Boys in Butte - The Ku Klux Klan Confronts The Catholics 1923-1929
Boys in Butte - The Ku Klux Klan Confronts The Catholics 1923-1929
Boys in Butte - The Ku Klux Klan Confronts The Catholics 1923-1929
1991
Recommended Citation
Erickson, Christine K., "Boys in Butte: The Ku Klux Klan confronts the Catholics 1923-1929" (1991).
Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 5238.
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THE BOYS IN BUTTE:
By
Christine K. Erickson
Master of Arts
University of Montana
1991
Approved by
O ju l a . 5. A?f/
UMI Number: EP40702
UMI'
Dissertation Publishing
UMI EP40702
Published by P ro Q u est LLC (2014). Copyright in the D issertation held by th e Author.
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ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT.....................................ii
INTRODUCTION..................................1
BIBLIOGRAPHY........................... 122
INTRODUCTION
swelling Klan network that had not yet reached its peak of 3
1
2
for six years. This thesis will discuss and analyze the Ku
state.
fraternal order.
NOTES
1920' s .3
6
7
peak in 1923-24.5
14, 1924.
few of the main principles of the Klan, themes with which the
Klux Klan's main themes during its brief but powerful surge
"Klanishness."
the rules and regulations governing the new order. From the
Evans believed, was the next logical step for the Klan to
levels.
bill of 1924, (for which the Klan claimed more credit than it
substantial arguments.
role.
Klansmen who did not support the order with "their whole
heart and soul and vote, should be asked to withdraw, and let
16
of a larger scheme.
that the time was not yet ripe for a Klan paper in Montana."3i
18
dues in 1927.32
shoulders.3* Even the declaration that Klan work was "high and
Klansmen that they need not worry if their local chapters had
NOTES
21. Ibid., 6.
KKK, EWHS.
38. Ibid.
CHAPTER TWO
"War of the Copper Kings" are beyond the scope of this study,
24
25
Clark never forgave Daly for his loss, and the battle for
1920's, after Daly was dead and Clark had effectively retired
institutions.9
Romanism" but it saved its most potent venom for priests and
APAer's would realize that "deeds, not words, are what win." 12
Catholics against APA supporters and left one person dead and
The riot did not quell the A P A 's bid for control in
candidate.14 By that time, the APA had already passed its peak
#30.
II
In other words, the Klan could not just saunter into town and
contact.
reveals that this may have very well been the case. Among
already have friends within the order who would be more apt
association with the Masons than the other way around. This
and that the Klan enjoyed Masonic approval, the grand master
membership.
good standing. Albert Jones, the last Kligrapp for Butte and
all but one Mason agreed with him, since "you find
some Masons.3°
it was, after all, what generated money for the Imperial and
history.3*
and what they did for a living.36 The data indicate that
Percentage of Percentage of
Occupation Klansmen Working Butte Hen Working
Clerical 15. 4 6. 0
Trade 17.0 13. 2
Mechanics 29.1 20. 5
Mining 14. 3 41. 0
Transp/Comm 15. 9 6. 3
Domestic 1. 6 5. 0
Public Service 1. 6 2. 4
Agriculture 2. 2 0. 9
Professional 2. 2 4. 7
had long since died, his mines still employed immigrants and
35
not just shovel rock. They were engineers, shop foremen, and
36
over half of the miners in the Klan worked for Elm Orlu, a
effort on the part of the Klan. The Klan likely fueled their
lingered.
indicate only that these occupations filled the gap left open
This may have well been the case. Doctors and lawyers
could undoubtedly afford to take the time off to journey to
risk. Thus, the Klan held some kind of appeal to these men
fraternalism.
39
NOTES
5. Ibid., 234.
6. Ibid., 236-237.
14. Copper Camp. 47. Also, see Emmons, The Butte Irish.
98-99.
15. The APA's decline was due mostly to the stress of the
presidential election in 1896. Kinzer, An Episode in Anti-
Catholicism. 176.
33. Ibid.
its goals.4
44
45
to fundamentalists.
Catholicism.
While white supremacy was synonymous with the Klan, it
upholding.i*
to the public.19
eligible to join.
Association.
50
principles ,29
aside the issue. This also suggests that the Klan was aware
was Catholic was not a good bet, but an ex-Catholic who "has
52
had its benefits, -it reminded members that they were the
was led to believe, that stretched across the nation, and was
that what they were doing and what they believed in was
support.
purpose. More than any other secret society, the Klan wanted
public the visible proof" that the Klan "was here to stay."45
altar and lit the fiery cross, Klansmen sung the opening
ceremony.
the inner den, where the Klan sternly reminded him that if he
Klan's.si
led the candidate to the sacred altar for the final sections
true to the Oath. The Kloran suggested that this last prayer
quartette. "54
crazed beasts in human form." The Klan also saved the South
straight.
secrecy.
The fact that probably most "aliens" cared little about the
indicated that the Klan was still needed to flush them out.
was draped over the altar, upon which the designated Terrors
rituals, but the Klan made the fiery cross their calling
satin, lined with white, with gold trimmings and the white
Knights Kamelia.64
possibilities.
Catholic contingent.70
people or ideals that did not meet with the order's approval.
Naturally, the Klan felt itself well qualified for the job
who only had a robe, or had ordered one, and were naturalized
Imperial Wizard Evans decided that the K-Trio would "be given
polling booth. This was especially the case when the Klan
were now meshed into one, the Ku Klux Klan. Even the
taking more credit for the defeat than they deserved, the
transfer. But for about two months, the third degree, while
candidates.
not sit back and hope for the best. America's army was ready
to go to work.
72
NOTES
13. Ibid.
24. Ibid.
36. Ibid.
54. Ibid.
EW H S .
60. Ceremony for Knights of the Great Forest, 1928, 30, Box
4 File 9, KKK, EWHS.
70. "The Klan in Action," 31. The Klavalier was named after
cavalier, "a courtly, polite, cultured and very courageous
and skillful soldier of the 17th and 18th century."
Kloran. 53.
72. Evans, "The Klan's Fight for Americanism," 51, 55. Also
78
88. Ibid.
from April 29, 1923 to May 22, 1929. During that time,
80
81
the Klan. Keeping the actual order hidden from the outside
special ritualistic work) during the first year and paid rent
home.
escape the scrutiny from the other fraternities and from the
that the Klan believed they cared. The Klan posed no real
should not leave a "mark of any kind that will even suggest
suspicion. i°
anxious Jones even began to wait for the mailman each day to
make sure that no one else would see the mail and steal it.
secured a Post Office Box for the Kontinental Klan under the
name of his son. Jones could then write down the Post Office
Box as the return address to insure that the mail would "come
expense and that the money was needed for more "important
the object of his visit. Things here, as you know, are very
tender, "is
are here."19
Cohn that the Klan was present in Butte "to give Protestants
sentiment.20
Butte.
Even though the Klan did not have enough power to swing
at the polls was crucial, if only "for the moral effect," but
challenge enemies who have "registered many men who are dead
or who are absent from the State or who are entirely fictitio
us. "27
Smith were elected, "in a few years we and our families will
the editorial and the Democratic Party for backing Smith, "a
affairs and longs for the return of the day when he can put
his foot on the rail and blow the froth off." Only editors
boozeism and Romanism," Jones must submit his order for the
in the Metal Bank, poor Mason and wet, his soul is such as he
would not call his soul his own...."3* Thus were the
likely realized that the odds were stacked against them and
dutifully noted during one meeting that "a motion [was] made
stories. "43
$2.10 for the Relief Club Membership and pay dues of $1.00 to
the case of Klansman #10, who fell ill in late 1923 and died
hold onto the money until the fund reached $100.00. Members
met this goal by the next meeting, boosted with a check for
Klans. Size may have very well been a factor. Though the
money in their fraternal fund, the small size could also have
prevent state funds for the hospital, since those funds were
process and hope that the Klokann would once again accept
"commented on the manner in which the work was put on" and
to burn a cross."64
NOTES
16. The Royal Riders of the Red Robe was replaced in late
1924 by the American Krusaders. Terwilliger generously
stated that all Riders would "be given the privilege of
transferring their membership to this new order without
cost." Lewis Terwilliger, Official Circular, October 24,
1924, Box 5 File 1. Also, see Albert Jones to Lewis
Terwilliger, July 14, 1927, Box 5 File 3, KKK, EWHS.
22. This most certainly was the case with John Lindquist,
since he was a member of the Royal Riders of the Red Robe in
103
28. Bozeman Kligrapp, July 18, 1928, Box 1 File 27, KKK,
EWHS.
31. The Rail Splitter even offered a book that blamed the
assassination of Abraham Lincoln on the Pope. The author had
"compiled and published a mass of evidence" showing the Roman
Catholic Church had conspired to assassinate Lincoln, General
Grant and members of the cabinet." The Rail Splitter
Catalogue. The Rail Splitter Press, Milan, Illinois. Box 1
File 10. KKK, EWHS.
104
35. Butte was quick to violate the Volstad Act. The Butte
Evening News reported on January 1, 1919 that two saloons
were raided, one where over thirty men were drinking. The
Butte Miner noted in 1924 that Butte wanted "a cleanup of the
bootleggers for it is heartily tired of the way bootleggers
have been cleaning up here." April 11, 1924.
41. Minutes, January 20, 1925, April 14, 1925, Box 3 File 7.
KKK, EWHS. Members recommended that the Kligrapp obtain
10,000 copies of oath for distribution, if Terwilliger
allowed it. Terwilliger later denounced the oath, stating
that the Klan had enough ammunition against the Catholics
without resorting to a false paper. Minutes April 14, 1925,
Box 3 File 7; Terwilliger, Official circular, October 31,
1928, BOX 5 File 5, KKK, EWHS.
43. Minutes, November 28, 1928, Box 3 File 10, KKK, EWHS.
50. Minutes, February 13, 1924; February 22, 1924; March 12,
1924; Special, March 26, 1924; Box 3 File 6, KKK, EWHS.
"KLUXER BLUES"!
Klan naturalized only 81 men over the next five years. Any
collapse, among which was the Klan's fall from power at the
107
108
net members in good standing (those who had paid their dues),
within a year; only two remained for the entire six years.5
reasons.
lack of progress.
the taxes, Klansmen also had to pay local dues — $1.50 per
over the price of the K-Duo degree, likely because they were
primarily to the fact that the Realm and Imperial taxes are
that curtly stated the Klan would kill her if she refused to
incident.
night and see a show at one of the five movie theatres. Ten
the latest models and peruse travel tips and vacation ideas
This trend was most notable among younger men. Since secret
aspects of the order, did not mean that they closed their
entertainment.
also meant that the religious tension that had reached its
their ties with the Klan, they could have linked up with the
cover" and without the "letter K 30" after his name.31 Butte
may have forgotten about the Ku Klux Klan but for the former
NOTES
15. Publicity may have helped the Klan in its beginning when
Simmons, Clark, and Tyler were trying to branch out from the
South, particularly when the New York World came out with its
series of expose's in 1921. Simmons stated that the added
publicity greatly aided the Klan's growth, especially when
Congress reacted by launching an investigation of the Klan
that resulted in nothing more than added exposure. Simmons
recognized this. "Certain newspapers also aided us by
inducing Congress to investigate us. The result was that
Congress gave us the best advertising we ever got. Congress
made u s ." Quoted in David M . Chalmers, Hooded Americanism;
The First Century of the Ku Klux Klan 1865-1965. (New York:
Doubleday & Company, Inc., 1965), 38.
25. For examples, see the Butte Miner for May, 1928.
27. Most secret orders established boys orders for the very
purpose of grooming young people to carry on the traditional
ceremonies— witness the De Molays for the Masons and the
Junior Ku Klux Klan. See Mark C. Carnes, Secret Ritual and
Manhood in Victorian America. (New Haven: Yale University
Press, 1989), 151-156 for secret fraternalism's decline.
INTERVIEWS
NEWSPAPERS
Anaconda Standard
Billinas Gazette
Butte Miner
Examiner (Butte)
COLLECTIONS USED