Microstructure features Example of microstructures oe Introduction to Materials Engineering Microstructure-Sensible Properties and Principles of Heat-Treatment Basic of phase diagrams One-component diagram Microstructure features ~ pure phase ~ solid solution = second phase ~ special stucture (eutectic, peritectic ete.) ~ grain boundary + invgrain precipitate = grain-boundary precipitate + Inclusion + pore = micro-crackBasic of phase diagrams Basic of phase diagrams Two components with full Two components with limited solid solubility solid and liquid solubility and eutectic transition Liquia (rome ova J eee Temperature —> Weight per cent A. ——> Basic of phase diagrams Basic of phase diagrams Example of complicated binary phase diagram: Al-Mg Ternary phase diagram — |Strengthening mechanisms = grain size effect ~ solid solution hardening + precipitation hardening = interactions of impurity atoms with dislocations ~ Interactions of impurity atoms with grain boundaries Strengthening mechanisms Solid solution hardening + seers Hee Rae Hem E Hie RY Bote | nH Foreign ("solved") atom in the matrix lattice, being a source of stresses field, causes difficulty for dislocations ‘movement, and, therefore, material's hardening Strengthening mechanisms Grain size effect — Hall-Petch law strength of material average grain sizo Strengthening mechanisms Precipitation hardening oe Pair of precipitates, being an impediment for a moving dislocation, causes material's hardeningStrengthening mechanisms Interactions of impurity atoms with dislocations Cottrell atmospheres carbon dislocation pairin steel with atmosphere of impurty atoms Impurity atoms, being tensed to dislocation due to its ‘tresses field, must move together with it as a “cloud”, and cause difficulty to this movement and, therefore, ‘material's hardening Principles of heat-treatment Role of microstructure 1. Heat-treatment necessarily deals with formation of certain microstructure with features having certain morphology. 2. Additive effect Each microstructural feature has its own physical ang mechanical properties contriouted to the properties of whole material 3, Non-additive effect Action of strengthening mechanisms mentioned previously Microstructure-sensible prope! ~ yield strength = ultimate strength ~ slongation = hardness + energy of fracture = fatigue resistance = creep resistance = magnetic stiffness ~ thermal and electrical conductivity Principles of heat-treatment Temperature and time effect Heatireatment affects material's properties via microstructure. Microstructural effect is difusion-governed. Based on the common solution of diffusion equation, diffusion length i. all iffusion-controlled processes, depend on temperature exponentially and on imme as square root This dictates importance of temperature and time establishing in heat-treatmentPrinciples of heat-treatment Basic microstructural events 1. Grain growth and coarsening ‘Theemabinducad process of grain boundary moving towards cantar of, its curvature, accomplished with growth of larger grains on account of smaller ones. 2, Recrystalization Formation of microstructure of equiaxed grains in previously work- hardened crystallin mater, at lomperatue above 047 3. Nucleation “Birth process” of new the grains of recrystalized material as well as cofnew phase 4. Precipitation "Nucleation and growth of partcos of second phase, sometimes ‘occurs at GB, sometimes ~ inside existing mati gran. Microstructural consideration of various types of heat-treatment + Solution ‘Aigh-lemperatura heat ealment designed to put age-harcening Corsttuonts into sold solution. Nermaly applied to age-hardenable materials pror to ageing veatment + Ageing Controlled precipitation and growth of secone-phase partces from “supersaturated sold solution, obtained by soluton treatment, n order tw achieve preciptation-hardening effect, Principles of heat-treatment Microstructural consideration of various types of heat-treatment + Stress relieving Removing oF retucing stresses in work-hardened non-age-hardenable alloys without producing arecrystalized grain structure. + Anneating Producing a recrystlized grain structure and softening In work hardened matenals, Tempering Full or partial controled decomposition of quenched microstructure (@e. martensite decompostion Into beinte or pearite)