frequent in many regions. As temperatures rise, more moisture evaporates, which
exacerbates extreme rainfall and flooding, causing more destructive storms. The frequency and extent of tropical storms is also affected by
the warming ocean. Cyclones, hurricanes, and typhoons feed on warm waters at the ocean surface. Such storms often destroy homes and
communities, causing deaths and huge economic losses.
Increased drought
Climate change is changing water availability, making it scarcer in more regions. Global warming exacerbates water shortages in already
water-stressed regions and is leading to an increased risk of agricultural droughts affecting crops, and ecological droughts increasing the
vulnerability of ecosystems. Droughts can also stir destructive sand and dust storms that can move billions of tons of sand across
continents. Deserts are expanding, reducing land for growing food. Many people now face the threat of not having enough water on a regular
basis.
A warming, rising ocean
The ocean soaks up most of the heat from global warming. The rate at which the ocean is warming strongly increased over the past two
decades, across all depths of the ocean. As the ocean warms, its volume increases since water expands as it gets warmer. Melting ice
sheets also cause sea levels to rise, threatening coastal and island communities. In addition, the ocean absorbs carbon dioxide, keeping it
from the atmosphere. But more carbon dioxide makes the ocean more acidic, which endangers marine life and coral reefs.
Loss of species
Climate change poses risks to the survival of species on land and in the ocean. These risks increase as temperatures climb. Exacerbated by
climate change, the world is losing species at a rate 1,000 times greater than at any other time in recorded human history. One million
species are at risk of becoming extinct within the next few decades. Forest fires, extreme weather, and invasive pests and diseases are
among many threats related to climate change. Some species will be able to relocate and survive, but others will not.
Not enough food
Changes in the climate and increases in extreme weather events are among the reasons behind a global rise in hunger and poor nutrition.
Fisheries, crops, and livestock may be destroyed or become less productive. With the ocean becoming more acidic, marine resources that
feed billions of people are at risk. Changes in snow and ice cover in many Arctic regions have disrupted food supplies from herding, hunting,
and fishing. Heat stress can diminish water and grasslands for grazing, causing declining crop yields and affecting livestock.
More health risks
Climate change is the single biggest health threat facing humanity. Climate impacts are already harming health, through air pollution,
disease, extreme weather events, forced displacement, pressures on mental health, and increased hunger and poor nutrition in places where
people cannot grow or find sufficient food. Every year, environmental factors take the lives of around 13 million people. Changing weather
patterns are expanding diseases, and extreme weather events increase deaths and make it difficult for health care systems to keep up.
Poverty and displacement
Climate change increases the factors that put and keep people in poverty. Floods may sweep away urban slums, destroying homes and
livelihoods. Heat can make it difficult to work in outdoor jobs. Water scarcity may affect crops. Over the past decade (2010–2019), weather-
related events displaced an estimated 23.1 million people on average each year, leaving many more vulnerable to poverty. Most refugees
come from countries that are most vulnerable and least ready to adapt to the impacts of climate change.
Based on various UN sources

The Climate Dictionary: An everyday guide to climate change

Climate change is the defining issue of our times. Every day, more and more people are getting involved in climate action.
Veterans in the field are already familiar with the many terms and concepts related to climate change. But if you are new to the discussion,
it can be quite challenging to grasp everything at once.
That’s why we prepared this resource of climate change terms and concepts. If you’re struggling to keep up with the climate conversation,
the Climate Dictionary is for you.
We invite you to read it, bookmark it, make use of it in your climate action work.
And we promise to update it regularly with new terms, so that we can push for collective climate action together.
Weather refers to atmospheric conditions at a particular time in a particular location, including temperature, humidity, precipitation,
cloudiness, wind, and visibility. Weather conditions do not happen in isolation, they have a ripple effect. The weather in one region will
eventually affect the weather hundreds or thousands of kilometers away.
Climate is the average of weather patterns in a specific area over a longer period of time, usually 30 or more years, that represents the
overall state of the climate system.
Human activity in the industrial age, and particularly during the last century, is significantly altering our planet’s climate through the
release of harmful greenhouse gases.

Greenhouse gases are gases that trap heat in the atmosphere, causing global warming and climate change. The main greenhouse gases
released by human activity are carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide, as well as fluorinated gases used for cooling and refrigeration.
To prevent catastrophic climate change, the world’s governments must work together to significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions
and keep global warming below the dangerous threshold of 1.5°C.

Global warming is an increase in the Earth’s average surface temperature that occurs when the concentration of greenhouse gases in the
atmosphere increases. These gases absorb more solar radiation and trap more heat, thus causing the planet to get hotter. Burning fossil
fuels, cutting down forests, and farming livestock are some human activities that release greenhouse gases and contribute to global
warming.
Climate change refers to the long-term changes in the Earth’s climate that are warming the atmosphere, ocean and land. Climate change is
affecting the balance of ecosystems that support life and biodiversity, and impacting health. It also causes more extreme weather events,
such as more intense and/or frequent hurricanes, floods, heat waves, and droughts, and leads to sea level rise and coastal erosion as a
result of ocean warming, melting of glaciers, ad loss of ice sheets.

The climate crisis refers to the serious problems that are being caused or are likely to be caused by changes in the planet’s climate. Since
the 1800s, the Earth’s average temperature has increased by 1.1° C, already causing significant damage in many parts of the world.
Scientists expect that an increase beyond 1.5° C would lead to a series of dangerous tipping points that would make many changes
irreversible and pose a very serious threat to human civilization.

Climate feedback loops happen when one change in the climate triggers further changes, in a chain reaction that reinforces itself as time
goes on. Ultimately, feedback loops can trigger tipping points, at which point the changes to our planet’s climate systems become severe
and irreversible.
Currently, scientists are aware of some serious feedback loops that are driving global warming. For example, as sea ice in the Arctic
melts, more heat is being absorbed by the darker ocean waters, thus speeding up the warming process and leading to more ice melting.
Similarly, as wildfires burn down forests, they release greenhouse gases leading to more warming and more wildfires. Other feedback
loops include the thawing of the permafrost, forest dieback, and insect outbreaks.
A tipping point is a threshold after which certain changes caused by climate change become irreversible. These changes may lead to
abrupt and dangerous impacts with very serious implications for the future of our planet.
Scientists have already identified areas of concern, such as dieback of forests and corals, the melting of permafrost and glaciers, and deep
ocean warming and acidification, but more research is needed.

CLIMATE OVERSHOOT Under the Paris Agreement, countries are expected to take the necessary
measures to limit global warming to 1.5° C. But even best-case scenarios now indicate a significant chance of overshooting these goals,
even if temporarily. Climate overshoot refers to the period during which warming will have increased past 1.5° C, before falling back
down. This period will probably occur around the middle of this century.
The longer the climate overshoot lasts, the more dangerous it will become. A prolonged period of higher global temperatures will have
devastating and irreversible impacts on natural ecosystems, biodiversity, and human communities, particularly in dry areas, coastal zones,
and other vulnerable locations. Making deep emission cuts during this decade is of extreme importance to limiting the duration and
impacts of the climate overshoot.
Mitigation refers to any action taken by governments, businesses, and people to reduce, sequester, or prevent greenhouse gas emissions.
Examples of mitigation include transitioning to renewable energy like wind and solar, investing in carbon-free transportation, promoting
sustainable agriculture and land use, planting forests to act as carbon sinks, and changing consumption practices and diet behaviors.
Did you know: To limit global warming to 1.5° C, which scientists have set as the threshold before irreversible climate impacts occur, the
world must take mitigation actions to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 45% before 2030 and reach net-zero CO2 emissions by mid-
century.

Adaptation refers to actions that help reduce vulnerability to the current or expected impacts of climate change.
Examples of adaptation include planting crop varieties that are more resistant to drought or changing conditions, managing land to reduce
wildfire risks, building stronger flood defenses, relocating infrastructure from coastal areas affected by sea level rise, and developing
insurance mechanisms specific to climate-related threats.

Resilience is the capacity of a community or environment to anticipate and manage dangerous climatic events and recover and transform
after the ensuing shock, with minimal damage to societal wellbeing, economic activity, and the environment.
Examples of increasing resilience in a community include long-term planning, early warning systems, training for new skills, diversifying
the sources of household income, strengthening nature-based solutions, and building robust communal response and recovery capacities.

A carbon footprint is a measure of the greenhouse gas emissions released into the atmosphere by a particular person, organization,
product, or activity. A bigger carbon footprint means more emissions of carbon dioxide and methane, and therefore a bigger contribution
to the climate crisis.
Measuring a person’s or an organization’s carbon footprint entails looking at both the direct emissions resulting from the burning of fossil
fuels for energy production, heating, and land and air travel, and indirect emissions resulting from the production and disposal of all food,
manufactured goods, and services they consume.
Carbon footprints can be reduced by shifting to low-carbon energy sources like wind and solar, improving energy efficiency,
strengthening industry policies and regulations, changing purchasing and travel habits, and reducing meat consumption and food waste.

Climate justice means putting equity and human rights at the core of decision-making and action on climate change.
One aspect of climate justice relates to the unequal historical responsibility that countries bear in relation to the climate crisis. The concept
suggests that the countries, industries, and businesses that have become wealthy from activities that emitted the most greenhouse gas
emissions have a responsibility to help mitigate the impacts of climate change on those affected, particularly the most vulnerable countries
and communities, who often are the ones that have contributed the least to the crisis.
Even within the same country, because of structural inequalities based on race, ethnicity, gender, and socioeconomic status, the
responsibilities in addressing climate change need to be divided fairly, with the biggest responsibility resting on those who have
contributed to and benefitted from causing the crisis the most.
Another aspect of climate justice is the intergenerational one. Children and young people today have not contributed to the climate crisis
in a significant way but will bear the full force of climate change impacts as they advance through life. Because their human rights are
threatened by the decisions of previous generations, they must have a central role in all climate decision-making and action.

Nature-based solutions support climate change adaptation and mitigation by using natural systems and processes to restore ecosystems,
conserve biodiversity, and enable sustainable livelihoods. They are actions that prioritize ecosystems and biodiversity and are designed
and implemented with the full engagement and consent of local communities and Indigenous Peoples.
Examples include green roofs and urban parks and gardens, restoring wetlands, savannahs and other ecosystems, conserving mangrove
forests, or switching to regenerative farming practices.
Did you know: Nature-based solutions are seen as a win-win for people and nature. They can create jobs, provide new and more resilient
livelihood opportunities, and increase income while also protecting the planet.

Indigenous Peoples’ ways of life are inherently low-carbon and emphasize balance between humans and the natural world. Their
traditional practices have low impact on the environment and are responsive to it, fostering self-sustaining ecosystems.
Indigenous Peoples were among the first to notice climate change and their knowledge and practices help navigate and adapt to its
impacts. Indigenous knowledge, which is intergenerational and community-based, is a great source of meaningful climate solutions that
can advance mitigation, enhance adaptation, and build resilience. It can also complement scientific data with precise landscape
information that is critical to evaluating climate change scenarios.
Indigenous Peoples protect an estimated 80 percent of the world’s remaining biodiversity yet continue to be excluded from almost all
global decision-making processes on climate change. Their collective knowledge, valuable insights, and rights to their ancestral lands,
territories and resources, and their way of life must be recognized and included across climate policies and actions.
There is no agreed definition of "Loss and damage" in the international climate negotiations. However, the term can refer to the
unavoidable impacts of climate change that occur despite, or in the absence of, mitigation and adaptation. Importantly, it highlights that
there are limits to what adaptation can accomplish; when tipping point thresholds are crossed, climate change impacts can become
unavoidable.
Loss and damage can refer to both economic and non-economic losses. Economic loss and damage can include things like the costs of
rebuilding infrastructure that has repeatedly been damaged due to cyclones or floods, or the loss of coastline land (and homes and
businesses) due to sea-level rise and coastal erosion.
Non-economic loss and damage include negative impacts that can’t be easily assigned a monetary value. This can include things such as
trauma from experiencing a climate-related natural disaster, loss of life, the displacement of communities, loss of history and culture
or loss of biodiversity.

Climate change can exacerbate food, water, and livelihood insecurity, with cascading effects such as displacement and migration and
increased competition over natural resources, all of which can lead to increased tensions and instability in a country or a region.
Furthermore, the impacts of climate change can aggravate or prolong existing violent conflicts and make it more difficult to deliver
climate action and to reach and sustain peace. 
Climate security refers to evaluating, managing, and reducing the risks to peace and stability brought on by the climate crisis. This means
ensuring that climate mitigation and adaptation goes beyond doing no harm and contributes positively to peace and stability. It also means
that conflict prevention and peacebuilding interventions take climate impacts into account. The technical solutions to climate action and
adaptation can serve as opportunities to build peace and mend the social fabric, especially in countries affected by conflict and fragility.
Did you know: Climate action can help alleviate the underlying drivers of conflict and fragility. For example, access to renewable energy
can be a lifeline which supports clean water, light, warmth, and sustenance, as well as basic and emergency services. It also powers local
economic development, while setting countries on a sustainable development pathway to recovery.

Climate finance refers to financial resources and instruments that are used to support action on climate change. Climate finance is critical
to addressing climate change because of the large-scale investments that are needed to transition to a low-carbon global economy and to
help societies build resilience and adapt to the impacts of climate change.
Climate finance can come from different sources, public or private, national or international, bilateral or multilateral. It can employ
different instruments such as grants and donations, green bonds, debt swaps, guarantees, and concessional loans. And it can be used for
different activities, including mitigation, adaptation, and resilience-building.
Some multilateral funds that countries can access include the Green Climate Fund (GCF), the Global Environment Facility (GEF), and the
Adaptation Fund (AF). High-income countries with a significant historical contribution to climate change have committed to
raising US$100 billion every year to fund climate action in low-income countries. However, this target has not yet been reached and more
funding is required for both mitigation and adaptation interventions.
Did you know: Many studies and reports show that investments in climate action can yield results that dramatically outweigh the upfront
costs. One study by the World Bank shows that an investment of US$1 can yield, on average, $4 in benefits.
Reaching net zero requires us to ensure that carbon dioxide emissions from human activity are balanced by human efforts to remove
carbon dioxide emissions (for example, by creating carbon sinks to absorb carbon dioxide) - thereby stopping further increases in the
concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. 
Transitioning to net zero requires a complete transformation of our energy, transportation, and production and consumption systems. This
is necessary to avert the worst consequences of climate change.
Did you know: To keep global warming below 1.5° C, the world’s governments need to ensure that all greenhouse gas emissions peak by
2025, and reach net zero in the second half of this century. The IPCC has recommended to reduce CO2 emissions globally by 45% before
2030 (compared to 2010 levels) and reach net zero by mid-century.

DECARBONIZATION
Decarbonization means reducing the amount of greenhouse gas emissions that a society produces, as well as increasing the amount that is
being absorbed. It entails changing many, if not all, aspects of the economy, from how energy is generated, to how goods and services are
produced and delivered, to how buildings are built and how lands are managed.
To meet the goals of the Paris Agreement and keep the 1.5° target alive, governments and businesses must rapidly decarbonize by 2030.
Meaningful decarbonization requires substantial investments in low-carbon infrastructure and transportation, renewable energy sources,
circular economy and resource efficiency, and land and soil restoration. It also requires a rethinking of current economic models that are
focused on growth at all costs.

Renewable energy is energy derived from natural sources that are constantly being replenished, such as wind, sunlight, the flow of
moving water, and geothermal heat. In contrast to energy sourced from fossil fuels like coal, oil, and gas, which accounts for 75 percent of
the harmful greenhouse gas emissions that are causing climate change, energy from renewable sources is cheap, clean, sustainable, and
generates more jobs.
Transitioning from fossil fuels to renewable energy in all sectors – power, heating and cooling, transportation, and industry – is key to
addressing the climate crisis. To stay under 1.5°C of global warming, the world needs to phase out fossil fuel use and undergo a profound
transformation of the energy system through rapid electrification and sourcing energy from renewable sources.
Did you know: In 2022, renewable sources provided 29 percent of global electricity. With the right investments, cheap electricity from
renewable sources could provide 65 percent of the world’s total electricity supply by 2030.

A carbon sink is anything that absorbs more carbon from the atmosphere than it releases. Forests, wetlands, oceans, and soil are the
world’s largest carbon sinks.
Today, human activity, like burning fossil fuels and deforestation, causes more carbon to be released into the atmosphere than the Earth’s
natural carbon sinks can absorb, leading to global warming and climate change. Therefore, protecting and expanding carbon sinks is a key
strategy for tackling climate change and stabilizing the climate.
Carbon removal is the process of removing greenhouse gas emissions from the atmosphere, through actions such as planting trees or
capturing and sequestering carbon from biofuels and bioenergy plants. Carbon removal could slow, limit, or even reverse climate change
— but it is not a substitute for cutting greenhouse gas emissions.
Carbon capture and storage is the process of taking emissions produced by power generation or industrial activity and storing them deep
underground.
In short, carbon removal is the elimination of carbon emissions after they have entered our atmosphere. Carbon capture and storage is the
trapping of carbon emissions just after they’ve been emitted but before they can enter our atmosphere. The efficacy of these processes
remains largely untested.

Carbon markets are trading systems in which carbon is quantified into a “carbon credit” that can be bought and sold. Companies or
individuals can use carbon markets to compensate for their greenhouse gas emissions by purchasing carbon credits from entities that
remove or reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
One tradable carbon credit equals one tonne of carbon dioxide, or the equivalent amount of a different greenhouse gas reduced,
sequestered or avoided. When a credit is used to reduce, sequester, or avoid emissions, it becomes an offset and is no longer tradable.

Regenerative agriculture is a way of farming that nurtures and restores soil health, and therefore reduces water use, prevents land
degradation, and promotes biodiversity. By minimizing land ploughing, practicing rotating crops, and using animal manure and compost,
regenerative agriculture ensures that the soil stores more carbon, conserves more moisture, and is healthier due to thriving fungal
communities.
Intensive agriculture is responsible for a third of global greenhouse gas emissions, uses 70 percent of the fresh water we consume, and
leads to soil degradation through its use of heavy machinery, chemical fertilizers, and pesticides. It is also the biggest contributor to
biodiversity loss. By contrast, regenerative agriculture helps lower greenhouse gas emissions, conserves water, and restores land.
Moreover, healthy soil produces more food and better nutrition and has other positive impacts on ecosystems and biodiversity.

Forests provide immense benefits by removing carbon dioxide and pollutants from the atmosphere, preventing soil erosion, filtering
water, and housing half of the world’s land species of animals, plants and insects. Reforestation and afforestation are two of the most
effective nature-based solutions in fighting climate change and limiting its impacts.
Reforestation is the process of replanting trees in areas that had recent tree cover but where forests were lost, due to wildfires, drought,
disease, or human activity such as agricultural clearing.
Afforestation is the process of planting trees in areas that have not been forested in recent history. Afforestation helps restore abandoned
and degraded agricultural lands, prevent desertification, create carbon sinks, and generate new economic opportunities for local
communities.
Rewilding is the mass restoration of ecosystems that have been damaged by human activity. More than conservation, which focuses on
saving specific species through dedicated human intervention, rewilding refers to setting aside large areas for the natural world to
regenerate in on its own terms. This sometimes requires the reintroduction of key species that have been driven extinct in a particular
region, such as beavers, wolves, or large herbivores, who help shape entire ecosystems.
Rewilding can help combat climate change by removing more carbon dioxide from the atmosphere through healthy natural processes such
as natural woodland regeneration. It also helps prevent species extinction by creating nature-rich habitats that allow wildlife to adapt to
climate change and move north as warming intensifies.

Presently, we are using more than the available amount of Earth’s natural resources to sustain current levels of human consumption.
Estimates show that if we continue on our current path, we will need the equivalent of almost three planets’ worth of natural resources.
Having a circular economy means that economic systems are based on the reuse and regeneration of materials or products, ensuring that
production and consumption is done in a sustainable or environmentally friendly way that reduces and reuses waste.
Circular economy approaches can help countries accelerate their transition to more resilient and lower-carbon economies while also
creating new green jobs.

The world’s oceans – their temperature, chemistry, currents, and life – drive global systems that make Earth habitable for humankind. Our
rainwater, drinking water, weather, climate, coastlines, much of our food, medicines and even the oxygen in the air we breathe, are all
provided and regulated by the seas. However, because of climate change, the health of our oceans is now at significant risk.
The "blue economy" concept seeks to promote economic development, social inclusion, and the preservation or improvement of
livelihoods while at the same time ensuring environmental sustainability of the oceans and coastal areas.
Blue economy has diverse components, including established traditional ocean industries such as fisheries, tourism, and maritime
transport, but also new and emerging activities, such as offshore renewable energy, aquaculture, seabed extractive activities, and marine
biotechnology.

Green jobs are decent jobs that contribute to protecting and restoring the environment and addressing climate change. Green jobs can be
found in both the production of green products and services, such as renewable energy, and in environmentally friendly processes, such as
recycling. Green jobs help improve energy and raw material efficiency, limit greenhouse gas emissions, minimize waste and pollution,
protect and restore ecosystems, and support adaptation to the impacts of climate change.
As the market for green jobs is expanding, countries must ensure that the workforce is equipped with the specific skills and education
required to carry them out. This can be achieved by investing in training young people for future green jobs and by retraining workers
from carbon-intensive industries. The latter is a key part of ensuring countries are pursuing a just transition and leave no one behind.
With public pressure to address the climate crisis rising, private sector companies are joining the transition to a low-carbon global
economy. However, their efforts can sometimes turn into more of a marketing exercise than real, meaningful action.
Greenwashing refers to situations where a company makes misleading claims about their positive environmental impact or the
sustainability of their products and services to convince consumers that they are acting on climate change. In some cases, greenwashing
can be unintentional, because of lack of knowledge on environmental issues. However, it can also be carried out intentionally as a
marketing and public relations exercise, exploiting public support towards environmental policies for profit.
Greenwashing can erode public confidence in sustainability and allow negative environmental impacts to continue unabated.

In the context of climate change, transitioning to a low-carbon or net-zero economy requires massive transformation of our economic
systems. Such transformation runs the risk of further increasing social inequality, exclusion, civil unrest, and less competitive businesses,
sectors, and markets.
As countries work to meet their climate goals, it’s vital that they ensure the whole-of-society – all communities, all workers, all social
groups – are brought along and part of the structural change that takes place.
Ensuring a just transition means that countries choose to green their economy through transition pathways and approaches that reinforce
equality and inclusivity. This means looking at the impacts of the transition on different groups of workers across the economy and
providing opportunities for training and reskilling that support decent work and aim to leave no one behind.

The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is an international environmental treaty adopted in 1992 to
combat dangerous human interference with the climate system. It entered into force in 1994 and enjoys near universal membership,
having been signed by 199 parties. It is the parent treaty of both the Paris Agreement and the Kyoto Protocol.
The UNFCCC secretariat is the United Nations entity tasked with supporting the global response to the threat of climate change. The
secretariat facilitates intergovernmental climate change negotiations by organizing between two and four negotiating sessions each year,
the largest and most important of which is the Conference of the Parties (COP). It also provides technical expertise and assists in the
analysis and review of climate change information and maintains the registry of Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC).

The annual United Nations conference dedicated to climate change, called “Conference of the Parties” or “COP,” has been organized
under the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) since 1995. At the 21st COP, or COP21, which took place in 2015,
the Paris Agreement was signed.
The conference now brings together all nations who are parties to the Paris Agreement to discuss their next steps to combat climate
change and further establish legally binding agreements to support climate action. The next conference, COP28, will take place in the
United Arab Emirates in December 2023.

The Paris Agreement is a legally binding international treaty aiming to limit global warming to well below 2° C, preferably to 1.5° C,
compared to pre-industrial levels. It was adopted by 196 Parties in 2015 at COP21 in Paris and entered into force in 2016.
The Paris Agreement is a landmark achievement in international cooperation on climate change because it is a binding agreement for all
Parties to scale up efforts to combat climate change and adapt to its effects. It also provides the instruments for developed nations to assist
developing nations in their climate mitigation and adaptation efforts, while creating a framework for transparent monitoring and reporting
of results.

Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) are climate

pledges and action plans that each country is required to develop in line with the Paris Agreement goal of limiting global warming to 1.5°
C. NDCs represent short to medium-term plans that are updated every five years with higher ambition on climate.
NDCs outline mitigation and adaptation priorities a country will pursue to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, build resilience, and adapt to
climate change, as well as financing strategies and monitoring and verification approaches. In 2023, the first in a series of global “stock
takes” will assess progress on the implementation of NDCs and Paris Agreement goals.

Under the Paris Agreement, countries must regularly report on the implementation of their Nationally Determined Contributions. It is
crucial that this reporting is done with transparency to allow the global community to accurately assess collective progress and build trust
that everyone is playing their part.
Transparent reporting allows governments and international bodies to have access to reliable data and make evidence-based decisions. It
also enhances our scientific understanding of climate change and the actions and policies needed to mitigate it and adapt to its impacts.
Ultimately, transparency is key to unlocking the full potential of the Paris Agreement, by promoting trust, collaboration and knowledge
transfer and encouraging further ambition on climate targets.

National Adaptation Plans (NAPs) help countries plan and implement actions to reduce vulnerability to the impacts of climate change and
strengthen adaptive capacity and resilience. NAPs link to Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) and other national and sectoral
policies and programmes.
For NAPs to be successful they need to be participatory, inclusive, gender-responsive, and transparent. This means that at the design
stage, NAPs need to evaluate the specific needs and vulnerabilities of different groups in the country, paying particular attention to those
most vulnerable to climate change impacts and involving them in developing and implementing strategies and programmes.
 Long-term strategies Under the Paris Agreement, countries are invited to communicate long-
term strategies for emissions reductions that envision a whole-of-society transformation over several decades, usually up to 2050. LTS
documents align to the long-term objectives of limiting global warming and achieving net-zero by 2050.
Long-term strategies look beyond shorter term NDCs and are a guide for countries to pursue low-carbon development, boost innovation,
plan for sustainable infrastructure, and promote just and equitable transitions for their workforce.
When countries officially communicate their LTS to the UNFCCC it is called a Long-Term Low Emission Development Strategy (LT-
LEDS).

Forest conservation and restoration can provide more than one quarter of the greenhouse gas emissions reductions needed to avoid the
worst impacts of climate change. REDD+ is a framework agreed by countries in the international climate negotiations that aims to curb
climate change by reducing deforestation and forest degradation, and sustainably managing and conserving forests in developing
countries.
REDD stands for "Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation”. The “+” signifies the role of conservation,
sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks.

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is an independent body founded under the auspices of the World Meteorological
Organization (WMO) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).
The IPCC’s main role is to assess the scientific literature and findings on climate change and provide vital scientific information and
evidenced-based recommendations to policymakers and the public. It is widely recognized as the most credible source of information
related to the science of climate change and its complex analysis of impacts, risks, and adaptation and mitigation options.

Editor's Note: If you found this piece useful, sign up for our monthly climate newsletter to get more explainers and climate news
delivered directly to your inbox.