COM 422

COMPUTER GRAPHICS AND ANIMATION

Concept of graphic
Graphic design is a craft where professionals create visual content to communicate messages. By
applying visual hierarchy and page layout techniques, designers use typography and pictures to
users specific need and focus on the logic of displaying elements in interactive designs, to
optimize the user experience

The history of computer graphics

To understand the many issues in today’s modern computer graphics, you need to know how
developed computer graphics from its beginnings to this day.

1950′s - the first graphic displays, military applications

1962 - the first graphics station (sketchpad) consisting of a monitor, light pen and software for
interactive operation constructed by Ivan Sutherland

1964 - research team working on the algorithms in computer graphics employed at the University
of Utah (including Ivan Sutherland, James Blinn, Edwin Catmull)

1965 - the first commercial graphics  station: IBM 2250 Display Unit and the IBM PC 1130

1969 - beginning of a group SIGGRAPH (Special Interest Group on Graphics) in the

organization of ACM (Association for Computing Machinery) gathering of IT professionals

1974 - creation of graphics laboratory at the New York Institute of Technology

1980 - Turner Whitted published article about creating realistic images, beginning of method of
ray tracing
1982 - TRON, the first film that uses computer graphics. The first completely computer-
generated scene in the movie Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan

1983 - development of fractal techniques and their use in computer graphics. Fractals are used
for example in the movie Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan

1984 - work of C. Goral, K.Torrance, D.Greenberg and B.Battaile and proposing a new approach
for visualization – the method of radiosity

1988 – the first film sequence with morphing in Willow

1989 - the first character created using 3D graphics in the studio Industrial Light & Magic (ILM)

1993 - dinosaurs in Jurassic Park – the first complete and detailed living organisms generated
digital technology

1995 - Toy Story implemented complete using computer graphics, the first photo-realistic hair
and fur computer generated

1999 –  the first character of the complete human anatomy in a computer-generated studio ILM

2001 - photon mapping as the development of ray tracing method

2009 - film Avatar – 3D cinema revolution

2009 - decision to create specialty Modern Computer Graphics for Applied Computer Science at
the University of Science and Technology in Cracow

Summary

The beginnings of computer graphics were related to the military industry, due to the very high
cost of equipment. The development of new graphics techniques has forced the film industry
requires realistic special effects. Currently, computer graphics is used in many areas of life.s
The first objective in this group is to identify the purpose, audience and audience needs for
preparing images, and there are three parts to that objective. Let’s consider each one. First, what
is the purpose of content in an image? An image can be created for many different reasons and in
different media for print or digital publication Images can convey information and data to help
viewers learn facts and understand ideas.…

Other projects are purely commercial in nature. Think of advertising and packaging, where
images are used…to grab a viewer's attention and convince them to buy a product or take some
other action. Images are also used to illustrate the user experience for apps and websites,
displaying both content and functionality.…Photoshop can be used to create prototypes, also
called wireframes, of interactive experiences. The second part of this objective asks us to
consider who's the target audience…

Introduction: What Is Copyright?

 Copyright is the legal and exclusive right to copy, or permit to be copied, some specific
work of art.
 If you own the copyright on something, someone else cannot make a copy of it without
your permission.
 Copyright usually originates with the creator of a work, but can be sold, traded, or
inherited by others.

Copyright Ownership 

When you commission a graphic designer to create an artwork, who gets ownership? The person
who creates the artwork is automatically considered as the “author” and is the owner of the
copyright as stated under the law. In the “work made for hire” situation, you, as the client, get to
own the copyright of the work a graphic designer creates within the scope of his full-time
employment.
If you hired an independent contractor, they should assign the copyrights to you through a legal
contract between both parties in exchange for the remuneration that you agreed upon. However,
the artist is only prohibited to use the artwork elsewhere, but they can definitely claim it as their
creation.
1. You get copyright by default

Copyright does not require any action on your part. It’s enough just to be the author or creator of
a creative work — you are attributed the copyright by default. This means that you can decide
who gets to copy the work, and under what conditions.

Because of unilateral treaties, most countries in the world will recognise your copyright. Of
course, the inverse is true as well: if you wish to make use of the work of someone else, you can
assume they have copyright – unless they died more than 70 years ago. Copyright lasts a long
time!

2. Your designs are protected, your style is not

Most forms of design are sensitive to fashion and trends. While specific designs are copyrighted,
the building blocks that make up their style are not. If you’ve designed a piece of furniture, a big-
box store can’t start commercializing your design without your approval.

However, they can copy elements of your approach, such as your use of materials and colors.
Designers are free to appropriate most parts of your visual language. If you feel like other
designers are imitating your style, the most rational approach is to take it as a compliment and to
work hard to make sure your work is out there and visible, so you can get the credit for being
ahead of the curve.

3. When reusing images, you can’t trick copyright

When using existing photographs or illustrations, there’s no way around copyright. Designers
sometimes think they can trick copyright by blurring, pixelating, distorting or otherwise stylising
the images they use. That doesn’t work in the UK or in Europe: even making a drawing based on
a photograph could be an infringement of copyright.

You have three choices: you can work with images that are old enough to be out of copyright,
you can use images that are available under a suitable Creative Commons license, or you ask the
copyright holder for permission. It’s up to the copyright holder to set the conditions, such as
whether you need to pay, and how much.
4. The client does not get copyright automatically

This can be counter-intuitive, especially for your clients: when paid to make a design, the
copyright stays with the designer unless they sign it over in writing. Your client can use the
design only in the context it was first commissioned for. If they want another designer to adapt
your design, they will need your permission first.

Legally savvy clients know this and will want you to sign over copyright. This can be useful
leverage when negotiating your offer: it’s good practice to bill both for labour and copyright.
With smaller clients who have smaller budgets, you can instead opt to keep your copyright,
explaining to them that you would prefer to be involved as a designer on subsequent iterations.

Whatever you do, discuss this with the client at the start of your relationship. You won’t make
any friends if you barge in with legal threats years later!

5. Your client expects you to educate them

Graphic designers in particular, work with a complicated tapestry of rights: a visual identity
might involve the copyrights of graphic designers, type designers, photographers and
copywriters. It is part of the designer’s job to understand the ways in which these rights work
together.

Even if your client is the one signing licensing agreements, and is legally responsible for any
copyright infringement, they can still go after you for negligence if you’ve failed to caution them
properly.

Your client might not know that a typeface license for the desktop is not the same as one licensed
for web use, or that the photographs licensed for the internal newsletter can’t be published on the
company blog. Help your clients figure out the licensing and educate them when necessary.

6. If you get copied, you have leverage

Most designers hardly see their work reproduced directly, because most design work is specific
to a context and a client. If you’re an illustrator, the situation is different. Like with photographs,
once illustrations circulate, chances are they get repurposed in graphic designs, on clothing or re-
used in new editorial contexts.

As the copyright holder, you get to decide whether you want to do something about these copies.
If you’re aware of your rights, you hardly ever need a lawyer — you can just get in touch, come
to an understanding, and ultimately get compensated. Particularly if the infringing party is a
larger business, they will most likely know that you’re in the right—and that it’s not in their
advantage to have it come to a law suit that will cost them time and money.

1. Introduction to image processing | Digital Image Processing

Image processing is a method to perform some operations on an image, in order to get an

enhanced image or to extract some useful information from it. It is a type of signal processing in
which input is an image and output may be image or characteristics/features associated with that
image.

In digital imaging, a pixel, pel, or picture element is a physical point in a raster image, or the
smallest addressable element in an all points addressable display device; so it is the smallest
controllable element of a picture represented on the screen.

The Basics of Graphic Design: The Elements

There are in total six elements of a design which you need to be aware of: the line, the shape, the
color, the texture, the value and the space.

1. The line

The line is usually present in every design, even if it is a solid border of 1px or a dotted one of
5px. Every website has lines, but the minimalistic style which became more popular in the past
couple of years tries to erase the lines from the layouts, or at least to decrease the use of them.
The lines can be long, red, straight, thin, blue, dashed, short, black or curved, they are all into the
same category. They are most of the time used for delimitation between different sections of a
design, or are used to direct a viewer’s vision in a specific direction.

The lines can create different effects and visual impact. While a thick, bold line draws attention
because of its visual power, the thin lines tend to go the other way. The color has an impact too,
dark colors are easier to see and draw more attention than light or pale colors.

And this is not all. The style of a line can also influence the way the user sees it. This style can
easily be defined through CSS and can be solid, dotted and dashed among others. The solid lines
have a different impact than the dotted ones, because they are more imposing.

The minimalistic style which I’ve talked about earlier uses either less solid lines or more curved
lines, because they give a dynamic and fluid look to a design, which is also the purpose of the
style. They indicate energy, keep the user interested and, if combined with illustration, are very
powerful to the human eye.

Many years ago solid lines were very popular because they determined the style of the design:
rigid, solid and organized. The web changed in the past years and this style is not very popular
anymore, especially for designers’ portfolios and other pages with a strong need of a personal
touch. The solid lines are used to separate different parts of the website.

2. The shape

The shape, or the form, is the second most used element of a web design. They are actually lines
combined in different shapes. The forms are still popular and this is because if there is something
that needs to stand out, forms are one of the ways to do it.

There can be circles, squares, rectangles, triangles or any other abstract shape; most of the
designs include at least one of these. Minimalistic designs use it a lot, because they are often
based on illustrations and drawings.

The old style of designing websites included shapes too, so they remained popular throughout
the time and will probably continue being like that.
Like lines, shapes are also associated by the human mind with different movements. For
example, circles are associated with movement and nature, while squares are often seen as
structured, basic designs. Just like with the lines, the color, style, background or texture of a
shape can totally change the viewer’s perception. Fred Maya’s portfolio uses shapes to
emphasize the logo and the previous work.

3. Textures
The general definitions of texture in graphic design is the surface quality in work of art. In
simple term; the texture is the visual tone of a design. it influences how graphic design feel or
look. Texture is the way a surface or the way it’s perceived to feel. It has the power to attract or
detract a viewer’s eye and can be applied to lines, shapes etc.

4. Color

The color may even be the most important element of a design, because it offers the most
powerful visual impact at a single glance. Color is obvious and does not need basic graphic skills
to be noticed.

While lines and shapes mean the same thing as in the reality, only at a little more profound level,
the color means exactly the same thing as in the nature. Color creates emotions – red is
passionate, blue is calm, green is natural.

Even if you don’t realize this, colors have a clear effect on your mind.

Studies have been done and a person who lives in a red environment has a higher heartbeat and
pulse than a person living in a blue environment. The human brain sees this and influences the
rest of the body.
Therefore, color theory is very important to know, because not many designers can call
themselves experts in this field. Being a master of colors might make the difference between a
good design and a stunning one.

I am not saying you have to know all of them, but knowing how hue, saturation, shade, tint, tone
or Chroma work together is crucial for a graphic designer.

Feed Fever uses different colors for text, trying to emphasize the importance of each line with a
different nuance.

5. Value

Value in design, value refers to the lightness or darkness of a color

6. Space
Space can be defined as the distance around and /or the area between design objects or elements.
As an example, if you were to place an image on a page the area that does not contain the image
would constitute space. Furthermore, this can be called white space (if placed on a white page) or
negative space

The Basics of Graphic Design: Principles

In the first part we covered the basic elements of graphic design with shapes, lines, textures and
color among others.

In this section we will go a bit more in-depth and will take a look at the principles of design,
which are very important to know because they’re what separate the good designers from the
amazing designers. Some of the principles we’ll cover today are applied unconsciously, but they
definitely exist and we will show you examples from the web to illustrate the concepts.

1. Balance

Balance is how the elements of a design are distributed throughout a layout. If the balance is
good, then stability is assured, some elements might need to have a certain scale. 
 the three types of balance: symmetrical,  asymmetrical and radial.

The first one takes place when both sides of a design are the same in shape, lines, texture and so
on. Symmetrical balance occurs when you have two sides of design with a central point of axes.
So if you cut the design in half, the left and right are mirror images of each other. To be
considered perfectly symmetrical, a design needs to have equally weighted visuals on other side.
A good example of symmetrical balance in nature is the human face. If you were to draw a line
down the middle of your face you would have two side that have the exact same design

Asymmetrical balance occurs when you have different visual image on other side of a design
and yet the image still seems balanced. To be considered asymmetrical, a design needs to have
unequal visual weight on other side, but those unequal visuals need to balance each other.

Radial balance occurs when elements radiate from a common center. We looked at a range of
examples a star, the iris in one eye etc.

2.Dominance and Priority

In any design, two separate elements are either completely equal or one element exert a level of
dominance over the other. To establish dominance designer, give one element noticeable more
visual weight than another. There are many ways to set visual weight between elements such as
size, color, shape, depth, density, texture and mor

3. Proportion
Proportion refers to the relationship between one part of design and another part or to the whole
design. It is a comparison of sizes, shapes and quantities. Again the human body is the standard
by which people judge proportion. An eye should be smaller than a face, for instance, a male’s
shoulders should be wider than his lips

4. Contrast
Contrast is the representation of two elements of design in opposite ways. For example, areas of
bright light in comparison with areas of dark. The goal of contrast is to create strong focal point
in an image. Focal points are areas of high visual interest that draw attention. Obvious examples
of contrast are black and white, big and small, fast and slow, thick and thin. Opposite are easiest
way to grasp what contrast is, but when applying to design work it’s never quite as black and
white

5. Rhythm
When you repeat elements, the interval between those repetitions can create a sense of rhythm in
the viewer and a sense of movement. Musicians create rhythm in the spacing between notes
effectively making these” silent “gaps” play off the note. Designer insert spacing between
elements to make rhythm

6. Harmony and Unity

Harmony is very closely related to unity. When the elements of a composition are unified with
one another in some way. Unity refers to the repetition of particular elements throughout your
design whether they are colors, shapes or materials to put the look together. Unity refers to how
different elements of an art work or design work come together and create a sense of wholeness.

The Basics of Graphic Design: Composition

The second was about the Principles of Graphic Design and we took a look at concepts such as
Balance, Dominance, Contrast and Harmony. Today we go a bit more in-depth with the last
session and talk about the composition and its basic elements.

1. Single Visual

This composition is where a single image is used for the design. This means the image is usually
powerful, creates an impact and the whole design is built on it. Examples of single visual pages
include landing pages, but this is more popular in print than in web.
The single visual composition is one of the easiest to achieve, although you need to carefully
select the image, otherwise it won’t have the desired effect. The main principle behind this
pattern is to make sure the typography and the other design elements reinforce the visual element
and do not compete with it.

There has to be a clear definition over which one is more important and in this case the image,
illustration or graphic element used have to be the most powerful.

Glitter Denmark is a very good example of a single visual pattern design.

2. The Golden Ratio

The Golden Ration, which is also known as the Fibonacci Spiral or Phi, is around 1:1.618. The
Fibonacci Spiral is found all over the world in different things and the web is no exception.

It is a good idea to place the elements into a website along the lines of the Spiral, because this is
the way the human eye works. Managing to use the Golden Ratio properly will bring the focus of
the visitors onto specific things you wish to emphasize.

3. Focal Point

This is another important one because the focal point is the one who gives the viewers something
to look at. The focal point adds a more specific idea to the design and acts as a starting point for
most of the visitors.

The focal point can be represented through simple typography, a button, illustration, a picture or
any other element. It is totally up to the designers which is the way he wants to create a focal
point through.

The focal point has to be in focus and has to be the first element a viewer sees when he enters the
page (especially for the first time).

Focal point are areas of interest, emphasis or different within a composition that capture and hold
viewer’s attention.
4. Grid design
Grids are a group of intersecting vertical and horizontal lines that can help you structure content
on a page. There are many types of grids for different uses, but the common denominator is that
they help keep the content organized and clean. In graphic design, a grid is structure {usually
two dimensional made up of a series of intersecting straight / vertical, horizontal and angular} or
curved lines {grid lines} used to structure content

5. Gestalt Laws

When I learned this principle in school I was amazed by the difference it made in my designs.
The laws are the result of the human visual perception of things, including websites and
elements. The laws are created by the way different elements impact the viewer. There are five
principles Gestalt Laws: closure, similarity, continuation, alignment and proximity.

Shortly explained, the law of closure says we are accustomed to close things in our imagination
that are not really closed. A good example is a near circle which you draw only on 330°. The
human brain will perceive it as a whole, completed circle.

The law of proximity shows we tend to group objects that are closer to each other, while the law
of similarity emphasizes the same thing, only that we group things that have the same color,
shape or texture.

The law of continuation emphasizes that objects will be grouped as a whole if they are co-linear
or follow a specific direction, while the last rule, the one of alignment, shows that objects are
aligned based on their edges (very popular pattern), or based on their centerlines. The objects can
also overlap each other.

Gestalt principles are principles /laws of human perception that describe how human group
similar elements, recognize patterns and simplify complex images when we perceive objects
6. The “Z” and “F” Layout

The so-called “Z” layout is based on the normal movement of the human eye. As the name says,
most of the people who’ve been eye-tracked look at a webpage in a Z shape, meaning they start
in the upper left corner and finish in the bottom right one. Managing to align all the objects on a
home page along this shape will definitely provide better results and will make your design more
efficient.

1. What is typography?

Let’s kick off with the basics: what actually is typography? In essence, typography is the art of
arranging letters and text in a way that makes the copy legible, clear, and visually appealing to
the reader. Typography involves font style, appearance, and structure, which aims to elicit
certain emotions and convey specific messages. In short, typography is what brings the text to
life.
Why are symbols used in graphic design?

It’s always better to show than tell.

Symbols, used in combination with text and images, can make messages more meaningful and
memorable than text alone and have been used throughout the history of marketing and design.

They have the power to cross language barriers, and can help you engage with your audience on
a deeper level than is possible with just words.

Symbols can even be combined like words in a phrase to tell a powerful story

Common symbols used in graphic design (and the real world) are:

 Arrow symbols: used to represent directions

 Cloud, rain, snow and sun symbols: used to represent weather
 Power, disk, wifi and Bluetooth symbols: used to represent tech
 Wheelchair, information, bathroom and no-smoking symbols: used on different signs
found in public places

Universal symbols like these are so commonplace that they’ve become so second-nature to us.
We understand them immediately and intuitively…there’s simply no need for explanation!

TERMINOLOGY USED WHEN WORKING WITH GRAPHICS

What Is Composition?

Composition, also called layout, is the visual arrangement of design elements that create a
complete image. Within a composition, you may use different principles of design to create
visually pleasing work to deliver a functional layout

What Is Balance in Design?

Balance is how the elements of a design are distributed throughout a layout. If the balance is
good, then stability is assured. some elements might need to have a certain scale 
What Are the Type of Alignments?

Alignment refers to the position of the elements on a layout—the way the visual elements are
arranged so that they line up. The alignment can be left, right, justified, or centered. 

What Is Repetition in Design?

Repetition creates consistency by repeating the same element within a layout multiple times. 

What Are Some Types of Contrast?

Contrast is the level of differentiation between different design elements to create visual
hierarchies. The variation may be in form, color, texture, and size. 

What Is Negative Space?

Negative space is the blank area around a design element. It is used to emphasize certain parts of
a layout and to zone into a specific element. 

What Is Hierarchy in Graphic Design?

In graphic design, you’ll quickly learn to arrange elements by the level of importance. Hierarchy
is exactly that. In order to create hierarchy, you need to have contrast in your design. If one
image is larger than the other, this will place the emphasis on the larger image, and the reader
will look at it first. 

What Is the Difference Between Symmetry and Asymmetry?

Symmetry refers to the equal amount of elements reflected on a page. If you were to draw a
vertical line through its center, the elements can sometimes be mirrored or the visual weight can
be the same from one half to the other.

The opposite of symmetry is asymmetry. The elements on both sides of the centerline aren’t
equal. 
What Is a Grid?

Grids are a group of intersecting vertical and horizontal lines that can help you structure content
on a page. There are many types of grids for different uses, but the common denominator is that
they help keep the content organized and clean. 

2D animation is a flat animation and it consists of X and Y axes. X is the horizontal dimension
while Y is the vertical dimension. 3D animation comprises of X, Y and Z axes. X refers to
height, Y refers to width and Z refers to depth.

What are the types of 2D animation?

 Traditional animation or Classical 2D animation:

 Traditional animation involved animators drawing by hand for each and every frame. ..
 Digital 3D animation. ...
 Stop-motion animation. ...
 Clay animation or Claymation. ...
 Cut-out animation. ...
 Sand Animation. ...
 Typography Animation. ...
 Paint-on-glass animation.

There are many different types of three dimensional animations. Some of the main ones are
stop motion animation, Claymation, computer generated imagery (CGI) and motion capture
animation. These animations are done using hand-crafted as well as computer-generated
puppets, objects, backgrounds and special effects.

2D animation is one of the major types of animation. It's widely used for creating animated
movies, cartoons, marketing videos, advertisements, corporate presentations, educational
materials, video games, and so much more.

What are the uses of 3D animation?

 Character animation for film, TV and gaming

Of course, out of the uses of 3D animation, character animation is the most well-known. We
couldn’t leave it out. It’s where it was born, after all.

Despite already being strongly established in entertainment; we’re still seeing 3D animation in
more places in the industry. Namely, we’re seeing more 3D animation in TV programs, unlike
10-15 years ago.

3D character animation has always been wildly successful because it’s similar to playing with a
cute toy. Their vividness means there’s more to love, especially for children.

As we said above, 3D characters need to be modelled then rigged before they’re animated. This
allows them to have a life of their own. 

Education

If a teacher puts a graph in front of a class of students to illustrate a point, it’s unlikely many will
be riveted. However, if that teacher plays a 3D animation of the same concept, you can guarantee
they’ll sit up in their seats!

This is because 3D animation is fun and memorable for students learning a new process or idea.
In a way, young people are more familiar with 3D animation because they see it so much in
entertainment.

Common uses of 3D animation in education include teaching scientific processes. This leads us
onto the next industry we often find 3D animation in. 

 Business

In business, the uses of 3D animation usually include…

Presentations. Just like when a teacher presents it to their class, 3D animation can engage like
nothing else. In business presentations, people might use 3D animations to display their products
more vividly.
Marketing and advertising. The above idea also goes for 3D animation in marketing.
Marketers use 3D animation to beautify and show off their products. They also take advantage of
the technique if their product by nature looks a little lackluster. 3D animation can elevate any
product to its maximum potential on screen.

Education and training. Forget wrangling hundreds of employees into the same room at the
same time for staff training. 3D animation frees up this stress completely, allowing you to post
the training online. This means that your staff can access it whenever, and however many times,
they like. What’s more, the 3D animation will make the information a lot easier to retain.

What software is used for 3D animation?

The best 3D modelling software: paid-for options

1. Maya. Industrial-strength 3D modelling software, with a price to match. ...

2. Houdini. 3D modelling software used in today's movie and TV VFX. ...
3. Cinema 4D. Brilliant 3D modelling software for beginners and pros alike. ...
4. Autodesk 3ds Max. ...
5. Modo. ...
6. Lightwave 3D. ...
7. ZBrush.

Which software is used for 2D animation?

 Synfig Studio is cross-platform software that is free to use. ...

 OpenToonz is another open-source software option. ...
 Maefloresta's TupiTube is free animation software that is compatible with android and
iPhone. ...
 Adobe Animate is paid software from the classic Adobe suite.

Follow these steps to create a graphic symbol:

1. Choose Insert→New Symbol or choose New Symbol from the Panel menu in the upper
right corner of the Library panel. ...
 2. Assign a name to the symbol, choose Graphic from the Type drop-down list, and click
OK

Make a film

If you have an older device, you may not be able to create movies.

1. On your Android phone or tablet, open the Google Photos app .

2. Sign in to your Google Account.
3. At the bottom, tap Library   Utilities.
4. Under the 'Create new' section, tap Movie.
5. To choose the photos and videos that you want in the movie, tap New movie. 
o Select your photos or videos. At the top right, tap Create.
o When you’ve finished, tap Save.
6. To use a theme, tap the movie that you want and follow the instructions.
7. To see your movie, tap Play  or wait to be notified when the movie is ready.

You use the Actions panel (Window > Actions) to record, play, edit, and delete
individual actions. This panel also lets you save and load action files.

The main Actions window of the Actions panel is where all of your actions will be. It has
several buttons across the top, and their functions are as follows: Add Script. This button, when
clicked, will show a drop-down menu with the same categories as the quick reference

The Output panel is used to send messages and notifications while troubleshooting your movies.
When you test a Flash movie file (.swf), Flash 8 checks your ActionScript for syntax errors and
sends any error messages to the Output panel.

Computer graphics
In computer graphics, a polygonal model can be instantiated in order to be drawn several times
in different locations in a scene. This is a technique that can be used to improve the performance
of rendering, since the work needed to display each instance overlaps.

A label in a programming language is a sequence of characters that identifies a location within

source code. In most languages labels take the form of an identifier, often followed by a
punctuation character (e.g., a colon).

ActionScript is an object-oriented programming language for Adobe Flash player, now known as
Adobe Animate CC. Action Script is used by developers to create animations and video games.

Importance of movie clip in action scripting

Movie clips are a key element for people who create animated content with the Flash authoring
tool and want to control that content with ActionScript. Whenever you create a movie clip
symbol in Flash, Flash adds the symbol to the library of that Flash document

What are the dimensions of a slide?

Choose a predefined slide size
Name Width Height
On-screen Show (16:9) 10 in / 25.4 cm 5.625 in / 14.288 cm
On-screen Show (16:10) 10 in / 25.4 cm 6.25 in / 15.875 cm
Letter Paper (8.5x11 in) 10 in / 25.4 cm 7.5 in / 19.05 cm
Ledger Paper (11x17 in) 13.319 in / 33.831 cm 9.99 in / 25.374 cm

An image area is the region within a page that includes the copy; the image area is designated
by the margins of the page.

A text area is a larger box that allows you to enter multiple lines of text. Generally, pressing
Enter in a text area will enter a newline character, creating a line break. When you press Enter
while typing in a text field, either the cursor will jump to the next field or the value will be
submitted
In computing, the term button (sometimes known as a command button or push button) refers to
any graphical control element that provides the user a simple way to trigger an event, like
searching for a query at a search engine, or to interact with dialog boxes, like confirming an
action.[

Explain how to adding interactive button

Go to the page containing the buttons. Choose Object > Interactive > Set Tab Order. Select
each button you want to move and drag it to its new position, or click the Move Up and Move
Down buttons. When you're done, click OK

How do I save a slideshow?

1. In PowerPoint, click File > Save as.

2. Browse to the folder where you want to save your presentation.
3. In the File name box, type a name for your presentation.
4. Under Save as type, select PowerPoint Show.
5. The file is saved as a. ppsx file

To create a new blank document:

1. Click the Microsoft Office button.

2. Select New. The New Document dialog box appears.
3. Select Blank document under the Blank and recent section. It will be highlighted by
default.
4. Click Create. A new blank document appears in the Word window.

How to use drawing and shape tools?

Click and drag on the canvas with your selected shape tool to draw a shape. This automatically
creates a new shape layer in the Layers panel. Hold the Shift key while drawing to make your
shapes proportional. With your shape layer selected, use the Move tool to move your shape
around and reposition on the canvas.

What is the use of type tool?

The Type Tools are what you will use when you want to add text to a Photoshop document. The
Type Tool comes in four different variations and allows users to create both horizontal and
vertical type. Note that whenever you create type in Photoshop, a new Type Layer will be added
to your Layers Palette

How do you scan an image?

Scan your photos

1. Go to Library Utilities Scan photos with Photo scan.

2. To start the scan, hold your phone directly above a photo. ...
3. Move your phone around to get the circle over each of the 4 dots.
4. When the photo has processed, go to the lower right and tap the photo thumbnail.
5. Select a photo to rotate, adjust the corners, or delete.

How do you transform objects?

You can apply various transform operations such as Scale, Rotate, Skew, Distort,
Perspective, or Warp to the selected image.

1. Choose Edit > Transform > Scale, Rotate, Skew, Distort, Perspective, or Warp. ...
2. (Optional) In the options bar, click a square on the reference point locator
 3. Select what you want to transform.

What is animation with example?

Animation is a simulation of movement created by a series of illustrations or photographs

displayed in rapid succession. Whereas videography takes continuous motion and breaks it up
into discrete frames, animation starts with independent pictures and puts them together to form
the illusion of continuous motion

What is the concept of video editing?

Video editing is the process of manipulating and rearranging video shots to create a new
work. ... Rearranging, adding and/or removing sections of video clips and/or audio clips.
Applying color correction, filters and other enhancements. Creating transitions between clips.

What is the process of video editing?

Video editing includes cutting segments (trimming), re-sequencing clips, and adding transitions
and other special effects. Linear video editing uses video tape and is edited in a very linear way.
Several video clips from different tapes are recorded to one single tape in the order that they will
appear.

How do you explain cinematography?

Cinematography is the art and craft of making motion pictures by capturing a story visually.
Though, technically, cinematography is the art and the science of recording light either
electronically onto an image sensor or chemically onto film