Internet of Things

IO 4041
Sensors
 Sensors
❖ What is a sensor?
❖ Types of sensors
❖ How to use?
❖ Where to use?
 What is a sensor?
❖ A device that can measure a physical quantity and
convert it into a signal
▪ Which can be read by an instrument or observer

❖ an input device which provides an output (signal) with

respect to a specific physical quantity (input).

❖ A Sensor is a device that receives and response to a

signal.
❖ A Sensors sensitivity indicates how much the sensors
output changes when the measured quantity changes
 Classification of sensors
Active and passive

❖ Active sensor require an external excitation signal or

a power signal.

❖ Passive sensor do not require any external power

signal and directly generates output response
 Classification of sensors
Based on Means of detection used in the sensor

❖ Electric
❖ Biological
❖ Chemical
❖ Radioactive
 Classification of sensors
Based on conversion phenomena(input and output)

❖ Photoelectric
❖ Thermoelectric
❖ Electrochemical
❖ Electromagnetic
❖ Thermoptic
 Classification of sensors
Analog and digital sensors
❖ Analog sensor produce an analog output (usually
voltage or other like resistance) with respect to
quantity being measured

❖ Digital sensor work with discrete or digital data.

▪ Data is digital in nature which s used for conversion and
transmission
Types of sensors
 Types of sensors
Temperature
Proximity
IR
Pressure
Light
Ultrasonic
Smoke gas and alcohol
Touch
Color
Humidity
Position
Microphone
Flow and level
Touch
 Types of sensors
Temperature Sensor
senses the temperature
i.e., it measures the
changes in the
temperature.

Proximity Sensor
a non-contact type
sensor that detects the
presence of an object.
 Types of sensors
Infrared (IR)
light based sensor that are
used in various
applications like Proximity
and Object Detection
- Used in taps as well
Reflective:
transmitter and detector are
positioned adjacent to each
other facing the object
Transmissive: transmitter
and detector are positioned
facing each other
 Types of sensors
Ultrasonic
- a non-contact type device
used to measure distance as
well as velocity of an object
- works based on the properties
of the sound waves with
frequency greater than that of
the human audible range.
Light (photo) Sensor
-A simple Light Sensor available
today is the Light Dependent
Resistor.
-Its resistance is inversely
proportional to the intensity of
the ambient light
And many more (self
exploration)
LED junction with temperature
tinkercad.com
LED blinking with temperature
// C++ code
int temp = 0;
void setup()
{

pinMode(11, OUTPUT);
pinMode(12, OUTPUT);
pinMode(13, OUTPUT);
}
LED blinking with temperature
void loop() {
if (temp > 10 && temp < 50)
{ digitalWrite(11,HIGH); delay(3000);
digitalWrite(11,LOW); delay(3000);
temp = 60; }
else if (temp > 50 && temp < 70)
{ digitalWrite(12,HIGH); delay(3000);
digitalWrite(12,LOW); delay(3000);
temp = 9; }
else { digitalWrite(13,HIGH); delay(1000);
digitalWrite(13,LOW); delay(1000);
temp = 40; }
}
Project ideas
 Project ideas
▪ Plant water sensor
▪ senser registered to cloud service
▪ sensor is placed into the soil of plant pot for moisture
readings
▪ cloud has details of plant type, soil type, water requirement
etc
▪ from readings determine if any action required
▪ update is sent to user mobile app.
▪ Data is stored and notifications are there as well
 Project ideas
▪ Weather reporting system
▪ rain-temperature-humidity sensors
▪ via microcontroller to web server using Wifi
▪ live update
▪ set threshold values and alerts for notification
▪ Smart door
▪ Air pollution monitoring system
▪ sensors to monitor 5 components for Air Quality Index
▪ ozone, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrous oxide, and
particulate matter
▪ plus a gas sensor (for gas leakages or flammable gases).
Temperature and humidity sensors can also be included
 Project ideas
▪ Smart parking system
▪ IR sensor to monitor entire area during runtime and provide
you an image
▪ plus, open car parking gate only if vacant slots are there
▪ Smart traffic management system
▪ To offer free pathways to emergency vehicles [ by
flashing a green light for such vehicles]
▪ also able to identify and monitor violators even at
night
 Project ideas
▪ Smart cradle system
▪ humidity and temperature of infants beds
▪ surveillance camera attached to the cradle will
continue to send footage of the infant to the parents
▪ health algorithm as well based on sensor data
about health of infants and alerts
▪ Smart gas leakage detector bot
▪ bot with GPS sensor
▪ bot uses IOTgecko to receive and display any gas
leakage alert and its location over the IoT network
 Project ideas
▪ Street light monitoring
▪ LDR sensors for movement detection
▪ Liquid level monitoring system
▪ ultrasonic, conductive and float sensor
▪ apart from liquid level, also used to track the usage of
specific chemicals and detect leak in pipelines
▪ Water quality
▪ Health monitoring system
▪ And …