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Lecture03 CE72.12FEM - WeakFormulations

1) The document discusses weak formulations in finite element methods. Weak formulations recast partial differential equations governing physical problems into an integral form that is more suitable for numerical solutions. 2) The steps to develop a weak formulation are presented, which involve multiplying the governing differential equations by an arbitrary test function and integrating over the problem domain. 3) As an example, a 1D elasticity problem is used to derive the weak formulation by multiplying the equilibrium equation by an arbitrary weight function and integrating over the domain. Boundary conditions are then applied to obtain the final weak form.

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25 views10 pages

Lecture03 CE72.12FEM - WeakFormulations

1) The document discusses weak formulations in finite element methods. Weak formulations recast partial differential equations governing physical problems into an integral form that is more suitable for numerical solutions. 2) The steps to develop a weak formulation are presented, which involve multiplying the governing differential equations by an arbitrary test function and integrating over the problem domain. 3) As an example, a 1D elasticity problem is used to derive the weak formulation by multiplying the equilibrium equation by an arbitrary weight function and integrating over the domain. Boundary conditions are then applied to obtain the final weak form.

Uploaded by

Rahul Kasaudhan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CE 72.

12 Finite Element Methods in Engineering


Lecture 03: Weak Formulations
Semester – January 2023

Dr. Chaitanya Krishna


Department of Civil and Infrastructure Engineering
School of Engineering and Technology (SET)

24 January 2023 1
Mechanics in FEM 2

• Equilibrium → of an infinitesimal unit


• Constitutive Relationships → Material stress-strain relationship 𝜎 = 𝐸𝜀
• Kinematics → Displacement & Strain
ⅆ𝒖
𝒖 & →𝜺 →Simple problems( Domain/Geometry, Load Pattern)
ⅆ𝒙

Closed form solution


𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃
Exact Solution
Too difficult to achieve (complex geometry, load, etc.)
Relax the solution

Approximate solution → Geometry & Solution


(error is possible)
• How to use approximate solution systematically?
• How to control the error?

Convergence check(Mesh)
Mesh Sensitivity check
24 January 2023
Introduction to Weak Forms

Weak Forms 1. Direct Method


2. Virtual Work – Variational Method
3. Method of Weighted Residuals- Gelerkin
• Elasticity Governing Equation (equilibrium equation)
Partial Differential Equations

→ Boundary Condition
→ Initial Condition

Continuous Problem
Practically not suitable in science and engineering

“Therefore, we recast the problem into an alternate form from which accurate
approximate solutions are obtained”
Weak Formulations 4

• The Finite Element Method (FEM) is a numerical method


used to solve differential equations that describe the
behavior of a system.
• The weak form is an alternative way of expressing the
differential equation.
• Instead of expressing the equation in terms of the unknown
field variable and its derivatives, the weak form expresses the
equation in terms of test functions and the field variable.
• This is also referred to as the variational form or the integral form of
the equation.
• The weak form is more general and flexible than the strong
form, as it can be used to model a wide range of boundary
conditions and loading conditions.
• The weak form is transformed into a set of algebraic
equations by using the method of weighted residuals

24 January 2023
1-D Elasticity Equations
• Let the coordinate system be [Cartesian → x]
➢ Assume that the problem is defined in a domain Ω
➢ Ω is in an interval 𝑎 < 𝑥 < 𝑏 , ∀ 𝑡 ≥ 𝑜
➢ Let 𝑢 ( 𝑥 , 𝑏 ) be the displacement
𝜕𝑢
ℰ𝑥 = 1
𝜕𝑥
➢ Equilibrium equation reduces to :

𝜕𝜎𝑥 𝜕2𝑢
+ 𝑏𝑥 = 𝜌 2 2
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑡
➢ Constitutive equation is :
𝜎𝑥 = 𝐸 ℇ𝑥 3

(E is Young’s Modulus of Elasticity)


1D Strong Form
➢ Let the boundary equation be :
𝑢 = 𝑢ത or 𝑡𝑥 = 𝑡𝑥ҧ = 𝑛𝑥 𝜎𝑥 or 𝑥 = 𝑎, b 4

➢ Initial Conditions : 𝑢 𝑥, 0 = 𝑑ҧ 𝑥 and 𝑢ሶ 𝑥, 0 = 𝜈𝑥ҧ in Ω 5

𝑛𝑥 = 1 at b and 𝑛𝑥 = −1 at a

𝜕 𝜕𝑢 𝜕2𝑢 6
Ε + 𝑏𝑥 = ρ
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑡 2
1 6
➢ Equation is called the STRONG FORM OF I-D ELASTICITY PROBLEMS

Is can used to write a discrete set of equations using FDM


FDM → Finite Difference Method
… A more powerful approach is to introduce an integral weak form
Steps in Weak Form
• Steps:
1. Multiply each equation by arbitrary function ( approximate).

2. Integrate this product over the space domain of problem.

3. To use integration by parts to reduce the order of derivatives to a minimum.

4. Introduce boundary conditions.

Only integrate over space domain Time dependency + Initial condition

Necessarily explicit
Weak Forms in Equilibrium Equations
Lets introduce a set of arbitrary functions w 𝑥

w 𝑥 is defined as in Ω describe in a < x < b


∵ w = weight function
Multiply the equilibrium equation by w 𝑥

𝜕2𝑢 𝜕𝜎𝑥
𝑔 𝑤, 𝑢, 𝜎𝑥 = w 𝑥 𝜌 − 𝑏𝑥 − =0
𝜕𝑡 2 𝜕𝑥

Satisfied at all points in the domain


Note : In Weak Forms ,equations or conditions are no longer required to hold absolutely

This helps in transfer of concepts of Linear Algebra to solve Ordinary Differential Equations
Parts 9

24 January 2023
Final Weak Form 10

Γ𝑢 is the boundary where u = 𝑢ത


Γ = Γ𝑢 ∪ Γ𝑡
Γ𝑡 is the boundary where 𝑡𝑥 = 𝑡𝑥ҧ
• Weak Form

𝜕2𝑢 𝜕𝜔
𝐺 𝑤, 𝑢, 𝜎𝑥 = න w 𝑥 𝜌 2
− 𝑏𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + න 𝜎𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑤𝑡𝑥 ቚ − 𝑤 𝑡𝑥ҧ ቚ
Ω 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 Γ𝑢 Γ𝑡

Inference :
Weak form = sum of all governing equations in which approximate weight
functions are introduced
𝜕2𝑢 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑢
𝐺 𝑤, 𝑢 = න 𝑤 𝑥 𝜌 2
− 𝑏𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + න 𝐸 − 𝑤 𝑡𝑥ҧ ቚ W
Ω 𝜕𝑡 Ω 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 Γ𝑡

24 January 2023

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